STUDENTS HANDOUTS ON ENSC 102 Simplified

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Physics is an empirical study. Everything we know about the physical world and about
the principles that govern its behavior has been learned through observations of the
phenomena of nature. The ultimate test of any physical theory is its agreement w/
observations and measurements of physical phenomena. Thus physics is inherently a
science of measurement.
 Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences.

 Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology.
 Physics is a science that deals with matter, space, time, forces and energy.
PHYSICS - comes from the Greek word "PHYSIKE" meaning "NATURE"

- Discipline of science that is directly concerned with the Fundamental laws of
nature. It aims to explain as many things as possible in nature from the simplest to most
complicated using simple laws. "NATURAL PHILOSOPHY" - pioneer science.
Basically, physics is involved with the study of energy and its different forms. It
therefore serves as a foundation to engineering which is primarily involved with the
design, construction and operation of devices, machines, structures, and systems which
in various ways utilize these different forms of energy.
Physics is a quantitative science. It involves a lot of measurements and computational

analyses. It is therefore imperative that the student of physics should have extensive
proficiency with mathematical concepts, principles, and operations. Student should
have considerable knowledge on algebra, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and calculus.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS:
1. matter –anything that occupies space and has weight

-it possesses inertia
-it is subject to gravity
2. mass – the amount or quantity of matter in a body
3. motion – the displacement of a body with reference to another body
4. force – that which is capable of changing the condition of rest
or motion of a certain body
BRANCHES OF PHYSICS
1. CLASSICAL PHYSICS
- Branch of physics that deals with objects moving less than the speed of light.
- All branches established before 1900’s.
Sub-branches: (some)
 Mechanics – oldest branch of physics; deals with the behaviour of objects
subjected to forces and/or motion.
 Statics – study of matter at rest, and forces in equilibrium.
 Dynamics – deals with forces and their relation to motion.
 Acoustics – deals with the behaviour and properties of sound waves.
 Thermodynamics – deals with the relation of heat and other forms of energy.
PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 2

2. MODERN PHYSICS
- Branch of physics that deals with objects at extreme events.
Sub-branches: (some)
 Nuclear physics – physics of atomic nuclei and their interactions.
 Theory of relativity
 Quantum physics – describes nature at smallest scale of energy of atoms and
subatomic particles.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
The study of Physics involves dealing with a lot of physical quantities. These physical
quantities are used to define all physical characteristics of matter such as length, mass
and time. In Mechanics, we have the basic quantities and all others are considered as
derived quantities because they are obtained or defined by simple relations between the
basic ones.
Table 1.1 Basic Quantities

Basic Length, Mass, Time, Temperature, Luminous Current, Amount of
Quantities L m t T Intensity I Substance
Metric (SI) m kg sec oC Cd A Mole
English ft slug sec oF lbMole
Table 1.2 Derived Quantities

Derived Quantities Combination of two or more basic quantities
area Length length
acceleration Length time
Force Mass acceleration
pressure Force area
In the proper expression of physical quantities, it should have magnitude. There should
at least be a number (to indicate how large or how small the quantity is) and the unit (to
indicate the nature and type of the quantity.

* MATHEMATICS is the LANGUAGE of PHYSICS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS of an ACUTE ∠ of a TRIANGLE
EQUATION: A + B + C =180⁰
A
opp a
sin θ=
hyp = c
adj b
cos θ=
hyp
= c
b c
opp a
tanθ=
adj
= b
C a B
PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM: a 2+ b2=c 2
PROBLEM: Determine the height of the building, a student measures the angle of
elevation of the top of the building from a point 25m away. The angle of elevation is found
to be 50°. What is the height of the building if the eyes of the student are 1.2 m above
the ground?
Given:
y
_ _ _ θ=50° _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
25 m

LAW OF COSINES states that “the square of any side of a ∆ is equal to the sum of the
square of the other sides minus twice the product of two sides and the cosine of the
include angle.”
2 2 2
a =b +c −2 bc cos cos A
2 2
b =a +c −2 ac cosB
2
B
2 2 2
c =a + b −2 ab cos cos C a
c
C b A
*Law of Cosine is used two sides and their included angle of a △ is given.
LAW OF COSINE is used where two sides and an angle opposite one of them are given
or if two ∠’s and side opposite one of them are given
a b c
sin A
= sin B
= sin C
NOTE: Problems involving oblique △’s may be solved using law of sines and cosines
PROBLEM: Two sides of parallelogram are 120⁰ w/ each other. The lengths of sides are
8m and 6m. Find the length of the diagonal opposite the included angle.

LAW OF PHYSICS are stated on variations
X
 DIRECT VARIATIONS: =k , y=kx y=kx
Y
↑y ↑x
Eq’n of the line: y = mx+b
Δ y y 2− y 1 rise
Slope = = =
Δx x 2−x 1 run
*STRAIGHT LINE
y 2
*Direct Variation as the square = 2
=k , y =k x
x
 INVERSE VARIATION: xy = k
↑x ↓ Y
*PARABOLA
*Inverse square law: x 2 y =k
 JOINT VARIATION / COMBINED VARIATION
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
1. All non-zero digits are significant
2. Zeros b/n two nonzero digits are significant
3. Zeroes to the left of the first nonzero digits are not significant
4. If a number is greater than one, all zeroes are to the right of the
decimal point are significant
5. If a number is a less than one only the zeroes at the end of the
number and the zeroes b/n two nonzero digits are significant
6. The zeroes immediately to the left of an unexpressed decimal point

