INCOMPLETE SENTENCES

Problem 1
CONJUNCTIONS

FOKUS

 Conjunction adalah sebuah kata yang menghubungkan kata-kata, frase, atau klausa.
Terdapat tiga tipe conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, paired conjunctions, dan
subordinating conjunctions.
 Coordinating conjunctions menghubungkan kata-kata tunggal atau sekelompok kata
yang elemen-elemennya sama: misalnya, subject+subject, noun+noun, verb+verb,
sentence+sentence.
Daftar Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, dan so
Contoh:
1. Mike and Ron went to Joan’s house yesterday
2. Mike closed his book and turned on the TV.
 Paired conjunctions juga menghubungkan elemen-elemen kalimat yang sama, tetapi
tidak seperti coordinating conjunctions, paired conjunctions selalu digunakan secara
berpasangan.
Daftar Paired Conjunctions: “both...and…”, “not only...but also…”, “either...or…”,
“neither...nor…”, “whether...or…”
Ingat, paired conjunctions selalu dipakai dalam bentuk berpasangan.
Kecuali untuk pasangan “both…and…” yang selalu diikuti plural verb, subject yang
terdekat dengan verb menentukan apakah verb tersebut ditulis dalam bentuk singular
atau plural.
Contoh:
1. Both my friends and Mike are the member of the club.
2. Not only my friends but also Mike is the member of the club.
3. Not only Mike but also my friends are the member of the club.
4. Either my friends or Mike is the member of the club.
5. Either Mike or my friends are the member of the club.

 Subordinating conjunctions umumnya menghubungkan main clause dengan sub clause.

Daftar subordinating conjunctions:

WAKTU SEBAB - AKIBAT PERTENTANGAN SYARAT

after because although if
before since though unless
when now that even though only if
while as whereas whether or not
since in order that while even if
until so in case (that)

PENTING
1. Semua subordinating conjunction di atas diikuti sebuah clause (klausa).
Contoh:
 They were upset because they were delayed. (BENAR)
They were upset because the delay. (SALAH)
Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves. (BENAR)
Although the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. (SALAH)

2. Subordinating conjunction juga dapat langsung diikuti sebuah adjective phrase (frasa kata
sifat).
Although very tired, he…… (BENAR)
Although his tiredness, ……. (SALAH)

3.Kata-kata berikut:
Because of (dikarenakan oleh)
Due to (dikarenakan oleh)
Inspite of (meskipun)
Despite (meskipun)
digolongkan sebagai preposition dan selalu diikuti sebuah noun phrase (frasa kata benda)
contoh:
They were upset because of the delay. (BENAR)
They were upset because of they were delayed. (SALAH)
Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. (BENAR)
Despite it rained, we enjoyed ourselves. (SALAH)

Latihan

1. __________irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been
largely discontinued.
(A) Its
(B) Where its
(C) Since its
(D) Because of its

2. People’s expectations for a higher standard of living increase __________.

(A) conditions in their community improve
(B) since conditions in their improving community
(C) conditions improve in their community
(D) as conditions in their community improve

3. __________relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing
infrequently.
(A) Even
(B) It is
(C) Even though
(D) There is

4. __________ struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long
period of time.
(A) When is it
(B) One is
(C) When it is
(D) Is one
5. __________ exposure to cold weather, they have long recognized the body’s need for fat.
(A) The Aleuts’ constant because
(B) The Aleuts’ constant because of
(C) Because the Aleuts’ constant
(D) Because of the Aleuts’ constant

6. Gorillas are quiet animals, __________ they are able to make about twenty different sounds.
(A) how
(B) in spite of
(C) because of
(D) even though

7. _________ pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States, they are
found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
(A) Nevertheless
(B) Because of
(C) Due to
(D) Although

8. The small greenish flowers of the American elm tree appear in the spring, __________.
(A) is grown long before the leaves
(B) long before the leaves grow
(C) the leaves before growing long
(D) the growth of leaves before long is

9. Graphite conducts electricity __________ does not burn.

(A) because
(B) if
(C) when
(D) and

10. __________ hardiness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily.

(A) Their
(B) Since their
(C) It is their
(D) Because of their
 Problem 2
COMPARISONS
FOKUS
Comparisons of Equals
 Your office is as large as mine.
 This window is not as dirty as that one.
 There are not as many seats as we need.
Comparative Adjectives
 John is 1m80. He is tall. But Chris is
1m85. He is taller than John.
 America is big. But Russia is bigger.
 Is French more difficult than English?
 Mars is smaller than Earth.
 Mars is colder than Earth.
 I want to have a more powerful
computer.
 He walked faster than I did.
 He earns more money than I do.
Adjective pendek:
Old  older
Fast  faster
Happy  happier
Easy  easier
Big  bigger
Catatan: adjective yang bersuku kata 2 dan
berakhiran dengan –y mengikuti pola ini (mis.
happy, easy).
Adjective panjang:
Modern  more modern
Expensive  more expensive
Untuk membandingkan dua benda yang setara
gunakan:
as … as
not as …as
not as many … as …
not as much … as …
Kita menggunakan comparative adjectives
ketika kita membandingkan antara 2 benda
(bukan 3 atau 10 atau 1.000.000 benda, HANYA
2 benda), yang tidak setara kualitasnya.
Seringkali, comparative adjective diikuti dengan
kata "than".
Perhatikan:
 Dalam kalimat contoh “He walked faster
than I did”, yang dibandingkan adalah ‘he
walked’ dan ‘I walked’.
 Dalam kalimat contoh “He earns more
money than I do”, yang dibandingkan
adalah ‘he earns’ dan ‘I earn’.
Untuk susunan seperti ini dibutuhkan auxiliary
verb (do, does, did) setelah subject kedua
(setelah ‘than’). Bentuk ini sering keluar dalam
tes.
Ada dua cara untuk membentuk sebuah
comparative adjective:
Adjectives pendek cukup tambahkan "-er"
Sementara untuk adjectives panjang gunakan
"more" sebelum adjectives.
Beberapa adjective yang bersuku kata dua
(quiet, clever, narrow, simple) bisa ditambah –er
atau menggunakan more.
Adjectives di bawah ini adalah yang tidak
mengikuti pola umum pembentukan sebuah
comparative adjectives:
 good  better
Pleasant  more pleasant
-er atau more
quiet  quieter / more quiet
clever  cleverer / more clever
narrow  narrower / more narrow
simple  simpler / more simple
Superlative adjectives
Adjective pendek
Old  the oldest
Fast  the fastest
Happy  the happiest
Easy  the easiest
Big  the biggest
Adjective panjang
Modern  the most modern
Expensive  the most expensive
Pleasant  the most pleasant
The … - est atau the most
quiet  the quietest / the most quiet
clever  the cleverest / the most clever
narrow  the narrowest / the most narrow
simple  the simplest / the most simple
Double Comparatives
(a) The sooner, the better
(b) The lower the stock market falls, the higher
the price of gold rises.
 well (sehat)  better
 bad  worse
 far  farther/further
Ada dua cara untuk membentuk sebuah
superlative adjective:
Adjectives pendek cukup tambahkan "the … -
est "
Sementara untuk adjectives panjang gunakan
"the most" sebelum adjectives.
Beberapa adjective yang bersuku kata dua
(quiet, clever, narrow, simple) bisa ditambah
“the …–est atau menggunakan the most.
Adjectives di bawah ini adalah yang tidak
mengikuti pola umum pembentukan sebuah
superlative adjectives:
 good  the best
 bad  the worst
 far  the furthest
Jika dua comparative word digunakan secara
bersama-sama dalam satu kalimat, maka
comparative word pertama menunjukkan
penyebab, dan comparative word kedua
menunjukkan akibat.
Kata the harus digunakan dalam kasus double
comparative.
Perhatikan bahwa dua comparative word
tersebut harus setara; maka jika ada
ketidaksetaraan dalam kalimat misalnya “the
sooner ….., the best …..” maka kalimat seperti
ini adalah SALAH. Penggunaan yang benar
adalah “The sooner …., the better…..”.
Penggunaan double comparative adalah untuk
menunjukkan makna “semakin …., semakin
…..” (misalnya, The sooner, the better berarti
“Semakin cepat, semakin baik”)
Catatan:
 Pola ini adalah satu-satunya yang
memungkinkan tidak adanya verb di dalam
sebuah kalimat.
 Hindari penggunaan kata the lesser,
 gunakan the less (tanpa –er).

