Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction & Ac

Maha Marathon : Physics : Current & Magnetism
Magnetic Effect of Current &

Magnetism ElectroMagnetic
Induction & AC
Maha marathon
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Contents
● Moving Charges and Magnetism
● Magnetism and Matter
● Electromagnetic Induction
● Alternating Current
● Electromagnetic Waves
Weightage - 19 marks
● Moving Charges and Magnetism
● Magnetism and Matter
● Electromagnetic Induction
● Alternating Current
● Electromagnetic Waves
Pocket Revision [Chapter 4 to 8]
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MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field
Static
Electric
Charges
Field
Moving Magnetic
Charges Field
Magnetic Field
(1) A moving charge produces both electric and magnetic fields in

its surrounding and both electric and magnetic fields can exert
force on moving charges.
(2) A current carrying wire produces only magnetic field in its

surroundings and only magnetic field can exert a force on current
carrying wires.
Lorentz Force
The force on charged particle(moving with velocity v) in a
region consisting of both Electric and Magnetic Fields is
known as Lorentz Force.
Lorentz Force
Magnetic Force:
The force acts in a direction perpendicular to both the
velocity and the magnetic field. Its direction is given by the
screw rule or right hand rule for vector (or cross) product.
Magnetic Force on a Current

Carrying Conductor
Force on a straight current carrying conductor of length l
kept in an external magnetic field.
If the wire has arbitrary shape

Magnetic Force on a Current

Carrying Conductor
Factors affecting magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor in

a magnetic field:
Strength of the magnetic field

Current flowing through the wire
Length of the wire
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Motion of a Charged Particle in a

uniform magnetic field
● Particle is projected parallel to the magnetic field
● Particle is projected anti - parallel to the magnetic field
For θ = 0°, θ = 180°

Hence sin θ = 0

● Particle is projected parallel to the magnetic field
● Particle is projected anti - parallel to the magnetic field
Hence velocity of the particle remains constant.
Trajectory of charge particle: Straight Line.


● Particle is projected perpendicular to magnetic field
magnitude of velocity remains constant but direction

changes.
Trajectory of charge particle: Circular Path.


Particle is projected perpendicular to magnetic field
Magnetic force on the charged particle provides the

centripetal force.

● Radius of circular path
● Angular speed of the changed particle


● Time period (T) of the motion
● Frequency (f) of the motion

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Q: An electron is moving along positive x-axis in a magnetic

field which is parallel to the positive y-axis. In what direction
will the magnetic force be acting on the electron?
CBSE SAMPLE PAPER 2023 - 2024
A Along -x axis
B Along -z axis
C Along +z axis
D Along -y axis



A Along -x axis
B Along -z axis
C Along +z axis
D Along -y axis
Biot-Savart Law
● We know that current carrying conductors produces
magnetic field.
● Biot-Savart Law gives the relation between the
current and the magnetic field.
● For an infinitesimal element ‘dl’ of the conductor, the
magnetic field at point P,
Biot-Savart Law
Magnitude:
Direction:
The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing
and .
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Magnetic field on the axis of a

circular current loop

∫dl = Circumference of the loop = 2πR


Direction of the magnetic field

at point P:
it is directed along the axis
and away from the loop

Magnetic field at the centre of the circular loop:
For the centre of the circular loop, x = 0

Ampere’s Circuital Law

This law states that the integral of magnetic field density
(B) along an imaginary closed path is equal to the product
of current enclosed by the path and permeability of the
medium.
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SOLUTION
Solenoid
● Depends on the direction of current.
● Uniform inside the solenoid(parallel to the axis).
● The field outside the solenoid is very weak(almost
zero)
Magnetic field of a Solenoid:

We use Ampere’s Circuital Law to find out the magnetic
field inside the solenoid.
“abcd” is the Amperian Loop


(Ampere's Circuital Law)

Q: A closely wound solenoid 80cm long has 5 layers of

windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of the solenoid is
1.8cm. If the current carried is 8.0A, estimate the magnitude
of B inside the solenoid near its centre.
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SOLUTION
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Force Between Parallel Current

Force Between Parallel Current

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SOLUTION
Torque on a Rectangular Current

Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
A rectangular loop ABCD carrying current I is kept between the
pole pieces of bar magnet i.e. in a uniform magnetic field.
The normal to the plane of the loop makes an angle θ with the
magnetic field.
AB=CD=b & BC=AD=a


We define the magnetic moment of the current loop as,
The direction of the magnetic moment of the loop is along the

area vector
If the loop has N closely wound turns


Torque experienced by the Rectangular Loop:
Relation between torque and dipole moment:

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Moving Coil Galvanometer

Moving coil galvanometer is an electromagnetic device that
can measure small values of current. It is also known as
Weston galvanometer.
Principle:
Moving coil galvanometer is based on the fact that when a
current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field, It experiences
a torque.

