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    Kazakh Language Materials

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    James Nee

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    Kazakh Language Materials lise D. Cirtautas ‘Near Eastern Languages and Civilization University of Washington, Seattle, WA Copyright 1993, Acknowledgments Inthe course of preparing this work, which had to be completed in very short time, | was sided by a number of persons. 1 wish to express my grttude to Mr, Ablaat brahim, graduate student in Comparative Turkic Studies, University of Washington, and Mr. -Abdugani Jiyenbayey, Almaty, who assisted me in devising the dialogues. Iam also indebted to Ms, Maryam Ghabdulina, Almaty, who read pars ofthe manuscript and offered her advice during her stay in Seale. 11am also most grateful to Dr. Mirzatay Joldasbekov, who helped the project by sharing with me his profourd understanding of Kazakhstan's curent station. My special thanks are due to Ms. Kathryn Lital, graduate student in Anthropology, University of Washington, who typed the manuscript and offered tireless help, 1 also wish to thank my student Mr. Kagan Arik for his valuable suggestions and assistance. Ise D. (Laude)- Cirtautas Seattle, WA. July 10, 1992 TABLE OF CONTENTS Brief Introduction to the Kazakh Language .... 1 ToP‘C1: PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION .. CULTURE NOTE: The Kazakhs COMPETENCIES: 1. To exchange greetings and inquiries of well-being... (Grammer: personal pronouns To introduce and identify oneself Grammar: possessive suffixes; questions 3. To ask for permission to leavelto say goodbye 1 10 n B 1s Grammar: to render possestion using Gap and cox ToPIC2; CLASSROOM ORIENTATION CULTURE NOTE: Terms of Address Among the Kazakhs - 20 COMPETENCIES: 1. To follow simple classroom drectionsto respond wo instructions and questions Grammar imperative; particle msi; negation of the verb stem 2. To ask to explain a phrase or word .. 23 Grammar the accusative case 3. To respond to warm-up questions ... 25 Grammar: The simple past tense 4. To state reason for being late or absent : - 2 Grammar interogative pronouns; demonstrative pronouns ToPIC3: CONVERSATION WITH HOST COUNTERPART OR FAMILY essence 2» CULTURE NOTE: The Kazakh Family 30 (COMPETENCIES: 1. To ask or answer personal information questions... 32 Grammar distant past tense 2. To describe own family 34 (Grammar: postpositions CCirautas - Kazakh Materials i Revised: 6/5/93 3. To ask about bos/counterpart family rinse 36 (Grammar: present definite fuure tense 4, To express gratitude 38 (Grammar opative-volunative TOPIC 4: COMMUNICATION... a CULTURE NOTE: Conmunication in Kazakhstan .. a COMPETENCIES: 1. To make a phone call to a Kazakh family .ncsenswineninenrnnn 43 Grammar: past tense of "to be" To ask operator for assistance seven sia a8 Grammar: direct quotations; suffix combination +nasna/+ne+ri 3. Te leave a message for someone a Grammar: past pet ese ver compouns: cone pls descriptive ver Toric s: FOOD ~ CULTURE NOTE: Kazakh Dishes 0 ‘COMPETENCIES: 1. To order food in a restaurant Grammar: conditional form: polite requests 2. Tosask for identity of food items, typical host country foods 3 Grammar: definite and indefinite ownership: the genitive case 3. To express food preferences (likes/dislikes) 55 Grammar expressions fo io like', ods"; uf smn, "provided with" TopIc6: MONEY CULTURE NOTE: Curtent Economic Sitvation in Kazakhstan (COMPETENCIES: 1, To. ask for information on local currency .. 9 (Grammar: declension of personal pronouns 2, To inquire about living expenses ssc: BL ‘Grammar: conjunctions Gew/mewnen and 2xane "with" ToPIC7: TRANSPORTATION (Cintas - Kazakh Materials i Revised: 6/5/98 CULTURE NOTE: Transportation in Kazakhstan ‘COMPETENCIES: 1. To locate means of transportation tree 6S, ‘Grammar: intentional future tenses 2. To ask for destination and distance of travel ne) (Grammar the dative case 3. To purchase tickets at the railway station 2 Grammar: karama and weane 4, To hire @ taxi n Cammarata wage ofthe conional TOPIC & DIRECTIONS .. CULTURE NOTE: Alma-Ata COMPETENCIES: 1. To ask for and give location of buildings 6 Grammar basic fuction of convert forms in-(s)ni)and alt 2. To ask for and give directions to a place B ‘Grammar: examples of verb compounds (converb plus deseriptive verb); habitual participle -avsay-erin TOPIC 9: SHOPPING AT THE BAZAAR .. CULTURE NOTE: A Central Asian Market (Bazaar) 81 ‘COMPETENCIES: 1. To ask for displayed food items @ Grammar: the mood!tense of wish and desire 2. Toask for quantities and pricesito pay for purchased goods 8 Grammar: the ablative case 3. To converse with salesperson at the bazaar... 86 Grammar sufix +aai/+aet "ike"; the particle exe Topic 10: BEING INVITED BY A KAZAKH FAMILY (Other than the Host Family) CULTURE NOTE: On Kazakh Hospitality COMPETENCIES: 1. To be invited and to respond to an invitation. CCinautas - Kazakh Materials if Revised: 6/5993 Grammar; converbial form -raxua/-reue 2. To be welcomed into a Kazakh home Grammar: expressions of blessings and well-wishes 3. Tobe led to the seat of honor and tobe offered and to accept food sonun. 94 Grammar: interogative pronouns in conditional sentences 4. To render good wishes as a way of expressing gratitud Grammar: suffix +nacH+100, ete. 92 Topic 11: AT THE WORKPLACE, CULTURE NOTE: Present Life in Kazakhstan COMPETENCIES: 1. To introduce self and to describe Work . Grammar: indefinite future tense 2. To ask questions about job-related functions and needs wnrieinvnewes 108 Grammar: the suffix +na/a 100 3. To converse socially with a co-worker (counterpart) ee 105 Grammar: present continuous tense TOPIC 12: MEDICAL, 107 CULTURE NOTE: Health Issues in Kazakhstan 108 COMPETENCIES: 1, To respond to questions about illness 108 ‘Grammar, past Lense hearsay: (u)nmu/)ais, et. 2. To purchase medicine een mn Grammar: explanation of phrases 3, To describe one's emotional state + ua ‘Grammar: emphatic particles: safe; ra/re; ol, -aK, Topic 13: INTERACTION WITH OFFICIALS CULTURE NOTE: Kazakh Governmental Structure... COMPETENCIES: ns us 1, To make an appointment through a secretary. 6 ‘Grammar: explanation of phrases 2, To ask for assistance .. u7 Grammar; explanation of phrases Cirtautas - Kazakh Materials iv Revised: 6/9193, APPENDICES: TRANSLATION OF DIALOGUES sev ns GLOSSARY so - : 19 WORD LIST occ even vee 14 SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 ‘Ginautas- Kazakh Materials v Revised: 615/93 0.2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE ‘The Kazakh language belongs to the family of Turkic languages. Together with the ‘Mongolian and Manchu-Tungus languages they form a dstintive language group known asthe Allaic languages. Some scholars add Japanese and Korean to this language group, ‘The Turkic languages are divided into Southern, Wester, Eastern, Central and Northern ‘sub-groups. To the Southern sub-group belong Turkish, Turkmen, and Azeri. Uzbek and. Uighur constitute the major languages ofthe Eastern sub-group. The Western sub-group is ‘comprised of Tatar, Bashkir, Karaim, Kumuk and Karachay, The Northern sub-group. includes Yakut and Altay. Kazakh, together with Kirghi, Karakalpak and Nogay, forms the Central sub-group MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF KAZAKH. 0.2.1 Agglutination: Stems and Suffixes Kazakh, like all other Turkic languages, is an agglutinative language. Word formation and grammatical concepts are expressed through mono-functional sufixes, added to simple, unchangeable stems, identical with base words, or derived stems. ‘Agelutination occurs also in the inflectional Indo-European languages. But in contrast to the Turkic languages, the suffixes added are poly-functional. For exemple, the ending ¢in English denotes two functions: a) plural, s in gardens, 2) genitive, asin garden's. In addition, the Turkic principle of agglutination, asi also applies to Kazakh, is strikingly regular and consistent. For example, only one plural suffix (+map-+nep exist to be added {to nouns or verbs (in tense or mood formations). As soon as the student has learned a ‘number of root-words and suffixes, he/she will be able to form new words. Without the help of a dictionary he/she will also be able to analyze and understand words and word formations. For example, in the Kazakh word Gacesramux the student will recognize +m as a suffix forming abstract nouns comparable to English-ness [-hood or -dom, as in “childlessness”, “childhood”, “freedom"]. The proceeding sullix -+eusa stands for “without”, Gact the root or base word means “head, mind”, therefore Gaccoramum is to be Understood as “state of being without a mind”, i.e. “mindlessness” Cirtauas- Kazakh Materials 1 Revised: 6/5193 0.3 ‘Suffixes in Kazakh, like in all cther Turkle languages, consist either of a closed syllable (Gee examples given above) or an open syllable, as, e., the suffixes for the locative (rna/tne!