are not significant

SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITY:
Many physical quantities have magnitudes only but no directions. These are
called scalar quantity. Examples are mass, time, density, temperature, etc. There
are, however, many physical quantities such as force, velocity, displacement, etc.
which have directions as well as magnitude and these aspects always have to be
indicated when expressing these quantities. They are called vectors.
In physical computations and analyses, we have to be aware of the difference

between vectors and scalars because the mathematical treatments are not the
same. For example, we add scalars arithmetically, but we cannot do the same to
vectors. Special methods are used.
QUANTITIES:
Quantities in physics may either be SCALAR or VECTOR
 SCALAR came from latin word “SCALA” w/c means STEPS
 VECTOR comes from the latin word “VEHERE” w/c means CARRY
SCALAR QUANTITIES
 Quantity w/ magnitude but no direction
Ex. Distance, speed, mass, time, density, temperature, work, energy
VECTOR QUANTITIES
 Quantity w/ magnitude and direction
Ex. Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum and torque
BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT VECTORS
VECTOR REPRESENTATION
- An arrow represents a vector quantity. The length of the arrow is scaled to be
proportional to the magnitude of the vector quantity it represents; the direction of
the arrow indicates the direction of the vector quantity.
| | | | | | direction
magnitude
A = 500 N of E
B = 45⁰ N of W
C = 20⁰ S of E

D=S
Can be represent as
10 m, of 30⁰ W of N
10 m, 30⁰ WN
10 m, N 30⁰ W
DIRECTION: Right, Left, Up, and Down

X Y
GEOGRAPHICAL (+) E N
(-) W S
A. Vector notation
Vectors are typically represented by a CAPITAL BOLD LETTER or drawing an
above the symbol. The arrow is used to convey direction and magnitude.
= a vector of magnitude| |or F and in a certain direction.
Direction
Magnitude
B. Graphical representation of a vector

Vector quantity is represented graphically by an arrow
• the length represents magnitude

• the arrowhead faces the direction of motion
C. Specifying directions of vectors

There are two common methods being used:
 METHOD 1: Using the angle Ɵ that the vector makes with the “zero-
degree reference line”.
Ex: A = 10 m 40o
B = 10 m 140o

 METHOD 2: Using geographic directions.
Ex. C = 30 km 500 N of E
D = 10 km 60o W of
S F = 20 km N 40o W

CLASSIFICATIONS OF VECTORS:
 COLLINEAR – parallel vectors which lie on the same straight

line irrespective of their magnitudes and direction
- vectors that are found on the same line or axis
 COPLANAR – vectors acting in the same plane, e.g. two vectors parallel
to the x- y plane or any plane
 CONCURRENT – vectors which passes through the same point
*you can determine the θ by the use of BEARING and/or AZIMUTH
BEARING – written based on north/south, clockwise/ counterclockwise

Ex.:
30° N of E
60° 60° E of N
30°

AZIMUTH - written based on north / south measured in clockwise
*south is the basis
A = 240°
60°
OPERATIONS IN VECTORS
 VECTOR ADDITION
*RESULTANT – sum of two or more vectors. It is the results of adding or
subtracting two or more vectors together
*EQUILIBRANT – single vector which has the same magnitude as the
resultant but in opposite direction.
PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION

 COMMUTATIVE: A+B = B+A
 ASSOCIATIVE: (A+B)+C = A+(B+C)
METHODS IN DETERMINING RESULTANT
I. GRAPHICAL METHOD
a) parallelogram method
b) polygon or head-to-tail method
II. MATHEMATICAL / ANALYTHICAL METHOD
a) Algebraic Method
b) Triangle Method
c) Component Method
for TWO VECTORS:

PARALLELOGRAM METHOD
1) Using a suitable scale, draw the arrows representing the vectors from a common point.
2) Construct a parallelogram using two vectors as sides
3) Draw the diagonal of the parallelogram from the common point. This represents the
resultant, R.
4) Measures the length of the arrow represent the resultant. Determine its magnitude
from the scale used.
5) With your protractor, determine the direction of the resultant.

PROBLEM:
Given: A = 40 lbs
B = 80 lbs, 60 N of W
R
B
60° 60°
PROBLEM: Two forces are acting on a particle. Force A is 3 N directed north and other
force B is 4 N 30° N of E. Find the resultant force using the parallelogram method.
A
R
B
30°
POLYGON METHOD / HEAD-TO-TAIL METHOD

1. Represent each vector quantity by an arrow down to scale
2. Draw the first arrow observing properly of its direction
3. Connect the tail of the second vector to the head of the first vector.
4. The resultant is the vector that will close the figure formed by connecting the vectors.
This resultant is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector
5. Measure the length of the arrow representing the resultant. Determine the magnitude
of the resultant from the scale used.
6. Used the protractor determine the direction of the resultant.
* If only two vectors are given since the polygon that will be formed is a triangle, the
polygon method is also known triangle method.
SPECIAL CASES FOR ALGEBRAIC METHOD
1. For two vectors acting in the same direction
- The angle b/n the two vectors are zero. The magnitude of resultant is equal to
the sum of the magnitude of the vectors. The direction of the resultant is the
same as the directions of the vectors.
Ex. A = 50 N , N and B= 20 N, N
R = 70 N,N

50 N
R = 70N
20N
2. For the vectors acting in the opposite directions
- The angle b/n the two vectors is 180°. the magnitude of the resultant is the
difference of the magnitudes of the vectors. The direction of the resultant is the
direction of the larger vector.
Ex.: A = 50 N, N and B = 20 N , S
R = 30 N, N 50 N,S
20N,S
3. For the vectors that are perpendicular to each other.
- The magnitude of the resultant can be obtained by the pythagorean theorem.

