Chemistry : Classification and Nomenclature ALLEN®

Pre-Medical

Chapter No. 01
CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE

S.No. Contents Page

01. Vital force theory 3
02. Characteristics of C-atoms 3
03. Classification of organic compoundEN 3
04. Nomenclature system 5
05. Trivial name system (common names) 5
06. Derived name system 9
07. IUPAC name systems 10
08. Format for IUPAC name 12
LL

09. Bond line notation 17

10. IUPAC names of cyclic compounds 19
11. Exercise-I (Conceptual Questions) 22
A

12. Exercise-II (Previous Years Questions) 26

13. Exercise-III (Analytical Questions) 28

NEET SYLLABUS
General introduction, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds.

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OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit, we will be able to :


EN
understand reasons for tetravalence of carbon and shapes of organic molecules;

write structures of organic molecules in various ways;

 classify the organic compounds;

 name the compounds according to IUPAC system of nomenclature and also derive
their structures from the given names;
LL

"Don't take rest after your first victory because if you fail in second,
more lips are waiting to say that your first victory was just luck."
A

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

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CLASSIFICATION & NOMENCLATURE
1.1 VFT(Vital Force Theory) : By Berzelius in 1815. Upto 1815, any organic compound could not be
synthesized in lab. So Berzelius suggested that there is a mysterious force in living organisms which was named as
Vital Force and said that organic compounds cannot be synthesized in lab. This theory was called as VFT.
But in 1828 a German scientist Wholar synthesized an organic compound in lab. Which was 'urea'. So VFT
was failed. Urea was synthesized in lab by heating of Ammonium cyanate (NH4CNO).
NH4CNO NH2 C NH2
O
Ammonium cyanate Urea

Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are called as organic compounds.
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF C-ATOMS
(a) Tetra valency : Atomic number of carbon atom is 6 and it has four valence electrons so C-Atom is
tetravalent. 2s 2p
In ground state (here covalency of carbon is 2)

First excited state (here covalency of carbon is 4)

EN Available for bond formation

(b) Tendency to form multiple bonds : Carbon atom forms following type of bonds, such as

C C , C C , C C , C C C

(c) Tetrahedral shape : The four covalent bond are directed 109°28'
C
towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron
LL
Bond angle 109028'
(d) Catenation : Self linking property of C-atom is known as catenation. It is responsible for the variety
and large number of organic compounds. It may also give rise to open chain and closed chain nature of
compounds.

Structure  & bonds Hybridisation Bond angle Shape

A

C 4,0 sp3 109°28' Tetrahedral

C 3,1 sp2 120° Planar (Trigonal)

C 2,2 sp 180° Linear

C 2,2 sp 180° Linear

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

(a) Classification based on functional group :
Homologous series : A group or class of organic compounds each containing same functional group
with increased molecular weight, constitute a homologous series.
(a) The various members are called homologue
(b) Two successive homologues differ by CH group or 14 molecular weight.
2

(c) All the homologues can be prepared by similar methods.

(d) Homologues have same chemical properties but there is a regular change in physical properties.
(e) All the members represented by same general formula.

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Table : Homologous series and functional group
S.No. Homologous series General Functional group

1. Alkanes CnH2n+2

2. Alkenes CnH2n

3. Alkynes CnH2n-2

4. Alkylhalides CnH2n+1X —X

5. Alcohol and ether CnH2n+2O —OH, —O—

O O

6. Aldehyde and ketone CnH2nO C H, C

O O

7. Carboxylic acid and esters CnH2nO2 C OH, C OR

(b) Classification on the basis of carbon chain :

EN
Organic Compound

Open-chain, acyclic Closed-Chain or

or aliphatic compounds Cyclic compound
LL

Unsaturated Homocyclic Heterocyclic

Saturated
compound compound

Alicyclic Aromatic Alicyclic Aromatic

A

compound compound compound compound

Closed-Chain (Cyclic) compounds :

(a) Homocyclic (Carbocyclic) :- Ring system is made up of only C-atoms.

CH2

CH2 CH2

(i) Alicyclic : Properties resemble with aliphatic (open chain) organic compounds.

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH CH CH

(b) Hetero cyclic compounds : Ring system is made up of atleast two different elements.