+ra+Te) and the dative case (+Fa/+re). Suffixes formed by one vowel or one ‘consonant are rae, ‘Asarule, Kazakh stems or base words ae also mono-syilabic, ¢.g., 20+ “head”, xe “to ‘come”. Stems with two or more syllables are usually of foreign origin OPPOSITION BETWEEN VERBS AND NOUNS ‘Kazakh, like all Turkic languages, observes a strict separation between verbal and nominal stems or base words, ie. all words are classified into two opposite groups: verbs and ‘nouns. The opposition between these two word categories can best be characterized by ‘mathematical signs. As seen above, verbal stems (Kes: “to come”) are designated by a ‘minus sign and nominal stems by a plus sign (6act “head”, In order to maintain the rigid division between nouns and verbs, Kazakh has two sets of suffixes: 1) suffixes which can only be atached to verbal stems (deverbal suffixes) suffixes which can only be added to nomial stems (denominal suffixes). ‘The deverbal suffixes are divided into: 2) deverbal verb sufixes Mz rr denoting the passive mood ofthe vera. "o pres, Gao. "tobe pressed"; ) deverbal noun suffixes aver (-natlones): 6a" pres’, tou Gac-wat> Geom + pressure; pining: pres" Similarly, the denominal suffixes are separated into: ) denominal noun sufixes, as, ¢.g.,+ums+/+uni+ denoting a person whe ‘does something habimally or profesicnally with the thing or object ‘expressed inthe preceding noun: enix "boots", evixtumi "one who makes boots or shoes, shoemaker; ‘Ciniautas - Kagakh Materials 2 Revised: 615193, by denominal verb suffixes, as, e.g., +246 (also: +7847e-), expressing the idea of doing (making) something with the preceding nou: jot "work," ite. "to work" (literally: to make work). As the above examples illustrate, in Kazakh, unlike English which can form nouns from verbs (‘a find") and verbs from nouns (to face") without morphological changes, the firmly fixed boundary between verbs and nouns can only be crossed by means of ‘appuptiie wulfines 0.4 VOWEL HARMONY: PALATO-VELAR HARMONY ‘When adding appropriate suffixes to nominal or verbal stems, certain phonological rules affecting the vowels ofthe suffixes have to be observed. ‘Kazakh divides all vowels into: a) back (velar) vowels: aoy@u 1) front (palatal) vowels: 20 yi eu 3(-Rus) ‘The vowel y is considered neutral in regard to the above division when rendering the verbal/noun suffix -y+, as in xen-y "coming*, Gin-y “knowing” ( —armp jotnep "works'> —ierep xirinimp ——"books">——_xtrarrrap ‘After voiced consonans (9, =x -n,-m, oH, it) the plural sux is changed to +nap/+nep: xuntnap *years'> — xusumap Kantnep ‘lakes"> —xonnep esentnep “rivers'> eaewiep CCintautas- Kazakh Materials 4 Revised: 6/9193 0.6 ilar rules of consonant assimilation exist forall other sufixes with the sbove-mentioned. initial consonants. These rules wil be given inthe "Grammar Explanation’ chapters. THE KAZAKH ALPHABET AND RULES OF PRONUNCIATION 0.6.1 General Remarks 0.6.1.1 Seript ‘Until 1929 the Kazakhs used the Arabic scrip; from 1929 till 1940 a Lata alphabet was used. In 1940 the Kazakhs, lke all other Turkic peoples living in the former Soviet Union, hhad to adopt the Cyrillic script which is sill being used today. For the presentation of sounds non-existing in Russian, Kazakh introduced special leter signs, such as # for the palatal i, yfor i 0 ford, y for a short w, 2 for and r, x, for consonants special to Kazakh (see 062). 0 1.2. Kazakh Vowels Kazalch vowels are generally pronounced short. Vowels followed by the consonant i are pronounced long, e.g. vil{dy) "home, house” ‘The vowel yis considered a semi-consonant, As such it can appear between vowels. It is ‘pronounced like English u followed by a weakly articulated w: ayn [au"iz] "mouth" ry Tau) = “mountain? 0.6.2 The Alphabet and Approximate Rules of Pronunciat [a] likeain English bus 2{a) like ain English apple. ©] like Bin English bes. 3 (W] _like win English vase fg) like g in English gave, Ee] like gin English garden, but pronounced more backwards. This sound is difficult to approximate. The student is advised to listen carefull to native speakers pronunciation. Note: F appears only in words containing back vowels. Cinautas - Kazakh Materials 5 Revised: 6/5/93 aid) ele) (yo) xl ata woynyl HO) x(k) x(q] an lea) a(n) (0) fo} ors) n1p) els) rid yo) ves yt) on xix] hi} als) wa uf) misé) “0 ia fel (yx) alyal like din English door. like ein English end, like yo in English yonder like jin English journal, like sin English words is and was, represents the vowels i [] ori fi] followed by #y) like yin English yes. like cin English care, like cin English clock, but pronounced further back Tike in English ol like min English mother. like m in English no, like the combination of ng in English hunger. like on English or, but pronounced sherter. like 6 in German, like pin English past like sin English summer. like rin English top. see remarks 0.6.1.2 like English short. like win German ber like fin English father; occurs only in fereign words. like ch in German hoch, oF ch in Scouish loch. like in English hat ‘occurs only in Russian loan words. pronounced like ch in English church. like shin English ‘occurs only in Russian loan words, velar, ike in English a (indefinite antici), front i, ike the fin English bit ‘ccurs only in initial position of Russian words; pronounced like in English ecology. pronounced yu, pronounced ya Citas - Kaze Materials 6 Revised: 698 0.7. STRESS Kazakh employs different stress rules for noun and verb formations. In noun formations [Le,, stem (#plural suffix) + (possessive sufix) + case sufix] the last syllable (=suTix) is stressed: ‘ryt ("mountain") +ndp mountains” ‘ytaaper’ “to the mountains* ‘Asa general rule, in verb formations (i.., mood and tense) the stress falls on the syllable ‘before the personal ending (see 0.8.2.1) which is unstressed: xer-riendt “Uhave come" If the verb formation contains the negative suffix -sa-/-e-;-6a-/-6e-; the suess generally moves to the syllable preceding the negative suffix: Rtr-we reid "Ihave not come” xtnwel "don't come" tower "please don't come” 0.8 PARTS OF SPEECH 0.8.1 Declension of Nouns ‘Kazalth has six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and ablative, The ‘cases are formed by adding case suffixes to noun stems (ce3t *word") or derived noun formations (costaeptin "my words"). The nominative has no case marker. All case suffixes have initial consonants, therefore rules of consonant assimilation have to be observed. The genitive is used to express definite ownership, e.g., English "my ‘grandfathers garden” is rendered in Kazakh as avan+sun Gar-+oi (Cather-my-of garden bis). The dative renders direction, expreseed in English by the propositions "to, into". The accusative states the definite direct object. The locative indicates location, rendered in English by the prepositions "in, at, on*. The ablative expresses separation (English from"). Some Kazakh grammarians add to these six cases an instrumentals, formed with the postpositions Geu/wewnex "with*. Although the postposition is written together with the preceding noun, it cannot yet be considered a case suffix because it does not follow the rales of the Palatal-Velar Vowel Harmony (0.4). CCinautas - Kazakh Materials 7 Revised: 6/593 0.9 0.8.2 Verbs 0.8.2.1 Tenses ‘Tenses are formed in Kazakh from verbal nouns to which personal endings, cither personal pronouns or possessive suffixes have been added. In tense formations Kazakh emphasizes the physical, menial and emotional position of the speaker in regard to the action, For actions which occurred in the past, Kazakh asks the following questions: Where was the speaker located When the action took place? Was the speaker an eyewitness or did helshe only hear about the action? In each of these situations different forms of past tenses have to be used. ‘Future tenses indicate the speaker's perception of whether the ation will definitely take place or whether its execution is doubtful or uncertain. By means of the particles ay and a (originally interjections), added to tense formations, Kazakh renders the emotional position of the speaker: regret, pity, satisfaction, ete: av xaamay “at long last helshe wrote a leter* WORD ORDER ‘The basic order of words in a Kazakh sentence is: subject (3. person noun subject) object predicate. ‘The predicate, either noun or verb predicate, sands at the end of the sentence. The predicate always includes the person/subjoct emi (saw) you came (lit: having come-yout) axcuiment Tam well (lt: well!) Direct and indirect objects precede the predicate. Expressions of time and locality can be placed before the objec, orin ther absence before the predicate [Noun subjects, placed atthe beginning ofthe sentence, are only necessary to identify the third person subject, because Kazakh does not distinguish gender: ‘Cinawias - Kazath Materials 8 Revised: 6/5193 xa xa he, she, it wrote leer (lt: leter wrote-belshelity Aver xaT aaa Alnet wiotea fetes. 0.10 MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN KAZAKH AND ENGLISH 0.10.1 0.10.2 0.10.3 0.10.4 0.10.5 0.10.6 Kazakh has no gender. ‘Kazakh has neither a definite nor indefinite article. English modal verbs "can, could, may, might, shall, should, must” do not exist in Kazakh. Each of these words requires a rephrasing in Kazakh. For ‘example,"I must go" is rendered as "my going is necessary": ep-y+une reper ‘Kazakh has no auxiliary verb “to have, o not have*. Instead it uses the phrase: "my so-and-so exists (does not exis) iraBianu Gap (KOR) Instead of prepositions Kazakh uses postpositions. English: "after school" is rendered as: ‘Merrett (*School* + ablative case) xell ('after") Kazakh has no dependent (subordinated) clauses. Neither does it have subordinating conjunctions. An English dependent clause *when he came" is rendered as *at his coming’: ken-reusintne or xea-reséne. English relative clauses correspond in Kazakh to attributive phrases: xa2-rau ana. "the man who wrote." (lit: the having written man). CCirtautas - Raga Materials 9 Revised: 6/5193 Torte 1 TOPIC 1: PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION CULTURE NOTE: The Kazakhs COMPETENCIES: 1. Toexchange gretings and inquiries of well-being 2. ‘Tointoduce and identity oneself 3. Tossk for permission to leavelto say goodbye (Cintautas - Kazakh Materials 10 Revised: 6/5153 TOPIC THE KAZAKHS {In the early seventeenth century Russians frst penetrated into the Kazakh steppes Tt took them almost two hundred years until they finally enmpleted their conquest. At every Step oftheir advance the Kazakh nomads, inspired by ther brave aq (oral poets) fought the Russians, Even after the conquest, Kazakhs continued to fight and numerous are the heroes of uprisings, notably the agit, who are held in high esteem by the Kazakhs unit today, ‘One major revolt against Russian rule took place in 1916, when the Kazakis were Joined by the Kirghiz, Uzbeks and all other Turkic peoples of Russian eccupied Central Asia. Each uprising was met with mass killings and deportations. The Soviet regime, established in 1917, not only continued the colonial policies of the Russian Empire but ‘employed even more brutal methods in order to deprive the Kazalkh nomads of their culture and language. ‘Until 1929 the majority of the Kazalhs had been able to maintain their nomadic lifestyle, although their seasonal movements had been restricted due to land seizures benefitting Russian settlers. In 1930, Stalin enforced hiis policy of collectivization ‘throughout the Soviet Union. For the Kazakhs this policy meant first sedentarization and then collectivization. The indescribably harsh measures taken to separate the Kazakhs from ‘heir horses and sheep and to move them into re-education camps, practically resulted in ‘genocide, Within two years the Kazakhs lost over half oftheir population. Their numbers \were reduced from four million to less than two million people. Most of them starved to ath during the great famine of 1932 which ravaged Kazakstan. Only small groups of ‘Kezakhs managed to cross with their herds into Xinjiang, where they continued their nomadic way of life, ‘The persecution did not stop. Between 1937 and 1938 the Kazakhs lost 66,000 of their intellectuals, poets and writers, all put to death on Stalin's orders. Again, during World War If and the years thereafter, Kazakhs perished in large numbers, either on the battlefields, in prison camps or at home from starvation, which was quite severe in ‘Kazakhstan and the Central Asian republics, The untold suffering of the Kazakhs was ‘matched by equally harsh attacks on the Kazakh landscape. The Soviets’ systematic exploitation of the natural resources of Kazakhstan led to a depletion of land and water Fesources. Large regions of Kazakhstan, e.g,, the Aral Sea region, have become environmental disaster areas. Disregarding the life and health of the Kazakh population, Several regions in Kazakhstan (Semipalatinsk, Sararga) were tured into nuclear testing grounds, CGirautas - Kazakh Materials u Revised: 615193 ToPIe 1 Yet, despite a history of nearly 300 years of continuous deprivation and suffering, ‘the Kazakh did not succumb to adversity. On the contrary, they stood up again and again, Even during the repressive Stalin years, and especially during the years of enforced sedentarization and collectivization (from 1929-1932), the Kazakks staged numerous "uprisings. On December 16, 1986, now celebrated as their Independence Day, Kazakh students demonstrated and openly challenged Moscow's appointment of a Russian t0 the position of Kazakhstan's First Secretary of the Communist Party. Although the demonstration was crushed and several students died and many were injured, it ‘evertheless signalled the beginning of similar expressions of national assertiveness in all the republics of the former Soviet Union, whieh led tits final break-up. Im the face of severe adversity, the Kazakhs also preserved their most precious cultural trait: the love of poetry, songs and music. There is hardly a Kazakh, man or ‘Woman, who does not love o sing and play the dombira (a two-stringed lute). The ancient tradition of imprevising poetry, sung to melodies which are also improvised, is still Practiced in poety-singing contests called ayits. These contests, once part of every ‘sathering, are now again held in the traditional way. There are contests for accomplished poets (agin), as well as for young boys and girs. ‘The Kazakis are an enormously musical people. It is most admirable that despite all hardships they did not loose their fondness for music. If wo Kazakhs meet they sing and challenge each other on the dombira. Another remarkable characteristic ofthe Kazakhs is their decorum in greetings and terms of address, They have a saying, "in a man's greetings lies his character". Therefore, anybody who Wants to interact well withthe Kazakhs needs to get acquainted with their formula of greetings and terms of address. CCirtutas - Kazakh Materials 2 Revised: 615193 Toric 1, COMPETENCY: To exchange greetings and inquiries of well-being SITUATION: Classroom ROLES: Student and Kazakh (male) teacher st: Awancsrs Ga, arati! : Awanens 63, xaroxarnaitombrs Kanai? *Kaxcti, paxmer. VOCABULARY: ana well, healthy nani you are healthy, well oa inerrogative panicle anancua Ga greetings! (lt: are you well?) sr respectful address fora male teacher; form of address for ‘respected elder (male) paxner ‘thank, thanks xan sinuation, circumstance arnall situation asrxarnalltsons your situation xan how xaKcst Fine, well GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATIO! Personal Pronouns: Used independently Used as personal endings vex () - Mow it --i,-ma cat (you) soci 2 (yousing. polite frm) seucia on (he, she, i) ° Gia (we) Nes i; Geen, mia cesmep (you plu form) -conap-cnnep clanep (you plural polite form) -AmepraamanGsicus! Are you from America? Note: «The interogative particle changes to Gs/Gif preceded by a personal ending, CCinauas - Kazakh Materials 16 Revised: 65198 3. COMPETENCY: Toric 1 To ask for permission to leave/to say goodbye SITUATION: Classroom ROLES: Student and Kazakh teacher st: Avati, Gyrin yaxurTommna Gap ta? T rinimme opail, Gyr yaxocvsum ore a3 ST: Epren maran xomex Gepceatia Goma Ma? T: Bonant. Euni xeuripisis, xeryio xepex eni. Aman-ecent Goma! sv: Cay Goma! VOCABULARY: yr today yarsrt time Gap xis yassrrhsums Gap wa? Do you have ie? nine ops ‘unfortunately ore very = lie epren tomorrow mara ‘ome (dative ease of personal pronoun 1. person singular) KeMex assistance ep- to give owes Gepceia kindly help me it: i you will help me; ee p. 51 ona va (Goaams ma) will tbe, i, will it be possible? Gonanst it will be (possible) ea now emp- to forgive eatin please forgive me (imperative) wer toleave renysint ry leaving epee. necessary necessary ea he, she, it was Ker-ytin xepex eni ‘must definitly leave Cintauas - Kazakh Materials 7 Revised: 615193 Topic? ToPIC 2: CLASSROOM ORIENTATION CULTURE NOTE: Terms of Address Among the Kazakhs COMPETENCIES: 1 23 3. To follow simple classroom direstionsto respond wo instruction and questions “Toask explain a phrase or word “To respond to warm-up questions “Tostate reason for being lat o absent CCirautas - Kazakh Materials 19 Revised: 5/5193 Topic ‘Terms of Address among the Kazakhs ‘Razak, like all of the other Turkic peoples of Central Asia, address each other ‘with kinship terms which diferendawe Beween younger ad older persons. Very few wrms exist which are neutral in regard to age and kinship relations, All erms re ether used alone cr added toa firstname or ttle. For example, if in a bus a young Kazakh offers his seat to an older man, he says: Aral! omupunnse "Respected elder (it: respected older brother), please sit down!" An older woman will be addressed by a younger person with anal! “respected lady lit: respecte older site)". The same terms are used to address a male teacher (ra anda female teacher (ani, ‘To address younger people Kazakhs use the following kinship terms: iui or Gayupune *my younger brother"; apanimacun "my younger sister" (by a man); cienae "my younger sister" (by a woman). If the age ofthe person tobe addressed is the same as that ofthe speaker, the terms used are: xyp6ua, Kypnack or sauasracun "my co-equl” ‘Kazaks use the above terms primarily when addressing other Kazakhs or other Turkic peoples. Foreigners who speak Kazakh to any degree or have atleast an understanding ofthe Kazakh culture will also be addressed with kinship terms, ie, they ‘ill be aecepted into the Kazakh fily. Kazakh elders, who as & rue are extremely compassionate towards the young (particulary children) and embrace every young person with their kindness regardless of their nationality, will address the young with Gansu "my son, my child” or xaos "my daughter", They will use elaborate terms of endearment, such as miparnim *my light", saneass ny shield, Goran "my litle camel, koa “my litle lamb* or xymunn "my lite Foal”, The mest touching term which the young love t hear From the Kazakh eldrsis strana "ny dearest, my presious one” (lit: Iwill tr around you in an act of sacrifice, i wil sacrifice myself for you). ‘Cinauas- Kazakh Mavriats 20 Revised, 65/93 COMPETENCY: SITUATION: ROLE! Topic To follow simple classroom directionsito respond to instructions and questions Classroom ‘Student and Kazakh teacher (tale) Ennai, ronmamssnap. Mana ceanepai xanrepnepiniore >kaseEaTap. gq Arai, xaiinan, actuxmafi aifrenmsoms. 2Kapaltmi. Kasyms Gitipninianep me? 2Kox, oni Giripatenix. Arali, ceanepni aoue Gip pet xaffraampiou! Cinaaas - Kazath Maveriats 2Kaxeus, xalfranaltnm. townie slowly, without hase ‘obuny without hurrying, without hase oxy 2008, well, okay ving tofinish you (ll finished we did not fish 1; itis not (in exstenee) vet torepeat (per. opiate wil repeat let me peat a Revised: 615193, ‘Topic2 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Imperative: For rendering requests Kazakh has several possibilities: 1) Command-tike requests are rendered with the simple imperative form, identical withthe stem of the verb, which also corresponds tothe English infinitive: ep- “to give"; "give!" negated: Gep-ael “do not give!” ap- "10 go"; "go!" negated: Gap-xa! "do not go!” ‘This form is to be used in requests directed toa person younger than the speaker. 