The direction of the resultant can be found by using trigonometric function of a
right triangle.
Ex: A balloon is rising at 3.6 m/s at the same time is being blown by the wind of
5.4 m/s from the east find the actual velocity of the balloon.
PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM: c2 = a2 + b2
R
3.6 m/s
θ
W E

RESOLUTION OF VECTORS
- A single vector is usually divided into two vectors that are3 perpendicular to
each other.
COMPONENTS – two vectors

RESOLUTION – the process of splitting the vector into its components
HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS – vx, the components along the x- axis
VERTICAL COMPONEMNTS – vy, the component along the y – axis
Vy = v sin θ
V Vx = v cos θ
Vy
Where θ is the angle that v makes with the x-axis
θ
Vx
PROBLEM: A person walks 5 m in the direction 37° N of E. How far North and how far
East had he walked?
5m
37°
PROBLEM: Vector A of magnitude 5 units has a horizontal component of 2 units. Find the
angle that vector A makes w/ the horizontal. Determine also the vertical component of
vector A.
5 units
θ Vy
Vx= 2 units
PROBLEM: A box weighing 98 N rest on a plane inclined 40° with the horizontal. Find the
components of its weight parallel and perpendicular to the plane.
40°
98N Wn
40°
Wp

PROBLEM: A 4 N box is placed on a place inclined 20° with the horizontal. Find the
component of the weight parallel and perpendicular to the plane.
Wn
20 ° Wp
COMPONENT METHOD, when more than two vectors are to be added.

1. Resolve the given vectors into its horizontal and vertical components. The
components may be positive or negative depending on which quadrant the vector is
found.
Q x y
1 + +
2 - +
3 - -
4 + -
2. Get the algebraic sum of all the horizontal components. These sums represent the
horizontal components and vertical components of the resultant, respectively.
3. Since the horizontal and vertical components are perpendicular, the magnitude of
the resultant may be calculated by Pythagorean theorem
R = √ (∑ x ) ²+(∑ y)²
4. From the signs of sum of horizontal components and vertical components,
determine the quadrant where the resultant is. This will indicate the direction of the
resultant vector.
5. Solve for the angle θ resultant makes with the horizontal.
θ = tan-¹ |∑y/ ∑x| or θ = arctan|∑y/ ∑x|
Note: |∑y/ ∑x| means the absolute value of the summation of y components
divided by the summation of x components.
PROBLEM: A joggers runs 4 m, 40° N of E; 2m, E; 5.2 m, 30° S of W; 6.5 m, S and then
collapse. Find his resultant displacement from when he started.

TRIANGLE METHOD
SINE LAW: uses to find the angle and magnitude
a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C
COSINE LAW: uses to find the magnitude
a²=b²+c²-2bccos A
b²=a²+c²-2ac cosB
c²=a²+b²-2abcos C
PROBLEM:
Given: A = 12 m, due W
B = 15 m, 60° N of W R
15 m
Req'd: R
Sol'n: 60° 120° θ
12 m
15m
PROBLEM:
Given: W = 8 m, due E 4m 7m
X = 15 m, due N
Y = 15 m, due W
Z =4 m, due S 11m 15 m
R θ
Req'd: R
8m

PROBLEM SOLVING FOR COMPONENT METHOD
Given: A = 2 N, 60° N of E
2 √3
B= N, 60° W of N
3
C = ⅓ N, due S
(-,+) (+,+)
PROBLEM: F1 = 50 lbs, 30° N of E

F2 = 40lbs, 60° W of N
F3 = 60lbs, 20° E of S 60° 30°
Req'd: R

UNIT VECTOR- is a vector that has magnitude of 1with no units. Its purpose is to
describe a direction in space.
i = a unit vector that points in the direction of the positive x-axis
j = are unit vector that points in the direction of the positive y-axis
k= unit vector that points in the direction of the positive z-axis
+3i= 3units to (+)x

-4j = 4 units to (-) y
y=j +5k = 5 units to (+)z
x=i
k=z
A=Axi +Ayj +Azk Ax = Acosθx cosθx = Ax/A

B = Bxi +Byj +Bzk Ay = Acosθy cosθy = Ay/A
A = √ A x ²+ Ay ²+ Az ² Az = Acosθz cosθz = Az/A
For ADDITION: vec A + vec B or A + B

A+B = (Axi+Ayj+Azk)+(Bxi+Byj+Bzk) or
A+B = (Ax+Bx)i+(Ay+By)j+(Az+Bz)k
PROBLEM: Determine the magnitude A and θ it makes of the axis

A = 5i-3j+3k units, Ax = 5, Ay=-3, Az=3

VECTOR MULTIPLICATION
a) SCALAR PRODUCT (DOT PRODUCT)
- This is denoted by a dot or a point resulting to a scalar quantity.
y *Magnitude with no direction

A•B =|A||B|cosθ
A Where:|A| = magnitude of A
|B| =magnitude of B
θ θ =angle b/n the 2 vectors
x
A•B =( Ax + Ay + Az) • (Bx+By+Bz) = (Ax+Bx+Ay+By+Az+Bz)
PROBLEM: A= 5 units, 20° N of E