Illogical Comparatives

(a) The population of USA is higher than
Indonesia. (SALAH)
(b) The population of USA is higher than that of
Indonesia. (BENAR)
(c) The hotels here are better than our town.
(SALAH)
(d) The hotels here are better than those in our
town. (BENAR)
Ingat bahwa pembandingan harus dibuat secara
logis. Anda tidak bisa, misalnya,
membandingkan antara penduduk Amerika
dengan (Negara) Indonesia (a). Anda harus
membandingkan penduduk Amerika dengan
penduduk Indonesia (b).
Jangan mengulang noun yang sama. Gunakan
that (singular) atau those (plural) untuk
mengganti noun.

Latihan

1. _________ there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and
disposal of refuse.
(A) The greater the population
(B) A great the population
(C) The greatest population
(D) It is the greater the population

2. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for __________ with which to
regulate them.
(A) more accurate than sundials
(B) more accurate sundials
(C) sundials more accurately
(D) more accurately than sundials

3. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, __________ to
the body.
(A) the stress it is greater
(B) greater is the stress
(C) greater stress is
(D) the greater the stress

4. Maine has __________ weather in the continental United States.

(A) coolest
(B) the coolest
(C) cooler
(D) the cooler

5. Most substances contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is
__________ of its liquid.
(A) than the higher density
(B) higher than that
(C) the density is higher than that
(D) the higher the density
6. Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter __________.
(A) than cane sugar does
(B) does cane sugar
(C) cane sugar
(D) than cane sugar

7. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher
of the deaf __________ of the telephone.
(A) than inventing
(B) than as the inventor
(C) the invention
(D) as the inventor

8. Hot objects emit __________ cold objects do.

(A) rays more than infrared
(B) rays are more infrared than
(C) more than infrared rays
(D) more infrared rays than

9. Helium is __________ all gases to liquefy and is impossible to solidify at normal air pressure.
(A) more than difficult
(B) the most difficult of
(C) more difficult of
(D) most difficult

10. The flatter a hair appears under a microscope, __________ wavier it is.
(A) although
(B) which
(C) and
(D) the
 Problem 3

SUBJECT MISSING

FOKUS

 Tiap kalimat mengandung dua elemen penting, subject dan predicate. Subject
memberitahukan tentang siapa atau apa yang melakukan pekerjaan. Sementara predicate
memberitahukan apa yang dikerjakan oleh subject.
 Bentuk predicate yang paling dasar adalah verb (kata kerja).
 Jika sebuah kalimat tidak mengandung dua elemen ini, maka kalimat tersebut tidak lengkap.
Dalam EPT, ada beberapa soal yang mengharuskan Anda untuk mengidentifikasi apakah sebuah
kalimat sudah dikatakan lengkap (memiliki subject dan verb) ataukah belum.
 Berikut ini cara mengidentifikasi Subject dan Verb dalam sebuah kalimat.

Cara menemukan Subject dalam kalimat Cara menemukan Verb dalam kalimat

 Tanyakan siapa atau apa yang  Tanyakan apa yang dilakukan

melakukan pekerjaan.
 Temukan orang atau benda dalam
kalimat tersebut
 Subject biasanya berbentuk noun
(orang, tempat atau benda) atau
pronoun (kata-kata seperti he, she atau
they yang mengganti sebuah noun).
 Subject biasanya ada di awal
kalimat, sebelum verb.
 Mungkin saja ada lebih dari satu
subject dalam sebuah kalimat.
 Subject tidak pernah menjadi
object of preposition, kata-kata seperti
with, from, under, over, and of.
oleh subject?
 Cari kata-kata yang menunjukkan
tindakan.
 Cari kata-kata yang berakhiran
dengan –ing atau –ed, atau jika kata
tersebut dapat ditambahkan dengan –
ing, maka ia adalah verb.
 Verb biasanya mengikuti subject.
 Mungkin saja ada lebih dari satu
verb dalam sebuah kalimat.
 Kata-kata seperti is, was, are, am,
was, were, has, have, had, seems
(linking verbs) adalah bagian dari
verb.

Latihan

1. In order to remain in existence, __________must, in the long run, produce something

consumers consider useful or desirable.
(A) a profit-making organization
(B) a profit-making organization which
(C) therefore a profit-making organization
(D) whichever a profit-making organization

2. _________ may do more than mirror history; that it may even influence future events.
(A) Because of historical novel
(B) A historical novel which
(C) Historical novel that
(D) A historical novel
3. __________dates from the end of the eighteenth century.
(A) The modern circus
(B) That the modern circus
(C) While the modern circus
(D) The modern circus that

4. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, __________communicate

through facial expressions and by making noises.
(A) however
(B) they
(C) furthermore
(D) who

5. __________ by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.

(A) Eliminate problems
(B) The eliminated problems
(C) Eliminating problems
(D) Problems are eliminated

6. __________ fashioned from a wick floating in a bowl of oil functioned according to the
principle of capillary action.
(A) All lamps early
(B) Lamps all early
(C) All early lamps
(D) Early all lamps

7. _______, Hyas araneus, carries a small garden on top of its shell.

(A) The common sand crab
(B) The commonly sand crab
(C) sand crab commonly
(D) common sand crab

8. __________ lived on the North Saskatchewan River long before the Hudson’s Bay Company
built a fur trading post there.
(A) Cree people
(B) For Cree people
(C) It was Cree people
(D) Where Cree people

9. __________ has been a topic of continual geological research.

(A) Did the continents originate
(B) How did the continents originate
(C) Have the continents originated
(D) How the continents originated

10. Because the papaya grows readily from seed, __________ spread from its home in Central
America and now grows throughout the tropics.
(A) to be
(B) it
(C) the
(D) its
 Problem 4

S+V MISSING

1. Traditionally, __________in New England on Thanksgiving Day.

(A) when served is sweet cider
(B) when sweet cider is served
(C) is served sweet cider
(D) sweet cider is served

2. __________the history of the tough, strong-willed Nebraska farmer.

