Network Theory Compressed

NETWORK THEORY
For
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
NETWORK THEORY
SYLLABUS
Network graph, KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis, Transient response of dc and ac
networks, Sinusoidal steady‐state analysis, Resonance, Passive filters, Ideal current and
voltage sources, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem, Superposition theorem,
Maximum power transfer theorem, Two‐port networks, Three phase circuits, Power
and power factor in ac circuits.
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CONTENTS
Topics Page No
1. NETWORK BASICS
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Classifications of Network Elements 2
1.3 Circuit Components 3
1.4 Kirchoff's Laws 6
1.5 Mesh & Nodal Analysis 7
1.6 Equivalent Circuits 9
Gate Questions 13
2. NETWORK THEOREMS
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Superposition Theorem 49
2.3 Thevenin's & Norton's Theorem 50
2.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 51
2.5 Tellegen's Theorem 53
2.6 Reciprocity Theorem 53
2.7 Substitution Theorem 54
2.8 Millman's Theorem 54
2.9 Duality Principle 54
Gate Questions 58
3. TRANSIENTS
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Steady State & Transient Response 89
3.3 DC Transients 91
Gate Questions 99
4. AC ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 Sinusoidal Steady state analysis 129
4.3 Series Circuits 130
4.4 Parallel Circuits 132
Gate Questions 136
5. RESONANCE
5.2 Series Resonance 149
5.3 Parallel Resonance 152
Gate Questions 155
6. GRAPH THEORY
6.1 Graph of a Network 157

6.2 Incidence Matrix 159
6.3 Tie-Set Matrix 159
6.4 F-Cut Set Matrix 163
Gate Questions 164
7. COUPLED CIRCUITS

7.2 Mutual Inductance 174
7.3 The Coupling Coefficient 176
7.4 Series Connection of Coupled Inductors 176
7.5 Parallel Connection of Coupled Coils 177
7.6 Ideal Transformer 177
8. TWO PORT NETWORKS

8.2 Open Circuit Impedance (Z) Parameters 179
8.3 Short Circuit Admittance (Y) Parameters 180
8.4 Transmission (A B C D) Parameters 180
8.5 Inverse Transmission (A' B' C' D') Parameters 181
8.6 Hybrid (H) Parameters 181
8.7 Inverse Hybrid (G) Parameters 182
8.8 Conditions for Reciprocity and Symmetry 182
8.9 Inter Relationships of Different Parameters 182
8.10 Interconnection of Two-Port Network 184
Gate Questions 189
9. NETWORK SYNTHESIS
9.1 LC, RC, RL Impedance & Admittance Functions 211

Gate Questions 212
10. ASSIGNMENT 217
1 NETWORK BASICS
1.1 INTRODUCTION Q
I= (ampere)
t
In terms of the atomic theory concept, an Where, I is the current
electric current in an element is the time Q is the charge
rate of flow of free electrons in the element. T is the time
The material may be classified as The current through a circuit element is the
• Conductors, where availability of free time derivative of the electric charge i.e.
electrons is very large, as in the case dq
metals. i= (c/s) or (Ampere)
dt
• Insulators, where the availability of Where, dq is small change in charge.
free electrons is rare, as in case of glass, dt is small change in time.
mica, plastics etc.
• Other materials, such as germanium 1.1.3 VOLTAGE
and silicon called semiconductors,
may play a significant role in All opposite charges possess a certain
electronics. Thermally generated amount of potential energy because of the
electrons are available as free electrons separation between them. The difference is
at room temperature, and act as potential energy of the charges is called the
conductors, but at 0 Kelvin they act as potential difference. The potential
insulator. difference in electrical terminology is
known as voltage, and is denoted either by
1.1.1 CHARGE ‘V’ or ‘v’. Voltage is expressed in terms of
energy (W) per unit charge (Q) i.e.
According to basic physics, we know that W dw
there are two types of charges: Positive V= Or ν =
Q dq
(corresponding to proton) and Negative
(J/c) or (volt)
(corresponding to electron). The
fundamental unit of charge is the Where, dw is the small change in energy
coulomb[c]. A single electron has a charge dq is the small change in charge.
One Volt, is the potential difference
of −1.602 ×10−19 C and a single proton
−19
between two points when one joule of
has a charge of +1.602 ×10 C where one energy is used to pass one coulomb of
coulomb is defined as one ampere second. charge from one point to the other
Charge in coulomb Q = It where, I is
current in ampere and t is time in second. 1.1.4 ENERGY
1.1.2 CURRENT Energy is capacity for doing work. Energy

may exist in many forms such as
The phenomenon of transferring charge mechanical, chemical; electrical is called
from one point is a circuit to another is ‘Joule’. Energy is denoted by ‘W’. The
termed as “electric current”. The eclectic energy delivered to a circuit element over
current, denoted by either ‘I’ or ‘i’ .The the time interval (to, t) is given by
unit of electric current is ‘ampere’ which t
is denoted by ‘A’. Electric current W= ∫ p ( x ) dx
mathematically expressed as t0
1.1.5 POWER time interval. For example, passive
elements like inductors and capacitor
Power is the rate of change of energy. It is capable of storing a finite amount of
denoted by ‘P’ or ‘p’, unit of power is energy. Resistor is also a passive
‘Watts’. element.
Energy W
Power ( p ) = =
time t 2) BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL
dw In Bilateral elements, the voltage–
or P= current relation is same for the current
dt
Where, dw is the change in energy flowing in either direction. For the
dt is the change in time entire time‘t’ element offers the same
dw impedance for the different directions
we can also write, P = of the same current flow and hence the
dt
resistor is said to bilateral.
dw dq
= ×
dt dt
P = v × iwatts
So, the instantaneous power p(t) delivered
to a circuit element is the product of the
instantaneous value of voltage v(t) and
current i(t) of the element
P = v ( t ) × i(t) A unilateral element has different
relations between voltage and current
for the two possible directions of
1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF NETWORK current. Vacuum diodes, silicon diodes
ELEMENTS and metal rectifiers are examples of
unilateral elements.
3) LINEAR AND NONLINEAR ELEMENTS