CH2 CH2
O
CH CO
O CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CO
O

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BEGINNER'S BOX-1
CH3

1. How many 1°, 2° & 3° H atoms are present in [Toluene] respectively :-

(1) 3, 0, 5 (2) 3, 5, 0 (3) 4, 3, 0 (4) 0, 5, 3

2. What is hybridisation of each carbon atom in following compound
HC  C — CH = CH — CH3
(1) sp, sp2, sp2, sp2, sp3 (2) sp, sp, sp2, sp2, sp3
2 3 3
(3) sp, sp, sp , sp , sp (4) sp, sp2, sp2, sp3, sp3
3. Which one is not correct for a homologous series –
(1) All members have a general formula
(2) All members have same chemical properties
(3) All members have same physical properties
(4) All members have same functional group

1.4 NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM

The organic compounds are generally named in three systems :
1.4.1 Trivial Name System (Common Names)
EN
TRIVIAL NAME SYSTEM

Based on

Source Discoverer
(Acc. to source from (Acc. to name
which they were of scientist)
LL

CH4 Marsh gas, RMgX – Grignard's reagent

(Marshy place)
CH3COOH Acetic acid – acetum, R2Zn – Frankland's reagent
(vinegar)
HCOOH Formic acid – formica,
A

(Red ants)
CH3OH Methyl alcohol – wood spirit
(1) Common names of Saturated Hydrocarbons : - (CnH2n+2)
(1) According to trivial or common name system of nomenclature, unbranched alkanes are named
according to the number of carbon atoms.
Alk - means number of carbon atoms.
(2) As first three members of alkanes have only one structure so their common names and IUPAC names
are same. If more than one structures of a hydrocarbon are possible then, they are distinguished by the
use of prefixes such as - n, iso, neo etc.
(a) Prefix n : It is used for unbranched alkanes.
CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH3 n — butane
CH3 — CH2 — CH3 Propane [n is not used because it has only one structure]
(b) Prefix iso : It is used when one methyl group is attached to the second C-atom of the continuous
chain.
Iso group
CH3
Ex. Isobutane
CH3 CH CH3

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(c) Prefix neo : When two methyl groups are attached to the second C-atom of the continuous chain :-

Neo group
CH

Ex. CH3 C CH2 H Neo - pentane

CH
'Neo' is used when minimum 5 carbon atoms are present.
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. How many carbon atom are present in third homologue of methyl ether.
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
2. Which of the following is not a hetero cyclic compounds
(1) Thiophene (2) Furane (3) Benzene (4) Pyridine
CH CO
3. In structure O , how many hetero atoms are present ?
CH CO
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons :

CH2 CH 3CH
EN
(a) Compounds Containing Carbon - Carbon double bond :
These are called alkylene or olefins (General formula CnH2n).
Ex. CH2 CH 2CH CH 3 2 CH CH2
Ethylene Propylene   –Butylene
CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 C CH2
–Butylene
LL
CH3
     Isobutylene
(b) Compounds Containing Carbon - Carbon triple bond : General Formula is CnH2n-2
There names are derived by replacing H-atoms of acetylene by alkyl group.
Ex. CH CH CH3 C CH CH3 C C CH3
A

Acetylene Methyl acetylene Dimethyl acetylene

(2) Common Name of Hydrocarbon Derivatives :
(A) Common names of organic compounds [Radical dependent]
R—H 
–H
+Z
R ——— Z
Hydrocarbon Functional
group group
or Radical

Functional group Suffix Functional group Suffix

— OH Alcohol —X Halide
— NH2 Amine — CN Cyanide
—O— Ether —N C Iso cyanide
—S— Thio ether — CO — Ketone
— SH Thioalcohol

Name = Prefix of R + Suffix of Z

(i) Saturated Hydrocarbon Radical
H H H
Note : Alkane   Alkyl (monovalent radical)   Bivalent radical   Trivalent radical

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Monovalent Redicals
CH4  CH3 Methyl C2H6  C2H5 Ethyl
CH3 CH2 CH3 (i) CH3 CH2 CH2 n-propyl
Propane (ii) CH3 CH CH3 Iso-propyl

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 (i) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 n-butyl
n-Butane (ii) CH3 CH2 CH CH3 sec-butyl

CH3 CH CH3 (i) CH3 CH CH2 Isobutyl

CH3 CH3
Isobutane

(ii) CH3 C CH3 tert.–butyl

CH3
Bivalent : Two valency free
 From same carbon atom - Alkylidene
From vicinal carbon atoms - Alkylene EN
Bivalent radicals -
Ex. CH4  CH2 Methylidene (Methylene)
CH3 — CH3  CH3—CH Ethylidene
 CH3—CH2—CH3  (i) CH3—CH2—CH n-Propylidene