2) For polite requests the suffix s/s (after consonants) and -iaua-a (after vowels) is added to the verb stem: emip-inionep) "please forgive me (al of you)" i(aep) “please leave (all of you) xer-nestia "please do not leave” Particle anal: ‘Added tothe above imperative forms, the particle mufaxi denotes a plea ora request ses-iniaui! "please do come!” salfrana-snsouns! "please (beg you) do repeat!” ‘Negation of the Verb Stem: ‘The verb stem is negated in Kazakh with: cMa-/ame- (after vowels and 1, -p,H,-y) GalGe- (after Mot -3, 28) i-ne- (after voiceless consonants) Examples: Ker-ne- "not to leave", "do not leave!* asa. “not to write", do not write!® Gonna op-we- Cintas - Razah Materials 2 Revised: 6/5198 Topic 2. COMPETENCY: To ask to explain a phrase or word SITUATION: Classroom ROLES: Student and Kazakh teacher (female) ST: Axil, TycinGenin. T: ‘Heni TycixCeninis? sT: “Toll xyrn Goncam!” neren collnewniix marsmacts He? T: Bym cofinem xaxcss tinexri Ginmipeni. Byst colinewti Rocmnersmm Tottsnue alircaiiss Gone. sT: Paxmer, anali, eni Tycinais. VOCABULARY: ycine (with accusative) to understand something or someone we what ‘rot ‘Wedding; feast; celebration yr luck; happiness; good fortune kyr (exyr+ma) lucky, fortunate, happy on tobe Gomes: (@. pers. optative) may he, she, it be! catinen, phrase sentence wares ‘meaning cofinexs+nin sarsea+cst the meaning ofthe phrase (lit: of the phrase its meaning) own this tine wish Gin- to know Gin-nip- tolet know, to express, to inform Ginmipeni itexpresses noe friend OcHOBISHIEE TOH+SEiI2 al the Wedding of your friend atria Gonaast ‘you may say (lit: if you say it it willbe alright) CCirtautas - Kazath Materials 3 Revised: 6/5198 Topic 2 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: ‘The Accusative Case: Form: tnulsni (ater vowels) raven (after, p.m 4H, 3, fy) srveri (after ks, 70,6, mhay 1.) After the 3 person possessive suffix ++i; +cu/+ei the accusative suffix is 41: ccootititrycinenim "I didnot understand his word” Function: The accusative case denotes the direct object. Kazakh differentiates between a definite and an indefinite direct object. A direct object is definite if: 1) represented by a proper name ora pronoun; 2) preceded by a demonstrative pronoun (see p. 28); 3) if possessive suffixes have been added to it. Examples: ‘Axwert (oma) kopnine Lsaw Almet (him)* ‘Msota coamepni xamuuasanap "please write down these words* ‘Tlonepinai Gepaine "gave my notebook" Hien TycinGeninia? "What did you not understand?® If a direct object is not defined in the above way, itis considered indefinite and he accusative suffix is dropped: Example Tiserep Gepaine “I gave a notebook (any kind)" Haw sre "We bought bread (any kind)” He xepninia? "What did you see", but Hui xepainia? "What (in particular) did you see?™ wtas- Kaznth Materials er Revised: 6/593 Topic COMPETENCY: To respond to warm-up questions SITUATION: Classroom ROLES: Student and Kazakh teacher T 2Kou,, xeme aya pallsr xaxcu Gorm ma? ST: 2Kox, kee xan6up ayn. T: Keme se iereninia? ST: Kiran oxsuman, yt Tasanamg, xeitin 6azapra Gaps. VOCABULARY: eate yesterday a ‘weather, ar alt ‘mood; sprit; atmosphere sya pals weather (lit: mood ofthe weather) an6up rin pay: torn; snow 2xanOup ayn ‘trained (lt the rain rained) free todo, to work book toread, to study home, house at, apartment clean, fresh todlean elit then, afterwards ‘Saxp market, bazaar GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Simple Past Tense: Form: -n (>-1 after Voiceless consonants) + possessive suffixes (see p. 16), except Ist person plural which has an irregular form +am/+ie: Cirtautas - Kazath Materials 25 Revised: 615193, Topic 2 Examples: 6ap-(ua) nae Lwent (lid not go)" its (not) having gone-my] en-(ue)-nein, *you came (id not come)* alr-(na)-n+n2y(map) *you (all said (id not say)" xa0(68)-n441 “he, she (i), they wrote (did not write)" trip (ue)-ati, "Wwe finished (didnot finish)* ‘Towua-(wa)-ns+unsa(nap) “you (al) listened (didnot listen)” Function: The simple past tense denotes ations which took place recently and have been ceyewitnessed by the speaker: irip-(ue)-n4i * saw) they Finished (did not Finish)* ‘The simple pas tense also renders future actions Which the speakers certain will tke place and therefore perceives them as having already taken place: wer-rtig *we will definitly g0, lets go!" ‘The simple past tense of "to be" (enis, etc.) is also used for emphasizing present actions (see p. 44). ‘Cinauas - Kazabh Materials 26 Revised: 65193 COMPETENC SITUATION: ROLES: Conemercis VOCABULARY: eur anon anTobye easy xp onuip- Topic? To state reasons for being late or absent Classroom Student and Kazakh teacher (male) 6c, Kemipinis, arall, xem Kasumi. Canemercis Ge, we Gams? Asro6ye Soman. Kasy xenzio. Kipinis, orupums, late toremain Tem late bus by Foot toenter tocome tositdown GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Interrogative Pronouns: Nom: xis who? we what? Gen: xienin whose? wevwint of what? Dat xivere to whom? etre - why? it:to what?) ‘Acc xiMtti whom? eed what? Lec xinvne at whom? een at what? ‘Abi: winctiew from whom? etnen from what? Ins: ximewen with whom? setwen with what? (Other interrogative pronouns, formed from the root *xa, are: vail alia alla ual (canal) Also note: ewe Cinauas - Kazakh Materials ‘which? Where? where to? {rom where? how? what kind of? (atibute) (+ina/sme equative suffix "ike, as*) how much? when? (cette) how many? 2 Revised: 6/5193. Topic 2 Examples: imcis "who are you?" ratloawcns “rom where are you?" ainscses *whete ave you? anzallcarseanaticwa "how are you?" Demonstrative Pronouns: ‘Asin English a demonstrative pronoun is a word which points out a particular person, place or thing. It can Function as the subject of a sentence or as an attibutive. When used as 18 subject, itis folloved by a pause indicated below with —. The following demonstrative pronouns exist: yn this" owoon that" Gynap ese commplconap "those" sesmn(y) “hist maty) "that? Masninap —“theset ump “those” Examples 6yn-~ iran, axay ~ nerrrep “this is a book, that is a notebook” ay ~ yin “this is my home/house. y= noc “this is my friend” (on ~ sera "tat (or ther) is my teacher” say ici aeyraingise "tat person/gentlemanis my teacher" PROVERB: Binivai Gecixren Tecinxe nettin isnen. CCirtutas - Kaznéh Materials "Seach for knowledge from the cradle to the grave." Revised: 6/5193 Topic TOPIC 3: CONVERSATION WITH HOST COUNTERPART OR FAMILY CULTURE NOTE: The Kazakh Family COMPETENCIES: 1. Toask or answer personal information questions 2. To describe own family 3. Toask about hestcounterpart family 4, To express gratitude CCinauias - Razah Materials 29 Revised: 615193, Topica ‘The Kazakh Family In the tradional Kazakh family the father was the head of the family, surrounded bby many children, his martied sons and their children, who all lived together as family unit in nearby yurs. During the years of Soviet rule the Kazakh family suffered many ‘changes, The stately yurts are no longer available: instead the Kazakhs have had to move into crowded houses of poor quality. The lack of housing, especially in cities and towns, has limited the size ofthe family, Young people from the countryside move into the cities in search of a better education and living conditions, leaving behind their parents and ‘grandparents and often breaking away from family tes. Kazakh newspapers commented on the fate of the large number of unmarried Kazakh women who constitute the majority of the over 100,000 young Kazakhs living in factory dormitories and hostels in Alma-Atz. Most ofthese women came from their villages (aut to Alma-Ata at the age of seventeen with the intention to enter universities and institutes, but failed the entrance examination. Instead of returning to their villages, where life is extremely harsh with litle hope for work and advancement, they choose to remain in ‘Alma-Ata and werk in factories which provide a room or bed. The rules in these dormitories are very strict. The girls are not allowed to receive male guess. If they marry, they have to leave te dormitory and are dismissed from work. The young men they intend to marry are often in the same situation, living in factory-owned dormitories where the same restriction are enforced, Facing the dilemma of losing a place to stay as well a a job, ‘most young people decide to remain unmauried. Housing for young couples is not available in Alma-Ata. As in other towns and cities the housing situation is so severe that even couples who have been married for many years have sill only one room to call home. Housing shortage has limited the size of the ‘Kazakh urben family which now usually consists of the parents and two children. There is seldom room for grandparents. Since both parents work, they had, until recently, no choice but to leave their children in kindergartens where the oaly language of communication was Russian, In the countryside a family still includes three or sometimes four generations. The numberof children is between five and ten. ‘The children in the rural setting have been growing up in a Kazakh environment, “while a whole generation of young urban Kazakhs bas been raised without knowing much ‘of their mother tongue, This is changing now. The number of Kazakh schools and ikindergartens in Alma-Ata and other urban centers is increasing and the emphasis i, as ‘Cinautas - Kazakh Materials 30 Revised: 6/5193 Topie3 throughout the country, on the revival of Kazakh traditions. These include the celebration ‘of holidays. When a child is bor a feast called shildexana takes place. Forty days after the birth the family invites female guests forthe besik salar marking the day the child is pu in its cradle for the frst time. On th first day of school the 1! ashar is celebrated. Together ‘with all other Central Asians, the Kazakhs are again celebrating