BINOMIAL THEOREM

Two Variable

The algebraic expansion of the form 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 for some integer 𝑛

can be written using the formula to generate a binomial series.
 BINOMIAL EXPANSION
(a + b)1 = a + b

= 1
𝐶0 a + 1
C1 b

2
a+b = a+b a+b

= a2 + 2ab + 𝑏2

= 2C a2 + 2 C ab + 2 C b2
0 1 2

3
a+b = a+b a+b a+b

= a3 + 3a2 b + 3𝑎𝑏 2 + b3

= 3 C0 a3 + 3 C a2 b
1 + 3 C2 b2 a + 3 C b3
3
 BINOMIAL THEOREM
In general,
(𝑎+b)n = 𝑛 𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛 𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏 3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑛
Total Numbers of terms = n+1
𝑛 𝑛−𝑟 𝑟
= ෍ 𝐶𝑟 𝑎 𝑏
𝑟=0
𝑛𝐶 = 𝑛!
Where, 𝑟 (𝑛−𝑟)!(𝑟)!

The sum of
General Term : 𝑇r+1 = 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 ∙ 𝑏𝑟 powers of 𝑥 and 𝑦
in each term of
expansion is 𝑛

(𝑟 + 1)𝑡ℎ term
PASCAL TRIANGLE
Find the number of terms in the expansion of (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)20 ?
Find the number of terms in the expansion of (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)20 ?
 3 12
Find the constant term in the expansion of (4𝑥 2 − )
2𝑥
 3 12
Find the constant term in the expansion of (4𝑥 2 − )
2𝑥
 MIDDLE TERM OF THE EXPANSION
(𝑎+b)n = 𝑛 𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛 𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛 𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 𝑎𝑛−3 𝑏 3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛+1
If n is even then: r = If n is odd then: r = &r=
2 2 2
𝑛 𝑛+1 th 𝑛+3 th
→ ( + 1)th term is the middle term ( ) &( ) terms are the middle term
2 2 2

Example: The middle term in the Example: The middle terms in the
expansion of (1 + 𝑥)4 is. expansion of (1 + 𝑥)9 is
9−1 𝑛+1
4
Answer: r = 2 = 2 Answer: r = 2 = 4 & r = 2 = 5

Middle terms
Middle term =T(𝑛+ 1) = T(4+ 1)
2 2 T(𝑛+1) = T(9+1) = T5
2 2

T2+1 = 4 𝐶2 (1)4−2 ∙ 𝑥 2 T4+1 = 9 𝐶4 (1)9−4 ∙ 𝑥 4

&
(1+x)4 = 4 𝐶0 + 4 𝐶1 𝑥 1 + 4 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 4 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + 4 𝐶4 𝑥 4
T(𝑛+3) = T(9+3) = T6
2 2
Middle term
T5+1 = 9 𝐶5 (1)9−5 ∙ 𝑥 5
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

#Lets explore
(1 +𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
Putting, x=1,
(1 + 1)𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 (1)1 + 𝑛 𝐶2 (1)2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 (1)3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 (1)𝑛
2𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶
0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 + 𝑛 𝐶2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛

Lets put 𝑥 = -1

𝑛𝐶 − 𝑛 𝐶1 + 𝑛 𝐶2 − 𝑛𝐶 + … (−1)𝑛 ( 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ) = 0
0 3
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑐0 + 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 … … . +𝑐𝑛 = 2𝑛 = σ𝑛𝑟=1 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 ………………………..(1)

𝑛
𝑐0 − 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 − 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 … + (−1)𝑟 𝑐 𝑛 = 0 = σ𝑛𝑟=1(−1)𝑟 𝐶𝑟 …………………….....(2)

From (1)and (2)

𝑐0 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐6 + 𝑐8 … … = 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐5 + 𝑐7 + 𝑐9 … …

𝑐0 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐6 + 𝑐8 … … = 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐5 + 𝑐7 + 𝑐9 … … = 2𝑛−1
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑐0 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐6 + 𝑐8 … … = 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐5 + 𝑐7 + 𝑐9 … … = 2𝑛−1
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 a+b 0

a+b 1
a+b 2
Example: a+b 3

a+b 4
7
𝐶2 = 7 𝐶7−2 a+b 5
6
a+b
7! 7! a+b 7
= 8
2!(7−2)! 5!(7−5)! a+b
9
a+b
a + b 10

𝑛
𝐶𝑥 = 𝑛 𝐶𝑦 , either x=y or x+y=n
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛 𝑛
𝑛! 𝑛!
𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶𝑟−1 = +
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟! 𝑟−1 ! 𝑛−𝑟+1 !