(ii) CH3 C CH3 Iso-propylidene

LL

CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 Ethylene

3H
Trivalent Alkane   Trivalent (Alkylidyne)(From same carbon)
CH3—CH3  CH3C Ethylidyne
A

(ii) Unsaturated - Hydrocarbon Radical

(1) — CH = CH2 Vinyl
(2) — CH2 — CH = CH2 Allyl
(3) — CH2 – C CH Propargyl
(iii) Aromatic Hydrocarbon Radical -

–H
(a) – C6H5 or or –Ph or –

Phene Phenyl
CH3 CH2 CH C
–H –H –H
(b)

Toluene Benzyl Benzal or Benzo (Benzylidyne)

Benzylidene 
CH2OH
 Ex.

Benzyl alcohol

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BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. Which of the followings is incorrect name :-

(1) Isopropyl (2) Ter. butyl (3) Neo butyl (4) Neo pentyl

2. Which of the followings is secondary radical :-

(1) CH2=CH– (2) (CH3)3C– (3) C6H5– (4) CH3–(CH2)2–CH2–

3. Which of the followings is isooctane :-

CH3
(1) CH3 – CH – CH2 – C – CH3 (2) CH3– CH – CH– CH – CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

(3) CH3– CH – CH2– CH2 – CH2– CH2– CH3 (4) None

CH3

(B) Common names of organic compounds [Radical independent]

Which don't depend on hydrocarbon radical

Prefix  Number of carbon atoms

EN Suffix  Functional group

No. of Carbon atoms Prefix

1 Form
LL
2 Acet

3 Propion

4 Butyr

5 Valer
A

Note : Three Carbon with one double bond  Acryl [C C — C —]

Four carbon with one double bond  croton [C — C C — C —]

Functional Group Suffix Functional Group Suffix

— (C)HO aldehyde — (C)OX yl halide

— (C)OOH ic acid — (C)ONH2 amide

— (C)OOR alkyl ------- ate — (C)N onitrile

(C)
O ic anhydride —N (C) oisonitrile
(C)
O

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Functional Group Structure Common name

—CHO HCHO Formaldehyde

CH3CH2CH2CHO n - Butyraldehyde
CH2=CH–CHO Acrylaldehyde
CH3–CH=CH–CHO Crotonaldehyde

—COOH CH3— CH2 — COOH Propionic acid

CH2 = CH — COOH Acrylic acid

—COOR HCOOCH3 Methyl formate

O
CH3 – CH – O – C – CH3 Isopropyl acetate

CH3

CH2 = CHCOO C2H5 Ethyl acrylate

—CO CH3 — CO
O O Acetic anhydride
—CO CH3 — CO

CH3— CO
CH3CH2—CO
EN O Acetic propionic anhydride

—COCl CH3CH2COCl Propionyl chloride

HCOCl Formyl chloride

—CONH2 HCONH2 Formamide

LL
CH3CH2CONH2 Propionamide

—CN CH3CN Acetonitrile or Methyl cyanide

—N C CH3 – N C Acetoisonitrile or methyl isocyanide

A

GOLDEN KEY POINTS

 di, tri, tetra, sec and tert are not considered in alphabetical order but iso and neo are considered.

1.4.2 Derived Name System :

In a homologous series the homologues are considered to be the derivative of the famous homologue.
H H H

H C H CH3 C H CH3 C CH3

H H H
Methane Methyl methane Dimethyl methane
First homologue of alkane series encircled H atom will be replaced by any substituents.
Similarly : CH2 = CH2  Ethylene is the first homologue of the alkylene series.
Names derived from ethylene are -
CH3 – CH = CH2  Methyl ethylene
CH3 – CH = CH – CH3  Sym. dimethyl ethylene
CH3 – C = CH2   Unsym. dimethyl ethylene
CH3

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CHCH (First homologue of alkyne series)  Acetylene

CH3 – C CH  Methyl acetylene
CH3 – C C – CH3  Dimethyl acetylene
CH3OH Carbinol (First member of alcoholic series)
CH3 – CH2 – OH    Methyl carbinol
CH3 – CH – OH    Dimethyl carbinol
CH3
CH3 – CH = CH2OH  Iso propyl carbinol
CH3
CH3CHO Acetaldehyde
CH3 – CH2CHO  Methyl acetaldehyde
CH3 – CH – CHO  Dimethyl acetaldehyde
CH3
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
1. Common name of given compound is :-
CH3 EN
CH3 – C – OH
CH3

