New Generation University College,

Post Graduate Program

Course Title: Conflict Resolution and peace building

Assignment: Term paper on intra-State conflict

Instructor: Bizuneh Beyene Bayisa

Student Name: Zewdu Tassew, ID: NGU/23/3935

Date: February 15/2024

Table of content
Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts, and Resolution Strategies.......................................2
I. Introduction....................................................................................................................................2
II. Historical Context of Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia....................................................................2
A. Ethnic Diversity and Federalism................................................................................................2
B. Legacy of Authoritarian Rule.....................................................................................................3
C. Disputes over Land and Resources............................................................................................3
D. Political Marginalization and Grievances...................................................................................3
III. Major Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia..........................................................................................3
A. Ongoing Tigray Conflict.............................................................................................................3
B. Amhara Conflict.........................................................................................................................3
C. Oromo Protests and Unrest.......................................................................................................4
D. Somali Region Clashes...............................................................................................................4
IV. Impacts of Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia..................................................................................4
A. Humanitarian Crisis...................................................................................................................4
B. Economic Disruption..................................................................................................................4
C. Social Unrest and Displacement................................................................................................4
D. Political Instability and Governance Challenges........................................................................4
V. Factors Contributing to Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia...............................................................5
A. Ethnic Politics and Identity Issues..............................................................................................5
B. Weak State Institutions and Governance..................................................................................5
C. Economic Marginalization and Inequality..................................................................................5
D. External Influences and Regional Dynamics..............................................................................5
VI. Strategies for Conflict Resolution in Ethiopia...............................................................................5
A. Inclusive Governance and Political Reform...............................................................................5
B. Dialogue and Reconciliation Efforts...........................................................................................5
C. Economic Development and Resource Management................................................................6
D. Security Sector Reform and Peace building Initiatives..............................................................6
VII. International Involvement and Support......................................................................................6
A. Role of Regional Organizations (e.g., African Union, IGAD).......................................................6
B. Humanitarian Assistance and Peacekeeping Operations...........................................................6
C. Diplomatic Efforts and Mediation..............................................................................................6
D. Capacity Building and Conflict Prevention Programs.................................................................7
VIII. Conclusion..................................................................................................................................7
References.............................................................................................................................................7
Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia: Causes, Impacts, and Resolution Strategies

I. Introduction
Ethiopia is a country located in the Horn of Africa, known for its rich history, diverse culture,
and longstanding challenges with intra-state conflicts. Intra-State conflicts refer to violent
struggles within a country involving different groups or communities, such as ethnic or
political factions, religious sects, or regional entities. Understanding the causes, impacts, and
resolution strategies of intra-state conflicts in Ethiopia is critical for peace-building and
sustainable development in the region.

II. Historical Context of Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia

A. Ethnic Diversity and Federalism

Ethiopia is a multi-ethnic society with over 80 different ethnic groups, each with its own
language, culture, and identity. The adoption of a federal system of government in the early
1990s was meant to address historical grievances and promote political inclusion for
marginalized groups. However, it has also fueled competition for resources and power among
different ethnic communities.

B. Legacy of Authoritarian Rule

For decades, Ethiopia was under the authoritarian rule of the ruling Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which suppressed dissent and marginalized
opposition groups. The legacy of authoritarianism has left a legacy of grievances, political
repression, and resistance movements that continue to fuel intra-state conflicts.

C. Disputes over Land and Resources

Contested land and resource issues, such as access to water, arable land, and grazing areas,
have been significant drivers of intra-state conflicts in Ethiopia. Competition for scarce
resources has led to conflict between pastoralist communities, farmers, and other groups,
exacerbating existing tensions and triggering violence.

D. Political Marginalization and Grievances

Certain ethnic groups, such as the Oromo and Tigrayans, have long felt marginalized and
excluded from political power and decision-making processes. The lack of representation and
inclusion in the government has led to grievances and demands for greater autonomy, self-
determination, and political reforms.
III. Major Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia

A. Ongoing Tigray Conflict

The conflict in the Tigray region began in November 2020, following a military offensive by
the Ethiopian government against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). The ongoing
conflict has resulted in a humanitarian crisis, with reports of atrocities, civilian deaths, and
widespread displacement.