An element is said to be linear (device is
linear if it is characterized by an
equation of the form y=mx, where m is
constant) if its voltage-current
characteristics is at all times a straight
line through the origin. For example,
1) ACTIVE AND PASSIVE the current passive through a resistor is
Active network elements are those proportional to the voltage applied
which are capable of delivering power through it, and relation is expressed as
to some external device. Specifically an V ∝ IORV = IR
active element (energy sources like A linear element or network is one
voltage and current sources) is capable which satisfies the principle of
of delivering an average power greater superposition, i.e. the principle of
than zero to some external device over homogeneity and additivity. An element
an infinite time interval. For example, which does not satisfy the above
ideal sources are active elements. principle is called a non linear element.
Passive network elements are those
which are capable only of receiving 4) LUMPED AND DISTRIBUTED
power. A passive element is defined as Lumped elements are those elements
one that cannot supply average power which are very small in size and in
that is greater than zero over an infinite which simultaneous actions takes place
for any given cause at the same instant dq
∴v =R
of time. For example, capacitors, dt
resistors, inductors and transformers V
are lumped elements. ⇒i=
R
Distributed elements are those which ⇒i= Gv
are not electrically separable fro • Electric power ,
analytical purpose. For example, a p = vi
transmission line which has distributed
resistance, inductance and capacitance = Ri.i= i 2 R(watts)
along its length may extend for (v = iR)
hundreds of miles. v
Also, p = v.
R
1.3 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS  V
Q i = 
 R
1. THE RESISTANCE (R)
The property of a material to restrict V2
= (Watts)
the flow electron is called resistance. R
• Electrical energy ,
Note: Current in a Resistor always enters W= ∫ pdt
from the positive terminal.
⇒ W= ∫ i 2 Rdt (J)
( Q p=i 2 R)
V2
⇒ W= ∫ dt (J)
R
 V2 
Q p = 
The basic ohm’s law in the electromagnetic  R 
r r
theory form can written as J = σE The V-I characteristic of resistance:
Where,
i A 
J =The current density, J=  2
S m 
E = Electric field along the length of
v V
conductor, E =  
l m
σ = Conductivity of the conductor.
i v  l 
⇒ = σ ⇒ v=   i Observation: From the characteristics, it
s l  σs  can be observed that the resistor is a linear,
⇒ v = R i → Ohm’s law in circuit theory passive, bilateral and time invariant in v-i
form. plane.
• Resistor is linear because the v-i
Limitation: characteristic is a straight line passing
The Ohm’s law i.e. a linear voltage and through origin.
current relation is valid only when the • Resistor is passive because the slope of
proportionality constant R is kept constant v-i characteristics is positive.
i.e. temperature is kept constant. → v =Ri • Resistor is bilateral because even if we
→v= Ri change the direction of flow of current
the R value is same.
• For all time ‘t’ the v-i characteristics has 1 2
one slope which implies that its value is w= Li ( J )
2
same and hence it is said to be time
invariant, which is possible only at
Conclusions:
constant temperature
• If I = constant then
d
1) THE INDUCTANCE (L) = V L= ( cons tan t ) 0
A wire of certain length, when twisted dt
in the form of a coil becomes a basic i.e, inductor acts as short circuit to dc.
inductor. • An ideal inductor never dissipates
By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic energy, only story it is the form
induction, a time varying current magnetic field.
through coil produces a time varying Note:
magnetic flux, which induces voltage Inductor is also a linear, passive, bilateral
across the coil. and time invariant.
2) THE CAPACITANCE (C)

Any two conducting surfaces separated
by an insulting medium exhibit the
property of a capacitor. A capacitor
stores energy in the form of on electric
field.
Note: -In the presence of source V the

current in an inductor enters from positive
terminal.
The current voltage relation is given by
di
v=L
dt
t
1
⇒ i = ∫ Vdt q∝v
L −∞ q=cv
The current-voltage relation is given by
dv
i=c
dt
t
Electric power, p = V i 1
⇒ v = ∫ i dt
di c −∞
= Li (watts)
dt Electric power, p = V i
Electric energy, w = ∫pdt dv
= cv (watts)
dt
 di 
w = ∫Li   dt (J) Electric energy, w = ∫ pdt
 dt 
 dv 
 di  d  1  = ∫cv   dt
Also, Li   =  Li 2   dt 
 dt  dt  2 
 dv  d 1
d 1 2 Again, v   = ( cv 2 )
∴w = ∫ dt  2 Li  dt  dt  dt 2
d 1 2 a) Independent voltage source:
∴w = ∫ dt  2 cv  dt Ideal:
1 An ideal voltage source is a two –
w = cv 2 (J) terminal element which supplies a
2 constant voltage to a load and is
Conclusions: independent of the load connected to it.
d
• If V = constant then i = c ( constant ) =0
dt
i.e., capacitor acts as open circuit to dc.
• An ideal capacitor doesn’t dissipate
energy but stress is in the form of
electric field.
Note:
Capacitor is also a linear, passive, bilateral VL = VS for all value of is
and time invariant. The load can be a resistor of any value.
The relation between V and i in L and C The V-I characteristics of voltage source
elements is nonlinear hence it is a non-linear
di element. Also the ideal voltage source is
L: V = L active and unilateral.
dt
In the above circuits we have connected
If i1 → V1 ,i 2 → V2 Then
2Ω and 5Ω resistors to a 10v source and
i1 + i 2 → Vx (let) we observe that in both the cases 10v
di1 would be dropped across them,
V1 = L irrespective of the current. In the first
dt
di 2 circuit 5A current flows through 2Ω
V2 = L load whereas in second circuit 2A
dt
current flows through 5Ω load.
di di
=
Vx L 1 + L 2
dt dt Practical:
V=
x V1 + V2 A practical voltage source has a
Since, linearity property is satisfied for resistance in series with ideal voltage
inductor hence the v-i relation is linear for source. In a practical voltage source the
inductor. load voltage changes with a change in
dv load resistance. Ideal voltage source
C: i = c doesn’t exist in reality. Every source has
dt
Following the similar steps it can be proved internal resistance.
that the v-i relationship is linear for
capacitor also.
3) THE SOURCES
By KVL⇒ V= L VS − iSR S Observation:
Here, load voltage depends upon load =
When =
VL 0theni L iS
current iS .
b) Independent current source:

Ideal:-
An ideal current source is a two
terminal element which supplies a
constant current to a load resistor of
any value. VL= 0 ⇒ short circuit
Again ideal current source doesn’t exist
So, we can conclude that the current always
is reality as every current source has an
chooses a minimum resistance path.
internal impedance.
c) The dependent (or) controlled
sources:
Practical:
A practical current source has a resistance
in parallel to the ideal current source. Here • Dependent sources are the ideal
the load current depends on the value of sources in which the value of source is
load connected across it. determined by a voltage or current
existing at some other location in the
network.
• Dependent sources are said to be linear,
active and a bilateral with respect to
controlled variable only. The presence
of these elements makes the network
linear, active and bilateral.
• Dependent sources are said to be
sources that is an active element in the
presence of at least one independent
source then only the controlled variable
will be non-zero and the magnitude of
source will be non-zero.
1.4 KIRCHOFF’S LAWS