(1) Neobutyl alcohol (2) Isobutyl alcohol

(3) Tertiary butyl alcohol (4) Secondary butyl alcohol

2. Which of the following is Crotonic acid ?

LL

(1) CH2 = CH – COOH (2) CH3 – CH = CH – CHO

(3) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – COOH (4) CH3 – CH = CH – COOH

3. What is derived name of Neopentyl alcohol :-

(1) Isopropyl carbinol (2) n-Butyl carbinol
A

(3) Tertiary butyl carbinol (4) Ethyl methyl carbinol

1.4.3 IUPAC Name System

Rules : (A) Selection of longest continuous parent carbon chain
(B) Numbering in selected parent carbon chain.
(A) Selection of longest continuous parent C – chain :
Subrule (i) : Selection of longest continuous parent C–chain containing functional group or multiple
bond or substituents.

Priority order : Functional group > Multiple bond > Number of C-atom > substituents

CH3 CH CH CH2 OH CH3 CH2 C CH CH2 CH3

Ex .

CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

Subrule (ii) : If carbon containing functional group is present then include carbon of that functional
group in parent chain.

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Ex. CH3 C CH CH3 CH3 CH CH2 C CH2 CH3

CH2 C OH OH CH2

O
Subrule (iii) : If more than one equal chains of carbon are possible then select one which containing
maximum number of substituents.
Ex. CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH CH CH3

CH3 CH3

Subrule (iv) : If more than one multiple bonds are present then select one which containing
maximum number of multiple bonds.
Ex. CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3

CH CH2

(B) Numbering in selected parent carbon chain :

Subrule (i) : Selected parent carbon chain is numbered from that side from which functional group
EN
or multiple bond or substituents gets lowest number.

Priority order : Functional group > Multiple bond > Substituents

1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
Ex. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2
OH
LL

1 2 3 4 5 4 3 2 1
CH3 – CH – CH = CH2 CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH = CH2
OH Cl OH
Subrule (ii) : If carbon containing functional group is present then give lowest possible number to
carbon of that functional group.
A

2 3 1 2 3 4
Ex. CH3 – CH2 – CH —– C – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – C – CH2 – CH3
C N CH2 O
1 4

Subrule (iii) : Only for symmetrical conditions

(a) When two or more substituents are present at symmetrical position then follow alphabetical order.
5 4 3 2 1
Ex. CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3 2-Bromo-4-chloropentane.

Cl Br
Chloro Bromo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ex. 3-Ethyl-5-methylheptane.
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
C2H5 CH3
Ethyl Methyl
6 5 4 3 2 1
Ex. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH –CH3 Not symmetrical

Br CH3

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(b) When double bond and one triple bond are present at symmetrical position then priority is given to
double bond.
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
CH2 CH CH2 C CH CH3 CH CH CH2 C CH
 
(Not symmetrical)
ene yne
Subrule (iv) : If two or more than two substituents are present at unsymmetrical position then follow
lowest number rule.
6 5 4 3 2 1
Ex. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH –CH3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Br CH3 Cl
2, 3, 4 right numbering
3, 4, 5 wrong numbering
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Ex. CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3 (NO2 not Principle FG but substituent)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
NO2 Et Me
2, 4, 5 right numbering
3, 4, 6 wrong numbering
Subrule (v) : If more than one functional groups are present then consider senior most as main
functional group and remaining are considered as substituents.
EN
Ex. CH3 CH CH COOH Main F.G.

OH CHO
substituent
1.5 Format for IUPAC name :
s-prefix
  + p-prefix
 + wood
 root
 + p-suffix
  + s-suffix
 
LL
Substituents cyclo Alk word – ane According to main
according to carbon – ene
with locants in parent C chain functional group
– yne given in priority table
(a) Locant : Locants are separated by (,) comma. 
  Locants and alphabets are separated by hyphen (–). [2, 3 – dimethyl pentane]
 di, tri, iso, neo and cyclo are neither separated by comma nor by hyphen
A

(b) Prefix :- According to substituents .