Deflecting torque:
When a current flows through the coil, it experiences a torque
Restoring Torque:
The spring provides a counter torque to the angular deflection
produced by the deflecting torque

In equilibrium,
G is the galvanometer constant.

It is supplied by the manufacturer.
Moving Coil Galvanometer as

Ammeter
To use galvanometer as an ammeter (to measure higher
values of current), we need to connect a shunt wire, with
very small resistance (Rs), in parallel with galvanometer
(which have very low resistance of Rg)
Rg

Ammeter
To use galvanometer as an ammeter (to measure higher
values of current), we need to connect a shunt wire, with
very small resistance (Rs), in parallel with galvanometer
(which have very low resistance of Rg)

Voltmeter
To use galvanometer as a voltmeter we need to connect a
wire, with very high resistance (Rw >> Rg), in series with
the galvanometer to ensure that our voltmeter equivalent
resistance is high and so that it will draw a very small
current.
R = R g + R w = Rw
Rg Rw
Current Sensitivity of a Moving

Coil Galvanometer:
Voltage Sensitivity of a Moving

Coil Galvanometer:
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Q: Assertion (A): The deflecting torque acting on a current

carrying loop is zero when its plane is perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field.
Reason (R): The deflecting torque acting on a loop of
magnetic moment in a magnetic field is given by the dot
product of CBSE 2023
(a) Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and the
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but the Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false

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(a) Both assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and the
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but the Reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false and Reason (R) is also false
SOLUTION
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MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Bar Magnet
It has a north pole and a south pole at two ends. Even if
you break a bar magnet from the middle, both the pieces
will still have a north pole and a south pole, no matter how
many pieces you break it in.
Properties of Bar Magnet

The magnetic force of a bar magnet is the strongest at the
pole.
If this magnet is suspended freely in the air with a thread,

it will not come to rest until the poles are aligned in a
north-south position.
Properties of Bar Magnet

If two bar magnets are placed close to each other, their
unlike poles will attract and like poles will repel each
other.
Magnetic Field Lines

The magnetic field lines of a magnet form continuous
closed loops

The tangent to the field line at any point represents the
direction of the net magnetic field B at that point.

The magnetic field lines do not intersect.

The larger the number of field lines crossing per unit area,
the stronger is the magnitude of the magnetic field B.
Bar magnet as an equivalent

solenoid
The magnetic compass shows similar behaviour when kept near a bar
magnet and a solenoid indicating similarities in the magnetic field
lines created by bar magnet and solenoid.
Bar magnet as an equivalent

solenoid
A bar magnet and a solenoid produce similar magnetic

fields.
The magnetic moment of a bar magnet is thus equal to the

magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid that produces
the same magnetic field.
The electrostatic analog

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Magnetism and Gauss’s Law

Gauss’s law for magnetism: The net magnetic flux through any
closed surface is zero.
Magnetization and Magnetic

Intensity
Magnetization:
It is defined as net magnetic moment due to material per

unit volume.

Intensity
Magnetic Intensity:
Magnetic intensity is defined as the magnetization due to

the current through solenoid.