V
KCL⇒ i L= IS − L
RS 1) KCL
Here load current depends upon load It is defined at a node
voltage.
VS = V1 + V2 + V3
W dq
=
Since V = &i hence charges
q dt
and current in series remain same.
The simple node is an interconnection W WR1 WR 2 WR 3
⇒ s = + +
of only two branches, whereas principle q q q q
node is an interconnection of at least 3 ⇒ Ws = WR1 + WR 2 + WR 3
branches.
Def: In an electric circuit, for any of its So the KVL expresses conservation of
nodes at any time‘t’ the algebraic sum of energy.
branch currents leaving the node is
zero. 1.5 MESH AND NODAL ANALYSIS
B y KCL ⇒ Mesh and nodal analysis are two basic
important techniques used in finding
solutions for a network. Mesh or nodal
analysis to a particular problem depends
mainly on the number of voltage sources or
current sources.
1) Nodal analysis
∑leaving curent = 0 Nodal analysis is used to find node
−i1 − i 2 + i3 + i 4 + i5 = 0 voltage is a circuit. Nodal analysis is a
⇒ i1 + i 2 = i3 + i 4 + i5 combination of KCL and ohm’s law i.e.
i.e. sum of entering current=sum of Nodal analysis = KCL + ohm’s law
leaving currents When we talk about the voltage at a
dq certain point of a circuit we imply that
Also,= i ⇒
dt measurement is performed between
dq1 dq 2 dq 3 dq 4 dq 5 that point and some other point in the
+ = + + circuit. In most cases that other point is
dt dt dt dt dt
referred to as ground.
q1 + q 2 = q3 + q 4 + q5
Steps:
Conservation of charges i) Identify the number of principle
nodes (having more than two
2) KVL branches).
Def: It is defined in a loop or mesh i.e. in ii) Assign the node voltages w. r. t. the
a closed path. In an electric circuit for ground node, whose voltage is
any of its loop at any time ‘t’ the always equal to zero.
algebraic sum of branch voltages iii) By using KCL at every principle
around the loop is zero node write the equations.
Example:
As shown in fig. node 1, 2, 3 are principle
node because more than two branches are
connected to them. And node 3 is assumed
as the reference node.
KVL ⇒
VS − V1 − V2 − V3 =
0
Mesh analysis is also known as Loop
current method. It’s quite similar to the
nodal analysis, except KCL we use KVL.
Steps:
i) Identify the number of meshes.
ii) Assign the mesh currents in the
Considering node 1: clockwise direction.
iii) By using KVL write the equations.
Example:
By KCL at node 1:
−I1 + I 2 + I3 = 0 {By KCL}
V − 0 V1 − V2 As shown in circuit, I1 and I2 are current in
−I1 + 1 + =0 {using ohm'slaw} --
R1 R2 loop (1) and loop (2 ).
---- (1)
Considering Loop 1
Where, V1 & V2 are voltages at node 1 & 2
By KVL
respectively. V1 − I1R1 − ( I1 − I 2 ) R 2 =
0 (1)
Considering node 2
Considering Loop 2
By KVL
−V2 − ( I 2 − I1 ) R 2 − I 2 R 3 =
0 (2)
By solving eq n (1) & (2) we can find the
currents I1 & I 2 .
3) Super node Analysis

By KCL at node 2 : When there is an ideal voltage source
I 4 + I5 + I 6 =
0{By KCL} between two principle nodes, it is
difficult to apply the technique of nodal
V2 − V1 V2 − 0 V2 − 0
+ + =
0 analysis because the current across an
R2 R3 R 4 + R5 ideal voltage source is unknown.
{∴ u sin g ohm'slaw} ……… (2) Therefore to overcome such situation
By solving (1) and (2) we can find voltages we use super node analysis technique.
at each node.
Example:
2) Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis is used to find branch
current in a circuit. Mesh analysis is
combination of KVL and ohm’s law.
Mesh analysis = KVL + ohm’s Law
The current through an ideal voltage Super mesh eq n in Loop (1) & (2) is given
source can be any value; it is not possible to by
write the nodal equation independently;
V − I1R1 − I2 R 3 = 0 ---------- (1)
hence the super node procedure is
followed here. Inside the super mesh KCL is written.
To apply super node technique write nodal I= I1 − I2 ------------ (2)
equations at node V1 &V2 simultaneously, By solving eq n (1) & (2) we can find value
while doing so do not consider the branch of I1 & I 2 .
containing ideal voltage source. Super node
eq n atV1 & V2 is given by 1.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS
V V
−1 + 1 + 2 − 1 =0
1 1 Two elements are said to be in series only
V1 + V2 = 2 (1) when the currents through the elements
are the same and they are said to be in
Inside the super node always KVL is
parallel only when the voltage across the
written
elements are same.
By KVL
Impedances in series and admittances in
V1 − 1 − V2 =0 parallel can be added.
V1 − V2 =
1 (2)
By solving eq n (1) & (2) V1 = 1.5V and 1) Impedances in series
1 Zeq = Z1 + Z2
V2 = V
2
Z R = RΩ
4) Super mesh Analysis
When there is an ideal current source ZL = jωLΩ
between two loops, it is difficult to 1
ZC = Ω
apply mesh analysis because the voltage j ωC
across an ideal current source is
= R1 + R 2
R: R eq
unknown. Therefore to overcome such
situation we use super mesh analysis L: Leq= L1 + L 2
technique. 1 1 1
C: = +
jωceq jωc1 jωc2
Example:
1 1 1
⇒ = +
ceq c1 c2
If c=
1 c=
2 c
c
Then ceq =
2
The voltage across an ideal current source The voltage division principle
can be any value, it is not possible to write
the mesh equations for the meshes (1) &
(3) independently hence the super mesh
procedure is followed. To apply super mesh
technique, write a combined KVL eq n in
loop (1) & (2) and do not consider the
branch containing ideal current source.
V V  ZZ 
V = Zeq I ⇒ =
I = =  1 2 I
Zeq Z1 + Z2  Z1 + Z2 
 V  V  Z2 
→ V1 = Z1I = Z1   → I1 = =  I
 Z1 + Z2  Z1  Z1 + Z2 
 V  V  Z2 
→ V2 = Z2 I = Z2   → I2 = =  I
 Z1 + Z2  Z2  Z1 + Z2 
2) Impedance in parallel 3) The Star Delta Transformation
Yeq= Y1 + Y2
1 1 1
= +
Zeq Z1 Z2 4) ∆ to Y Conversion:
If ∆ − n / w is given then Z1Z2 and Z3
Z R = RΩ are known
ZL = jwLΩ Z1Z3
ZA = ,
Z1 + Z2 + Z3
1
ZC = Ω Z1Z2
jwC ZB = ,
Z1 + Z2 + Z3
1 1 1
R: = + Z2 Z3
R eq R1 R 2 ZC =
Z1 + Z2 + Z3
1 1 1
L: = + If Z= 1 Z=
2 Z=3 Z
Leq L1 L 2
Z
C: Ceq= C1 + C2 Then Z= A Z=
B Z= C
3
Current Division Principle Y to ∆ Conversion:
If Y − n / w is given then ZA , ZB and ZC
are known.
Z ,Z
Z1 = ZA + ZB + A B ,
ZC
Z ,Z
Z 2 = Z B + ZC + B C ,
ZA
1 1 1
We have, = + Z ,Z
Zeq Z1 Z2 Z3 = ZA + ZC + A C
ZB
ZZ
∴ Zeq =1 2 If Z=
A Z=
B Z=
C Z
Z1 + Z2
Then Z= Z= Z= 3Z
→V= Zeq I 1 2 3
(By ohm’s law)
5) The source Transformation So, we can redraw the circuit as follows- By
Any practical voltage source can be voltage division rule,
converted into its equivalent practical
current source and vice-versa by using
source transformation.
It is a simplification technique which
eliminates the extra nodes present in
the network. Source transformation is
not applicable to the ideal sources.
10 × 2
Vx =
2+3+5
20
Vx =
10
Vx = 2V
Example:
The source transformation is applicable
Count the number of branches and nodes in
for the dependent sources also,
provided the control variable is outside the circuit. If i x = 3A & the 18V source
the branches, where the source delivers 8𝐴𝐴 of current.
transformation is applied. What is the value of RA?
Here I1 is outside the branches having