Prefix (es) are written in alphabetical order before root word.
1° or p - prefix
Prefix
2° or sec. - prefix
Cyclo is 1° prefix and used for cyclic compound.
2° prefix is used for substituents and written before 1° prefix.
For acyclic compounds : 2° prefix + Root word + 1° suffix + 2° suffix.
Substituents Prefix Substituents Prefix
—R Alkyl group — OR Alkoxy
O
— X (F, Cl, Br, I) Halo —N Nitro
O

—O—N O Nitrite —N O Nitroso

— CH2OH Hydroxy methyl — CH2Cl Chloro methyl
— NHC2H5 Ethyl amino

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(c) Word root : According to number of carbon's in parent C–chain.

Number Root Number Root Number Root

of carbons word of carbons word of carbons word
1 Meth 6 Hex 11 Undec

2 Eth 7 Hept 12 dodec

3 Prop 8 Oct 13 tridec

4 But 9 Non

5 Pent 10 Dec

(d) Primary suffix :- According to saturation and unsaturation.

C — C  ane C C  ene C C  yne
(e) Secondary Suffix :- According to senior most of F. G.
CH3 CH CH CH C OH

OH CHO CH3 O
hydroxy
Substituents
formyl

3-Formyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl pentanoic acid

EN
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1. Which of the following is considered as primary prefix :-
LL
(1) ene (2) ane (3) cyclo (4) alk
2. Which of the following is considered always as a substitutent :-
(1) Halo group (2) Nitro group (3) Alkyl group (4) All

S. NO. Functional group Prefix Suffix

A

1. — (C) OOH (carboxylic acid) × oic acid

— COOH carboxy carboxylic acid
2. — SO3H (sulphonic acid) sulpho sulphonic acid
O

(C)
3. O (anhydride) × oic anhydride
(C)
O

4. — (C)OOR (ester) × alkyl ------ oate

— COOR alkoxy carbonyl alkyl ----- carboxylate
or carbalkoxy
5. — (C)OX (acid halide) × oyl halide
— COX halo formyl carbonyl halide
6. — (C)ONH2 (amide) × amide
— CONH2 carbamoyl carboxamide

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7. — (C)N (cyanide) × Nitrile

— CN cyano carbonitrile
8. —N C (isocyanide) isocyano/carbyl amino isonitrile
9. — (C)HO (aldehyde) oxo al
— CHO formyl carbaldehyde
10. — (C) — (Ketone) keto/oxo one

11. — OH (alcohol) hydroxy ol

12. — SH (thio alcohol) mercapto thiol
13. — NH2 (amine) amino amine

Note : (C) atom written in brackets means that it has been included in the parent chain.

SUBSTITUENTS PREFIX SUBSTITUENTS PREFIX

—R alkyl —X halo
O
— NH2 amino EN —N nitro
O
—O—N=O nitrito —N=O nitroso
— OCH2CH3 ethoxy — CH2 – OH hydroxymethyl
— CH2—Cl chloromethyl — NH – CH3 methylamino
—S— thio
CH3 — C — O — acetoxy/ethanoyloxy CH3CH2—C—O— propanoyloxy
O O
LL

C6H5 — C — O — benzoyloxy –OR Alkoxy

O
–OC6H5 Phenoxy
A

BEGINNER'S BOX-6
1. Which of the following selected chain is correct :-
(1) CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (2) CH2 = CH – CH – CH = CH2
CH2 – OH COOH
(3) CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH – CH3 (4) CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3
CH2 OH CH = CH2
CH3

2. Which of the following has correct numbering according IUPAC :-

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
(1) CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3 (2) CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH2 – C  N
C2H5 CH3
1 2 3 4 5 2 3
(3) CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (4) CH3 – CH2 – CH – C – CH2 – CH3
CHO CN CH2
1 4

3. Which of the following functional group has highest priority according to priority table :-
(1) –COOR (2) –CONH2 (3) –CHO (4) –OH
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GOLDEN KEY POINTS
Example :
CH3 CH3
(a) CH3 CH CH CH3 (b) CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 2,2,5,5–Tetramethylhexane

3,4–Dimethylhexane

(c) CH2 CH CH CH CH2 (d) CH3 C C CH3

CH C2H5 C2H5
CH2 3,4–Dimethylhex–3–ene
3–Vinyl–1,4–pentadiene
or
3-Ethenyl-1,4-pentadiene
CH3