(A) Not only is much of the history of Nebraska
(B) Although it is much of the history of Nebraska that is
(C) It is much the history of Nebraska’s being
(D) Much of the history of Nebraska is

3. __________images out of clay, stone, and metal.

(A) The shaping of sculpture
(B) Sculpting the shapes
(C) To shape sculpture
(D) Sculptors shape

4. __________, in the late 1800’s, some libraries had to keep as many as twenty to thirty copies
of each of Mary Jane Holmes’s books on hand.
(A) Inventories showing
(B) That show inventories
(C) Inventories show that
(D) Showing the inventories

5. Two years after she was chosen president of the Texas State Senate, __________ successfully
for a seat in the United States Congress.
(A) Barbara Jordan’s campaign being
(B) Barbara Jordan campaigned
(C) Campaigning for Barbara Jordan
(D) Barbara Jordan campaigning

6. __________ complex organic catalysts originating in living cells.

(A) Enzymes
(B) Enzymes are
(C) Enzymes which are
(D) Enzymes while they

7. Although __________ some textile products, it imports many as well.

(A) the exports of the United States
(B) exporting of the United States
(C) exporter of the United States
(D) the United States exports
8. __________ a bicameral, or two-chamber parliament.
(A) Canada has
(B) Having Canada
(C) Because Canada has
(D) That Canada is having

9. __________ in the latter part of the fifteenth century as a substitute for richly embroidered
tapestries.
(A) Wallpaper that originated
(B) The origination of wallpaper
(C) Originated the wallpaper
(D) Wallpaper originated

10. A regional writer with a gift for dialect, _____ her fiction with the eccentric, comic, but vital
inhabitants of rural Mississippi.
(A) and Eudora Welty is peopling
(B) Eudora Welty peoples
(C) because Eudora Welty peoples
(D) Eudora Welty, to people
 Problem 5
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Adjective clause adalah sebuah dependent
memodifikasi/menerangkan sebuah kata benda (noun). Adjective clause juga sering disebut dengan
relative clause.
(a) They saw the man who closed the door.
Dia melihat orang yang menutup pintu.
(b) The key which is on the table is hers.
Kunci yang ada di atas meja adalah miliknya.
(c) The woman whom I talked to was Mrs. Right
Wanita yang aku bicarakan adalah Mrs. Right.
(d) The books which we bought are very expensive.
Buku-buku yang kami beli sangat mahal
(e) The woman whose hair is black is my girl friend
Wanita yang rambutnya hitam adalah pacarku.
(f) She is the teacher about whom John told you.
Dia adalah guru yang tentangnya John bercerita
padamu.
(g) The music to which he listened was very bad.
Musik yang terhadapnya dia mendengarkan
adalah sangat buruk.
(h) The building where they live is very big.
Bangunan di mana mereka tinggal sangat besar.
(i) The building in which they live is very big.
Bangunan di mana mereka tinggal sangat besar.
(j) I’ll never forget the day when we met.
Saya tak akan melupakan hari ketika kita
bertemu.
(k) I’ll never forget the day on which we met.
Saya tak akan melupakan hari ketika kita
bertemu.
(A) 1. The woman who is talking to Sandra is from
Australia.
2. The woman talking to Sandra is from
Australia.
(B) 1. The ideas which are presented in this book
are not interesting.
2. The ideas presented in this book are not
interesting.
(C) 1. English has alphabet which consists of 26
letters.
2. English has alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
clause (klausa tergantung) yang
Bagian kalimat yang dicetak miring dan
tebal dinamakan adjective clause.
Gunakan relative pronoun:
who untuk orang (subyek) contoh (a)
which untuk benda (subyek) contoh (b)
whom untuk orang (obyek) contoh (c)
which untuk benda (obyek) contoh (d)
whose untuk menyatakan milik. Contoh (e)
Dalam bahasa Inggris yang formal preposisi
seringkali diletakkan di awal adjective
clause (contoh (f) dan (g)).
Gunakan where (h) atau preposition +
which (i) untuk memodifikasi/menerangkan
tempat.
Gunakan when (j) atau preposition + which
(k) untuk memodifikasi/menerangkan
tempat.
Tabel di samping menunjukkan apa yang
sering disebut dengan kasus reduced
adjective clause. Dalam hal ini adjective
clause diturunkan menjadi adjective phrase,
karena sudah tidak lagi memiliki susunan
subject + verb. Adjective clause di (A) 1.
diturunkan menjadi (A) 2., (B) 1. menjadi
(B) 2., (C) 1. menjadi (C) 2. dengan cara
menghilangkan pronoun dan to be dalam
clause tersebut.
Jika tidak ada be dalam sebuah adjective
clause seperti dalam (C) 1, maka cukup
menghilangkan pronoun dan merubah verb
menjadi bentuk –ing.
 Latihan

1. Of the millions ________ in 1986, few people will live long enough to see it return in the
twenty-first century
(A) who saw Haley’s comet
(B) saw Haley’s comet
(C) which saw Haley’s comet
(D) seen Haley’s comet

2. The knee is the joint __________the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
(A) when
(B) where
(C) why
(D) which

3. Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class
__________polygons.
(A) called
(B) to call
(C) is called
(D) call as

4. The edible tube mushroom has a cushion-like, moist cap _________ light brown or darkish
red.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) is
(D) that is

5. The mechanism __________ brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
(A) which is
(B) whose of
(C) by which
(D) is

6. Resin is a substance that __________ in water.

(A) does not dissolve
(B) do not dissolve
(C) not dissolving
(D) not dissolved

7. Ragtime is a kind of music __________ a strongly syncopated melody and a regularly accented
accompaniment.
(A) has
(B) that it has
(C) that has
(D) it has

8. Eastern meadowlarks abound in places __________, but eat harmful insects rather than grain.
(A) land is cultivated there
(B) there is land cultivated
 (C) where land is cultivated
(D) where is cultivated land

9. In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800’s Elizabeth Mead laid
the foundation __________ the modern college rests.
(A) is which
(B) on which
(C) which is on
(D) on it

10. Algebra generalizes certain basic laws __________ the addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division of all numbers.
(A) govern
(B) that govern
(C) have governed
(D) which they govern
 Problem 6

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

FOKUS

Bentuk participial phrase sangat sering muncul dalam English Proficiency Test. Pelajarilah!
 Present dan past participles dapat digunakan dalam sebuah frasa yang disebut
dengan participial phrases—yaitu frasa yang memodifikasi (menerangkan) nouns dan
pronouns. Participial phrase terbentuk dari sebuah participle (-ing / -ed) dan modifier-
nya. Sebuah participle dapat diikuti oleh sebuah object, adverb, prepositional phrase,
adverb clause, atau kombinasi diantara mereka. Berikut ini sebuah contoh sebuah
participial phrase yang mengandung present participle (holding), object (the torch), dan
adverb (steadily):

Holding the torch steadily, Merdine approached the monster.