I  Solution:
current source of  1  A and 20Ω
2 Number of branches =
resister, hence source transformation is Number of nodes = 3
applicable. By KCL i1 + 3 − 13 =0
Again by KCL
Example: −8 − 10 + C '2 =0
Determine Vx using voltage division rule.
C '2 = 18A
Voltage across 6Ω
V6Ω = 18V
Voltage across R A
VRA = 18V
Solution:
{∴ Parallel branches have same voltage} By
10Ω resistor connected in parallel with ohm’s law
10Ω resistor VRA = i 2 R A
So, Re q = 10 ||10 18 = 18R A
10 × 10 R A = 1Ω
Re q = = 5Ω
10 + 10
Example: 12V2 − 12V1 + 4V2 + 3V2 − 3V3
=0
Determine current through the 3Ω 12
resistor in the circuit? −12V1 + 19V2 − 3V3 = 0 ______ (1)
Nodal at V1 ⇒
V − V2 V1 − V3
3+ 1 + =
0
1 2
2V1 − 2V2 + V1 − V3 = −6
3V1 − 2V2 − V3 = −6 ________ (2)
Solution:
Total current following through 3Ω & 6Ω Nodal at V3 ⇒
combination is V3 − V1 V3 − V2 V3 − 35
+ + = 0
2 4 5
12sin sin t 12sin sin t 10V3 − 10V1 + 5V3 − 5V2 + 4V3 − 140
i(t) = 2sin sin t =0
4 + 3 || 6 4+2 20
i ( t ) = 2sin sin t A −10V1 − 5V2 + 19V3 = 140 _______(3)
By current division rule, 3 −2 −1
i3 ( t ) 2sin sin t ×
=
6 ∆ = −12 19 −3
6+3 −10 −5 19
4
i3 ( t ) = sin sin t A −6 −2 −1
3
=∆1 0 19 −3
Example: −140 −5 19
Compute the voltage across each current
source. 3 −6 −1
∆2 =
−12 0 −3
−10 140 19
3 −2 −6
∆3 = −12 19 0
−10 −5 140
∆
=
V =1 1424 = 5.23
1 ∆ 272
Solution: By source transformation V1 = 5.23v
∆ 3 3120
=
V = = 11.47
∆
3
272
V3 = 11.47v
Nodal at V2 ⇒
V2 − V1 V2 V2 − V3
+ + =
0
1 3 4
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 The voltage eo in the figure is power factor 0.844, then the values
of 𝑍𝑍𝐿𝐿 (in ohm is
a) 2V b) 4 V
3 a) 90∠32.44° b) 80∠32.44°
c )4V d )8V c) 80∠ − 32.44° d) 90∠ − 32.44°
[GATE-2001] [GATE-2001]
Q.6 The minimum number of equations
Q.2 If each branch of a Delta circuit has
required to analyze the circuit
impedance 3Z , the each branch of shown in the figure is
the equivalent Wye circuit has
impedance.
Z
a) b)3Z
3
c) 3 3Z d) Z
3 a)3 b)4
[GATE-2001] c)6 d)7
[GATE-2003]
Q.3 The voltage eo in the figure is
Q.7 Twelve 1Ω resistances are used as
edges to form a cube. The resistance
between two diagonally opposite
corners of the cube is
a) 5 Ω b) 1Ω
a)48 V b)24 V 6
c)36 v d) 28 V
c) 6 Ω d) 3 Ω
[GATE-2001] 5 2
[GATE-2003]
Q.4 The dependent current source
shown in the figure Q.8 The equivalent inductance measured
between the terminals 1 and 2 for
the circuit shown in the figure is
a)delivers 80W b)absorbs 80W

c)delivers 40 W d)absorbs 40W
[GATE-2002] a) L1 + L 2 + M b) L1 + L 2 − M
Q.5 If the 3-phase balanced source in the c) L1 + L 2 + 2M d) L1 + L 2 − 2M
figure delivers 1500 W at a leading [GATE-2004]
V0 (S)
Q.9 The transfer function H ( s ) =
Vi (S)
of an R-L-C circuit is given by
106
H (s) 2 . The Quality
S + 20S + 106
factor (Q-factor of this circuit is
a) 25 b) 50 a)0.238 V b)0.138 V
c) 100 d) 5000 c)-0.238 V d)1 V
[GATE-2004] [GATE-2005]
Q.10 For the circuit shown in the figure, Q.13 In the interconnection of ideal
the initial conditions are zero. Its source shown in the figure, it is
VC (S) known that the 60V source is
transfer function H ( s ) = is absorbing power.
Vi (S)
Which of the following can be the

1 10 6
value of the current source I?
a) b) 2 a) 10A b) 13A
S + 10 S + 10
2 6 6
S + 103 S + 106
c) 15A d) 18A
103 106
c) 2 d) [GATE-2009]
S + 103 S + 106 S2 + 106 S + 106
[GATE-2004] Q.14 In the circuit shown, the power
supplied by the voltage source is
Q.11 Impedance Z as shown in the given
figure is
a) 0W b) 5W
c) 10W d) 100W
[GATE-2010]
a) j29Ω b) j9Ω Q.15 In the circuit shown below, the
c) j19Ω d) j39Ω current I is equal to
[GATE-2005]
Q.12 If R=1 R=
2 R=
4 R and R 3 = 1.1R
in the bridge circuit shown in the
figure, then the reading in the ideal
voltmeter connected between a and a) 1.4∠0°A b) 2.0∠0°A
b is
c) 2.8∠0°A d) 3.2∠0°A
[GATE-2011]
Q.16 If VA − VB =
6V, then VC − VD is [GATE-2013]
Q.20 The current in the 1Ω resistor in