B = 8 units,30° N of W
130°
30° 20°
PROBLEM: A= 3i-4j+5k
B= 5i-6j-7k

b) VECTOR PRODUCT (CROSS PRODUCT)
- This is denoted by an x or a cross resulting to a vector quantity
*w/ magnitude and direction
A x B = ABsinθ
Where: A and B = magnitude
θ = angle b/n 2 vector
AxB= | i j k : i j |
| Ai Aj Ak : Ai Aj |
| Bi Bj Bk : Bi Bj |
PROBLEM: A = 3i -4j +5k

B = 5i -6j -7k

WORK - is a form of energy that can move an object along the direction of the applied
force.
W = Fd
W = Fd cos θ *in terms of direction
W =Fh ; F=ma=mg
*Force as function of displacement

*Differential: W = Fx
x = displacement
dW = Fdx
*WORK IS AN ALGEBRAIC QUANTITY

1. If f is on the same direction as the displacement w is (+)
2. If f is on the opposite direction as the displacement w is (-)
3. If f is perpendicular to the displacement w is zero
W=Fd, in terms of unit N•m = (N)(m) = joule

1 joule = 10⁷ergs erg = (dyne)(cm)
1 N = 10 dynes ft.lbf = (lb)(ft)
N =kg.m/s²
Work done by a varying force work done to stretch to compress a spring

W =½ kx²
Where: k = force constant of the spring
x = max location or compression of the spring
ENERGY - ability or capacity to do work if an object has energy it is capable of doing

work
*Unit of energy is the same as work because energy is equal to the work
2 FORM OF ENERGY
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY/STORED ENERGY - energy at rest or energy due to the
position of the body.
PE = mgh/gc
g = 9.8 m/s² = 32.174 lb/ft²
2. KINETIC ENERGY - energy in motion.
KE = ½ mv²
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

- “Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be transformed from the one
from to another.”
ME T = KE +PE
∆PE +∆KE = 0
∆PE + ∆KE = Wnet
*In the presence of non-conservative forces (friction air resistance)

∆PE +∆KE = 0
∆PE = -∆KE
PEf - PEi = - (KEf - KEi)
↑PE gain = ↓ KE loss

POWER -it is the rate of doing work or transferring or consuming energy.
P = W/t = work/time = energy/time
Units J/s =watts, ergs/s, lb-ft/s
J/s; watts - only applicable for electrical power
1 Hp = 550 ft-lb/s = 746 watts
EFFICIENCY
Output Energy , Eout Output Power , Pout Useful Work , W
Efficiency= = =
Input Energy , Ein Input Power , Pin Consumed Energy , Ein
*Expressed as percentage
Or
Fo
Actual Mechanical Advantage , AMA Fi Wo
Efficiency= x 100= =
Ideal Mechanical Advantage , IMA di Wi
do
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A force of 10 pound force is used to move a box across a horizontal for a distance
of 5 ft. If the force makes an angle of 30 degrees with the floor. How much work is
done?
2. An electric motor exerts a force of 400 N on a cable and pulls and a distance of 30
m in one minute find the power supplied by the motor.
3. How many joules of work are done by force in lifting a mass of 3 kg upward a
distance of 3 m?

4. Calculate the energy content of the following:
a) A 5 kg box at an elevation of 3m.
b) A 200 kg force running of 10 m per second
c) A 300 pound car traveling at 15 ft per second on a bridge and elevated 30

feet above the ground?
5. What force is required to stop a bullet that has a mass of 15 g and a velocity of
400 m per second in a distance of 20 cm?
6. A 500 kg load is lifted to a height of 20 m by means of a pulley block which has an

efficiency of 92%. Determine the following:
a) Wout of the machine

b) Work lost
c) Power developed in Hp, if the load was lifted in a time of 2 min.
7. The given figure below shows a system under law of conservation of energy. Determine
the PE, KE and v at each point the object has a mass of 30 kg and start at point a from
rest.
18m
4m 10m
2m
Additional questions: How much potential energy was gained by the object from B to C.

MOMENTUM- refer to the quantity of motion an object has.
-it is resistance to stopping it's a kind of inertia for moving bodies.
*The greater the momentum the harder it is to stop the body
p = mv
Where: p = momentum,
m = mass,
v = velocity
IMPULSE, I or J
- Describe the net force acting on a body at certain duration of time
Impulse = force(time)
I = Ft
*I = Ft =∆p =∆mv
Ft=mv
F=mv/t
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A 1000 kg car accidentally drops from a crane and crashes at 30 m/s to the
ground below and comes to an abrupt halt. What impulse acts on the car
when it crashes?
2. If a force of 300 N is exerted upon a 60 kg mass for 4 s. How much impulse

does the mass experience?
3. An 80 kg man and his car are suddenly accelerated from rest to a speed of 5
m per second as a result of a rear-end collision. assuming the time taken to
the to be 0.3 second. find the,
a) impulse on the man
b) average force exerted on him by the back seat of his car