𝑛! 1 1
= +
𝑟−1 ! 𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1

𝑛! 𝑛−𝑟+1+𝑟
=
𝑟 − 1 ! 𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟(𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)

𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)
=
𝑟 − 1 ! 𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟 ∙ (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)

𝑛+1 !
=
𝑟! ∙ 𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1 !

𝑛𝐶
𝑟 + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1 𝐶
𝑟
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛! 𝑛 𝑛−1 ! 𝑛!
➢ 𝑛𝐶 = = 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟 !∙𝑟!
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟 !𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !∙𝑟 𝑟−1 ! ➢ 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑛!
𝑟−1
𝑛−𝑟+1 ! 𝑟−1 !
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝐶𝑟 = ∙ 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1 !∙ 𝑟−1 !
=
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! ∙ 𝑟!

𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟+1
𝑟
➢𝑟 ∙𝑛 𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝐶
𝑟−1 ➢ 𝑛𝐶 =
𝑟−1 𝑟
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑟2 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = r ∙ ( 𝑟 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 )

= r ∙ ( 𝑛𝑛−1 𝐶𝑟−1 )

= 𝑛[𝑟 − 1 + 1] ∙ ( 𝑛−1 𝐶𝑟−1 )

𝑛−1 𝐶 𝑛−1 𝐶
= 𝑛[(𝑟 − 1) ∙ 𝑟−1 + 𝑟−1 ]

𝑟2 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 = 𝑛[(𝑛 − 1) ∙ 𝑛−2 𝐶
𝑟−2 + 𝑛−1 𝐶
𝑟−2 ]
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛 2
𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶12 + 𝑛 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛2 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛 2
𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶12 + 𝑛 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛2 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛
σ𝑛𝑟=0 3𝑟 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 is equal to

1. 4𝑛−1

2. 4𝑛

4𝑛
3. 3

4. 2(2𝑛 )
σ𝑛𝑟=0 3𝑟 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 is equal to

1. 4𝑛−1

2. 4𝑛

4𝑛
3. 3

4. 2(2𝑛 )
σ𝑛𝑟=0 3𝑟 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 is equal to

∵ σ𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 × 3𝑟

= 𝑛 𝐶 30 + 𝑛 𝐶1 3 + 𝑛 𝐶2 32 + 𝑛 𝐶3 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 3𝑛
0

= 𝑛𝐶 + 𝑛 𝐶1 3 + 𝑛 𝐶2 32 + 𝑛 𝐶3 33 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 3𝑛 = (1 + 3)𝑛 = 4𝑛
0
The value of ( 5 + 1)5 −( 5 − 1)5
The value of ( 5 + 1)5 −( 5 − 1)5
 NUMERICALLY GREATEST TERM

𝑇𝑟+1
≥1
𝑇𝑟

𝑛𝐶 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 ∙ 𝑏𝑟
𝑟
𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟+1 ∙ 𝑏 𝑟−1
≥1
𝑟−1 𝑎

𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑏
≥1
𝑟 𝑎
 2
Find the numerically greatest term in expansion of (4+3x) 7 when x =
3
 2
Find the numerically greatest term in expansion of (4+3x) 7 when x =
3
 REMAINDER USING BINOMIAL THEOREM

To find the remainder when 𝑎𝑛 is divided by 𝑏,

we adjust 𝑎 such that it is very close to 𝑏.

When 2301 is divided by 5, the least positive remainder is

1. 4
2. 8
3. 2
4. 6
 REMAINDER USING BINOMIAL THEOREM

To find the remainder when 𝑎𝑛 is divided by 𝑏,

we adjust 𝑎 such that it is very close to 𝑏.