 Perlu diingat bahwa participial phrase yang ditulis dengan present participle (-ing)
menyatakan bahwa subject melakukan pekerjaan (aktif) seperti contoh di atas.
Sementara participial phrase yang ditulis dengan past participle (-ed) mengindikasikan
bahwa subject dikenai pekerjaan (pasif) seperti contoh di bawah.
 Participial phrase dapat diletakkan di awal, tengah, atau akhir kalimat. (tanda koma
digunakan untuk memisahkan participial phrase dengan bagian kalimat lainnya).
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut:
- Discouraged by the long hours and low pay, my sister finally quit her
job.
- My sister, discouraged by the long hours and low pay, finally quit her
job.
- My sister finally quit her job, discouraged by the long hours and low
pay.

Latihan

1. The University of Georgia, __________ in 1785, was the first state supported university in the
United States.
(A) chartered
(B) was chartered
(C) it was chartered
(D) to be chartered

2. Emily Post’s book Etiquette, __________ in 1922, was an immediate success.

(A) published
(B) was published
(C) when it published
(D) that it published

3. The recent discovery of a novel by Harriet Wilson, __________, has brought to light a
landmark in Black American literature.
 (A) published in 1859
(B) who published in 1859
(C) that in 1859 publishing
(D) to publish in 1859

4. __________ in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
(C) To found
(D) Having founded

5. __________ as “the census taker of the sky”, Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to
the field of astronomy.
(A) Knowing
(B) To know
(C) Known
(D) Knowledge

6. _________ in 1889, the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.

(A) The invention of Indiana housewife
(B) Indiana housewife invented
(C) Inventing an Indiana housewife
(D) Invented by an Indiana housewife

7. A referee, _________, has orders to exude poise under the most trying circumstances.
(A) before unfriendly crowds to work
(B) always works before unfriendly crowds
(C) unfriendly crowds always work
(D) always working before unfriendly crowds

8. The Angelus Building looms on the corner of its block, seven stories, thick with dark windows,
________ of fire escapes.
(A) cage in a dingy mesh
(B) caged in a dingy mesh
(C) a dingy mesh caged
(D) to cage a dingy mesh

9. Goldsmith smiled, ________ like twin rolls of smooth pink toilet paper.
(A) bunching his fat cheeks
(B) bunched his fat cheeks
(C) his fat cheeks bunching
(D) his fat cheeks a bunch

10. _______, the scientist created a robot.

(A) Work in the lab
(B) Worked in the lab
(C) Working in the lab
(D) In the lab working
 Problem 7

APPOSITIVES

FOKUS

Appositive adalah noun atau noun phrase yang menerangkan (menamai ulang) noun
yang lain. Appositive dapat diletakkan di depan, tengah, atau akhir kalimat.
Contoh:

 The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.

 The Duncan sofa, a colonial masterpiece, is highly valued in today’s antique
furniture market.
 Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has been a source of human
fascination for untold generations of sky gazers.
 Chopin, a famous Polish composer, died at Place Vendome, a famous Paris
square.
 A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack
the poor man’s skull with a racket

Latihan

1. Martha Graham, __________, has run her own dance company for half a century.
(A) is the great modern choreographer
(B) one of the great modern choreographers
(C) that the great modern choreographers
(D) the modern choreographers were great

2. Quasars, __________ emitting extremely intense radio waves and visible radiation.
(A) star-like objects, are
(B) star-like, they are objects
(C) are star-like objects
(D) are they star-like objects

3. From 1946 to 1949, __________ William Henry Hastie served as governor of the Virgin
Islands.
(A) the lawyer
(B) he was the lawyer
(C) the lawyer who
(D) was the lawyer

4. In 1961 the entertainer Chubby Checker introduced a __________, to New York’s rock’n ‘ roll
fans.
(A) new dance, the twist
 (B) twist, was the new dance
(C) twist, the new dance that
(D) new dance is the twist

5. Annie Jump Cannon, __________ discovered so many stars that she was called “the census
taker of the sky.”
(A) a leading astronomer who
(B) who, as a leading astronomer,
(C) was a leading astronomer
(D) a leading astronomer,

6. Work in parapsychology, __________, has attracted a relatively small number of scientists.

(A) is a very controversial field
(B) which a very controversial field is
(C) a very controversial field
(D) a field very controversial which

7. Futurism, __________ early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and
attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.
(A) an
(B) was an
(C) that it was an
(D) that an

8. Thyme, __________, yields a medicinal oil containing thymol.

(A) a fragrant garden herb
(B) garden herb which is fragrant
(C) fragrant garden herb
(D) is an herb in a fragrant garden

9. ________, ballerina Augusta Maywood was the first to form a traveling company.
(A) That an innovator
(B) An innovator
(C) An innovator whose
(D) An innovator was

10. The skyscraper, __________, is an architectural form that originated in the United States.
(A) is a tall commercial structure
(B) a tall commercial structure
(C) a tall commercial structure which
(D) of which a tall commercial structure
 BEBERAPA PROBLEM LAIN YANG SERING MUNCUL
DALAM SOAL MODEL INCOMPLETE SENTENCES

VERB

1. In 1964 a major collection of Henry Ossawa Tanner’s paintings _________ at the Smithsonian
Institution.
(A) showed
(B) are shown
(C) were shown
(D) was shown

2. It was while a child, sculptor Anne Whitney ________ an eager intellect and artistic talent that
her parents recognized and encouraged.
(A) showing
(B) showed
(C) who showed
(D) she showed

3. Great numbers of tiny shelled animals _________ on the ocean floor.

(A) live
(B) living
(C) they will live
(D) if they lived

4. The extent of the harmful effect of locoweeds on animals __________ the soil in which the
plants grow.
(A) are depend upon
(B) depend on
(C) depends on
(D) is depend on

5. The worldwide race to develop an affordable synthetic fuel has so far consumed billions of
dollars and __________ few results.
(A) yielded
(B) yielding
(C) yield
(D) has a yield of

ADVERB
1. Variables such as individual and corporate behavior make economists nearly impossible to
forecast economic trends with __________.
(A) précised
(B) precisedly
(C) precisely
(D) precision
2. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, a fact which contributes _____ the
state’s economy.
(A) to a significant of
(B) significantly to
(C) significant of
(D) the significant of

3. Nutritionists consider goat milk to be rich, nourishing, and __________.

(A) digested ready
(B) readily digested
(C) readily digestion
(D) to digest readily

4. As early as 2500 B.C., the Egyptians used mirrors__________ polished metal.

(A) high made of
(B) made of highly
(C) made a high
(D) made high

5. __________ was the first fully successful transatlantic cable finally laid.
(A) Not until 1866
(B) Until 1866, just
(C) Until 1866
(D) In 1866, not until
 UNDERLINED WORDS
Problem 1

ARTICLES

FOKUS

 Hanya ada 3 article dalam Bahasa Inggris: a, an dan the.

 Ada dua tipe article dalam Bahasa Inggris yaitu indefinite ‘a’ dan ‘an’ atau definite ‘the’.
 JANGAN menggunakan article untuk membicarakan hal-hal yang bersifat umum – (article ‘the’
tidak memiliki arti ‘semua’).
Contoh: "Cars are expensive." = (All cars are expensive.)
"The cars are expensive." = (Not all cars are expensive, just the ones I'm talking
about.)

