context in which the native language is held in prestige by

additive bilingualism
the community or society

a teaching technique in which students not only listen but

active listening
also show their comprehension by their responses.

a person’s ability to make choices, take control, self-regulate,

agency and thereby pursue goals as an individual, leading potentially
to personal or social transformation

feelings of social uncertainty, dissatisfaction, or homelessness

anomie as individuals lose some of the bonds of a native culture but
are not yet fully acculturated in the new culture

in nonverbal communication, factors external to a person,

artifacts such as clothing and ornamentation, and their effect on
communication

the act of processing input and giving output without

automaticity
deliberation or hesitation in real-time speed

automatic process relatively permanent cognitive efforts

basic interpersonal abilities that enable language users to function in everyday

communication skills personal exchanges; context-embedded performance

block scheduling It is a method by which each class is scheduled for a longer

block time class period of time than in traditional classrooms.

ability of language users to function in such academic

cognitive academic
contexts as test-taking, writing, analyzing, and reading
language proficiency
academic texts.

communicative assessment that incorporates authentic, meaningful,

language test real-world tasks

group of people who share a common interest in a particular

community of practice domain, characterized by mutual engagement, joint enterprise,
and shared repertoire

conceptually driven
same as top-down processing
processing

the extent to which a test actually taps into the theoretical

construct validity
construct that it proposes to assess
 what we know about people, the world, culture, and the
content schemata
universe

the extent to which test tasks actually sample the subject

content validity
matter about which conclusions are to be drawn

L1 schemata and patterns of thinking and writing can carry

contrastive rhetoric
over into L2 writing <-> intercultural rhetoric

the proces of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly

considering a wide range of factors from the physical
classroom management
arrangement of a classroom, to teaching styles and
philosophy to classroom energy

an approach to linguistic research that relies on computer

corpus linguistics analyses of a collection, or corpus, of texts – written,
transcribed speech, or both

An activity that gives the same set of info to Ss in pair or

context-gap activity groups and require them to construct new context by using
the info.

the recognition that tests represent a social technology deeply

critical language
embedded in education, government, and business, and as such, they
assessment provide the mechanism for enforcing power and control

a view of learning and teaching as deeply embedded in

critical pedagogy social, political, and ideological mores, and motivated by our
beliefs about education and its place in society

a cultural worldview that assumes the primacy of community,

social groups, or organizations and places greater value on
collectivism
harmony within such groups than on one’s individual desires,
needs, or aspirations

an approach to language teaching methodology that

communicative emphasizes authenticity, interaction, student-centered
language teaching learning, task-based activities, and communication for
real-world, meaningful purposes

language forms and functions that are embedded in a set of

context-embedded schemata within which the learner can operate, as in
language meaningful conversations, real-life tasks, and extensive
reading (see basic interpersonal communicative skills)

context-reduced language forms and functions that lack a set of embedded

 schemata within which the learner can operate, as in
language traditional test items, isolated reading excerpts, and repetition
drills (see cognitive academic language proficiency)

The ability to engage in problem-solving, deduction, and

cognitive maturity
complex memory tasks.

it is an attempt to combine curriculum with learning in an informal

setting – in after school clubs and museums, at online learning
platforms, or outdoors. It refers to a comprehensive understanding of
crossover learning learning that bridges formal and informal learning settings. In this
type of learning, traditional learning settings will increasingly support
learners in linking diverse learning events that connect the classroom
with informal and incidental learning.

the ideology that persons can belong to a single community

dialogical
through mutual collaboration and acceptance of all members’
cosmopolitanism
varying cultures, ideas, values, etc.

it is discourse that should function as the core organizer for

language teaching and learning. ex. content-based and
discourse-based
immersion models, task-based and project-based language
approach
teaching, English for specific purposes, literature-based
approaches, and bilingual education.

the concept that when learners are spurred to induce

discovery learning language or other content, as opposed to being told by the
teacher, greater retention results

assessment on the assumption that language could be

discrete point testing broken down into its component parts and those parts
adequately tested

a prolearning form of assessment conceptually based on

dynamic assessment Vygostkian approaches to education. learner abilites are
considered malleable, not fixed.

read widely with different purposes. read fulently and use

their cognitive capacity to focus on the meaning of what they
engaged readers read. develop their comprehension by using what they read.
They are metacognitive aware as they use a variety of
reading strategies.