GENERAL APPLICATION OF IMPULSE -MOMENTUM CONCEPT
1. EXPLOSION- an event that occurs as a result of its chain reaction that transform PE
into KE displacing the surrounding material.
2. COLLISION - encounter b/n objects that result in change or transfer of KE
COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION, e
− ratio of difference in velocities before and after collision.
It also gives how much of the initial before collision, KE is left after collision.
e MUST BE b/n 0 to 1
Approach speed > separation speed
Vf 2−Vf 1 separation speed
e= =
Vi 1−Vi 2 approach speed
*Describes how the speed of separation of impacting bodies compared with their speed of
approach
TYPES OF COLLISION
1. PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISION (e =1)
- Objects bounce off each other with no KE loss
*Momentum and KE is conserved
2. INELASTIC COLLISION (e <1)
- total KE if a system decreases part of KE is transformed to another form of

energy
*Momentum is conserved
3. PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION (e =0)
- objects stick together after collision
*Momentum is conserved
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
- The total momentum change in an isolated system is constant.
- The momentum lost by an object is equal to the momentum gained by the second
object.
MOMENTUM:
BEFORE:
Pbefore = m1Vi1 + m2Vi2
Vi1 Vi2
m1 m2
AFTER: MOMENTUM:
Vf1 Vf2
m1 m2 Pafter = m1Vf1 + m2Vf2

BEFORE = AFTER
m1Vi1 + m2Vi2 = m1Vf1 + m2Vf2
m1Vi1 + m2Vi2 - m1Vf1 - m2Vf2 = 0
m1Vi1 - m1Vf1 = m2Vf2 - m2Vi2
m1 (Vi1 - Vf1) = m2 (Vf2 - Vi2)
LOSS = GAIN
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A 5 kg of clay that is moving at 10 m/s to the left strike a 6 kg lump of clay moving
12 m/s to the right. The two bumps stick together after collision/collide. Find the
final speed of the composite object and the KE dissipated in the collision.
GIVEN:
12m/s 10m/s
BEFORE
AFTER
m1 = 6 kg and m2 = 5 kg

2. A 4 kg mass heading due east at 20 m/s collides head on with a 3 kg mass heading
due west at 10 m per second. What are their velocities after collision if collision is
perfectly elastic.
Given:
*PERFECTLY ELASTIC: e= 1
BEFORE: V f 2−V f 1
Vi1= 20 m/s Vi2 = 10 m/s e = V i 1−V i2
m1 m2
m1 = 4 kg m2 = 3 kg
AFTER:
Vf1 Vf2
m1 m2

3. Two masses m1 is equal to 5 kg and m2 = 3 kg slides together. At what velocity
does m1 and m2 moves if their velocities after breaking apart are 2 m/s west and 4
m per second east respectively?
Given:
5kg 3kg
m1 m2 vi m1 m2
vF1=2m/s vF2=4m/s

MECHANICS - study of forces acting on bodies either at rest or in motion.
2 TYPES
1. STATICS – study of objects AT REST
2. DYNAMICS – study of objects IN MOTION
a) KINEMATICS - describe the motion
b) KINETICS - why does the motion happens or what causes the motion.
MOTION – the continuous change of position of a body.

TYPES OF MOTION
1) TRANSLATIONAL/ LINEAR /RECTILINEAR MOTION
- Motion along a straight line
2) ROTATIONAL/ CURVILINEAR MOTION
- Motion along the circle
BASIC CONCEPTS
a) POSITION (x) - indicate the location of the body at any time as it moves. It is the
distance from a given reference point along the path.
b) DISPLACEMENT (∆x) - the change in the position of the body during a certain
length
∆x = x2 -x1
c) TIME INSTANT (t) - point in time
TIME INTERVAL (∆t) - length of time

d) VELOCITY - the rate of change in the position of body.
AVERAGE VELOCITY - velocity of the body taken during a time interval or b/n
two points along its path.
d x
v= =
t t
∆ x x 2−x 1 v 2+v 1
v ave= =
∆ t t 2−t 1
= 2
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY (v in)
- Velocity of the body at a particular time in stand or point along its path
∆ x dx
V in = ∆lim
t →0 ∆ t
=
dt
e) ACCELERATION - rate of change in the velocity of the body

∆ v v 2−v 1
a= =
t t
AVERAGE ACCELERATION - acceleration of the body taken during a time interval
or during a certain displacement.
∆ v v 2−v 1
a ave= =
∆ t t 2−t 1
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION (a in)

- acceleration at a given time instant or point along its path
∆ x dx
a in = lim =
∆ t →0 ∆ t dt
Since v= dx/dt then a= d²x/dt²
for LINEAR MOTION

1. UNIFORM MOTION - objects moves at constant velocity
d distance
v= =
t time
2. UNIFORM ACCELERATED MOTION
- Object moves at constant acceleration
Vf = v i + a t
x = vi t + ½ a t²
vf² = vi² + 2a x
3. FREE FAIL MOTION - objects moves at constant acceleration (gravitational)
- Special cause of UARM
Vf = vi - gt
y = vi t - ½gt²
vf² = vi² - 2g y
*If the motion is going up y&v is positive

*If the motion is going down y&v is negative
4. PROJECTILE MOTION - combination of uniform and free fall motions
at hmax: vy = 0 up (+) down (-)

vfx = vix = x/t
y = viy - ½gt²
vfy = viy -gt,
vfy² = viy² -2gy
Whereas, the angle is from the horizontal
Vox = vo cos θ
Voy = vo sin θ
For CIRCULAR MOTION:

*The linear parameter can be related to the angular parameters during circular
motion.
PARAMETERS ANGULAR LINEAR

DISPLACEMENT θ, rad d= θr
VELOCITY w, rad/time v = wr
ACCELERATION x, rad/time² a = xr
where: r=radius
FORMULAS: For CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION

Wf = Wi + act ac = v² / r = w²r
θ = Wi t +½act²
W² = Wi ² + 2acθ

SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A freight train starts from the rest is uniformly accelerated and travels 450 feet in
25 seconds. Find the acceleration, the average velocity and final velocity.
2. A car starts from rest moves with a constant acceleration of 3 m per second
squared for 10 seconds and maintains its velocity for 20 seconds then the brakes
were applied. After which, it stopped 5 seconds later. Solve the total distance
traveled by the car.