(e) CH3 CH2

C2H5 CH3 C

CH CH CH
CH3

CH2
EN CH2 CH3 (f) C2H5 CH C CH
CH CH3 CH CH2
CH3 3–Ethyl–1–penten–4–yne
5–tert.Butyl-3–ethyl–4–isopropyloctane
LL
(In above example tert. is not considered
in alphabatical order)
BEGINNER'S BOX-7
1. IUPAC name of :-
CH3 —CH2 —CH—CH—CH3
A

CH2 CH3
CH3

(1) 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane (2) 2-Methyl-3-ethylpentane

(3) 3-Isopropylpentane (4) 3-(1-Methyl ethyl)-pentane
2. For the structural formula, CH3—CH2—CH—CC—CH3
CH—CH3
CH3

what is the correct IUPAC name :

(1) 4-Isopropyl-2-hexyne (2) 4-Ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne
(3) 3-Isopropyl-4-hexyne (4) 2-Methyl-3-ethyl-4-hexyne
3. Correct IUPAC name for the structure CH3—C—H is :-
H—C—CH3

(1) Unsym. dimethyl ethylene (2) Sym. dimethylethylene

(3) But-2-ene (4) 1,3-Dimethylethene
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COOH CH COOH
(g) (h)
COOH CH COOH
Ethanedioic acid Butenedioic acid
O
SO3H
CH3–C
(i) CH3 C CH2 COOH (j) O
CH3–C
CH3
O
3-Methyl–3–sulphobutanoic acid.
Ethanoic anhydride
O O
CH3–CH2–C H–C
(k) O (l) O
CH3–C H–C
O O
Ethanoic propanoic anhydride Methanoic anhydride
O
CH2–C
(m) O
CH2–C EN
O
Butanedioic anhydride
O OH (Common name–Citric acid
(n) HO C CH2 C CH2 COOH 2–Hydroxy–1,2,3,–propane tricarboxylic acid
Both are correct
3-carboxy-3-hydroxy-1,5-pentane dioic acid
COOH
LL
3-Methyl–3–sulphobutanoic acid.
Note : If more than two carbon atoms containing functional group are present then, no one is counted in
the parent chain (—CHO, —CN, —COOR, —CONH2, —COCl)
(o) CH2 CH CH2 (p) CH3 COOCH3
CN CN CN Methyl ethanoate
A

1,2,3–Propane tricarbonitrile
(q) CH3 COOC2 H5     (r) COOC2H5
Ethyl ethanoate COOC2H5
Diethyl ethanedioate
CH2 O COCH3
 (s) (t) COC
CH2 O COCH3
COC
Ethylene diethanoate Ethanedioyl chloride
O O O
(u) H C CH2 C C OH (v) CHO
2,4–Dioxobutanoic acid CHO
Ethanedial
O
(w) CH3 C CHO
  2–Oxopropanal

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Chemistry : Classification and Nomenclature ALLEN®
Pre-Medical
BEGINNER'S BOX-8
1. Correct IUPAC name of compound is :-
CH3 – CH – CH2 – COOH
CH=CH2

(1) 3-Ethenyl butanoic acid (2) 3-Ethynyl butanoic acid

(3) 3-Methyl but-4-enoic acid (4) 3-Methyl pent-4-enoic acid
2. Correct IUPAC name of compound is :-

O
CH3 – CH – C – O – C2H5
Br

(1) 2-Bromo-1-ethyl propanoate (2) 1-Ethyl-2-bromopropanoate

(3) Ethyl-2-bromopropanoate (4) Ethyl-3-bromo propanoate
O O
3. IUPAC name of CH3 – C – O – C – CH3 is :-

(1) Acetic anhydride EN (2) Methanoic anhydride

(3) Ethanoic methanoic anhydride (4) Ethanoic anhydride

Other examples

O O
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH CH2OH
LL
        
Epoxy ethane 2,3–Epoxy–1–propanol

1.6 Bond Line Notation

3 5
A

1
2 4
6
1. 2.
2,3–Dimethyl hexane
3–Methyl pentane

5 7
3 4 6
2 3
1
1 4 2
3. 4.
3–Ethyl–4–isopropyl–2–methyl heptane 1,3–Butadiene

4 2
5
1 4 3
3 5
1
6
5. 7 6. 2
5–Methyl hept–4–en–1–yne 3,4,4–Trimethyl pent–2–ene

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ALLEN® Chemistry : Classification and Nomenclature
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1 3
3 4 2
OH
2