the concept that an organism’s sensorimotor capacities, body,

embodied cognition and environment play crucial roles in the development of
cognitive and linguistic abilities
 behavior freely offered without the presence of an outside
emitted response
stimulus

progressive interior organization of knowledge in a stepwise

equilibration fasion; moving from states of doubt and uncertainty
(disequilibrium) to stages of resolution and certainty

helpful anxiety, euphoric tension, or the beneficial effects of

facilitative anxiety
apprehension over a task to be accomplished

it refers to a person’s sense of favorable self-worth or

face self-image experienced in communication.
facework strategies: dominating, avoiding, integrating

strategies used by speakers in interaction to avoid loss of face or to reduce

the potential for loss of face, e.g. by asking questions indirectly (“Are you free
face-saving tonight?” instead of a more direct invitation “Would you like to go out
tonight?”) or by minimizing the weight of a request (“Can I talk to you for a
minute?” instead of “Can I have half an hour of your time?)

the same as field dependence, with an emphasis on the

field sensitivity
positive aspects of the style

school of thought that highlights the importance of an

flow theory experiential state characterized by intense focus and
involvement that leads to improved performance on a task

an approach that attempts to induce learners’ incidental

focus on form learning by drawing their attention to target forms while they
are engaged in communicative activities

The modified or simplified language that native speakers

foreigner talk address to second language learners. A special category of
foreigner talk is teacher talk.

Expressions or phrases that are often perceived and learned

as unananlyzed wholes. For example, a child or second
formulaic
language learner may first hear “What’s that?” as a single
unit of language rather than as three units.

any planned or incidental instructional activity that is intended

form-focused
to include language learners to pay attention to linguistic
instruction
form

a category of discourse characterized by similarities in form,

genre
style, or subject matter
 a focus on discipline-specific genres, such as laboratory
genre-based pedagogy reports, travel brochures, financial reports, essays, or
newspaper articles

the way that two or more students behave with each other
in a particular classroom environment, which also influences
group dynamics
how they relate to each other and how effectively
communicate and work together

a phenomenon that shows an increase in the frequency of

grade inflation
high grades assigned to students

people who are adept at initiating and sustaining interaction,

or generating input from teachers, peers, and other speakers
high input generators
of the language in the arena, as opposed to Low input
generators

standardized tests; instruments used to make crucial

high stakes test decisions about one’s future path (e.g. college entrance,
employment, certification)

ability to understand, empathize with, and/or function in a

intercultural culture or cultures other than one’s L1 culture. It makes
competence learners communicate and interacte with people from a
variety of backgrounds, cultures, and identities.

It is an effect in which the person you are communicating

with affects the way you speak. In short, depending on the
interlocutor effect
person you are talking to, your level of affective factors such
as anxiety and uneasiness can change.

a set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective

discovery of info, the understanding of how info is produced
information literacy
and valued and the use of info in creating new knowledge
and participating ethically in communities of learning

information that is automatically and spontaneously used in

implicit knowledge
language tasks

errors caused by something in the learner’s environment,

induced error(s) such as the teacher, a textbook, or the classroom
methodology

institutionalized a longer utterance that is fixed in form and used for social
expression interaction (ex. how do you do?)
 accounting for the richness of rhetorical variation of written
intercultural rhetoric texts, the varying contexts in which they are constructed, and
the cultural characteristics of writing

Out of major principles of assessment, it refers to the extent and type of

involvement of the test taker’s individual characteristics in accomplishing a test
task. (the test taker’s areas of language knowledge, metacognitive strategies,
interactiveness topical knowledge, affective schemata)
ex) high authenticity & high interactivenss: role play
low authenticity & high interactiveness: interviewing

body language, gesture, eye contact, and other physical

kinesics features of nonverbal communication. It refers to the study
of how we use our body to express ourselves.

it refers to a concept that a language contains elements such as

cultural information as well as grammar and vocabulary. Language is
languaculture
highly correlated with culture. Thus, language can’t be learned if the
learner doesn’t understand the culture expressed by that language.

model of education with a focus on learners’ needs and

learner-centered
goals and individual differences in a supportive atmosphere
instruction
that offers students choices and some control

A useful measure of the difference between a person’s written

language and a transcription of conversation. This is a concept in
computational linguistics that measures the structure and complexity
of human communication in a language. It estimates the linguistic
lexical density
complexity in a written or spoken composition from the function
words and content words. Generally, a spoken language is lexically
sparse compared to a written one. (a written language is lexically
dense compared to a spoken one)

a view that lexis and grammar are two inherently conntected

lexicogrammar
parts of a single entity and should not be treated separately

relatively passive learners who do little to create opportunities

Low input generators
for input to be directed toward them

teaching to enable learners to think critically, to be freed

from oppressive doctrines and systems, to believe in
liberation education
themselves, and to pull themselves up by their own
bootstraps

it maintains that students must achieve a level of mastery

Mastery learning (90% on a knowledge test) in prerequisite knowledge before
moving forward to learn subsequent info.
 anchoring and relating new items and experiences to
meaningful learning
knowledge that exists in the cognitive framework

The practices that allow people to access, critically evaluate,

and create or manipulate media. It is not restricted to one
Media literacy medium. Media literacy education is intended to promote
awareness of media influence and create and active stance
towards both consuming and creating media.