3. A car initially at rest travels a distance of 14 m for 3 seconds. What is the car’s
acceleration and velocity after? How far was the car from the initial point after 2
seconds?
4. A car is moving at 30 kph travels a distance of 5 m per 3 second. What is the car’s
velocity after 3 seconds and its acceleration? At what point and time will the car
have a velocity of 35 kph?

FREE FALL MOTION
- Special case of UARM
- One that moves vertically in air under the motion of its weight alone
IDEAL STATE: air resistance is neglected
3 CASES:
CASE I. DROPPED
vi = 0
*Negative displacement because
the initial displacement is greater
than the final displacement
y (-)
vf (-)
CASE II. THROWN VERTICALLY DOWN

vi (-) downward
negative initial velocity
vf (-)
CASE III: VERTICALLY UP

hmax
vi (+) downward
* Thrown upward reaches a

maximum height and falls
downward.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
1. A basketball player can be reach 8 ft when standing. What speed must he jump to
be able to reach 11 feet?

2. An object is dropped from a window of a building. It takes 4 seconds for the object
to hit the ground. How high was the window? What is the velocity of the object
upon hitting the ground?
3. An object is thrown downward with a speed of 3 m/s and it takes 2 seconds to hit
the ground. How high was the object thrown? How fast will it hit the ground?
4. A ball is thrown upward from the roof of a building with an initial velocity of 50 ft
per second. How high is the building on its downward flight, it just misses the
thrown and fall to the ground below 5 seconds after it is thrown? With what speed
does it strike the ground?

PROJECTILE MOTION
PROJECTILE - object projected into space by exertion of force
PROJECTILE MOTION - motion of a body launched with an angle having both vertical
and horizontal motion
TRAJECTORY - parabolic curve linear path of projectile
RANGE, x - horizontal distance covered
CASE I. INITIAL VELOCITY IS HORIZONTAL

viy =0
vix = horizontal (constant)
Vfx a=0
θ g=9.8m/s²
Vf MAGNITUDE: vF =√ vFx ²+ vFy ²
v fy
Y Vfy θ=
v fx
Range, x
CASE II. PROJECTILE THROWN AT AN ANGLE ABOVE THE HORIZONTAL
COMPONENT of v: vx =vcosθ
vy = vsinθ
v s
Vx θ
Vy Range, x
At HORIZONTAL FLIGHT: R = vt
At VERTICAL FLIGHT (when it reached its highest point)
vF=0
vF = vi + gt
trise =vi/g =vy/g =vsinθ/g
tTotal = trise+ tfall
CASE III. PROJECTILE THROWN AT AN ANGLE BELOW THE HORIZONTAL

vix
vi
viy vfx
vfy vf
Range, x

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
For CASE I:
1. A physics book slide off a horizontal table with a speed of 2.5 m/s. It strikes
the floor in t=0.45 s, ignore air resistance. Find the (a) height of the table
top above the floor, (b) horizontal distance from the edge of the table to the
point where the book strikes the floor, (c) the horizontal and vertical
components of the book’s velocity (vFX, vFY), and (d) the direction and
magnitude of (c).
Given:
vi = 2.5 m/s
t = 0.45 s
vix = vi
viy = 0 y
Req’d:
y, x, Vfx, Vfy, Vf, θ
X

For CASE II:
2. A man stands on the roof of a 15 m tall building and throws a rock with a
velocity of 30 m/s at an angle of 33° above the horizontal. You can ignore
the air resistance. Calculate the (a) maximum height above the roof reached
by the rock, (b) the magnitude of the velocity of the rock just before it
strikes the ground, (c) the horizontal range from the base of the building to
the point where the rock strikes the ground.
Given: Req’d: s, Vf, R
s
v=30 m/s
15 m
Range

for CASE III:
1. An airplane was diving at an angle of 30° below the horizontal when it
dropped a bag of a sand from a height of 1000 m. If the bag of sand hits the
grounds 5 seconds later, what was the velocity of the airplane? What was the
velocity does the bag of the sand hit the ground?
Given:
vix θ=30° Req’d: Viy
Vfy
t = 5s
viy
1000 m vfx
vfy vf
DYNAMICS - study of motion considering its causes and effects because of forces it deals
with motion and application of forces

FORCES - reaction b/n 2 objects or materials it is a push and pull interaction.
TYPES OF FORCES
1. WEIGHT - force due to gravity (Pull)
- Direction downward perpendicular to the surface
W =mg *1slug = 14.6kg
2. GRAVITATIONAL FORCES, FG
- is an attractive force by any object with mass
m1 m2
FG = G 2
r
where: m1 and m2= mass of objects

r= distance b/n the center of the bodies
G = gravitational constant (const 39)
= 6.67 x 10 -11 N.m2/k
3. TENSION/TENSILE, T - stretching force (flexible or elastic materials)

ex: rope cord and string (Pull)
4. COMPRESSION/COMPRESSIVE
- Inward PUSH
5. NORMAL FORCE, FN
- Supportive force. It is always present when we have contact between
surfaces
- Force that acts perpendicularly on surface (towards the object/material