Indefinite articles – ‘a’ dan ‘an’ (determiners)

 ‘A’ dan ‘an’ adalah indefinite articles. Artikel-artikel ini merujuk pada sesuatu yang tidak secara
khusus diketahui oleh orang yang Anda ajak bicara.
 ‘A’ dan ‘an’ digunakan sebelum noun (kata benda) yang belum disebutkan sebelumnya:-
Contoh: "I saw a crocodile this morning."
"I ate an apple for breakfast."
 ‘A’ dan ‘an’ juga digunakan ketika membicarakan tentang pekerjaan.
Contoh: "I am an English teacher."
"I am a builder."

Catatan!
 Gunakan ‘a’ ketika noun yang mengikuti berawalan dengan konsonan (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n,
p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y atau z).
Contoh: "a city"
"a factory"
 Gunakan ‘an’ ketika noun yang mengikuti berawalan dengan huruf hidup (a, e, i, o, u)
Contoh: "an apple"
"an island"
 Pronunciation (pengucapan) menentukan aturan ini.
Jika huruf hidup itu berbunyi seperti konsonan, contoh, "university" diucapkan ‘zuniversiti’,
maka gunakan ‘a’ (a university).
Sebaliknya, jika konsonan itu berbunyi seperti huruf hidup (atau tidak diucapkan), contoh,
"hour" diucapkan auer, maka gunakan ‘an’ (an hour).

Definite Article - the (determiners)

 Gunakan ‘the’ ketika menyebut orang/benda tertentu.

Contoh: "The car you bought was expensive."
"Did you eat the apple?"
“The quality of his writing is dependable’
 Juga gunakan ‘the’ ketika Anda sudah menyebutkan orang/benda tersebut sebelumnya.
Contoh: "I’ve got a letter. The letter is from my friend in London."
 Gunakan ‘the’ untuk menyebut titik-titik geografis bumi.
 Contoh: the South Pole, the equator
 Gunakan ‘the’ untuk menyebut nama-nama sungai, samudera dan lautan.
Contoh: the Nile, the Pacific, the English channel
 Gunakan ‘the’ untuk menyebut satu-satunya benda/fenomena yang ada di alam raya.
Contoh: the rain, the sun, the wind, the world, the earth, the White House etc.
Tetapi jika ingin mendeskripsikan salah satu dari benda-benda/fenomena tersebut maka gunakan
‘a/an’.
Contoh: "I could hear the wind." / "There's a cold wind blowing."
"What are your plans for the future?" / "She has a promising future ahead of her."
 Gunakan ‘the’ untuk mengatakan bahwa seseorang atau sesuatu tertentu adalah yang terbaik,
paling terkenal, dll. Dalam hal ini ‘the’ diucapkan dengan penekanan lebih.
Contoh:
"Harry's shop is the place to go."
"You don't mean you met the Obama, do you?"

No article (Tanpa artikel)

 Jangan gunakan artikel sebelum noun ketika membicarakan sebuah situasi/fenomena umum.
Contoh: Inflation is rising.
People are worried about rising crime. (People (masyarakat) secara umum, jadi
tanpa artikel)
 Tidak perlu artikel saat membicarakan tentang olahraga.
Contoh: My son plays basketball.
Tennis is expensive.
 Jangan gunakan artikel sebelum uncountable noun (kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung) ketika
membicarakannya secara umum.
Contoh: Information is important to any organization.
Coffee is bad for you.
 Jangan menggunakan artikel sebelum nama-nama negara kecuali negara tersebut menggunakan
kata-kata state(s), kingdom, republic, union. Kingdom, state, republic dan union adalah noun,
jadi gunakan artikel.
Contoh:
Tanpa artikel - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia
Gunakan artikel - the UK, the USA, the Irish Republic

Catatan! the Netherlands

Latihan

1. Common to North America, those cinnamon fern is found in wet places.

A B C D

2. At a first, the scientific method may appear to be a narrow and restrictive way
A B C
of gaining understanding.
D

3. If a atom loses any of its electrons, it becomes positively charged and can combine
A B C
 chemically with other atoms.
D

4. A electric current can consist of charges that are positive, negative, or both.
A B C D

5. Data received from two spacecraft indicate that there is evidence that huge
A B
thunderstorms are now occurring around equator of the planet Saturn.
C D

6. Historians have never reached some general agreement about the precise causes
A B C
of the Civil War in the United States.
D

7. Since the beginning of this century, the United States government has played
A
an role in the supervision and use of the nation’s natural resources.
B C D

8. Abstract Expressionism was an movement in American painting that flourished

A B C
from the mid-1940’s to mid 1950’s.
D

9. The United States Department of Agriculture supervises quality, cleanliness, and

A B C
purity of meat.
D

10. Implication is that bone, and other tissues, have somehow been turned into
A B C
stone, and it is certainly the explanation given in some texts.
D
 Problem 2

BANANA RULE

FOKUS

(a) I like banana.

(b) I like a banana.
(c) I like bananas.
(d) I like the banana.
(e) I like no banana.

Salah satu rumus penting dalam EPT adalah apa yang sering disebut dengan The banana
Rule. Contoh (a) menunjukkan mengapa rumus ini disebut The Banana Rule.
Beberapa orang tahu kalau kalimat (a) adalah salah, tetapi lebih banyak lagi yang tidak tahu
kalau kalimat ini salah.
Kalimat ini salah karena ada rumus dalam bahasa Inggris yang mengatakan:

“A singular count noun cannot stand alone.”

Atau dengan kata lain “jika Anda melihat sebuah Singular Count Noun (kata benda dapat
dihitung tunggal) tanpa disertai determiner, adalah SALAH!!

Ada beberapa cara untuk membuat kalimat (a) menjadi benar, lihat kalimat (b), (c), (d) dan
(e).

Latihan

1. Elephant flaps its ears vigorously when it is overheated.

A B C D

2. The manufacture of automobile was extremely expensive until assembly-line

A B C
techniques made them cheaper to produce.
D

3. Antique collecting became a significant pastime in the 1800's when old object
A B C
began to be appreciated for their beauty as well as for their historical importance.
D

4. In Florida, when the temperature drops below freezing, citrus growers keep
A B
young tree warm by constantly showering them with water.
C D
5. Brickis made from clay that is processed into a workable consistency, formed to
A B C
standard sizes, and then fired in a kiln.
D

6. Salt Lake City, Utah’s capital and largest city, is industrial and banking center.
A B C D

7. A fable is usually a short tale featuring animal or inanimate objects that can talk
A B C
and think like humans.
D

8. It is not unusual for ballet dancer to wear out more than one pair of toe shoes
A B
during an evening’s performance.
C D

9. When neutron from one atom collides with the nucleus of another atom, a chain
A B C
reaction can occur.
D

10. Meadowlarks are about the same size as robin, but they have heavier bodies,
A B C
shorter tails, and longer bills.
D
 Problem 3