Amps is
a)2 b)3.33
c)10 d)12
[GATE-2013]
a) -5V b) 2V
c) 3V d) 6V Q.21 Consider a delta connection of
[GATE-2012] resistors and its equivalent star
connection as shown. If all elements
Q.17 The average power delivered to an of the delta connection are scaled by
impedance ( 4 − j3) Ω by a current a factor k, k > 0 , the elements of the
5cos(100πt + 100) A is corresponding star equivalent will
a) 44.2W b) 50W be scaled by a factor of
c) 62.5W d) 125
[GATE-2012]
Q.18 In the circuit shown below, the

current through the inductor is a) k 2 b) k
c) 1/k d) k
[GATE-2013]
Q.22 The following arrangement consists

of an ideal transformer and an
attenuator which attenuates by a
factor of 0.8. An ac voltage
2 −1 VWX1 =100V is applied across WX to
a) A b) A
1+ j 1+ j get an open circuit voltage VYZ1
1 across YZ .Next, an ac voltage
c) A d) 0A
1+ j VYZ2 =100V is applied across YZ to
[GATE-2012] get an open circuit voltage VWX2
across WX. Then VYZ1 / VWX1 ,
Common Data Questions 19 & 20
Consider the following figure VWX2 / VYZ2 are respectively.
Q.19 The current IS in Amps in the

voltage source, and voltage Vs is a) 125/100and80/100
Volts across the current source b) 100/100and80/100
respectively, are c) 100/100and100/100
a)13,-20 b)8,-10 d) 80/100and80/100
c)-8,20 d)-13,20 [GATE-2013]
Q.23 Three capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 third arm has a resistance of 11Ω in
whose values are 10μF,5μF, and 2μF the equivalent — network, the
lowest value (in Ω among the three
respectively, have breakdown
resistances) is _________.
voltages of 10V, 5V and 2V
[GATE-2014]
respectively. For the
interconnection shown below, the Q.26 Consider the building block called
maximum safe voltage in volts that 'Network N' shown in the figure.
can be applied across the Let C =100µF and R = 10kΩ
combination , and the
corresponding total charge in μC
stored in the effective capacitance
across the terminals are
respectively,
Two such blocks are connected in

cascade, as shown in the figure.
a)2.8 and 36 b)7 and 119
c)2.8 and 32 d)7 and 80
[GATE-2013]
Q.24 Consider the configuration shown in

the figure which is a portion of a
larger electrical network V3 (s)
The transfer function of the
V1 (s)
cascaded network is
s s2
a) b)
1+ s 1 + 3s + s 2
2
 s  s
c)   d)
 1+ s  2+s
[GATE-2014]
For R = 1Ω , and currents i 1 = 2A, i 4 =
Q.27 In the circuit shown in the figure,
-1A, i 5 = -4A, which one of the
the value of node voltage V 2 is
following is TRUE?
a) i 6 = 5A
b) i3 = −4A
c) Data is sufficient to conclude
that the supposed currents are
impossible
d) Data is insufficient to identify the
current i 2 , i 3 , and i 6
[GATE-2014] a) 22 + j 2 V b) 2 + j 22 V
c) 22 ‒ j 2 V d) 2‒ j 22 V
Q.25 A Y-network has resistances of 10Ω [GATE-2014]
each in two of its arms, while the
Q.28 For the Y-network shown in the
figure, the value of R 1 (in Ω) in the
equivalent ∆ -network is___________.
a) 5V, 25V b) 10V, 30V

c)15V, 35V d) OV, 20V
[GATE-2015]
Q.33 In the circuit shown, the voltage Vx

[GATE-2014] (in Volts) is _________.
Q.29 The circuit shown in the figure

represents
[GATE-2015]
Q.34 An AC voltage source V = 10 sin(t)

a)Voltage controlled voltage source volts is applied to the following
b)Voltage controlled current source
network. Assume that R1 = 3kΩ,
c)Current controlled current source
d)Current controlled voltage source R 2 =6kΩ and R3 = 9kΩ, and that the
[GATE-2014] diode is ideal.
Q.30 The magnitude of current (in mA)

through the resistor R 2 in the figure
shown is _______.
[GATE-2014] RMS current I rms (in mA through the

diode) is _______.
Q.31 The equivalent resistance in the
[GATE-2016]
infinite ladder network shown in the
figure is R e .
Q.35 In the given circuit, each resistor has
a value equal to 1 Ω .
The value of R e /R is ________.

[GATE-2014]
Q.32 In the given circuit, the values of V1
and V2 respectively are
What is the equivalent resistance
across the terminals a and b?
a)1/6 Ω b) 1/3 Ω
c) 9/20Ω d) 8/15 Ω
[GATE-2016]

the magnitude of the current (in
amperes through R2) is _________.
The magnitude of the current (in

amperes, accurate to two decimal
places) through the source is _______.
[GATE-2016]
[GATE-2018]
Q.37 In the figure shown, the current i (in
ampere) is ________.
[GATE-2016]
Q.38 A connection is made consisting of

resistance A in series with a parallel
combination of resistances B and C.
Three resistors of value 10Ω, 5Ω, 2Ω
are provided. Consider all possible
permutation of the given resistors
into the positions A,B,C and identify
the configuration with maximum
possible overall resistances. The
ratio of maximum to minimum
values of the resistances (up to
second decimal place) is___________ .
[GATE-2017]
Q.39 Consider the network shown below

with R1 = 1Ω , R 2 = 2Ω and R 3 = 3Ω .
The network is connected to
constant voltage source of 11V.
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (a) (d) (a) (d) (a) (a) (d) (b) (d) (b) (c) (a) (a)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(b) (a) (b) (c) (d) (c) (b) (b) (d) (a) 29.09 (b) (d) 10
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
(c) 2.8 2.618 (a) 8 0.68 (d) 5 -1 2.143 8
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c) 4002 × 0.844