/surface)
6. FRICTIONAL FORCE, FF
- Force that opposes impending (static) or currently occurring (kinetic) motion
*Static friction > kinetic friction
Ff = µN
where: µ = coefficient of friction,
*can be static friction, µs or kinetic friction, µk, dependent on the two
surfaces on contact.
2 TYPES OF FRICTIONAL FORCE

1. STATIC FRICTION, Fs
- Frictional force to resist impending motion or the starting motion
*Fs → ON →
Fs F maximum force required to move the object
2. KINETIC FRICTION, Fk
- Resist motion of object already in motion
*Direction opposite of motion and parallel (//) to the surface
F
Fk
for COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, µ

- Relationship b/n friction and normal force. It is the ratio of friction to normal force.
FF
µ= <1
NF
*To determine a certain physical degree of characteristic, use the degree of

smoothness and roughness
SMOOTH -nearly 0
ROUGH - nearly 1
2 TYPES OF COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

 STATIC FRICTION
Fs
µS =
NF
 KINETIC FRICTION
Fk
µk =
NF
7. SPRING FORCE - for exerted by springs can be pool or compressive it governed

by Hooke's law which is a law of elasticity discovered by ROBERT HOOKE
HOOKE’s LAW: F spring = - kx

*if Fspring is (+), COMPRESSED
Where: k = spring constant
if Fspring is (-), STRECHED
x = spring deformation
FREE BODY DIAGRAM

- a diagram which summarize all forces acting on a body or system.
A free-body diagram identifies all the forces acting on a body and their directions. Without
a free-body diagram to guide you, solving a Newtonian mechanics problem is difficult and
may lead to mistakes.
STEPS IN DRAWING A PROPER FREE BODY DIAGRAM
1. Separate the body from its supports and other bodies that it contacts.
- The body orientation should be the same orientation that it was in the supports.

2. Draw a coordinate system.
- Try to orient one of the axes in the direction of no motion.
3. Draw all the forces that are acting on the body

- Do not include redundant forces
NEWTON'S LAW OF MOTION

- These principles of dynamics are based on set of laws formulated by SIR ISAAC
NEWTON.
FIRST LAW: LAW OF INERTIA

"A body at rest remains at rest or a body in uniform motion remain in uniform
motion unless acted upon by a net external force"
 INERTIA - it is the tendency of an object to continue its motion in the

absence of force.
 MASS - it is a measure of the object resistance to changes in its motion due
to a force.
SECOND LAW: LAW OF ACCELERATION

"The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the net force in the same direction as the net force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the object"
a = Force/mass = Fnet/m, F= ma
THIRD LAW: LAW OF INTERACTION LAW OF ACTION REACTION

"For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction if one body exerts a force
on a second body the second body exert the same amount of force on the first
body"
A=R
*equal in terms of magnitude
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A 30 kg block is hoisted up by a frictionless pulley. Determine the forces
acting on the block. The block moves at uniform speed.
2. Determine the value of the coefficient of friction for the given diagram. The
system is moving at a uniform velocity.
Frictionless
pulley
m1= 20 kg
m2 = 25 kg

3. A 20 kg of ice was given a speed of 10 m/s on the surface of a pond for
which the coefficient of friction is 0.015. What is the frictional retarding
force? What is the deceleration of the block? How far will the ice go before
coming at rest? How long will it take for this to stop?
Given:
m=20 kg
µk = 0.015
vi = 10 m/s x
Req’d:
F f ; a; x; t

4. A force of 250 N exerted at an angle of 30° above the horizontal is needed to
keep an 800 N block moving along a cement floor at constant velocity. Find
the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Given:
W = 800 N
F = 250 N F=250 N
θ=¿30°
Req’d: µk
HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT – it is a form of energy in transit due to a temperature difference.
HEAT TRANSFER – transmission of energy from one region to another region
(hot to cold) as a result of temperature difference.
*If there is a temperature difference, there is also a heat transfer.
3 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

1. CONDUCTION – usually occurs in a stationary media and/or solids.
* For fluids (gas and liquids), conduction occurs due to collision and
diffusion during their random motion of molecules.
FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION

q dt dt
=−k ∨q=−k
A dx dx
Where:
q/A = Heat flux, W/m2
q = Heat transfer rate, W
A = cross sectional area, m2
k = thermal conductivity, W/m.k
T = temperature, K
X = distance or thickness, m
CONVERSIONS:
1 BTU/ hr.ft.°F = 4.1365 x 10-3 cal/s.cm°C
= 1.73073 W/m.k
= 3.1546 W/m2
1 BTU/hr = 0.29307 W
PROBLEM: The wall of a furnace is constructed from 15 cm thick fire brick

having constant thermal conductivity of 1.7 W/m.k. The two sides of the
wall are maintained at 1400 K and 1150 K, respectively. What is the rate
of heat loss through the wall that is 50 cm x 3 m on a side?