their traditional New Year \QNaurit) on March 21. In connection with this holiday, which was banned for over seventy ‘years, many old taditions have been revived. Atall Kazakh celebrations a dombira player 48 present who plays and sings Kazakh songs. Depending on the circumstances an agin {oral poet) might even be present, who would improvise songs and devote them to the [Person honored atthe feast. CCinautas - Kazakh Materials 31 Revised: 8/9198 Toples 1. COMPETENCY: To ask or answer personal information questions Conversation with host counterpart or family Student (male) and elderly Kazakh (male or female) HFM: Kaparu, Kasaxcranna xanura Gorummus? st: ‘Kenrerime bip asin Gormus. HFM: Heme xacracua? ST: 2Kusupaa exinemix. HFM: —_Yiinenrencia 6? ST; OKox, oni ylinenren xoxmsn, Golttaxms. VOCABULARY: rapa, pupil of the eve waparvsine ‘my darling Git: pupil of my eye) axa Gonna ‘how long (lit: how muck) have you been Kenrentinse (Gat. case) toward my having come, ie.sinee | came mae age: young neme xactra +0 how old are you? (it: at how many years of age are you") aipaa wenty ext two sonapae exi twenty-two vine to be martied (sid in reference toa man) ani yet, sill Gotz, bachelor, unmarried (man) GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Distant Past Tense: ‘The phrase yienrenciate? “Are you married?” is rendered in a past tense called "Distant ‘Past Tense" (Byphusn @rxeu Tax), corresponding to the English present perfect tense "L Ihave leamed*, etc Citautss- Kacakh Mavertats 2 Revised: 61593 Topic Fon: -Faie/-ret (after vowels and voiced consonants) plus persenal endings see p. 13) saueloxeatt (after voiceless consonants) Examples: ap-rane "Thave gone" icre-rencis "you have worked" om ker ett "he has left? Negation: Three forms exist 1) Gapsa-ranam —*Thavenot gone 2) Gep-ramemeccia "you have not gone” 3) Gap-ran xoxmat "I have never gone" Function: The tense in -ranacss, et. renders an action which took place some time ago. ‘The emphasis is not so much on the action itself but on its results which continue into the present. The speaker may or may not have eyewitnessed the action itself. He/she should, however, be ceriain about its results either as an eyewitness or through obvious evidence. Note: +-ran+/-ren is a verbal noun which can also be used as a substantive and attibutive, ¢.g., xen-rentinetne "at my coming’, ie., when I came; mer enmes Ken-rest ‘owaxmaat "Tam a guest who has come from a foreign country". Both usages of -Tans/-rett corespond to English dependent clauses, seep. 9. Cinauas~ Kazakh Materals 3 Revised: 6/51 Topie’3 2. COMPETENCY: To deseribe own family SITUATION: Conversation with host counterpart or family ROLES: Student and host counterp: ‘HCP: © Yii-iuninia rypams alfram Gepinciamit ST: ‘Oxe-memen Gap. Bip aram, Gip KapsEnactio Gap. Arant Myranin. Kapsuacut opirep. HCP ‘Oxe-inemenia xymnc icrelini Me? ST: 2Kox, omap -- seiinerxep. VOCABULARY: in inside vikin Inside of a house; Family Typaret about (postpsition; see below) attr converbial form of at "to say" strom Geplnisa please do tll me one father mee mother oxe-meme parents Kapeanae ‘younger sister (of aman) opi medicine sapirep physician, doctor aepae work, labor; occupation selinernep retiree GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATIO! Postpositions: In the phrase yil-iuiinis typans "about your family’(rypaau is a postposition corresponding tothe English preposition “about, but set after te noun which stands in the ‘nominative case. Other postpositions governing the nominaive case are: 1) yuula "for cis yi “or you"; oxy yun xem "T eame to study" (lt: for studying) 2) Golissmma ‘according to: altryu Gollseaua "according to his saying" Cinautas- Kazakh Materiats 34 Revised: 61998 Topics Note: +The instrumentals (se p. 7) is actually formed by the postposition Gewvew/nen "with, also governing the nominative ease: apro6yenet “withthe bus, by bus* acumet "witha spoon" content "with words" PPostposiions with the Dative case: 1) aelin *untt 50, up to": Toumenre media “up to Tashkent” (Seep. 70) 2) kapait “towards, in the direction’: on wexrenxe rapa Gapast "he went towards the school™ Postpostions withthe Ablative case: 1) elit, com "afte": 6p arranan xe “after one week" 6p autas com "after one year” _xyprestineti com (p. 78) “after having walked; afer walking 2) Gepi “since”: aaa Gepi*since summer" ‘Cirtautas- Kazath Materials 35 Revised: 6/5193, Topics 3. COMPETENCY: To ask about host/counterpart family SITUATION: Conversation with host counterpart ROLES: Student and host counterpart (male) sT: Arai, aitramzamns, Gasmanapsmsa Gap wa? HFM: Eki xsi, ip yom Gap. ST: ‘Youn Kalina Typams? HFM: = Yim Anwaruza typams. On - xypsimscums. Ooinis im Gon icreilcia? sT: Meu VOCABULARY: ana child ea daughter, gil a son Tp ‘olive xypuumie (xapatims, imetiix. O, xenasa ore Tanamra exer. HFM: —-XKowe Gip xece iminia. ST: Paxmer, 2xereai. [acrapxansmyara ynken paxner. VOCABULARY: a food arn again; more an ‘otake xen much cnmeme iso; then manne fermented mare's milk ova there; then; now then >apadtass that's fine; okay im to drinks; to eat ° imesection aMaua wonderful, splendid exer Indeed (panicle) rece bow! xe to suffice; to reach, atin sacrapxat tablecloth on which food is placed; food offered to guests; bospitality vyaxeat areat, bg, large, huge Cintas - Kazakh Materials 38 Revised: 6/5193 Topic GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Optative-Voluntative: ‘The above suffix -etix in itr-ellix "et us drink, we shall drink" belongs to an optative- voluniative mood of which only the 1st persoa singular/plual exists. For the missing 2nd ‘person the imperative form -s01(1)/-i(i) is usually given and the 3rd person is expressed ‘through a suffix which must have belonged toa no longer existing opttive orm: Form: Se -allsny-ctin (after consonants) i/sin (after vowels) Pla -allsnellix (after consonants) uote (after vowels) ‘SguPl. 2 (Gee imperative Form, p. 2) SguPL.3— -cambcit Examples: emelit “will (vant 1) come" crete “will (want to) work" Gap-cum “he, se, it may come ep-efix "et us bring, we shall bring* Negative: xersne-itit "will not go, do not want to go* Gapea-coa “he, she, it may noushould not go" Interogative: in-etix ne? "should we drink?” ip. 60? "may come in?” Note: «The optative-voluntative forms listed above can take the emphatic particle uxs/ui (see p. 22) Examples: Altxannea colliecelin "I want to speak with Ayjan’ (see p. 43) ‘Kormupay corals “I will call (you on the phone) (seep. 43) CCinautas - Kacath Materials 39 Revised: 5/5193 ‘Topics Function: The optative-voluntaive expresses a wish or a proposal to perform an action, ‘When this wish is rendered inthe Ist person the form is close in meaning to the present future tense (see p. 36). When directed to a third person, the wish is rendered as a persuasion, often bordering on an order. ‘PROVERB: Ko cos ~ xymic "Many words are silver, ‘As cea ~ anna, Few words we gold." ‘Cintas Kazath Marerials 40 Revised: 6/5193 Topic TOPIC 4: COMMUNICATION CULTURE NOTE: Communication in Kazakhstan: The Telephone COMPETENCIES: 1, Tomakes phone call toa Kazakh family 2. Toaskoperntor for asistance 3, Toleavea message for someone Cina - Kazakh Meerials 4 Revised: 6/5/93 opie Communication in Kazakhstan: The Telephone ‘In Kazakstan, as in the other former Soviet republics, few people have a telephone in their homes. Many hed to wait for years to have a telephone installed. Even those whe, ‘are privileged as war veterans, invalids, and retirees have had to knock on many doors before they received telephones. The telephone lines throughout Kazakhstan are worn and. ‘outdated, Many urban dwellers share one phone number with neighbors, that is they are ‘connected by so called “common telephones." The situation isnot likely to improve in the ‘near future, though telephone companies from countries such as Turkey, Singapore and ‘South Korea have expressed an interest in installing an efficient telephone network in Kazakhstan Public telephone booths on the stret are often broken, for they area favorite target (of vandals. Rural people living in villages (aul) must go to the "trunk-calling® offices in order to make telephone calls to neighboring villages. These offices are often located ovens of kilometers away. In towns, long-distance calls can be made on a home telephone by dialing 8 + area ‘code + the party's number. One cannot make long-distance calls from public telephone booths on the street. Throughout Kazakhstan telephone numbers consist of six digits from 0 to 9. You need the operator's assistance to make international long-distance calls. After ‘you get the intemational operator by dialing 07, she will take your request and call you back when she makes the connection. The connection may take several hours, and sometimes you may not get it at all. Long-distance calls are expensive, andthe prices are Boing up steadily. An one minute call to the USA costs more than 100 rubles. Local ‘connections are of very poor quality due to the age and wear of the current telephone network ‘Cintautss - Kazakh Materials a Revised: 65193 opie 1, COMPETENCY: To make a phone call to a Kazakh family SITUATION: Telephone conversation ROLES: Student and Kazakh Acquaintance ST: ‘ney, canamarcws 6a (conemercia 6e)! K Canamaress2 6a (conemercis 6e)! ST: Kemipinis, mex Awepyxanamasm. Arum Bis. kK: 2Kaxeus, Bin. Koun xerminist st: ‘Mymxint Gonca Atixcameent colinecediin nen enim, K: Bin, xaparui, Alcan xasip yline 0K ex. ST: Onsall Goxca,xelin axon Kompay corals. K: 2Kapalims, abraiiss. VOCABULARY: anoy hello out well, good ou remain ‘weloome (lit you came well) ayn Conca ‘tits posible Abeast personal name (female) coine-c total, speak with ach ther ne toy cotineceit en exint I want(ed) (would like) to talk