When 2301 is divided by 5, the least positive remainder is

1. 4
2. 8
3. 2
4. 6
Remark: When the number of type (3𝑘 − 1) is divided by 3 we have,

3𝑘 − 1 3𝑘 − 3 + 2
=
3 3 Remainder is
2 always positive
=𝑘−1+
3

Hence Remainder is 2
Find the remainder when 5103 is divided by 13.
Find the remainder when 5103 is divided by 13.
We can start by rewriting 5103 in terms of 13.
5103
= 5 × 5102
= 5 × 52×51
= 5 × 2551
51
= 5 × 26 − 1
= 5 × 2 × 13 − 1 51

By binomial theorem, we can expand 2 × 13 − 1 51 as σ51

𝑟=0 −1
𝑟 ∙ 51 𝐶 26𝑛−𝑟
𝑟

i.e. 2 × 13 − 1 51 = σ51
𝑟=0 −1
𝑟 ∙ 51 𝐶 2651−𝑟
𝑟

Therefore,
51 51 𝐶 51
5 × 2 × 13 − 1 ≡5× 51 −1 mod 13 … since all other terms contain 13 as a factor
⇒ 5 × 2 × 13 − 1 51 ≡ −5(𝑚𝑜𝑑 13)
⇒ 5 × 2 × 13 − 1 51 ≡ −5 + 13 ≡ 8 mod 13 … since remainder cannot be negative.
Hence, the remainder when 5103 is divided by 13, is 8.
Prove that 101 100
-1 is divisible by 10000
For all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅, 9𝑛+1 − 8𝑛 − 9 is divisible by

1. 64

2. 63

3. 62

4. 65
 9𝑛+1 − 8𝑛 − 9 = 9𝑛 × 9 − 8𝑛 − 9
= (1 + 8)𝑛 × 9 − 8𝑛 − 9
= 𝑛 𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 8 + 𝑛 𝐶2 82 + 𝑛 𝐶3 83 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 8𝑛 9 − 8𝑛 − 9
= 1 + 8𝑛 + 𝑛 𝐶2 82 + 𝑛 𝐶3 83 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 8𝑛 9 − 8𝑛 − 9
= 9 + 72𝑛 + 𝑛 𝐶2 82 + 𝑛 𝐶3 83 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 8𝑛 9 − 8𝑛 − 9
= (72𝑛 − 8𝑛) + 82 𝑛 𝐶2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 8 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 8𝑛−2 9
= 64𝑛 + 64 𝑛 𝐶2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 8 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 8𝑛−2 9
= 64 𝑛 + 𝑛 𝐶2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 8 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 8𝑛−2 9
= 64 × Some constant numbers = Divisible by 64
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

#Lets explore
(1 +𝑥)𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
Putting, x=1,
(1 + 1)𝑛 = 𝑛 𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 (1)1 + 𝑛 𝐶2 (1)2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 (1)3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 (1)𝑛
2𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶
0 + 𝑛 𝐶1 + 𝑛 𝐶2 + 𝑛 𝐶3 + … + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛

Lets put 𝑥 = -1

𝑛𝐶 − 𝑛 𝐶1 + 𝑛 𝐶2 − 𝑛𝐶 + … (−1)𝑛 ( 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ) = 0
0 3
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑐0 + 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 … … . +𝑐𝑛 = 2𝑛 = σ𝑛𝑟=1 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 ………………………..(1)

𝑛
𝑐0 − 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 − 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 … + (−1)𝑟 𝑐 𝑛 = 0 = σ𝑛𝑟=1(−1)𝑟 𝐶𝑟 …………………….....(2)

From (1)and (2)

𝑐0 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐6 + 𝑐8 … … = 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐5 + 𝑐7 + 𝑐9 … …

𝑐0 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐6 + 𝑐8 … … = 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐5 + 𝑐7 + 𝑐9 … … = 2𝑛−1
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑐0 + 𝑐2 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐6 + 𝑐8 … … = 𝑐1 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐5 + 𝑐7 + 𝑐9 … … = 2𝑛−1
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 a+b 0

a+b 1
a+b 2
Example: a+b 3

a+b 4
7
𝐶2 = 7 𝐶7−2 a+b 5
6
a+b
7! 7! a+b 7
= 8
2!(7−2)! 5!(7−5)! a+b
9
a+b
a + b 10

𝑛
𝐶𝑥 = 𝑛 𝐶𝑦 , either x=y or x+y=n
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛 𝑛
𝑛! 𝑛!
𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶𝑟−1 = +
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟! 𝑟−1 ! 𝑛−𝑟+1 !