ADJECTIVES

FOKUS

 Adjective adalah kata yang menggambarkan atau memberikan informasi tentang noun
atau pronoun atau dalam bahasa Indonesia disebut dengan kata sifat.
Contoh:
The black cat slept.
Disini adjective ‘black’ menggambarkan noun "cat".
 Bentuk adjective tidak pernah mengalami perubahan walaupun noun yang disifati adalah
laki-laki atau perempuan, tunggal atau jamak, menjadi subyek atau obyek. Bentuk
adjective juga tetap sama apa pun tense yang digunakan.
Contoh:
The tall man is my uncle.
 Dalam EPT, pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan adjective lebih sering
berkaitan dengan bentuk adjective yang benar, misalnya ‘different’ vs. ‘difference’;
‘slowly vs. slowly.
 Perhatikan juga akhiran/awalan yang biasa membentuk sebuah adjective.
- -al -alis gradus: gradual
- -ar -aris mola: molar
- -ary -arius, -aris: plenary
- -arious -arius grex, greg-: gregarious
- urbs, urb-: urban, urbane
- -ine -inus: feline
- -ic, -tic -icus: sonic, fanatic
- -eous,-eal -eus: igneous, arboreal
- -aceous -aceus: sebaceous
- -aneous -aneus: miscellaneous
- -ernal,-ern -ernus: hibernal, hesternal, hodiernal;
- -urnal,-urn -urnus: diurnal, nocturnal
- -nal -nus: maternal, eternal
- -ate -atus: delicate, literate, numerate
- -ful: beautiful, handful
- -ose, -ous -osus: copious
- -lent -lentus: violent, virulent

Latihan

1. The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.

A B C D

2. Difference species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over
A B C D
thirty feet long.
3. The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
A B C D

4. The young of most bird species are totally dependence on parental care after hatching.
A B C D

5. An enormous variety of information may be obtained from a largest daily

A B C
newspaper.
D

6. Classicism as a doctrine seeks what is universally truth and good.

A B C D

7. Calcium, the most abundantly mineral in the body works with phosphorus
A B C
in maintaining bones and teeth.
D

8. Quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or

A B C
colored.
D

9. The musical tone of an electric guitar is created not by the resonance of the body of
A B C
the guitar but by electronically amplification
D

10. Not only do artificial reefs provide fish with food and shelter, they also serve as
A B C
importantly underwater landmarks.
D
 Problem 4

PREPOSITIONS

FOKUS

 Aturan yang paling penting berkaitan dengan preposition adalah: PREPOSITION + NOUN
 Daftar kata di bawah ini adalah sebagian besar daftar preposition yang sering dijumpai dalam
EPT. Daftar ini sangat penting – Anda harus mengetahuinya dengan baik setidaknya 90%
diantaranya. Jangan lupa, bahwa setiap setelah preposisi harus diikuti sebuah noun, dan hanya
noun. Tanda * menunjukkan bahwa kata ini juga bisa berfungsi sebagai subordinating
conjunction. Dengan kata lain, kata ini bisa diikuti oleh sebuah noun atau kalimat, tergantung pada
maknanya.
Daftar preposisi:
aboard, about, above, absent, acording to, across, after*, against, ahead of, all over, along,
alongside, amid atau amidst, among, around, as*, as of, as to, aside, astride, at, away from, bar,
barring, because of, before*, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, but, by, by
the time of, circa, close by, close to, concerning, considering, despite, down, due to, during,
except, except for, excepting, excluding, failing, for*, for all (kata ini berarti “despite’), from,
given, in, in between, in front of, in keeping with, in place of, in spite of, in view of, including,
inside, instead of, into, less, like, minus, near, near to, next to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on top
of, onto, opposite, other than, out, out of, outside, over, past, pending, per, plus, regarding,
respecting, round, save, saving, similar to, since*, than, thanks to (kata ini berarti because of),
through, throughout, till, to, toward or towards (keduanya benar, tetapi toward dipandang sedikit
lebih formal), under, underneath, unlike, until*

 Enam (6) diantara daftar preposition di atas dapat juga berfungsi sebagai subordinating
conjunctions .
 Dalam kalimat “After dinner, I felt sleepy.” After adalah sebuah preposition dan oleh
karenanya harus diikuti oleh hanya satu noun, “lunch” (tidak ada verb disini!!).
 Dalam kalimat “After I worked ten hours, I felt tired.” After adalah sebuah subordinating
conjunction dan diikuti oleh sebuah kalimat, I worked twelve hours.
 Dalam kalimat “I walked until midnight.”, until adalah sebuah preposition dan diikuti oleh
sebuah noun, midnight.
 Sementara dalam kalimat “I walked until I felt tired.”, until adalah sebuah subordinating
conjunction dan diikuti oleh sebuah kalimat, I felt tired.
 PENTING: Kata kerja yang mengikuti sebuah preposisi harus dalam bentuk –ing.
Contoh: before working

Latihan

1. Luminescence refers to the emission of light by means another than heat.

A B C D

2. A "light year" is the distance covered for light travelling during one year
A B C D
3. Eagles are predatory birds that have large, heavy, hooked bills and strong, sharp
A B C
 claws called as "talons."
D

4. The Carlsbad caverns, located in New Mexico, rank between the largest
A B
underground labyrinths in the world.
C D

5. From 1905 to 1920, American novelist Edith Wharton was at the height of her
A B
writing career, publishing of her three most famous novels.
C D

6. A common use with gold in the nineteenth century was as a standard for the value
A B C D
of money.

7. Noise is a psychological term referring toward unpleasant, unwanted sound.

A B C D

8. Peter lives on Boa Viagem Avenue, now, but he lived on 109, Amizade Street in 1980.
A B C D

9. Massachusetts was first explored in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth
A b
centuries, and the first permanent settlement at Plymouth in 1620.
C D

10. Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television, and
A B C
film productions on both sides the Atlantic Ocean.
D
 Problem 5

NOUN-PRONOUN AGREEMENT

FOKUS

 Noun dan pronoun harus sepakat (agree) satu sama lain dalam hal:
Number (singular/one atau plural/more than one)
Gender (male, female, neutral)
 Dua kalimat berikut tidak bermakna karena pronoun-nya tidak sepakat dengan noun dalam
hal number (kalimat pertama) atau gender (kalimat kedua):
1. Elvis sightings have occurred more abundantly in the last two years; he has been
occurring at the rate of ten per month.
(he seharusnya they)
2. I know a woman who likes Elvis Presley's music so much, he trained her dog to bark
in rhythm.
(he seharusnya she)

Latihan

1. Countries tend to specialize in the production and export of the goods and services
A B
that it can produce relatively cheaply.
C D

2. A liquid is similar to a gas because their molecules are not fixed to each other in
A B C
any specific way.
D

3. Mammals lose body heat to its environment in cold weather more quickly than
A B C D
in hot weather.

4. Benjamin Franklin made the first bifocal spectacles for itself by sawing the lenses
A B C
of his eyeglasses in half.
D

5. Moles are almost completely blind, although its tiny eyes can distinguish light
A B C D
from dark.

6. The term “technology” refers to the discoveries and inventions that help people
A B
improve its way of life.
C D
7. Every individual cell, whether they exist as an independent microorganism or is
A B
part of a complex creature, has its own life cycle.