4 5 1
7. 8. 6
6 5 4–Methyl–hex-4–en–2–ol

4,4–Diethyl heptane

O O O
3
4 2 4 3 2 1
1 OC2H5 HO OH
9. 10.
Ethyl but–2–enoate OH OH
2,3–Dihydroxy–1,4–butanedioic acid
(Tartaric acid)
EN 4 2
6 5 1
2 5 1
Me 3 Me
11. 4 3 12.
Me Me
6 8 10
LL
7 9

3,4–Diethyl–2,4–hexadiene
5,6–Diethyl–7–methyl–3–decene
A

O COOC2H5
4
5 2 1
3 2 1
13. 14. 4 3 COOH
5
6

7
CN
4–Carbethoxy–3–cyano-2–methyl
3–Ethyl–4,5–dimethyl–5–hepten–2–one pentanoic acid

6
1
15. 5 4 3
2

Cl OH
4–Chloro–3,5–diethyl–5–hexen–2–ol

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Chemistry : Classification and Nomenclature ALLEN®
Pre-Medical
1.7 IUPAC names of cyclic compounds

(1) IUPAC names of cyclic compounds are given by prefixing cyclo before their parent name.

Cyclopentane Cyclohexane

(2) If two substituents are present at symmetrical position in cyclic compounds then follow alphabetical

order.

Cl
3 3
2
2
1
1
Br
1–Bromo–3–chlorocyclopentane 1–Ethyl–3–methylcyclohexane
EN
(3) If more than two substituents are present at unsymmetrical position then numbering should be done

according to lowest number rule.

Me
1
2 I
LL

4 3

Et

4–Ethyl–2–iodo–1–methylcyclohexane
A

(4) If multiple bonds are present then consider them between (a) and (a + 1).

OH
1
3 2
2 4

3
1 5 4

1,4–Cyclohexadiene Cyclohex–3–en–1–ol

(5) If number of C in ring  number of carbon in side chain then parent name according to ring.

1 3 5
4 4
1 1 2 4
(i) (ii) (iii)
3 2 3 2

n–Propyl cyclobutane sec–Butyl cyclobutane 1–Cyclobutyl pentane

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ALLEN® Chemistry : Classification and Nomenclature
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OTHER EXAMPLE

OH
1 2 1
6 2
11 12 3 4
1. 2. 3
5
5 4
10 9 6
Br
8 7
4–Bromo cyclohexanol
Cyclododecan

1 3 5
2 4
3. 4. OH

1–(2-Methyl cyclobutyl) pentane 1–Cyclobutyl–2–propanol

EN
O CN
5. 6.

Cyclobutane carbonitrile
LL
Cyclopropanone
A

CH2COOH
COOH
7. 8.

Cyclopentane carboxylic acid Cyclohexyl ethanoic acid

CH2
NO2
3
2
9. 10.
1

CH3
Methylene cyclohexane or
Methylidene cyclohexane 1–Methyl–3–nitro cyclohexene

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Chemistry : Classification and Nomenclature ALLEN®
Pre-Medical
BEGINNER'S BOX-9
1. The correct triad of molecular formula, bond line notation and IUPAC name is :-
(1) C2H4O, O , 1,2-Epoxyethane (2) C3H4O, O Cyclopropanone

(3) C4H6, 1,3-Butadiene (4) C4H8, Cyclobutene

O
2. CH2—CH—CH2Cl has the IUPAC name :-
(1) 1-Chloro-3-ethoxy propane (2) 1,2-Epoxy-3-chloro propane
(3) 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxy propane (4) 2-Chloromethyl ethylene oxide

3. CH2–CH2OH has the IUPAC name :-

(1) Benzyl alcohol (2) 1-Phenyl ethanol
(3) Hydroxy methyl toluene (4) 2-Phenyl ethanol

4. has the name :-

(1) 1,4-Dimethyl cyclohexane (2) 1,4-Dimethyl benzene

(3) Both the above EN (4) None of the above

ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
Ans. 2 2 3
LL

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
Ans. 4 3 1

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
A

Ans. 3 3 1

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
Ans. 3 4 3

Que. 1 2
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
Ans. 3 4

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-6
Ans. 4 4 1

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-7
Ans. 1 2 3

Que. 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-8
Ans. 4 3 4

Que. 1 2 3 4
BEGINNER'S BOX-9
Ans. 3 3 4 1

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