2. CONVECTION – heat transfer of moving fluid particles.
2 MECHANISM OF CONVECTION
a) DIFFUSION – transfer of energy due to random molecular motion.
b) ADVECTION – energy transfer by bulk or macroscopic motion of the
fluid.
* the faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection.
2 TYPES OF CONVECTION
i. FREE/NATURAL CONVECTION – fluid motion is set up by buoyancy
effects resulting from the density difference caused by the temperature
difference in the fluid.
ii. FORCED CONVECTION – fluid motion is artificially induced by a
pump, fan or a blower that forces the fluid over a surface to flow.
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

q conv =hA (T S−T ∞ )
Where: q = rate of heat transfer, W

h = heat transfer coefficient
A = Area
Ts = surface temperature
T ∞= surrounding temperature/free stream temperature
PROBLEM: Hot air at 150°C flows over a flat plate that is maintained at
50°C. The forced convection heat transfer coefficient is 75 W/m 2.K.
Calculate the heat gain rate by the plate through the area of 2 m2

3. RADIATION – transfer of energy emitted by a substance because of its
temperature.
- energy emitted by a body is transmitted in space in the form of
electromagnetic waves according to the Maxwell wave theory.
BOLTZMANN’S LAW OF THERMAL RADIATION

q 4 4 4 4
=σ T s =σε T s =σε (T s −T ∞ )
A
Where: q = rate of heat transfer, W

q/A = Heat flux, W/m2
σ = Boltzmann’s constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4 (CONST 31)
A = Area
Ts = surface temperature
` T ∞= surrounding temperature/free stream temperature
PROBLEM: The surface temperature of a central heating radiator is 60°C.

What is the net blackbody radiation heat transfer between the radiator
and its surroundings at 20°C.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. 1000 BTU/hr is conducted through a section of insulating material that
measures 1 ft2 in cross sectional area. The thickness is 1 inch and the
thermal conductivity is 0.12 BTU/hr.ft°F. Compute the temperature
difference across the material.
2. Determine the steady state rate of heat transfer per unit area through a
4 cm thick homogeneous slab with its two faces maintained at uniform
temperatures of 38°C and 21°C. The thermal conductivity of the
material is 0.19 W/m.K.
3. Calculate the rate of heat loss from a furnace wall per unit area. The
wall is constructed from an inner layer of 0.5 cm thick steel (k=40
W/m.K) and an outer layer of 10 cm zirconium brick (k=2.5 W/m.K).
The inner surface temperature is 900 K and the outside surface
temperature is 460 K. What is the temperature at the interface?
4. Two large aluminum plates (k=240 W/m.k), each 1 cm thick, with 10

µm surface roughness, the contact resistance Ri= 2 x 10 -4 K/W. The
temperatures at the outside surfaces are 395°C and 405°C. Calculate
the (a) Heat Flux, (b) the temperature drop due to the contact
resistance.

5. A cold storage room is constructed of an inner layer of 12.7 mm of pine,
a middle layer of 101.6 mm thick of cork board, and an outer layer of
76.2 mm of concrete. The wall surface temperature is 255.4 K inside the
cold room and 297.1 K at the outside surface of the concrete.
Conductivities for pine = 0.151, cork board = 0.0433, and for concrete
= 0.762 W/m.K. Calculate the heat loss in W for 1 m2 and the
temperature at the interface between the wood and cork board.

STUDENTS HANDOUTS ON ENSC 102 Simplified

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STUDENTS HANDOUTS ON ENSC 102 Simplified

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INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

 Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences.

PHYSICS - comes from the Greek word "PHYSIKE" meaning "NATURE"

Physics is a quantitative science. It involves a lot of measurements and computational

BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS:

1. matter –anything that occupies space and has weight

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 2

Table 1.1 Basic Quantities

Table 1.2 Derived Quantities

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 3

PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM: a 2+ b2=c 2

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 4

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 5

 JOINT VARIATION / COMBINED VARIATION

2. Zeros b/n two nonzero digits are significant

6. The zeroes immediately to the left of an unexpressed decimal point

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 6

In physical computations and analyses, we have to be aware of the difference

BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT VECTORS

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 7

DIRECTION: Right, Left, Up, and Down

B. Graphical representation of a vector

• the length represents magnitude

C. Specifying directions of vectors

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 8

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 9

 COLLINEAR – parallel vectors which lie on the same straight

 CONCURRENT – vectors which passes through the same point

*you can determine the θ by the use of BEARING and/or AZIMUTH

BEARING – written based on north/south, clockwise/ counterclockwise

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 10

PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION

METHODS IN DETERMINING RESULTANT

II. MATHEMATICAL / ANALYTHICAL METHOD

for TWO VECTORS:

2) Construct a parallelogram using two vectors as sides

5) With your protractor, determine the direction of the resultant.

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 11

POLYGON METHOD / HEAD-TO-TAIL METHOD

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 12

2. For the vectors acting in the opposite directions

- The magnitude of the resultant can be obtained by the pythagorean theorem.

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 13

COMPONENTS – two vectors

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 14

COMPONENT METHOD, when more than two vectors are to be added.

5. Solve for the angle θ resultant makes with the horizontal.

θ = tan-¹ |∑y/ ∑x| or θ = arctan|∑y/ ∑x|

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 15

SINE LAW: uses to find the angle and magnitude

a/sin A = b/sin B = c/sin C

COSINE LAW: uses to find the magnitude

Sol'n: 60° 120° θ

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 16

PROBLEM: F1 = 50 lbs, 30° N of E

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 17

+3i= 3units to (+)x

A=Axi +Ayj +Azk Ax = Acosθx cosθx = Ax/A

For ADDITION: vec A + vec B or A + B

PROBLEM: Determine the magnitude A and θ it makes of the axis

PREPARED BY : ENGR. ANGELINE LAMARCA AQUINO, RCHT 18

- This is denoted by a dot or a point resulting to a scalar quantity.

y *Magnitude with no direction