8. All matter resists any change in their condition of rest or of motion.

A B C D

9. Inventor Granville Woods received him first patent on January 3, 1984, for a steam
A B C D
boiler furnace.

10. To stay warm in cold weather, cold-blooded animals must expose itself to
A B
a source of warmth such as direct sunlight.
C D
 Problem 6

TENSES

FOKUS

 4 tenses berikut seringkali dijumpai dalam EPT. Pelajarilah

VERB TENSE CONTOH CARA PEMBENTUKAN

I eat. (active) Base form (ditambah -s untuk 3PS
Simple Present
The food is eaten. (passive) (orang ketiga tunggal))
I ate. (active)
Simple Past Simple past
The food was eaten. (passive)
I have eaten. (active) Bentuk present 'have' + past
Present Perfect
The food has been eaten. (passive) participle
I had eaten. (active)
Past Perfect Bentuk past 'have' + past participle
The food had been eaten. (passive)

Latihan

1. Industrial buyers are responsible for supplying the goods and services that an
A B C
organization required for its operations.
D

2. Gore Vidal has steadily pursue a literary career remarkable for its productivity,
A B C
versatility, and unpredictability.
D

3. During most of this century, A. Philip Randolph struggled for Black rights in the
A B
United States and becomes an important figure in the labor movement.
C D

4. How many people remember listening to Orson Welles’1938 radio broadcast “The
A B C
War of the Worlds,” which convince thousands that space aliens had invaded the
D
Earth?

5. Soil science begun with the formulation of the theory of humus in1808.
A B C D

6. In 1941 Orson Welles produces Citizen Kane a film noted for its technical
A B
brilliance, structural complexity, and Literate treatment of a controversial
 C D
biographical subject.

7. Brooklyn, New York, had a population of about 23,000 when it becomes a city in
A B C D
1834.

8. Margaret Fuller was not active in the women’s-rights movement, but she asks for
A B C
a fair chance for women in her book, Woman in the Nineteenth Century.
D

9. The domestic dog, considered to be the first tamed animal, is coexisting with
A B
human beings since the days of the cave dwellers.
C D

10. Some art historians have say that too many artists have tried only to imitate
A B C
previous painting styles.
D
 Problem 7

SINGULAR/PLURAL NOUNS

FOKUS

Mayoritas kata benda (noun) di Bahasa Inggris memiliki bentuk plural (jamak) dengan hanya
menambah akhiran –s. Kata benda yang tidak bisa dihitung atau abstrak (misalnya, cheese, sugar,
honesty, intelligence) biasanya diikuti singular verb (kata kerja orang ke tiga tunggal), tetapi dalam
beberapa kasus juga bisa plural, yang mana mereka mengikuti aturan sebagai plura didasarkan pada
spelling mereka. Juga ada beberapa kategori kata yang hanya plural, walaupun spelling mereka tidak
merefleksikan hal ini.

Aturan penambahan -s:

 Noun yang berakhiran dengan -s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, tambahkan -es
Contoh: glass/glasses, buzz/buzzes, box/boxes, bush/bushes, switch/switches
 Noun yang berakhiran dengan –o, tambahkan -es
Contoh: potato/potatoes, echo/echoes, hero/heroes
Perkecualian: studio/studios, piano/pianos, kangaroo/kangaroos, zoo/zoos
Bisa salah satu: buffalo/buffalo(e)s, cargo/cargo(e)s, motto/motto(e)s, volcano/volcano(e)s
 Noun yang berakhiran dengan sebuah konsonan + -y, rubah -y menjadi -i dan tambahkan -es
Contoh: baby/babies, spy/spies, poppy/poppies
 Noun yang berakhiran dengan -f, atau –fe, rubah -f menjadi -v dan tambahkan -es
Contoh: shelf/shelves, wolf/wolves, knife/knives, wife/wives

Noun yang diambil dari bahasa lain:

 Singular yang berakhiran dengan -is , bentuk pluralnya menjadi -es
Contoh: analysis/analyses, basis/bases
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan –um, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -a
Contoh: datum/data, curriculum/curricula
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan –on, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -a
Contoh: criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan –a, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -ae
Contoh: formula/formulae, antenna/antennae
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan -ex atau –ix, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -ices
Contoh: appendix/appendices, index/indices
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan –us, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -i
Contoh: focus/foci, stimulus/stimuli
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan –us, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -a
Contoh: corpus/corpora, genus/genera
 Singular yang berakhiran dengan –eau, bentuk pluralnya menjadi -eaux
Contoh: bureau/bureaux, beau/beaux

Noun yang hanya ditulis dalam bentuk jamak dan membutuhkan plural verb
 Benda-benda yang berpasangan
Alat: glasses, scissors, binoculars, forceps, tongs, tweezers
Pakaian: jeans, pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers
 Noun yang berakhiran dengan -s tetapi tidak memiliki bentuk singular (aggregate nouns)
Contoh: accommodations, amends, archives, arms (weapons), bowels, intestines, brains
(intellect), clothes, communications, congratulations, contents, stairs, thanks, goods
 Noun plural yang tidak berakhiran dengan -s
Contoh: people, police, cattle, people
Irregular Plural Formation

Bentuk plural dari beberapa count nouns bersifat irregular. Berikut ini adalah aturan pembentukan
irregular plurals: (Foreign nouns merujuk pada noun yang diambil dari bahasa Latin atau Yunani.)
 noun yang berakhiran dengan -o: ditambahkan –es. Contoh: tomato = tomatoes
 Noun yang berakhiran dengan sebuah konsonan + -y: merubah -y menjadi -i dan ditambahkan
–es. Contoh: daisy = daisies
 Noun yang berakhiran dengan -f atau -fe: merubah -f menjadi -v dan ditambahkan –es
Contoh: calf = calves
 Noun yang merubah vowel dan tidak ditambahkan akhiran
Contoh: tooth = teeth, mouse = mice
 Noun yang tidak ada perbedaan antara bentuk singular dan plural-nya.
Contoh: deer = deer, fish = fish
 Foreign nouns yang berakhiran dengan -us: dirubah menjadi –i
Contoh: alumnus = alumni, focus = foci
 Foreign nouns yang berakhiran dengan -a: dirubah menjadi -ae
Contoh: formula = formulae, vertebra = vertebrae
 Foreign nouns yang berakhiran dengan -um: dirubah menjadi -a
Contoh: curriculum = curricula, stratum = strata
 Foreign nouns yang berakhiran dengan -ex atau -ix: dirubah menjadi -ices
Contoh: index = indices, appendix = appendices
 Foreign nouns yang berakhiran dengan -is: dirubah menjadi -es
Contoh: neurosis = neuroses, thesis = theses
 Foreign nouns yang berakhiran dengan -on: dirubah menjadi -a
Contoh: phenomenon = phenomena, criterion = criteria
 Beberapa noun yang diambil dari bahasa Italia yang berhubungan dengan musik yang
berakhiran dengan -o: dirubah menjadi -i
Contoh: concerto = concerti, virtuoso = virtuosi
 Beberapa noun yg diambil dari bahasa Perancis yang berakhiran dengan -eau: dirubah
menjadi -x
Contoh: beau = beaux, tableau = tableaux

Latihan

1. Thousands of meteorite hit Earth each year, but most fall into the sea or in remote
A B
areas and are never recovered.
C D

2. George Washington Carver found hundreds of uses for the peanut, the sweet
A
potato, and the soybean and thus stimulated the cultivation of these crop.
B C D

3. At birth, an infant exhibits a remarkable number of motor response.

A B C D

4. The first libraries in the North American colonies was established in Massachusetts
A B C
 in the year 1638.
D

5. Like other academic discipline, sociology has several major sub-disciplines.

A B C D

6. Sea turtles date back 100 million year and are the only ancient sea reptiles
A B
to survive the present Day.
C D

7. If laid out in straight line, the human digestive tract would measure approximately
A B C
thirty foot in length.
D

8. The unit of measurement known as a “foot” has originally based on the average
A B
size of the human foot.
C D

9. Jim Thorpe, a football, track, and baseball stars from Pennsylvania, is considered
A B
by many to be the greatest all-around athlete of modern times.
C D

10. A significant proportions of the plants and animals of Hawaii exists nowhere else
A B C
in the World
D
 Problem 8

COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

FOKUS

 Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns

Pelajari penanda jumlah (quantifiers) untuk countable nouns (friends, cups, people), dan
uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money, advice) berikut ini.