with. (lit: I had sai "Lill tlk with ."), see p. 46 xasip now ‘oval Gonca ifitisso eli then, later; after (postposition) xowupay telephone; bell cox toring (telephone) GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: ‘The above formation nen enin "I had said" renders a past perfect tense, formed by the ‘converbial form of the verb -sm/-in to which the past tense of "to be" has been aed. Past Tense of "To Be": ‘The past tense of "to be® ("I was, you were") is formed from the defect stem e- "to be", 10 Which only afew deverbal verb suffixes can be added. Citautas - Kazakh Materials a Revised: 6/5193, “Topica Form: Sel eine PLL xix Sp.2 enieninia PL2 cninnep/eninianep Sp/PL3 ext Negative: ‘The negative suffix -Ma-/-me- cannot be added to the defect stem e-. The negative has the following form: eMec en, ete Function: The pat tense of "to be” is used 1) to emphasize present actions: Atxan xalp ye 0K en (see above) "Ayjan (lit: was) not at home now; AMepyeaumax Bi en (p47) "1am (it; was) Bil om America® 2) to form compound tenses, such asthe past perfect tenses: min ens (see above) -tunbren ena (ep. ) Cirtauuas - Kazakh Materials a4 Revised: 615193, Topic 4 2. COMPETENCY: To ask operator for assistance ‘Student calls the international operator Student and international operator ‘Sney, canamarcss3 6 Canamaress Ga! Cisni tamman Trypsin. ‘Byn xammaxapammx Temedport 6a? ia, conal. rinim, men Amepuxanen colineceitin nen enin. 2Kaxcur, nomipi xara? 206-543-2864. (2-exi, O-on, 6-anTi; $-6ee, 4-repr, 3-ymn; 2-eni, B-ceria, 6-amrs, 4-rept) oO Anmarauans Tenedou noMipi Kanai? sT: 65-46-27 = amuse Gee, xepsix arma, xOMpMa ETI (G-anmy, 5-Gee, 4-repr, 6-asrrss, 2-eKi, 7-xeri) oO Kyrinis. ST: Paxmer. VOCABULARY: ‘oman Typset 1am listening amex people samaxapamx, {ntemational lit: between people) ‘enetbon telephone ola yes conail that isso, thats right rin request; please omip number ‘Teneppon nomipsi telephone number yr to vait Cinauuas - Kazabh Maverials 45 Revised: 615198 Topic GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Direct Quotations: In the above constuction Meu AMepurans ceaeeli nen en the undestned part of the sentence isa ret quotation which in Kazakh has to be followed by aform ofthe verb eto say", here used in the past perfec tense. The mos frequerly used form of ne aftr 8 iret quotation is e-(convebial form followed by aft verb (tense form). Function: Direct quotations are frequenily used in Kazakh when relating someone's words ‘or even the speaker's own words, expressing his/her intentions. If the verb in the direct quotation is given in the optative-voluntative form (sg./pl. 1st and ‘3d person), the direct quotation corresponds 1) ton English dependent clause of purpose: Han anal nen Gasapra Gapusia "went to the market to buy bread” (lit: I went to the market saying: "twill buy bread") 2) if followed by nen enis, the direct quotation renders English sentences with Want(ed) to". Albrannen (Amepasamer) coflnecelit net exis "I want(ed) to ‘atk with Ayjan (with America)® (lit: I had sai [to myself: "I will alk with... Suffix Combination +na+ru/+netri: ‘The suffix +ru/éri denotes “belonging*. If added to the locative case, it forms nouns or adjectives with the meaning of "belonging to locality; located in’ ‘Anvarit+natna Tenesbou HeMepi “the telephone number in (lit: which belongs {o) Alma-Am" yilenesritnep "those (belonging) athome, ie. the family” Cinauas - Kazakh Materats 46 Revised: 615193 Topic. 3. COMPETENCY: To leave # message for someone SITUATION: Telephone conversation ROLES: Student and an elderly Kazakh woman (working in an office) ‘ney, Canamarcrsa 6a! ‘Canamarours Ga! (or: Amancsra 6a?) Kemipinis, men Amepuxamx Bin exist. Mo, Bin xaparum, Taian Typo. Anail, Tanrar araiiven calinecettin nen enn. Tanrar Tanrapra xerxen eni. Epren xeneai. Auait, erisim, Tanrar araiira altrsmimm, Geticen6i xyni aomamic Gort. 2Kapalls, xaparans, altro Koma. Sr gngmy VOCABULARY: ‘Tesrar personal name (male) ‘Tanrap town near Alma-Ata etcen6i Thursday sonamse meeting wit to put down altrem roment 1 will definitely (without delay) tell him GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Past Perfect Tense: ‘The form xerxext ent (see above) renders a past perfect tense: “he had left (some time apo)". Form: -raweres sxauhxen plus ent, tc. (se p. 44) Examples: altrexaneaiiis "you had said” ‘Typ-ran enix “we had lived" (Crrautas - Kazath Materials a Revised: 6/593 Topic 4 Note: +For the rules af te initial eaneonant changes of the suffix renl-rew ae p Function: The Past Perfect Tense expresses an action or state in the distant past. Unlike the Distant Past Tenge in -rainast (See p. 32), the Past Perfect Tense stesses the completion of an action which the speaker has either eyewitnessed or knows with certainty that it had actually happened. The Past Perfect often refers to an action which took place before another past action. Verb Compounds: Converbs Plus Descriptive Verbs Instead of adverbs of manner, Kazakh uses verb compounds in describing how an action proceeds. The first component of the Verb Compound stands in the converbial form of either -(u)n/()a oF -a/-¢, followed by the second component, a verb denoting movements of the human body: Typ- "to get up*, xol- "to put down", Gep- "to give", an- “to tke” xeT- "to leave", axyp- "lo go, to move", 6ap- "to go", etc. These verbs describe (there're: Descriptive Verbs) the way the action expressed in the converbial form is or has been performed, ie, continuously, quickly, decisively, ete Examples: ‘runuua-n TypMoun® "Lam listening" ltr Komen "will definitely ul” *Note: The descriptive verbs omup- "to sit, xaTup- “to lie down", Typ: *to stand, 10 ‘get up", and axyp- "to go, to move on", form with a preceeding converbial form in -(t)a/- ‘the Present Continuous Tense: ‘Paso Tanuman onupeu "you are (just now) listening to the radio’ PROVERB: 2Keri xyprnem Tinim Gin, *Leam the languages of seven people, 2Keri rypni Ginia Gin! Know even diferent skill!" ‘Cinauas - Kazakh Materials 8 Revised: 5193 Topic 5 ‘Toric §: FOOD CULTURE NOTE: Kazakh dishes COMPETENCIES: 1, Toorder food ata restaurant 2. ‘Tossk for identity of food items, typical host country foods 3. Tocxpress food preferences (likesdilikes) Cinauas - Kazakh Materials 49 Revised: 6/5193 ‘Topic Kazakh Dishes ‘Meat is the tass of the majority of Kazakh dishes. It is obligatory to serve meat dishes for guests. The abundance of meat atthe table isa sign of a hosts generosity, The ‘way Kazakhs prepare meat isa reflection of their nomadic life, Boiling meatin huge kewles placed upon open pitfires was the easiest and most economical method of cooking. Even today preference is always given to boiling meat. Great importance is still given to long- term preservation of meat. During livestock slaughter a part of the meat is sted, dried and sometimes smoked; from horse meat such delicacies as gazl, shujuk, Jaya, jal and garta are made. ‘Among drinks gimtz and shubat are always popular. Qtimiz is a lightly sour, astringent drink of fermented mare's milk with a high Vitamin C content. The Kazakhs claim it isa drink for merry making and longevity. The knowledge ofthe heding properties of gimit and ways of preparing it have been handed down from generation to generation. ‘The Kazakh nomads waited impatienly forthe warm spring days when the mares begin to produce milk. The milk was poured into special leather bags (tosig) which are necessary for the fermentation process. Today git is produced industrially, but the Kazakhs prefer the guint made i the traditional way. Shubat is fermented camel's milk which is prepared similarly to gimit tis of snow-white color, thicker and fatter than gil, Shubat, also, is used like glmiz to cure ‘tuberculosis. In adtion, it has healing properties for some gastric and intestinal diseases, ‘The most favored dish, obligatory to be served to guests, is besbarmag (Ii: “five fingers"). This dish is made of mutton, horse meat or beef. The meat is boiled in a broth which is served separately in large bowl. The meat itself is thinly sliced and served with ‘square noodles and sings of onions, For formal affairs and celebrations besbarmag is served together with te boiled head ofa sheep or lamb, whichis ritually placed in font of the honored or oldest guest (see p. 89). ‘Gintautas- Kazakn Materials 0 Revised: 6/5193 Topics COMPETENCY: To order food at a restaurant SITUATION: Restaurant ROLES: Students and Kazakh waiter Ww: Kom xenninisnep! Kanmail raram xanaiicsranap? ST): Kammait ramaruinsrs 6ap? Ww: Byrin GecGapmax, maui, Kase, Kapra 6: STQ): —_Iimyre xanmai{ cycnnmonsa Bap? Ww: Kemasa, my6ar, moil Gap. STQ): Onna Gisre kasi, Kapra, exi GecGapwax xone Kura Gepcenia. q 2XKapaiima. VOCABULARY: mare food: dish; meal kam tolike Tawax foo dsh; meal ‘SecCapmax national Kazakh dish (se p. $0) ew dumplings rat sausage made of horsemeat xapre horsemeat dish eycamt drink; beverage year fermented came!’ milk malt ta GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Conditional Form: Polite Requests In Topic 1 (p. 17) the following phrase was introduced: Epren mara xewex Gepcetis Gona ‘Ma (=Gonanmss ma)? "Will you kindly help me tomorrow’" (lit: if you help me tomorrow, will it be all right”). Kazakh uses the conditional form with or without a following conclusion to reader poite requests: saunas Gepcenia "please give us qimia" (lit: if you give (us) gimiz) Form: CCintautas - Kazakh Materials st Revised: 6/5/98 Topic 5 -on xa)? "May one enter? May I enter” Note: +The above impersonal constructions indrecly imply the person. (Cirtautas - Kazakh Materiats ° Revised: 6/5/93 Topic? 