B. Amhara Conflict
The Amhara region has also experienced intra-state conflicts, particularly with the Tigrayans
and Oromos, over land, resources, and political power. These conflicts have led to violence,
displacement, and political instability in the region.

C. Oromo Protests and Unrest

The Oromo ethnic group, the largest in Ethiopia, has been a vocal advocate for political
reforms, human rights, and justice. The Oromo protests and unrest have been met with
government crackdowns, leading to further tensions and conflict in the country.

D. Somali Region Clashes

The Somali region in eastern Ethiopia has also experienced intra-state conflicts, particularly
between different clans and militias. The conflicts have been fueled by competition for
resources, clan rivalries, and historical grievances, leading to violence and instability in the
region.

IV. Impacts of Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia

A. Humanitarian Crisis
Intra-state conflicts in Ethiopia have resulted in a humanitarian crisis, with millions of people
in need of food, shelter, and medical assistance. The conflicts have disrupted livelihoods,
destroyed infrastructure, and displaced civilians, creating a dire humanitarian situation in the
country.

B. Economic Disruption
The ongoing conflicts have disrupted economic activities, such as agriculture, trade, and
investment, leading to economic downturns and poverty. The lack of security, stability, and
rule of law has deterred foreign investment and hindered economic development in Ethiopia.
C. Social Unrest and Displacement
The intra-state conflicts have caused social unrest, community divisions, and displacement of
populations, both internally and externally. The displacement of people, especially women
and children, has left them vulnerable to exploitation, abuse, and trauma, further exacerbating
the impacts of the conflicts.

D. Political Instability and Governance Challenges

The conflicts have created political instability, institutional breakdowns, and governance
challenges in Ethiopia. The lack of trust, legitimacy, and accountability in the government
has eroded public confidence and undermined efforts for peace-building and conflict
resolution in the country.

V. Factors Contributing to Intra-State Conflicts in Ethiopia

A. Ethnic Politics and Identity Issues

Ethnic politics and identity issues have played a significant role in fueling intra-state conflicts
in Ethiopia. The politicization of ethnicity, discrimination, and exclusion based on ethnic
lines have deepened divisions, fostered grievances, and perpetuated violence in the country.

B. Weak State Institutions and Governance

The weakness of state institutions, such as the judiciary, security forces, and civil service, has
contributed to the escalation of intra-state conflicts in Ethiopia. The lack of effective
governance, rule of law, and accountability has enabled corruption, abuse of power, and
human rights violations to flourish unchecked.

C. Economic Marginalization and Inequality

The economic marginalization and inequality in Ethiopia have exacerbated intra-state
conflicts, as marginalized communities seek redress and empowerment through violent
means. The lack of access to resources, opportunities, and social services has fueled poverty,
desperation, and radicalization among vulnerable populations.

D. External Influences and Regional Dynamics

External influences, such as foreign actors, neighboring countries, and regional conflicts,
have also played a role in exacerbating intra-state conflicts in Ethiopia. International interests,
geopolitical rivalries, and proxy wars have destabilized the region and fed into existing
tensions and grievances within the country.
VI. Strategies for Conflict Resolution in Ethiopia

A. Inclusive Governance and Political Reform

Promoting inclusive governance and political reform in Ethiopia is essential for addressing
the root causes of intra-state conflicts. Ensuring political representation, participation, and
accountability for all ethnic groups will help build trust, foster dialogue, and reduce tensions
in the country.

B. Dialogue and Reconciliation Efforts

Engaging in dialogue and reconciliation efforts between conflicting parties is crucial for
building peace and reconciliation in Ethiopia. Facilitating dialogue, mediation, and
negotiation processes will help bridge divides, address grievances, and find sustainable
solutions to intra-state conflicts.

C. Economic Development and Resource Management

Investing in economic development and sustainable resource management in Ethiopia is key
to addressing the underlying drivers of intra-state conflicts. Promoting equitable access to
resources, creating job opportunities, and supporting sustainable livelihoods will help reduce
poverty, inequality, and competition for scarce resources.