𝑛! 1 1
= +
𝑟−1 ! 𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1

𝑛! 𝑛−𝑟+1+𝑟
=
𝑟 − 1 ! 𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟(𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)

𝑛! (𝑛 + 1)
=
𝑟 − 1 ! 𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟 ∙ (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)

𝑛+1 !
=
𝑟! ∙ 𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1 !

𝑛𝐶
𝑟 + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1 𝐶
𝑟
 PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛! 𝑛 𝑛−1 ! 𝑛!
➢ 𝑛𝐶 = = 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟 !∙𝑟!
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟 !𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !∙𝑟 𝑟−1 ! ➢ 𝑛𝐶 = 𝑛!
𝑟−1
𝑛−𝑟+1 ! 𝑟−1 !
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝐶𝑟 = ∙ 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1 !∙ 𝑟−1 !
=
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! ∙ 𝑟!

𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟+1
𝑟
➢𝑟 ∙𝑛 𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝐶
𝑟−1 ➢ 𝑛𝐶 =
𝑟−1 𝑟
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑟2 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = r ∙ ( 𝑟 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 )

= r ∙ ( 𝑛𝑛−1 𝐶𝑟−1 )

= 𝑛[𝑟 − 1 + 1] ∙ ( 𝑛−1 𝐶𝑟−1 )

𝑛−1 𝐶 𝑛−1 𝐶
= 𝑛[(𝑟 − 1) ∙ 𝑟−1 + 𝑟−1 ]

𝑟2 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 = 𝑛[(𝑛 − 1) ∙ 𝑛−2 𝐶
𝑟−2 + 𝑛−1 𝐶
𝑟−2 ]
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛 2
𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶12 + 𝑛 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛2 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛
If 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , the value of

𝐶0 + 2𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛 + 1 𝐶𝑛 is

1. 2𝑛−1

2. 𝑛 2𝑛−1

3. 𝑛 2𝑛−1 + 2𝑛

4. 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛
If 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , the value of

𝐶0 + 2𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛 + 1 𝐶𝑛 is

1. 2𝑛−1

2. 𝑛 2𝑛−1

3. 𝑛 2𝑛−1 + 2𝑛

4. 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛
 ALTERNATE METHOD (Janakz Method)

Let 𝐸 = 𝐶0 + 2𝐶1 + 3𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−1 + 𝑛 + 1 𝐶𝑛 (1)

Using 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 , we can rewrite (1) as

𝐸 = 𝑛 + 1 𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 2𝐶𝑛−1 + 𝐶𝑛 (2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

2𝐸 = 𝑛 + 2 𝐶0 + 𝑛 + 2 𝐶1 + 𝑛 + 2 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛 + 2 𝐶𝑛

= 𝑛 + 2 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑛 + 2 2𝑛

⇒ 𝐸 = 𝑛 + 2 2𝑛−1
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS

𝑛 2
𝐶0 + 𝑛 𝐶12 + 𝑛 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝑛 𝐶𝑛2 = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛
Homework
Direct formula bhi laga sakte ho agar yaad ho toh ☺

𝑟2 𝑛𝐶
𝑟 = 𝑛[(𝑛 − 1) ∙ 𝑛−2 𝐶
𝑟−2 + 𝑛−1 𝐶
𝑟−2 ]
Find the value of 𝑛𝐶 2 +
0 3 𝑛 𝐶1 2 + 5 𝑛 𝐶2 2 + ⋯ + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑛 𝐶𝑛 2 .

Homework
𝑛𝐶 2 + 3 𝑛 𝐶1 2 + 5 𝑛 𝐶2 2 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 + 1 𝑛𝐶 2
0 𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
= ෍ 2𝑟 + 1 𝐶𝑟 2
𝑟=0
𝑛

= ෍ 2𝑟 ⋅ 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 2 + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 2
𝑟=0
𝑛

= ෍ 2𝑛 ⋅ 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 𝑛−1 𝐶𝑟−1 + 𝑛 𝐶𝑟 2
𝑟=0
𝑛 𝑛

= 2𝑛 ෍ 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−1 𝐶 +෍ 𝑛𝐶 2
𝑛−𝑟 𝑟−1 𝑟
𝑟=0 𝑟=0
= 2𝑛2𝑛−1 𝐶𝑛−1 + 2𝑛 𝐶
𝑛
2𝑛 − 1 !
= 2𝑛 + 2𝑛 𝐶𝑛
𝑛 − 1 ! 𝑛!
2𝑛 ! 2𝑛
=𝑛 + 𝐶𝑛
𝑛! 𝑛!
= 𝑛 + 1 2𝑛 𝐶𝑛
Homework
BINOMIAL EXPANSION FOR ANY REAL POWER
Number of Non-Negative Integral Solutions to the Linear Equation