Moo (Multi-user a permanent space on the internet set aside for a specific
object-oriented dimension) group, a virtual environment. asynchronous+synchronous

sending and receiving messages through several modes, such

multimodal as text, visuals, audio, and touch, that are available when
communication creating ePortfolios, webistes, visual presentation slides,
research posters, and other materials

the hypothesis that intelligence is not limited to traditional

concepts of verbal, logical, and mathematical ability, but has
multiple intelligence
multiple modes including spatial, emotional, muscial,
contextual, and interpersonal

one’s personal perspective on a culture other than one’s

own, and the extent to which that perspective influences the
orientation
intensity of motivation to understand or adapt to that culture
and/or the language of the culture

the tendency of very young children to extend the use of a

overextension word beyond the scope of its specific meaning, such as by
referring to all animals as “doggie”

nonverbal communication involving eye contact and eye

oculesics
gestures to signal meaning

pertaining to one’s sense of smell; in nonverbal

olfactory communication the effect of natural and artificial odors on
communication

conditioning in which an organism emits a response, or

operant conditioning operant, without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant
is maintained by reinforcement

pacing the comfort level of a lesson in terms of rhythm and speed

it is a language used to express or create an atmosphere of

phatic communion
shared feelings, goodwill, or sociability, rather than to impart
 info. (ex. Nice day again, isn’t it? How is it going? All the
best, Yours faithfully)

The language we use when we are talking to ourselves, not

private speech
expecting anyone to hear or respond (그 다음이 inner speech)

any of a sequence of techniques designed ultimately to teach

pedagogical tasks
students to perform the target task

we often examine oral interactions between native and

non-native speakers of the target language or between two
or more non-native speakers to see what problems or
pedagogical discourse breakdowns occur in a given communicative situation. it can
analysis pinpoint the cause of such communication breakdowns,
allowing language teachers to incorporate an exchange like
the example into their lessons.

the cognitive and affective proximity that one perceives, as

perceived social
opposed to an objectively measured or actual distance
distance
between cultures

교실 뒤에 포스터를 붙여 놓고 학생들이 왔다갔다하면서 자연스럽게

peripheral learning
그 내용에 대해서 습득

characteristics of human language that vary across

parameters languages; built-in options, settings, or values that allow for
cross-linguistic variation

performance-based the test taker must engage in actual performance of the

assessment specified linguistic objective

a systematic process of collaboration in which one teacher

peer coaching observes and gives feedback to another teacher, usually with
some forn of reciprocity.

the ability to produce and comprehend functional and

pragmatic competence
sociolinguistic aspects of language; illocutionary competence

it focuses on how well students can write within a narrowly

defined range of discourse. For example, if the purpose or
Primary trait scoring function of an essay is to persuade the reader to do sth, the
score for the writing would rise or fall on the
accomplishment of that function.

proactive inhibition failure to retain material because of interfering effects of

 similar material learned before the learning task, as opposed
to retroactive inhibition

in nonverbal communication, conventions for acceptable

proxemics
physical distance between persons

helping Ss set more realistic expectations for their language

reality-check feedback
abilities (+ cheerleading feedback, instructional feedback)

a set of language variants commonly identified by certain

phonological features, vocabulary, idioms, and/or other
register
expressions that are associated with an occupational or
socioeconomic group

A coursebook generally has consistent types of activities in each unit or

chapter such as pair and group tasks, role plays, info gaps, listening tasks, and
voca games. It helps to build your own repertoire of ways to do each type of
repertoire activity. If you follow a certain format consistently, you provide some
predictability for the students. It also helps to have ways to vary an activity
once students are familiar with the basic format.

failure to retain material because of interfering effects of

retroactive inhibition similar material learned after the learning task, as opposed
to proactive inhibition

(in writing) organizational conventions in writing for

connecting sentences, showing relationships, opening
rhetorical formality
paragraphs, using subordination, and so on, that extend
beyond the sentence level

글 쓰는 다양한 패턴 ex) 광고는 대문자로 쓴다던가, 누군가에게 부

rhetorical structure 탁하는 편지를 쓸 때 정중하게 Dear.라는 표현을 쓴다던가
(process-oriented writing에서 강조)

it is a guided teaching strategy where small groups of

students improve their scaffolded appoication of summarizing,
reciprocal teaching
questioning, clarifying, and predicting. especially for the
purpose of facilitating learners’ reading.