Hanya dengan Dengan uncountable Hanya dengan

uncountable nouns dan countable nouns countable nouns
much no/none many
a little Not any a few
a bit (of) some (any) a number (of)
- a lot of several
a great deal of plenty of a large number of

+ noun

Beberapa uncountable noun yang sering muncul dalam EPT

aluminum death grief luggage poetry sunshine

air democracy hair mathematics publicity traffic

anger dust harm meat reading trouble
beer economics heat melancholy rice violence
biology education history metal safety virtue
boating electricity hockey milk shopping warmth
cake English homework music smoking water
chaos equipment hospitality oxygen soccer weather
cheese evil ice paper softness wine

cloth experience information peace Spanish wood

conduct flour justice photography speed wool
courage friendship knowledge piety steel work
current gold leather plastic sugar

Latihan

1. Because they are generally taken simply to obtain a recognizable and relatively
A B
clear image, most nonprofessional photographs demand few equipment.
 C D

2. The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of papers, but as a record
A B C
of geographically organized information.
D

3. Like all ecological systems, a forest is made up of a living environment and a

A B
nonliving environment, the latter composed of airs, rocks, soil, and water.
C D

4. In many pieces of musics there is a dominant theme on which the rest of the
A B C
composition is centered.
D

5. To stay warm in cold weather, much animals must expose themselves to

A B C
a source of warmth such as direct sunlight.
D

6. Much people who live in New York City think that life in a large city offers special
A B C D
advantages.

7. The easiest process for mining golds is panning, which involves using a circular
A B C
dish with a small pocket at the bottom.
D

8. The National Education Association conducts extensive research on much

A B C
aspects of education.
D

9. As many as 50 percent of the income from motion pictures produced in the

A B
United States comes from marketing the films abroad.
C D

10. More buffalo are surviving the harsh winters because the paths make it easier for
A B C
the buffalo to move around and find a food.
D
 BEBERAPA PROBLEM LAIN YANG SERING MUNCUL DALAM
SOAL MODEL UNDERLINED WORDS

NOUN FORMS

1. The International Monetary Fund was created in an effort to stabilize exchange

A B
rates without interfering with the healthy grew of trade.
C D

2. The begins of the modern chemistry laboratory go back to the workrooms of

A B C D
medieval lchemists.

3. In many pieces of music there is a dominant theme on which the restful of the
A B C
composition is centered.
D

4. In the United States, both the federal and state governments have laws designed to
A B
guard consumers against deceptive advertise.
C D

5. Muscular motion is caused by the stimulate of specific nerve cells in the brain and
A B C D
spinal cord.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

1. Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks.
A B C D

2. Jackie Mclean’s recordings have shown that he is one of the few jazz musicians
A
who style of playing has kept pace with the evolution of modern jazz.
B C D

3. Mahogany is often considered the finest cabinet wood because it has most of
A B C
the qualities desiring for furniture making.
D
4. The first United States citizen to become a professional sculptor was Patience
` A B
Lovell Wright, who works were executed in wax.
C D

5. Mexican jumping beans are actually seeds in which contain moth larvae whose
A B C D
activity causes the seeds to “jump.”

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Conservative philosophers argue that the structure of society is threatening by

A B
civil disobedience, while humanists stress the primacy of the individual
C D
conscience.

2. Gulls can often be see swooping over large bodies of water.

A B C D

3. Farm animals have been regardless by nearly all societies as a valuable economic
A B C
resource.
D

4. When overall exports exceed imports, a country said to have a trade surplus.
A B C D

5. The economy of Little Rock, Arkansas, is basis primarily on manufacturing,

A B
wholesale and retail trade, and government functions.
C D

ADVERBS

1. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery
A B C
but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
D

2. Principal known for his dictionary, Noah Webster was also the first epidimiologist
 A B C D
in the United States.

3. Before the retina of the eye can be examined, the pupil must be artificial dilated.
A B C D

4. When a magnet is free suspended it becomes a compass.

A B C D

5. The introduction of the power loom enabled weavers to produce yard goods faster,
A B C
more efficiently, and less expensive.
D

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

1. Flower have long been cultivated and bred for their beauty and their fragrance.
A B C D

2. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.

A B C D

3. A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets carry a supply that last just
A B C D
a few seconds.

4. Many people who live in New York City thinks that life in a large city offers
A B C D
special advantages.

5. Nearly 85% of the test questions is presented as clinical scenarios that take place in
A B C
ambulatory settings.
D

CONJUNCTIONS

1. Too much electric current may flow into a circuit as a result either of a fault in the
A B C
circuit and of an outside event such as lightning.
D
2. Providence, Rhode Island, is a busy manufacturing city and seaport, as well the
A B C
state capital.
D

3. According to cognitive theories of emotion, anger occurs when individuals believe

A
that they have been harmed and that the harm was either avoidable and
B C D
undeserved.

4. Mary McDowell shared Jane Addam’s interest in social work also was a loyal
A B C
supporter of the League of Nations.
D

5. Pure flint is too hard and even-grained that it chips in smooth curved flakes.
A B C D

WORD ORDER

1. It has been calculated that the Earth’s circumference around the equator is over
A B C
forty longer miles than the circumference around the two poles.
D

2. In adolescence, a young person may experience some stress emotional due to

A B
conflicting and confusing social demands.
C D

3. Certain types of computers work properly only in environments with

A B C
controlled precisely temperatures.
D

4. The primary function of a sonometer is to calculate and demonstrate the

A B
relations mathematical of melodious tones.
C D

5. Some insects hear ultrasonic sounds more than two octaves than higher
A B C D
humans can.
 PHRASAL VERBS/ADJECTIVE PREPOSITIONS

1. Interest with major social events led to a period of growth in journalism after 1945.
A B C D

2. American painter Georgia 0’Keeffe is well known as her large paintings of flowers
A
in which single blossoms are presented as if in close-up.
B C D

3. Many flowering plants benefit of pollination by adult butterflies and moths.

A B C D

4. Pythons differ with most other snakes by having two well developed lungs rather
A B
than a much smaller left lung or no left lung at all.
C D

5. The elephant relies more on its sense of smell than for any other sense.
A B C D