3. COMPETENCY: To purchase tickets at the railway station SITUATION: Ticket office at the railway station ROLES: Student and employee at ticket office sT: ‘Toumenre xediin xconaxss (Guster) xaxma Typans? Ts: Bapyra aya eny (150) com (rypaus). st: Bapum xenyre mie? Ts: ‘Yar xys xonspwa (320) com. Heme 6uner anacsss? ST: Maras Gapem xenyre exi Giwier Gepeenis. Ts: Tlofixs Gipismi xoram xypexi. ST: Paxwer, cay Gomsnmr3. VOCABULARY: Toa Tashkent Guxer ticket sauna Typan how much does it cost? (lit: how much des it stand?) Copan xeny sing and coming ue particle, emphasizing questions vara or me (dative case Ist person pronoun: met) nolra ‘in xon road; hee: platform GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Kanura and Heme: ‘The above dialogue gives good examples forthe use of kaka “how much” and etme "how many?. As a general rule, kaka asks for the total of a sum, Hewe asks for that which is stil t0 be counted, Examples: 2xonaxpr Kanna Typam’? “how much does a ticket cost?" nnavepre Kana Tenelicis?(p.61) "how much do you pay for the apartment?* ‘hu: neue Siner anacsis? “how many tickets will you buy?” Heme xxacracsei?(p.32) “how old are you?” carar eweze? (p.65) “at what time, when? Gintautas - Kazakh Materials 0 Revised: 6/5193 Topic’7 Singular and Plural: Unlike English, the singular of nouns is used if the plural is already expressed by an attribute, i., attributes such as numerals, numerative words, or words expressing an ‘unspecified quantity. Examples: exi Giner hwo tickets" Yyurxys xvcupaia com "320 rubles* om anne “many people* Likewise the plural suffix 4napf+nep (after vowels and -p, ily), 4nap/tnep, +Tap/+rep (see p. 4) is not used to mark the 3rd. person plural in verb or noun predicates because the plural is already expressed inthe subject noun. Examples: yreninanep xem “the teachers came omp Kexax, “they are Kazakhs* CCirautas - Kazakh Materials n Revised: 6/5/98 Topic 7 COMPETENCY: To hire a taxi SITUATION: Ata street in Alma-Ata ROLE: Student and taxi driver, TD: 2Kon Gonesu! Kaiina 6apacurs? ST: Men Kex Basapra Gapmaraun enim. TD: On Gipas amic >xep. ST: An, uarnoTament Tontecenani? TD: Yin nonnapre arin Gapasamy. ST: 2Kapalins, xerrix. VOCABULARY: 2x01 Goncsat! fea ak i; may sou ead Hes, uid someone Kox Baap "Green Bazaas*, name ofa market in Alma-Ata Gipas litle ame distant, distance amore hand currency aman 6ap- to take GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Additional Usages of the Conditional Tense: In addition to expressing polite requests (see p. 52), the conditional is used without a following conclusion o render wishes, as in the above phrase: ‘Tonecenani 1its whatif1 pay i, "I would like to pay" also: Anwarisra 6apcam lit: if go, ie. "1 wish to go to Almatr” Instead of the optative-voluntaive (see p. 39) the conditional can also be used in rendering ‘wish, desire expressed in a direct quotation: Kazacranna marom Gneasec xypyra remexreccex nen enix. (p. 103) "We would like (lit: we said: we wish to help.) to help establishing small businesses in Kazakhstan,” ‘Cinautas Kazak Materials n Revised: 5793. ‘Topic? ‘Some speakers will use the conditional followed by Gonanst “it will be, ie, itis possible", to render possibility: apToGycnew Gapcatais Gonamst "you can go by bus* (lit: if you go by busit will be possible) of-also p. 23: Byn colineuani nocunsaneai Tota sitrearas2 Gonaz. Note: sInsiea ofthe above construction more frequently is used: -yra(4re) Soman, see p. 69. PROVERB: Tay rayra Kocwumac, *Mountains don't meet mountains, ‘Amam anaMra Kocsitamst (bur) humans meet humans." CCirtautas - Kazath Materials B Revised: 6/998 Topic TOPIC DIRECTIONS ‘CULTURE NOTE: ——Alma-Ata COMPETENCIES: 1, Toa forand give locaton of buildings 2. Toask forand give directions toa place Cirauas - Kazalh Mavriais 4 Revised: 6/5193 Topic & Alma-Ata (Almaty ‘Alma-A\ta (in Kazakh: Alma) is the largest city and capital of Kazakhstan. It is located 750 to 1100 meters above sea level inthe foothills ofthe Alatau mountains in the southeastem part of Kazakhslan. The city and its environs have a continental climate, The {temperatures vary greatly throughout the year. The summer season lasts from May t0 ‘September with an average temperature of 22° C in July. The winters are cold with an average of -8° C in January. Alma-Ata receives almost the same amount of rain as Moscow. ‘The city has airline connections to all major cites in the former Soviet Union. A. Kazakh airline has been recently established, which together witha Turkish airline, now provides service between Alma-Ata and Istanbul. Other direct connections with Western European cities will soon be in place. A railroad now connects Alma-Ata with Urumehi, the capital of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. This railroad will eventually go all the way to Turkey and Europe through the use of already existing railroad lines and the building of| new tracks, ‘Alma-Ata has a beautiful natural setting. It is surrounded on three sides by snow= capped mountains. The lay-out and the architecture of is museums, hotels and government building is quite striking, Tree-lined avenues lead to parks or squares with fountains set ‘within bright flower beds. But as all urban centers in the former Soviet Union, Alma-Ata suffers from pollution which is particularly severe during the winter. Alma-Ata has ‘numerous industrial plants emitting large amounts of pollutants into the air. During the 1970s one could sill enjoy the beautiful panorama of Alma-Ata from the top of Kok Tobe (Green Hill), located at the outskirts of the city. For many years now the view has been ‘marred by polluted air which has made the nearby majestic mountains invisible. Pollution ‘and other related problems have affected the quality of the famous Alma-Ata apples which agave the city its name: Almat ‘city of apples", These once widely available apples, large in size and witha distinctive taste, have become rare and expensive. In recent months some significant changes have occurred in Alma-Ata. Streets, places and buildings, which with a few exceptions all had Russtan names like Lenin- ‘Square, Dzerchinsky Street, etc, have all been given Kazakh names, Similar changes are ‘now taking place throughout the Republic of Kazakhstan, Historical Kazakh names of regions and towns are being revived. Streets having the names of Russian/Socialist “celebrities” are being renamed honoring outstanding Kazakhs who served the Kazakh people Cintautas- Kazakh Materials 18 Revised: 615193 Topic 1. COMPETENCY: To ask for and give location of buildings Ata street Student and an elderly Kazakh man Araii, waran xxon xepcerin >xiGepinisui! Katina Gapactrs? “Anaray” xonax yiline Gapaiisn xen nin. “Anaray” xonax yitine 5- (Gec-) inmi asroSycnen Gapyra Gonams. st: Aprobyc anmamacs Kalina? K: ‘Kemenix apra: Gerinne. ST: Paxser, arait. VOCABULARY: xopcer- toshow xioep - to send, o send away opeerin zciep- to show quickly, without any trouble omax, Buest ona yt Fhotl (it: guest house) Anaray name of a mountain range, bere: name ofa hotel anna to wait, to delay, to stop anos stop (bus, tramway, et.) ome street apres ‘opposite Ger side GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: Basic Function of Converbial Forms in -(u)n/-(i)m and -a/-el- ‘The above converbial forms were introduced on page 48. Their function in verb ‘compounds (converbs plus descriptive verbs) was briefly explained, Here some rules of {heir basic Functions will be given: 1) Converbs are incomplete, ie, infinite verbal forms. They do not express person, number and tense. Cirtutas - Kazath Materials 6 Revised: 6998 Topic 2) Because they lack the above information, they have to be used in conjunction with a following complete or finite verb, as, eg, Kennise, Gapanns, Kesreic, Gepran enix, ec 3) The converbial form in -(shn/-n renders aa action which has heen or will be completed before the action ofthe following verb. Examples: vrnonnapra am Sapa (p. 72) it: wil ake (Jou) and (then) go for thee me dollars, i.e,. “I will take you along for three dollars." Tipessep Minicrpinin opsuGacepunsest xeanecin, celtnecnerai enix (p. 116) "We would like (wanted) to meet with the Deputy Prime Minister and (then) tak with (him." ‘In most verb compounds «(s)n/(i)n basically carries the same meaning, although the descriptive verbs (see p. 48) add certain aspects ofthe execution of the action ‘expressed in the converbal form. For example: aration kepeerin aiGepecia(p. 76) lit: you will (ean) show the road and (then) quickly send (me) off, ie, “can you ‘show me the road without much trouble? 