Consider the equation

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑛 ……….(i)

where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑟 and 𝑛 are non-negative integers, objects are to be divided into 𝑟 groups where
a group may contain any number of objects. Therefore, total number of solutions of Eq. (i),

= 𝑛+𝑟−1 𝐶 or 𝑛+𝑟−1 𝐶
𝑟−1 𝑛
- But why this?
- We’ll learn that in the next chapter
☺
Total number of non-negative integral solutions of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 10 is
equal to

Number of non-negative integral solutions

= 12 𝐶 = 12 𝐶
10 2
Number of Positive Integral Solutions to the Linear Equation

Consider the equation

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑛 ……….(i)

where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑟 and 𝑛 are positive integers, objects are to be divided into 𝑟 groups where a
group contains at least one object. Therefore, total number of solutions of Eq. (i),

= 𝑛−1 𝐶
𝑟−1
Total number of positive integral solutions of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 10 is equal to

Number of positive integral solutions

= 9 𝐶2
Number of Non-Negative Integral Solutions to the Linear Equation

Consider the equation

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 = 𝑛 ……….(1)

where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑟 and 𝑛 are non-negative integers, objects are to be divided into 𝑟 groups where
a group may contain any number of objects. Therefore, total number of solutions of Eq. (i),

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛 in 𝑥 0 + 𝑥 1 + ⋯ + 𝑥 𝑛 𝑟

= 𝑛+𝑟−1 𝐶 or 𝑛+𝑟−1 𝐶
𝑟 𝑛−1
Total number of non-negative integral solutions of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 10 is
equal to

Number of non-negative integral solutions

= 12 𝐶 = 12 𝐶
10 2
Total number of non-negative integral solutions of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 10 is
equal to

Number of non-negative integral solutions

= 12 𝐶 = 12 𝐶
10 2
In how many ways the sum of four dice rolled can be six?
In how many ways the sum of four dice rolled can be six?
In how many ways the sum of four dice rolled can be six?
In how many ways the sum of four dice rolled can be six?
In how many different ways can 3 friends A, B and C having 6, 7 and 8
coins respectively donate 10 coins together?
In how many different ways can 3 friends A, B and C having 6, 7 and 8
coins respectively donate 10 coins together?
In how many different ways can 3 friends A, B and C having 6, 7 and 8
coins respectively donate 10 coins together?
In how many ways can we get a sum of more than 17 by throwing six distinct dice?
In how many ways can we get a sum of more than 17 by throwing six distinct dice?
In how many ways can we get a sum of more than 17 by throwing six distinct dice?
 MULTINOMIAL EXPANSION

Lets take a example:

(x+y+z)12 =

↑
Each term of the expansion will have different powers of x, y, and z.
Sum of the powers of x, y, and z will be equal to 12
 12
(x+y+z) =
One of the term will be 𝜆𝑥 3 𝑦 5 𝑧 4 , coefficient(𝜆) of this term will equal
to number of ways in which 3x’s , 5y’s , and 4z’s can be arranged
12!
𝜆=
3!4!5!
In general,

𝑛
𝑛! 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 =෍ 𝑥1 1 𝑥2 2 … 𝑥𝑟 𝑟
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! … 𝑛𝑟 !

Where, 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + ⋯ 𝑛𝑟 = 𝑛

0 ≤ 𝑛! , 𝑛2 , 𝑛3 , … 𝑛𝑟 ≤ 𝑛
Number of terms in the

expansion of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 𝑛

is ⇒ 𝑛+𝑟−1 𝐶𝑟−1
Find the coefficients of 𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 in the expansion 1 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 9
Find the coefficients of 𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 in the expansion 1 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 + 𝑐 9

9
1+𝑎−𝑏+𝑐

9! 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝑛𝑟
=෍ 1 𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐
𝑛1 ! 𝑛2 ! 𝑛3 ! 𝑛4 !