D. Security Sector Reform and Peace building Initiatives

Implementing security sector reform and peace building initiatives in Ethiopia is vital for
restoring law and order, ensuring human rights, and preventing further violence.
Strengthening security institutions, promoting community policing, and supporting peace
building programs will contribute to stability and security in the country.

VII. International Involvement and Support

A. Role of Regional Organizations (e.g., African Union, IGAD)

Regional organizations, such as the African Union (AU) and the Intergovernmental Authority
on Development (IGAD), play a critical role in supporting peace building and conflict
resolution efforts in Ethiopia. Working with regional partners, coordinating diplomatic
efforts, and providing technical assistance will enhance the effectiveness of international
involvement in the country.
B. Humanitarian Assistance and Peacekeeping Operations
Providing humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping operations in Ethiopia is essential for
addressing the immediate needs of conflict-affected populations and protecting civilians.
Supporting humanitarian agencies, delivering aid, and ensuring safe access for peacekeepers
will help alleviate suffering and promote stability in the country.

C. Diplomatic Efforts and Mediation

Engaging in diplomatic efforts and mediation initiatives in Ethiopia is crucial for facilitating
dialogue, negotiation, and conflict resolution between conflicting parties. Diplomatic
engagement, shuttle diplomacy, and high-level talks will help build trust, foster cooperation,
and find durable solutions to intra-state conflicts.

D. Capacity Building and Conflict Prevention Programs

Building the capacity of local institutions, civil society organizations, and community leaders
is essential for preventing conflict and building resilience in Ethiopia. Supporting conflict
prevention programs, promoting peace education, and empowering local actors will help
mitigate the impact of intra-state conflicts and promote sustainable peace in the country.

VIII. Conclusion
In conclusion, intra-state conflicts in Ethiopia have deep-rooted causes, wide-ranging
impacts, and complex dynamics that require comprehensive strategies for conflict resolution
and peace building. Addressing the historical grievances, promoting inclusive governance,
and investing in economic development are crucial steps towards sustainable peace and
stability in Ethiopia. International involvement, regional cooperation, and community
engagement are key to supporting efforts for conflict resolution and peace building in the
country. By addressing the root causes of intra-state conflicts and fostering dialogue,
reconciliation, and cooperation, Ethiopia can overcome its challenges and build a peaceful
and prosperous future for all its citizens.
References
1. Abbink, J. (2006). Doomed to Disappear? The Political Economies of Southern Ethiopia.
New York: Berghahn Books.

2. Lyons, T. J. (1998). Conflict Management in Ethiopia: Understanding Intra-State and

Inter-State Conflicts. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies.

3. Hamann, G. (2007). Patterns of Conflict in the Horn of Africa: Ethiopia and Eritrea. New
York: Routledge.

4. Tadesse, M. (2009). Understanding the Complex Nature of Inter- and Intra-State Conflicts
in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development.

5. Teshome, A. (2015). The Root Causes of Conflict in Ethiopia: A Comparative Analysis of

Regional Conflicts. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press.

6. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War." American
Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75-90.

7. Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." Oxford Economic
Papers 56, no. 4 (2004): 563-595.

8. Kalyvas, Stathis N. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge University Press,
2006.

9. Gates, Scott, and David L. Bohl. "Interstate Alliances and Regional Order in Intra-State
Conflicts." International Studies Quarterly 49, no. 3 (2005): 337-359.

10. Kriesberg, Louis. Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution. Rowman &
Littlefield, 2003.

11. Diehl, Paul F., and Gary Goertz. War and Peace in International Rivalry. University of
Michigan Press, 2000.

12. de Carvalho, Benjamin E. "Africa and the International System: The Politics of State
Survival." Cambridge University Press, 2010.

13. Kalyvas, Stathis N., and Matthew Adam Kocher, eds. The Comparative Politics of Ethnic
Conflict and Conflict Management in Africa. University of Georgia Press, 2008.