4) The converbial form in -ae (after vowels -) expresses an action which takes place simultaneously with the action rendered in the following verb, It also states the direction (intention) toward an action: ‘ora ye (Kym 10 smile, to laugh) xapatim “he looked at him smilingly" am Gacralnt “he started to write’ ‘The meaning of direction toward an ation is also expressed inthe verb compound Consisting of -a/-/H followed by al- "to take, to get something successfully", functioning here asa descriptive verb in the meaning of "tobe able to" oe ama “he is able to read” (he can read) (Sapa ampseman (p.112) “Tam definitely unable to go" (I simply cannot go). Ginautas - Kazakh Materials n Revised: 61593 Topic COMPETENCY: To ask for and give directions to a place SITUATION: Ata street ROLE: Student and elderly Kazakh woman ST: Anaii, nomrrara xanali Gapyra Gonna alfrsmr >eiGepiniami! K: Tike axype Cepinis, xettin on maxrari Sipinmi xemere Sypsvmsnmia. [aMacst xapny maKkIpuM xypreHHieH Con conra 6ypsomngs. Tourra Komenix con kak 6ypammbata, ST: Kon paxmer ciare, anal VOCABULARY: nour post office Gona-raesten being possible (accusative ease) ise straight on right xox side axeratnas which sat the side oypser- to tum to (dative ese) manacet approximately apni half con left ypu comer GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: ‘The above text gives further examples of verb compounds (converb plus descriptive verb attra axi6epixianit “please tell me quickly, ie, without much trouble!” lit: please tell me and (then) send (me) of. ‘As anue the verb compound -(s)w/in aigep- "to send off” renders an action Which is done quickly without much touble. “tke ype Sepia "please continue to go straight ahead™ ‘The combination -//+# and 6ep- "to give" renders the continuation of an action. ‘Cinauuas - Kazath Materials B Revised: 51593 Topic & In the sentence giver in the above dialogue, nourrara xanail Gapyra Gonaraniutailram 2xiGepintsmi, the underlined formation contains the verb compound -a//-# ryp- "to stand. to get up* denoting « continuous, ongoing or habitual action, In the latter meaning the ‘compound has been used as a habitual participle formed with -ran/-ren (see p. 33): ‘Typranhe Typran > -arran/erirex > -sriaw/-eriu/tiin (after vowels) In the above sentence the habitual participle is used as a substantive inthe accusative case preceded by 3rd person possessive suffix: “please tell me how itis possible to goto the post office”, lt: tll me its heing possible to goto the post office, ‘The habitual participle -evea/-evny-Hrin can also be used attributively, In this case it has to be translated into an English relative clause: ener anase “the person who usually comes, who will be coming”, ‘With personal endings (seep. 13) the habitual panciple renders a habitual past tense: Saparsnnan "used to go" Gap-wacitranicsn "You used no: 10 go" PROVERB: Alreaut cesinine Typ. “(Whatever you say, keep your word.” Cirtautas- Kazakh Maverials 9 Revised: 65193 Topic Toric 9: SHOPPING AT THE BAZAAR CULTURE NOTE: A Central Asian Market (Bazaar) COMPETENCIES: 1. Task for displayed food items 2. Toask for quantties/prices and pay for purchased goods 3. Toconverse with a salesperson a the bazaar CCirtautas - Kazakh Materials 80 Revise: 61595 Topic ‘A Central Asian Market (Bazaar) As in all Central Asian republics of the former Soviet Union, in Kazakhstan a private economy existed along side withthe planned state economy. Goods not available in state stores could be obtained easily in the bazaars, although at higher prices. The bazaar is fn old institution in Central Asia. Some of the ancient citics along the Silk Rosd, Connecting China with the Middle Eas, had been orginally bazaars and later developed into towns and cities, The bazaars traditionally provided a place for buying and selling of produce: fruit, vegetables, bread, meat, spices and rice, Ina Central Asian bazaar, similar to the bazaars in the Middle East, each kind of produce is designated to one special area: spices are sotd at one place, vegetables at another. The customer, for example, walks alongside rows of tables loaded with neatly displayed apples, then walks along rows of tomatoes or cucumbers. Prices and quality can be easily compared and the best deal can be ‘made quickly. In contrast to the poor service at state stores, the producers and sellers at a bazaar have always been customer oriented, friendly and aware ofthe competitors standing ‘ext to them. Originally the bazaar was designed as an open-air place with pathways lined with stalls To protect the customers from the sun, awnings would be spread across the stalls In some places such bazaars sil exist, though many were transformed "for sanitary reasons” into permanent buildings during the Soviet perio. ‘The most popular bazaar in Alma-Ala is the Kok Bazaar ("Green Bazaar), It is located in the center of the city and is housed in a three-storied building, The floors are ‘overcrowded with produce, especially in autumn, when mos: fruits are in season, like apples, grapes, pears, and melons, Some of the produce is brought from the neighboring. republics, Uzbekistan and Kirghizistan, The salespeople are mostly Uzbeks, Tajiks, Uyghurs, Dungans and Koreans. Kazakhs are stil few because traditionally the Kazakh ‘nomads did not engage in trade and bergaining. Nowdays the prices at the Kok Bazaar reflect the general economy. Whereas two years ago one kilogram of apples Would cost ‘only afew kopecks, in May 1992 one had to pay more than 120 rubles. Cinauss - Kucakh Materials 81 Revised: 6/5193 1, COMPETENCY: SITUATION: ROLES: Topic 9 ‘To ask for displayed food items At a market (bazaar) Student and salesperson (younger girl) Awancws 6a, xapsmac. Amancss Ga! Kenia! ST: Kemipisis, mer ener xesrent konaxmun. KeiGip opcenepni cypayra Gama Ma? VOCABULARY: saat ameypr xeprinixti aya sara Keneni ‘Cirtautas - Kazakh Materials ‘pune, Sonam. Cypartss. Mma mension’ xasaxana ne nei? Myma aia, an yaamams ameypr nella, Bys xeprinixri amaypr na? Mia, Gyn amypr Giania aysiman. ‘Tamaua. Onna ocwr amyprran anrsim Keneni. edge, border; foreign country people, nation thing, object toask ‘omy; tocall of course rit ‘Kazakh language; in Kazakh apple pear land, country; place (exepicitnixeni) local village | very much want to buy (would like to buy) 2 Revised: 6/5/93 Tepic 9 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: ‘The Mood/Tense of Wish and Desire: Kazakh has several ways of expressing "I want, I wish, elc.", as, e.g., by means ef the optative-voluntative (pp. 39, 46), the intentional future (p. 66), and the conditional (p. 72). To this lst we may add the Formation in: -ruthri aux pluss possessive suffixes, followed by the 3rd person singular of the present or past tense of ken- "to come", ‘Examples: ‘ap-rutt xenai "very much want(ed) to go" (lit: my desire of going came out) ap-raten(is) reneal "you desire to go" aston Remi “he, she, it they desire(4) to go" xe-riscis Kenn "we desire(@) to eat" allrmsemap+ioar Reni “you all desired to say? or alirsoi+rammap xenni "youll desired to say” Negative: Gap-rostw xemueai/kemetiai et, Function: ‘This moodi/tense, common in all Turkic languages, is based on the belief that emotions such as anger, hate, love and desite are seated inside the human body and are being brought to the surface by forces beyond the control of the human being. This formation expresses therefore a strong wish or desire: "I very much want 10 ‘Cintas - Kazakh Materials B Revised: 6/5193 Topic 2. COMPETENCY: To ask for quantities/prices and pay for Purchased goods At the bazaar ‘Student and salesperson (younger girl) st: Kapsmnnac, cise Ksrosinopaa xypimi 6ap ma? s: Ms, Gap. ST: Oran Gip xitt0ce Kama Typasms? Ss: 2Ksaspma cont Typams. ST: Orsa kypiurren Tepr xusto raprumits, xaHe Gee KIO yu Gepinis. S 2Kaxcw. ST: ‘Bapnura xanma com 6onams? Ss: Topr ito xypiminis cexcen (80) com, Gec kaso yansitc2 xeric Gee (75) com, Gapmurs xy2 eny Gee (155) com Gorams. VOCABULARY: Kerasstopna name of regional centr, formerly Aqmeshit sypit rice Kutasanopma xyrinn+i rice from (lit: of Qizilorta swino Keni. Jélogram apr to weigh apraax all, everything apm total, inal, altogether GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: ‘The Ablative Case: ‘The ablative answers to the questions "Irom whom, “from where?®, It denotes separation ‘and corresponds tc the English preposition "from". Fom: samsaen after vowels and 3,1, p, Hand y ravereH after voiceless consonants -uyenen. after, 4, and after 3rd person possessive sux ‘Cintutas - Kazath Materials or Revised: 6/5193 Examples: mer enter (ocat annypreTan suouen (oven (1) + nen) sinetes salle Kyicnmopaa xypimsitues opie “from a foreign county" “from these pears" “from me" “from whom?” ‘from where?” “from the Qizitoda rice” Function: Besides denoting separation, the ablative indicates the thing serving for something: ‘Tyseanan (Gac aypynas) nopiaia Gap ma? (p. 111) “Do you have medicine for a cold (headache)? In addition, the ablative followed by an adjective functions asthe comparative ("than" in English: ‘on cane yes ‘euerine Gipas nypuc “he is taller than you" “itis a linle bemer than yesterday's (p. 112) ‘cexceimien acram Mennexer(p. 100) “more than eighty countries" Ciraas - Kazath Materiais 8s Revised: 6/5/98 Tepie9 3. COMPETENCY: To converse with salesperson at the bazaar SITUATION: At the melon bazaar ROLES: Student and elderly salesperson Arail, Cyst kaysmtap Kail xepuen? Mupsamennes, xeparu. Tommi me? Banna rorti. Bip tinirin xen ep! , pac, ore novi exen. Maran Gip xaynm Gepcenia. Bip aanacer weme com Gontayna? 2Knapa 2xeti com. Mine, armas! Cananar Comms! VOCABULARY: melon name of areion tase ‘ety it: with ase honey Hike (s) honey sie ose xen Kep- touy eat aaa piece cananear Comore bbe healthy! (said when departing: goodbye!) GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY EXPLANATION: ‘The Suffix +xali/eaelt "Uike*: “The suffix +nali/zell ("ike") forms adjectives of comparison from nouns. For: ++nalfsnelt after vowels and all voiced consonants sralferelt after voiceless consonants (Cirtauas - Kazakh Materials 85 Revised: 615103 Topic Examples: ‘aysnall anane *amanlike ameuniain* Cantnait "like honey* rapenal "like snow" (white as snow) ental count ral ‘Whnepiniaénedl (p. 92) Note: +The suffix +nsl/+nel is added tothe genitive case of personal pronouns, ‘The Particle exen: Used after noun and verb predicates, the particle exeHt indicates in statements that the speaker has not been aware ofthe situation or fact. He/she leamed only later about it, either through reliable sources or through his own experience, as inthe example below: ©, pac, ore navati exe. "(did not know it, but now I am convinced) is very tasty indeed!” See also: Oitmapunass nyputeexer{p.103) "(I didnot think so before, but now I am convinced)your thoughts are good indeed," ‘Belin ToGerypars Ginvetni exes. (p. 100) "(realize now) I donot know (anything) about the Peace Corps." Other Explanations: ‘sFor the sufix +7i in rovéri "tasty", lit: with taste, see 56 “

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