Intensity
B = B0 + Bm

Intensity
M=𝛘H
𝛘 ⇒ magnetic susceptibility
𝛘 ⇒ describes whether a material is attracted or repelled by
magnetic field

Intensity
B = B0 + B m
B = 𝝁0 (M + H)
B = 𝝁0 (1 + 𝛘)H
B = 𝝁0 𝝁r H
𝝁 ⇒ magnetic permeability
Magnetic Materials
On the basis of magnetic permeability
MATERIALS
Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Diamagnetism
Diamagnetic substances have tendency to move from
stronger to the weaker part of the external magnetic field.
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those which get weakly
magnetised when placed in an external magnetic field
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those which get weakly
magnetised when placed in an external magnetic field
Ferromagnetism
Dipole moments of atoms in material interact with one
another in such a way that they spontaneously align
themselves in a common direction over a macroscopic
volume called domain unlike paramagnetism.
Ferromagnetism
Now, what happens when the external field is removed?
Material that retain magnetisation hard ferromagnets.
For Example: Alnico, Lodestone.
Material that lose the magnetisation soft ferromagnets.
For Example: Soft Iron.

PARAMAGNETIC DIAMAGNETIC FERROMAGNETIC
Weakly attracted by a magnet. Weakly repelled by a magnet. Strongly attracted by a magnet.
They can be solid, liquid or gas. They can be solid, liquid or gas.
Lithium, Tantalum. Copper, Silver, Gold
0<𝛘<1 They are solid.
𝛘<0
Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
𝛘 >> 1
Q: The relative magnetic permeability of a substance X is

slightly less than unity and that of substance Y is slightly
more than unity, then
A X is paramagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic
B X is diamagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic
C X and Y both are paramagnetic
D X is diamagnetic and Y is paramagnetic

Q: The relative magnetic permeability of a substance X is


The relative magnetic permeability of a substance X is

A X is paramagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic
B X is diamagnetic and Y is ferromagnetic
C X and Y both are paramagnetic
D X is diamagnetic and Y is paramagnetic


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ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Magnetic flux (ΦB)

The magnetic flux through the loop is proportional to the
number of magnetic field lines that pass through the loop

If the magnetic field has different magnitudes and
directions at various parts of a surface.

If the magnetic field has different magnitudes and
directions at various parts of a surface.
Magnetic flux through the infinitesimal
area,
Magnetic field through the total Surface
area,
Faraday’s Law of Induction

The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to
the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit.

The magnitude of the induced emf in a circuit is equal to
the time rate of change of magnetic flux through the
circuit.
For N turns

Ways to change the flux
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SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Lenz’s Law
The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to
produce a current which opposes the change in magnetic
flux that produced it.
Motional EMF
An emf induced by the motion of the conductor across the
magnetic field is a motional electromotive force.
Motional EMF
ε = Blv
Inductance
An electric current can be induced in a coil by flux change
produced by another coil in its vicinity or flux change
produced by the same coil.
Flux linkage through a coil of N turns,
L is the self inductance of the coil

Inductance
From Faraday’s law,
Self induced emf always opposes any change of current in

the coil.
Inductance
Self inductance of a long solenoid of cross-section area A
and length l, having ‘n’ no.of turns per unit length
The self-induced emf is also called the back emf as it opposes

any change in the current in a circuit.
So, work needs to be done against the back emf (ε) in

establishing the current.
This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy.

Inductance
magnetic potential energy
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Mutual Inductance
A change in the current of one coil affects the current and
voltage in the second coil is quantified in the property
called mutual inductance.
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SOLUTION
AC Generator
Alternating voltage may be generated by rotating a coil in the
magnetic field or by rotating a magnetic field within a stationary
coil.
value of the voltage generated depends on

The number of turns in the coil.
Strength of the magnetic field.
The speed at which the coil or the magnetic
field rotates.
AC Generator
AC Generator
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ALTERNATING CURRENTS
What is AC?
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which
periodically reverses direction, in contrast to direct
current (DC) which flows only in one direction.
What is AC?
Variation of AC and DC with time
What is AC?
Advantage
● AC voltages can be easily and efficiently converted

from one voltage to the other by means of
transformers.
● Further, electrical energy can also be transmitted

economically over long distances.
AC Voltage applied to a Resistor

An alternating voltage v = vm sin ωt applied to a
resistor R drives a current i = im sin ωt in the
resistor.
The voltage and current are in phase with each other.


Instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor,

Instantaneous power dissipated in the resistor,
Average value of P over a complete cycle


RMS Value

RMS Value
Average power in terms of RMS Quantities,

Phasors
Phasor diagrams are diagram representing alternating
current and voltage of same frequency as vectors or
phasors with the phase angle between them.
Phasor Diagram For Purely

Resistive Circuits
The voltage and current are in phase with each other
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AC Voltage applied to an Inductor

An ac source connected to an capacitor.
v

Let the voltage across the source be,
The current in the circuit will be


is the current amplitude
is the capacitive reactance


Graph between XC and f
XC
f

Phase Relationship Between Current And Voltage
Voltage
Current 0
The current leads the voltage by or one-quarter cycle.

Phasor diagram

Instantaneous power supplied to the capacitor is,

Average power over a complete cycle is

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AC Voltage applied to an Capacitor

An ac source connected to an capacitor.
v



is the current amplitude
is the capacitive reactance


Graph between XC and f
XC
f

Phase Relationship Between Current And Voltage
Voltage
Current 0
The current leads the voltage by or one-quarter cycle.

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Phasor diagram


Average power over a complete cycle is

Q: A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict

your observations when the system is connected first across
a dc and thenan ac source. What happens in each case if
the capacitance of the capacitor is reduced?
Delhi 2013 C

Delhi 2013 C

Delhi 2013 C
SOLUTION
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Series LCR circuit

Series LCR circuit

Voltage across the source

Series LCR circuit

Impedance of the circuit
Series LCR circuit

Voltages across the various components
Voltage across the resistance (VR) is

in phase with current
Voltage across the inductor (VL) leads

the current by a phase of
Voltage across the capacitor (VC) lags

the current by a phase of
Q: A series LCR circuit with R = 20 Ω, L = 1.5 H and C = 35 µF is

connected to a variable-frequency 200 V ac supply. When the
frequency of the supply equals the natural frequency of the circuit,
what is the average power transferred to the circuit in one
complete cycle?
NCERT

complete cycle?
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complete cycle?
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When an alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a
Q:
device X, a current of 0.25A flows which lags behind the
applied voltage in phase by π/2 radian. If the same voltage
is applied across another device Y, the same current flows
but now it is in phase with the applied voltage.
(i) Name the devices X and Y.
(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when the same
voltage is applied across the series combination of X and Y.

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SOLUTION
Power in AC Circuit
In AC supply power is calculated as average for each cycle
of one cycle.
Power in AC Circuit
Power in AC Circuit
Real
Power
Apparent
Power
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Transformers
What is transformers?
Transformers
What is transformers?
A transformer is a device used in the power transmission

of electric energy. The transmission current is AC. It is
commonly used to increase or decrease the supply
voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between
circuits.
Transformers
Transformers work on the principle of Mutual Induction (EMI)
Transformers
Np - number of turns in primary coil
Ns number of turns in secondary coil
Vp is the voltage across the Primary
Vs is the voltage across the secondary

Transformers
Transformers
If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no

energy losses), the power input is equal to the power
output, and since p = iv
Transformers
Combining
And
Transformers
Step-Up Step-Down
transformer transformer
Ns >Np Ns < Np
Vs > Vp Vs < Vp
Is < IP Is > IP
Transformers
Efficiency of a transformer
The efficiency η = 1 (ie.100%), only for an ideal

transformer where there is no power loss.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
EM Waves
Maxwell formulated a set of equations involving electric
and magnetic fields, and their sources, the charge and
current densities. These equations are known as
Maxwell’s equations.
The most important prediction to emerge from Maxwell’s

equations is the existence of electromagnetic waves,
which are (coupled) time varying electric and magnetic
fields that propagate in space.
EM Waves
EM Waves
The speed of the waves, according to these equations,
turned out to be very close to the speed of light!!!
Light is an electromagnetic wave.

How does oscillating charge

produce electromagnetic waves?
EM Waves
The electric and magnetic fields and are perpendicular to
each other, and to the direction of propagation.
EM Waves
Both the Electric field and Magnetic field varies
sinusoidally with z, at a given time.
EM Waves
k is the magnitude of the propagation vector propagation
vector describes the direction of propagation of the
wave.
Where λ is the wavelength of the EM wave.