specified categories, which break down a skill into several

ruburics
components, for scroing or evaluting language performance

it refers to the relative importance or prominence of a part

of a sign. The salience of a particular sign when considered
salience in the context of others helps an individual to quickly rank
large amounts of info by importance and thus give attention
to that which is the most important.
 quickly searching for a particular piece or pieces of
scanning
information in a text

the concept that information is stored in long-term memory in

schema theory networks of connected facts, concepts, and structures, which learners
bering to bear on comprehension and production of language

deliberate goal-directed attempts to manage and control

self-regulation
efforts to learn the L2

an alternate ego, different from one’s first language ego, that

second identity
develops in reference to a second language and/or culture

language teaching method in which learners practiced a

Series Method number of connected series of sentences, which together
formed a meaningful story or sequence of events

During this activity, each learner memorizes their own

sentences without knowing the proper sequence. Then they
strip story arrange the sentences in the right order through verbal
interaction. It is an adaptation of the scrambled-sentence
type practice.

group role-plays or games in which characters and/or

simulations situations are assigned in advance to students, with the task
of acting out the situation

Its purpose is not to test but to guide the readers, directing

their attention to the important points in the text, preventing
signpost questions them from going off along a false track. This gives a purpose
for reading: they read more purposefully in order to find the
answer or complete the task.

sometimes called environment analysis, it is the identifiaction of key factors

that might positively or negatively affect the implementation of the curriculum
plan. This process is mostly done by teachers before the curriculum is applied
situation analysis to the students. Authentic assessment of the school’s current state is
necessary and teachers inform the school’s improvement journey in learning,
teaching and leading.

teaching learners with an emphasis on the strategic options that are

strategies-based available for learning; usually implying the teacher’s facilitaing
instruction awareness of those options in the learner and encouraging strategic
action

one of three categories of metastrategy, strategies and

sociocultural-interactive
tactics that help the learner to interact and communicate, to
strategy
compensate for knowledge gaps, and to deal effectively with
 culture

the obligation to act to benefit society at large, to promote

social responsibility the collective and common good for all, and to perform so as
to maintain a balance between the economy and ecosystems.

a relatively temporary feeling of worry experienced in relation

state anxiety
to some particular event or act, as opposed to trait anxiety

conventions for selecting words, phrases, discourse, and

styles nonverbal language in specified contexts, such as intimate,
casual and consultative styles

contexts in which a target language is held in relatively high

subtractive
esteem while home, native, or heritage languages are
bilingualism
devalued

the process of relating and anchoring new material to

subsumption
relevant established entities in cognitive structure

systematicity consistency and predictability in learner language

two teachers are overtly present throughout a class period,

Team teaching
but divide responsibility between them.

any of a wide variety of exercise, activities, procedures, or

techniques tasks used in the language classroom for realizing lesson
objectives

an organizing framework for a language course that transcends

theme-based
formal or structural requirements in a curriculum and focuses on
instruction meaningful topics as organizing elements of units and lessons

a relatively permanent predisposition to be anxious about a

trait anxiety
number of things, as opposed to state anxiety

it begins with students analyzing written transcripts of English- esp authentic

transcripts such as ones for TV talk shows- for which video or audio
recordings are available. Once learners are familiar with the transcript and
tracking know the material well, the recording is played for students and they are
asked to say the material aloud while speaking along with the recorded voices.
Their challenge is to try to say the workds presented in the transcript
concurrent with voices they are listening to.

associated with Sternberg, the hypothesis that intelligence

triarchic theory
consists of componential, experiential, and contextual abilities

test-wiseness knowledge of strategies for guessing, maximizing the speed,

 or otherwise optimizing thest task performance

meshing two or more languages in transformative ways,

translingual generating new forms, meanings, or uses through situated
interactions

code-switching or translating in reading, writing, discussing, note

taking, or singing, a strategy in which bilingual students and teachers
engage in multiple discursive practices in order to make sense of
translanguaging meanings and functions of target forms. It is the ability to move
fluidly between multiple languages. Students can think in multiple
languages at the same time and use their home language as a
vehicle to learn academic English.

the general form in which we know most things without

unanalyzed knowledge being aware of the structure of that knolwedge (see implicit
knowledge)

whole language an emphasis on the interconnection between oral and written

education language and the integration of all four skills

inexperienced writers are often said to choose themeselves

writer-based prose
as audience for their writing. <-> Reader-based prose