Applying KCL = = 90Ω
1500
eo − 12 eo eo
+ + = 0 ⇒ 3eo =
12 θ = cos −1 (0.844) = 32.44
4 4 4
As power factor is leading, load is
∴ eo = 4V
capacitive so angle will be
negative.
Q.2 (a) θ = −32.44°
ZV = 3ZY ⇒ 3Z∆ =
3ZY
Z Q.6 (a)
ZY = ∆ As voltage at 1 node is known
3
∴ using nodal analysis only 3
equations required.
Q.3 (d)
Applying source conversion
Q.7 (a)
eo − 80 eo eo − 16
+ + =
0
12 12 6
4eo = 112
112
=
eo = 28V
4 i i i
Vab = ×1 + ×1 + ×1
3 6 3
Q.4 (a) Vab 5
 V  ⇒ R eq = = Ω
Applying KVL, 20 − 5I − 5  I + 1  =
0 i 6
 5 
20 − 10I − 20 = 0 Q.8 (d)
⇒I= 0
∴Only dependent source acts.
V1
= 4A
5
Power delivered
= I 2 R = 16 × 5 = 80W
Q.5 (d) If current enters the dotted
3Vp lp cos θ = 1500 terminals of coil 1 then a voltage is
developed across coil 2 whose
 V  V  higher potential is at dotted
3  L   L  cos θ = 1500
 3   3ZL  terminals.
−MdI L1dI MdI dI
VL2 .cosθ V= + − + L2
ZL = dt dt dt dt
1500
dI In the given circuit, the current
= ( L1 + L 2 − 2M )
dt through the branch of 60 V source
dI is (12-I) as shown in Fig. The source
V = Leq of 60V absorbs power, only if
dt
P=(12-I) 60 is +ve. i.e., I<12. The
Q.9 (b) value of the current source, I can
Characteristic equation only be 10 A given in option (a), as
=S2 + 20S + 106 the currents given in other options
ωo are more than 12 A.
=Q = , ωo 106
BW
Q.14 (a)
103 1000
=
Q = = 50
20 20
Q.10 (d)
1
1
=H (s) = sC
1 s 2 LC + sCR + 1
R + sL +
sC
1
= 2
(
s 10 × 10−3 × 100 ×10−6 )
(
+s 10 × 103 × 100 × 10−6 + 1 ) The current through all the
branches are marked as shown in
1 106 Fig 1.
=H (s) =
10−6 S2 + s + 1 S2 + 106 S + 106 Apply KVL to outer loop
2 ( I1 + 3) + 2 ( I1 + 2 ) =
10
Q.11 (b) 4I1 + 10 =
10
X = X1 + X 2 + X3 + 2X m − 2X m I1 = 0
= 5j + 2 j + 2 j + 20 j − 20 j ∴ Power supplied by
= 9j (one additive & other 10V = 10 × 0 = 0W
subtractive)
Q.15 (b)
Q.12 (c) ZS = 7∠0°Ω(using Y − Δtransformation)
= ( R1 R 2 )
Va 5= 14∠0°
R3 1.1 I= = 2∠0°A
Vb = ×10 = ×10 7∠0°
R3 + R 4 2.1
= Va − Vb
V Q.16 (a)
V = −0.238V
Q.13 (a)
From the given circuit,

VA − VB =6V
V − VB
= A =
I AB = I DC
3A
2
KCL at ‘D’ gives 10
⇒ current through 1Ω = 10A
=
VC − VD 1
+ 2 + 3 =0, VC − VD =−5V
1
Q.21 (b)
Q.17 (b) Consider=
R a x;=
R b k;=
Rc k
The load consists of a resistance and
Ra + Rb k2
a capacitance of this, only R is =R Star =
passive and consumes power R a + R b + R c 3k
So P = i 2rm R R Star ∝k
2
 5  Q.22 (b)
=  =× 4 50W
 2
 A
 note rms value of A cos ωt = 2 
 
Q.18 (c)
Assume current as shown,
VW×1 = 100 ⇒ V2 = turns ratio × VW×1 = 125

VYZ1 = 0.8 × V2 = 100V
When VYZ2 = 100V
By applying current division rule

in upper part of the circuit
1 1
I= ×1∠=
0
1+ j 1+ j
L
Thevenin’s circuit seen by 2-2’ will
be as follows
Q.19 (d)
Vth = 100V An R th = 0.2 || 0.8
negligible
∴ V2− 2' =100V
∴ VW×2
100V ×1
=
V2−2' × turns ratio = = 80V
1.25
Q.23 (d)
Across AB voltage drop is 10 V
IS = −13A, VS
10 10
=20V2 =IS + + =0
2 1
IS =−5 − 10 + 2 =−13
Q.20 (c)
C 2 C3 (10)(10) + (10)(11) + (10)(11)
=
Ceq + C1 z= Ω
C 2 + C3 10
= 11.5μF i.e, lowest value among three
Safety voltage = 7V resistances is 29.09 Ω
Q = CV
Q.26 (b)
⇒ Q = Ceq × Vsafety
Two blocks are connected in
11.5 × 7 ; 80μC cascade, Represent in s-domain,
Q.24 (a)
Given i 1 = 2A
i 4 = –1A
V3 (s) R.R
=
V1 (s) 1  1   1 
 R+R+  +R + R
sc  SC   SC 
R.R
1 1 R
.  2R ( SC ) + 1 + [1 + RSC]
i 5 = – 4A sc sc SC
KCL at node A, i 1 + i 4 = i 2 S2 C2 R.R
⇒ i 2 = 2 –1 = 1A . =
1 + 2R ( SC )  + RSC + R 2S2 C2
1. KCL at node B, i 2 +i 5 =i 3
⇒ i 3 = 1– 4 = -3A S2 .100 ×100 ×10−6 ×10−6 ×10 ×10 ×103 ×103
=
KCL at node C, i 3 + i 6 =i 1 S2 ×100 ×106 ×104 ×10−12 + 3S + 100 ×10−6 ×104 + 1
⇒ i 6 = 2 – (-3) = 5A V3 (s) S2
=
V1 (s) 1 + 3S + S2
Q.25 (29.09Ω)
Q.27 (d)
KVL for V 1 & V 2

X = 29.09Ω
(10)(10) + (10)(11) + (10)(11)
X= Ω
11
Y= 32Ω
(10)(10) + (10)(11) + (10)(11)
y= Ω
10 V1 − V2 =
10 | 0 o …(1)
Z= 32Ω 0
V1 -V2 =+10|0
KCL at super node: 28
⇒I= ⇒I=2.8mA
V V V 10k
-4 | 00 + 1 + 2 + 2 =… 0 .(2)
− j3 6 j6
V1 V2 V2 Q.31 (2.618)
+ + = 4| 00
− j3 6 j6
From (1) & (2),
V2 + 10 | 0 V2 V2
o
+ + =
4| 00
− j3 6 j6
V V V  10
V2  1 + 2 + 2  = 4| 00 + →For an infinite ladder network, if
 − j3 6 j6  j3
all resistance are having same value
∴ V2 = ( 2 − j22 ) Volts of R then equivalent resistance is
 1+ 5 
Q.28 (10Ω)   .R
 2 
→For the given network, we can
split in to R is in series with R equivalent
Requ
⇒ R equ =+
R 1.618R ⇒ =
2.618
R1 =
( 7.5)( 5) + ( 3)( 5) + ( 7.5) (3) Ω R
7.5
R 1 =10 Ω Q.32 (a)
By nodal analysis
Q.29 (c) -5 + I + I + 2I =0
4I = 5
5
I= A
4
V1 = 4I = 5volts
V2 =4 ( 5 ) +V1
The dependent source represents a
current controlled current source = 20 + V1= 25 volts
Q.30 (2.8) Q.33 (8)