To find coefficient of 𝑎 3 𝑏4 𝑐
𝑛2 = 3
𝑛3 = 4
𝑛4 = 1
∴ 𝑛1 = 1

9! 9!
Coefficient of 𝑎3 𝑏 4 𝑐 = =
1!3!4!1! 3!4!
The coefficient of 𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5 in the expansion of 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 6 is

1. 6

2. 61

3. 60

4. None of these
In this case, we write 𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑏𝑐 𝑦 𝑐𝑎 𝑧

⇒ 𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5 = 𝑎 𝑧+𝑥 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥+𝑦 ∙ 𝑐 𝑦+𝑧

𝑧 + 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 ….(1)
On adding these equations, we get
2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 12
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6….(2)
On solving (1) and (2), we get
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 2
Therefore, the coefficient of 𝑎3 𝑏4 𝑐 5 in the expansion of 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 6 = The
6!
coefficient of 𝑎𝑏 1
𝑏𝑐 3
𝑐𝑎 2
in the expansion of 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏 6 =
1!3!2!
 SOME IMPORTANT EXPANSIONS

1+𝑥 −1 = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ + −1 𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯

1−𝑥 −1 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟
−2
1+𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯

1−𝑥 −2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯
Find the largest positive integer less than ( 6 + 5)6
Find the largest positive integer less than ( 6 + 5)6
Find the largest positive integer less than ( 6 + 5)6
 1
The coefficient of 𝑥 2 in the equation of ( + 5𝑥)8 is equal to the
𝑥
coefficient of 𝑥 4 in the expansion of(𝑎 + 5𝑥)7 , 𝑎𝜖𝑅. Find the
value of a.
 1 1 120
The number of rational terms in the binomial expansion of 4 + 5
4 6 is
JEE MAINS 2021
 120
41/4 + 51/6
120 C 120−r
Tr+1 = r 21/2 (5)r/6

for rational terms r = 6𝜆 0 ≤ r ≤ 120 so total no of forms are 21 .

 1
Find the coefficient of 𝑥 −2 in the expansion of (𝑥 − 1)3 ( + 2𝑥)6
𝑥
Find the values of the series 3 𝑛 𝐶0 − 8 𝑛 𝐶1 + 13 𝑛 𝐶2 − 18𝑛 𝐶3 + …
The general term of the series is:
𝑇𝑟 = 1 𝑟 (3 + 5𝑟) 𝑛 𝐶𝑟
Sum of the series is given by

S =σ𝑛𝑟=0 −1 𝑟 3 + 5𝑟 𝑛𝐶
𝑟

=3 (σ𝑛𝑟=0 −1 𝑟 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 ) + 5 (σ𝑛𝑟=1 −1 𝑟
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝐶𝑟−1 )

= 3 (1 − 1)𝑛 + 5n (1 − 1)𝑛−1

=0
Find the remainder when 2710 + 751 is divided by 10.
27 10 + 751

10 51
= 30 − 3 + 10 − 3

= 310 − 351 + 10𝜆

5 25
= 10 − 1 − 3 10 − 1 + 10𝜆

= −1 + 3 + 10𝜆1

= 2 + 10𝜆1

Therefore, the required remainder is 2.

The coefficients of 𝑥 301 in the expansion of 1 + 𝑥 500 +𝑥 1+𝑥 499 + 𝑥 2 (1 +

𝑥 )498 + ⋯ + 𝑥 500 is:

The given series

500 𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑥 500
𝑆 = 1+𝑥 1+ + +⋯+
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1+𝑥

𝑥 501
1−
500 1+𝑥
= 1+𝑥 × 𝑥
1−
1+𝑥

= 1+𝑥 501 − 𝑥 501

Hence the coefficient of 𝑥 301 in 𝑆 is 501𝐶 301

 1 𝑛
The middle term in the expansion of 𝑥 +
2
+2 is
𝑥2

2𝑛!
1. 𝑛!𝑛!

2𝑛!
2. 𝑛!