EM Waves
Speed of propagation of wave (v)
Where ω is the angular frequency of the wave

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Waves
Frequency Range: 500 kHz to about 1000 MHz
They are used in radio and television communication

systems.
Microwaves
Frequency Range: 109 Hz to 1012 Hz
Due to their short wavelengths, they are suitable for the

radar systems used in aircraft navigation
Microwave ovens are an interesting domestic application

of these waves.
Infrared Waves
Frequency Range :
Infrared radiation also plays an important role in

maintaining the earth’s warmth or average temperature
through the greenhouse effect.
Infrared Waves
Electronic devices (for example semiconductor light
emitting diodes) also emit infrared and are widely used in
the remote switches of household electronic systems
such as TV sets, video recorders and hi-fi systems.
Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves.

This is because water molecules present in most
materials readily absorb infrared waves (many other
molecules, for example, CO2, NH3, also absorb infrared
waves). After absorption, their thermal motion increases,
that is,they heat up and heat their surroundings.
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Visible Rays
Frequency Range:
Ultraviolet Rays
Frequency Range:
UV radiations can be focussed into very narrow beams for

high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser
Assisted in situ keratomileusis) eye surgery.
UV lamps are used to kill germs in water purifiers.

X-Rays
Frequency Range:
X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and as a

treatment for certain forms of cancer.
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Gamma Rays
Frequency Range:
They are used in medicine to destroy cancer cells.

Type Production
Radio Rapid acceleration and deceleration of electrons in aerials
Microwave Klystron valve or magnetron valve
Infrared Vibration of atoms and molecules
Electrons in atoms emit light when they move from one energy
Light
level to a lower energy level
Inner shell electrons in atoms moving from one energy level to

Ultraviolet
a lower level
X-rays X-ray tubes or inner shell electrons
Gamma Rays Radioactive decay of the nucleus

Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which:
a) produces heating effect,

b) is absorbed by the ozone layer in the atmosphere,
c) is used for studying crystal structure.
Write any one method of the production of each of the above

radiations.

Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which:
a) produces heating effect,

b) is absorbed by the ozone layer in the atmosphere,
c) is used for studying crystal structure.
Write any one method of the production of each of the above

radiations.

SOLUTION
(a) Infrared (b) Ultraviolet (c) X rays
Any one method of the production of each one


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Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction & Ac

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Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism Electromagnetic Induction & Ac

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Maha Marathon : Physics : Current & Magnetism

Magnetic Effect of Current &

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Pocket Revision [Chapter 4 to 8]

Mind Maps + PYQ

(1) A moving charge produces both electric and magnetic fields in

(2) A current carrying wire produces only magnetic field in its

Magnetic Force on a Current

If the wire has arbitrary shape

Magnetic Force on a Current

Factors affecting magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor in

Strength of the magnetic field

Motion of a Charged Particle in a

For θ = 0°, θ = 180°

Motion of a Charged Particle in a

Hence velocity of the particle remains constant.

Trajectory of charge particle: Straight Line.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a

magnitude of velocity remains constant but direction

Trajectory of charge particle: Circular Path.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a

Magnetic force on the charged particle provides the

Motion of a Charged Particle in a

● Radius of circular path

● Angular speed of the changed particle

Motion of a Charged Particle in a

● Time period (T) of the motion

● Frequency (f) of the motion

Q: An electron is moving along positive x-axis in a magnetic

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Q: An electron is moving along positive x-axis in a magnetic

CBSE SAMPLE PAPER 2023 - 2024

Q: An electron is moving along positive x-axis in a magnetic

CBSE SAMPLE PAPER 2023 - 2024

The magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane containing

All India 2017

All India 2017

All India 2017

All India 2016

Magnetic ﬁeld on the axis of a

Magnetic ﬁeld on the axis of a

∫dl = Circumference of the loop = 2πR

Magnetic ﬁeld on the axis of a

Direction of the magnetic ﬁeld

Magnetic ﬁeld on the axis of a

For the centre of the circular loop, x = 0

Ampere’s Circuital Law

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All India 2018

All India 2018

Magnetic ﬁeld of a Solenoid:

“abcd” is the Amperian Loop

Magnetic ﬁeld of a Solenoid:

Magnetic ﬁeld of a Solenoid:

Q: A closely wound solenoid 80cm long has 5 layers of

Q: A closely wound solenoid 80cm long has 5 layers of

Q: A closely wound solenoid 80cm long has 5 layers of

Force Between Parallel Current

Force Between Parallel Current

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All India 2019

All India 2019

Torque on a Rectangular Current