By source transformation
Apply KCL at point P

By KVL,
20 –10k.I + 8 = 0
Vx Vx − 0.25Vx Vx Vx 4Vx
+ + 0.5 Vx = 5 ⇒ I=
− =
20 10 5 25 25
 1 0.75  Applying KVL,
Vx  + + 0.5  =
5
 20 10  4V V
60 = x × 5 + 8 × x
 5 25 5
Vx  = 5 ⇒ Vx = V 12Vx
8 =60 = ⇒ Vx 25
5
Q.34 (0.68 to 0.72) Thus current through R L =
25
=
5
Q.35 (d) 5amps
Let assume all resistance as R, then
by using start-delta transformation Q.37 (-1)
Nodal equation at V
V-8 V V-8 V
+ + + =0
1 1 1 1
⇒ 4V = 16
By using KCL at node 'a'.
8−4
1+ - i1 = 0 ⇒ i1 = 5A
1
KCL at b
4
- + i1 + i = 0 ⇒ −4 + 5 + i = 0
1
⇒ I =−1A
Q.38 2.143
The connection of resistors is as
shown below
4R 8R 32R 2 5 8R
⇒ R ab =P = × = as R = 1Ω
5 5 25 12R 15
8
R ab = Ω .
15
Q.36 (5) Given resistors are: 10Ω , 5Ω and

Let current through R1 = L 2Ω
The maximum resistance possible is
V
⇒ I + 0.04Vx = x R T( max )= 10Ω + ( 5Ω  2Ω )
5
 10  80
= 10 +  Ω= Ω
 7 7
The minimum resistance possible is
R T( min ) = 2Ω + (10Ω  5Ω )
 10  16
=  2 +  Ω= Ω
 3 3
R T( max ) 80 / 7
=
R T( min ) 16 / 3
15
= = 2.143
7
We can find current supplied by
Q.39 8 voltage source,
From the symmetry of given circuit,
we can conclude that point B and C V
I=
are equipotential points since the R eq
resistive distance of both the points
from terminals A as well as from F Where
are equal.
Similar reasoning can be applied to 1 1 1 3
identify that points D and E are also R eq = + +  
2 2 2 2
equipotential.
We can remove the resistance 1 3
connected between two ×
equipotential points as current R eq = 1 + 2 2
1 3
through it will always be zero. +
2 2
3/ 4
= 1+
2
11
R eq= Ω
8
Here
V
I=
R eq
11
=
11/ 8
Hence, we can re-draw the I = 8A

simplified circuit as shown in
figure, which can be further
simplified as shown below,
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 Given two coupled inductors L1 and and current i are in phase. The
M
L2 , their mutual inductance M coupling coefficient is K =
L1L 2
satisfies
where M is the mutual inductance
L1 + L 2 between the two coils. The value of
a)=
M L21 + L22 b) M >
2 K and the do polarity of the coil P-Q
c) M > L1L 2 d) M ≤ L1L 2 are
[GATE-2001]
Q.2 Two incandescent light bulbs of

40W and 60 W rating are connected
in series across the mains. Then
a) the bulbs together consume
100W. a) K=0.25 and dot at P
b) the bulbs together consume 50 W. b) K=0.5 and dot at P
c) the 60 W bulb glows brighter. c) K=0.25 and dot at Q
d) the 40 W bulb glows brighter. d) K=0.5 and dot at Q
[GATE-2001] [GATE-2002]
Q.3 Consider the star network shown in Q.5 A segment of a circuit is shown in
figure. The resistance between figure VR =5V,VC = 4sinsin2t the
terminal A and B with terminal C voltage VL is given by
open is 6Ω , between terminals B
and C with terminal A open is 11Ω ,
and between terminals C and A with
terminal B open is 9Ω .Then
a) R A =
4Ω, R B =
2Ω, R C =
5Ω a) 3 − 8cos 2t b) 32sin 2t
c) 16sin 2t d) 16 cos 2t
b) R A =2Ω, R B = 4Ω, R C 7Ω [GATE-2003]
c) R A =
3Ω, R B =3Ω, R C = 4Ω
d) R A =
5Ω, R B =1Ω, R C =Ω
10 Q.6 Figure shows the waveform of the
current passing through an inductor
[GATE-2001]
of resistance 1Ω and inductance 2H.
The energy absorbed by the
Q.4 In the circuit shown in figure it is
inductor in the first four seconds is
found that the input ac voltage (Vi )
Q.10 In figure, the admittance values of
the elements in Siemens are
Y=
R 0.5 + j0, YL= 0 − j1.5,
YC= 0 + j0.3 respectively. The value
of I as a phasor when the voltage E
a)144J b)98J across the elements is 10∠0°V is
c)96J d)168J
[GATE-2003]
Q.7 In figure, the potential difference

between points P and Q is
a) 1.5+j0.5 b) 5-j
c) 0.5+j1.8 d) 5-j12
[GATE-2004]
Q.11 In figure the value of resistance R in

Ω is
a) 12 V b)10V
c)-6V d)8V
[GATE-2003]
a)10 b)20
c)30 d)40
Q.8 In figure, the value of R is
[GATE-2004]
Q.12 In figure R a , R b and R c are 20Ω,