𝑛!
3. (𝑛−1)

4. None of these.
 1 𝑛 1 2𝑛
2
∵ 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +2 = 𝑥+ 𝑥

∴ Number of terms = 2𝑛 + 1

Here, 2𝑛 is even, then middle term will be (𝑛 + 1) th term. Thus, middle

term,

𝑛
2𝑛 𝐶 𝑥 2𝑛−𝑛
1 2𝑛!
𝑇𝑛+1 = 𝑛 =
𝑥 𝑛! 𝑛!
If the coefficient of second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of 1 + 𝑥 2𝑛

are in AP, then 2𝑛2 − 9𝑛 is equal to

1. -7

2. 7

3. 6

4. -6
The general term of 1 + 𝑥 2𝑛 is 𝑇𝑟+1 = 2𝑛 𝐶 𝑥 𝑟
𝑟

𝑇2 = 2𝑛 𝐶 𝑥 2 , 𝑇3 = 2𝑛 𝐶 𝑥 3 , 𝑇4 = 2𝑛 𝐶 𝑥 4
1 2 3

Since, coefficients are in A.P.

⇒ 2𝑛 𝐶 , 2𝑛 𝐶 , 2𝑛 𝐶 , are in AP
1 2 3
2𝑛 2𝑛 2𝑛
⇒2× 𝐶2 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶3
2𝑛 𝐶 2𝑛 𝐶
1 3
⇒2= 2𝑛 𝐶 + 2𝑛 𝐶
2 2

2 2𝑛−3+1
⇒2= +
(2𝑛−2+1) 3

2 2𝑛−2
⇒2= +
(2𝑛−1) 3

⇒ 2𝑛2 − 9𝑛 + 7 = 0
⇒ 2𝑛2 − 9𝑛 = −7
If 1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 6 = 1 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎12 𝑥 12 , Then the expression

𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎6 + ⋯ + 𝑎12 has the value

1. 32

2. 63

3. 64

4. 31
1 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 6 = 1 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎12 𝑥 12

On putting 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 and adding the results

64 = 2(1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ )

⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + 𝑎6 + ⋯ + 𝑎12 = 31
Using binomial theorem, which number is larger 1.1 10000
or 1000?

10000
1. 1 ∙ 1

2. 1000

3. Cannot to determined

4. None of these
 1∙1 10000 = 1+0∙1 10000

= 10000
𝐶0 1 10000
+ 10000
𝐶1 1 9999
0 ∙ 1 + ⋯Other terms
= 1 × 1 + 10000 × 0.1 +… other terms (∵ 𝑛
𝐶0 = 1, 𝑛 𝐶1 = 𝑛)

= 1 + 1000 +… other terms

= (1001 + other terms) > 1000

= 1⋅1 10000 > 1000

Find the sum of coefficients of integer powers of 𝑥 in the binomial

expansion of (1 − 2 𝑥)50 .

1
1. 350
2

1
2. 250 + 1
2

1
3. (350 + 1)
2

1
4. (350 − 1)
2

5. 1
To solve this problem, make two equators.
50 50 50 50
(1 − 2 𝑥)50 = 1 + (−2 𝑥) + (−2 𝑥)2 + (−2 𝑥)3 + ⋯ + (−2 𝑥)50
1 2 3 50
50 50 50 50
(1 + 2 𝑥)50 = 1 + (2 𝑥) + (2 𝑥)2 + (2 𝑥)3 + ⋯ + (2 𝑥)50
1 2 3 50

Add the two equators, you get

50 50 50
(1 − 2 𝑥)50 + (1 + 2 𝑥)50 = 2 1 + (2 𝑥)2 + (2 𝑥)4 + ⋯ + (2 𝑥)50
2 4 50

50 50 50
(1 − 2 𝑥)50 + (1 + 2 𝑥)50 = 2 1 + (2)2 𝑥 + (2)4 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + (2)50 𝑥 25
2 4 50

Put 𝑥 = 1

(1 − 2 1)50 + (1 + 2 1)50

1
Ans = 2 1 + 350
Which is the least positive integer just greater than 1 + 0.0001 10000 ?
 1 𝑛
∵2≤ 1+ <3
𝑛

1 + 0.0001 10000 <3

Hence, 3 is the required positive integer

 1 18
Find 13th term in the expansion 9𝑥 − 3 ,𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
 1 18
Find 13th term in the expansion 9𝑥 − ,𝑥 ≠ 0 :
3 𝑥

1 18 −1 12
For 9𝑥 − ⇒ T13 = T12+1 = 18c12 9𝑥 18−12
3 𝑥 3 𝑥

18! 12 1 12
12 6 6 1
= −1 9 𝑥
1216! 3 𝑥

= 18564