10Ω and 10Ω respectively. The
resistance R1 , R 2 and R 3 in Ω of an
equivalent star connection are
a) 10Ω b) 18Ω
c) 24Ω d) 12Ω
[GATE-2003]
Q.9 In figure, the value of the source

voltage is
a) 2.5, 5, 5 b) 5, 2.5, 5
c) 5, 5, 2.5 d) 2.5, 5, 2.5
[GATE-2004]
Q.13 The rms value of the current in a

wire which carries a d.c. current of
10A and a sinusoidal alternating
current of peak value 20A is
a)12V b)24V a)10A b)14.14A
c)30V d)44V c)15A d)17.32A
[GATE-2004] [GATE-2004]
Q.14 In the figure given below the value a) 1:1: 3 b) 1:1:2
of R is
c) 1:1:0 d) 1:1: 3/2
[GATE-2005]
Q.18 The circuit shown in the figure is

energized by a sinusoidal voltage
a) 2.5Ω b) 5.0Ω source V1 at a frequency which
c) 7.5Ω d) 10.0Ω causes resonance with a current of I.
[GATE-2005]
Q.15 The RMS value of the voltage

u ( t )= 3 + 4 cos(3t) is
a) 17V b) 5V
c) 7V (
d) 3+2 2 V )
[GATE-2005]
The phasor diagram which is
applicable to this circuit is
Q.16 The RL circuit of the figure is fed
a) b)
from a constant magnitude, variable
frequency sinusoidal voltage source
𝑉𝑉𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 .At 100Hz, the R and L elements
each have a voltage drop u RMS .If the
frequency of the source is changed
to 50Hz, then new voltage drop
across R is c) d)
5 2
a) u RMS b) u RMS
8 3 [GATE-2006]
8 3
c) u RMS d) u RMS Q.19 An energy meter connected to an
5 2
immersion heater (resistive)
[GATE-2005]
operating on an AC 230 V, 50 Hz, AC
single phase source reads 2.3 units
Q.17 For the three phase circuit shown in
(kWh) in 1 hour. The heater is
the figure the ratio of the currents
removed from the supply and now
I R :I Y :I B is given by
connected to a 400 V peak to peak
square wave source of 150 Hz. The
power in kW dissipated by the
heater will be
a)3.478 b)1.739
c)1.540 d) 0.870
[GATE-2006]
Q.20 The state equation for the current I1 Q.22 A 3V dc supply with an internal
shown in the network shown below resistance of 2Ω supplies a passive
in terms of the voltage Vx and the non-linear resistance characterized
independent source V, is given by by the relation VNL = I 2NL . The
power dissipated in the non-linear
resistance is
a) 1.0W b) 1.5W
c) 2.5W d) 3.0W
[GATE-2007]
Q.23 The Thevenin’s equivalent of a

circuit operating at ω=5rad/s has
dI1 5
a) =
−1.4Vx − 3.75I1 + V Voc =3.71∠-15.9° and
dt 4
dI1 5 Zo =2.38-j0.667Ω .
b) =
−1.4Vx − 3.75I1 − V At this frequency, the minimal
dt 4
dI 5 realization of the Thevenin’s
c) 1 = −1.4Vx + 3.75I1 + V impedance will have a
dt 4 a) Resistor and a capacitor and an
dI 5 inductor
d) 1 = −1.4Vx + 3.75I1 − V
dt 4 b) Resistor and a capacitor
[GATE-2007] c) Resistor and an inductor
d) Capacitor and an inductor
Q.21 In the figure below all phasors are [GATE-2008]
with reference to the potential at
point “0”. The locus of voltage Q.24 Assuming ideal elements in the
phasor VYX as R is varied from zero circuit shown below, the voltage Vab
to infinity is shown by will be
a) -3V b) 0V
c) 3V d) 5V
a) b) [GATE-2008]
the value of the current i will be
given by
c) d)
a) 0.31A b) 1.25 A
[GATE-2007] c) 1.75A d) 2.5A
[GATE-2008]
Q.26 The current through the 2kΩ Q.30 As shown in the figure, a 1Ω
resistance in the circuit shown is resistance is connected across a
source that has a load line v+i=100 .
The current through the resistance
is
a) 0mA b) 1mA
c) 2mA d) 6mA
[GATE-2009] a) 25A b) 50A
c) 100A d) 200A
Q.27 How many 200W/220 V [GATE-2010]
incandescent lamps connected in
series would consume the same Q.31 If the 12Ω resistor draws a current
total power as a single 100 W/220V of 1A as shown in the figure, the
incandescent lamp? value of resistance R is
a) Not possible b) 4
c) 3 d) 2
[GATE-2009]
Q.28 The equivalent capacitance of the

input loop of the circuit shown is a) 4Ω b) 6Ω
c) 8Ω d) 18Ω
[GATE-2010]

current through the inductor is
a)2μF b)100μF
c)200μF d) 4μFs
[GATE-2009]
Q.29 For the circuit shown, find out the

current flowing through the 2Ω
resistance. Also identity the changes
to be made to double the current
through the 2Ω resistance. 2 −1
a) A b) A
1+ j 1+ j
1
c) A d) 0A
1+ j
[GATE-2012]
Q.33 A two –phase load draws the

a) ( 5A; putVs = 20V ) following phases currents:
b) ( 2A; putVs = 8V ) = i1 ( t ) I m sin ( ωt − ∅1 ) , i2 ( t ) = Im
c) ( 5A; putIs = 10A ) These currents are balanced if ∅1
d) ( 7A; putIs = 12A ) is equal to
a) −∅ 2 b) ∅ 2
[GATE-2009]
π  240μH. Their mutual inductance in
c) ( π / 2 − ∅ 2 ) d)  + ∅ 2 
2  μH is ___.
[GATE-2012] [GATE-2014]
Q.34 The average power delivered to an Q.38 The voltage across the capacitor, as
impedance ( 4-j3) Ω by a current sown in the figure, is expressed as
v t ( t ) A1 sin ( ω1t − θ1 ) + A 2 sin ( ω2 t − θ2 )
=
5cos(100πt+100) A is
a) 44.2W b) 50W
c) 62.5W d) 125
[GATE-2012]
Q.35 If VA -VB =6V, then VC -VD is The value of A1 and A 2 respectively,

are
a) 2.0 and 1.98 b) 2.0 and 4.20
c) 2.5 and 3.50 d) 5.0 and 6.40
[GATE-2014]
Q.39 The total power dissipated in the

a) -5V b) 2V circuit, show in the figure, is 1kW.
c) 3V d) 6V
[GATE-2012]
Q.36 Three capacitors C1 , C2 and C3

whose values are 10μF,5μF, and
2μF respectively, have breakdown
voltages of 10V, 5V and 2V The voltmeter, across the load,
respectively. For the reads 200 V. The value of X L is
interconnection shown below, the [GATE-2014]
maximum safe voltage in Volts that
can be applied across the Q.40 The line A to neutral voltage is
combination, and the corresponding 10∠15°V for a balanced three phase
total charge in μC stored in the star-connected load with phase
effective capacitance across the sequence ABC. The voltage of line B
terminals are respectively, with respect to line C is given by
a) 10 3∠105°V b) 10 3∠105°V
c) 10 3∠ − 75°V d) −10 3∠ − 90°V
[GATE-2014]
a)2.8 and 36 b)7 and 119 Q.41 The power delivered by the current
c)2.8 and 32 d)7 and 80 source, in the figure, is 1V
[GATE-2013]
Q.37 Two identical coupled inductors are

connected in series. The measured
inductances for the two possible
series connections are 380 μH and
[GATE-2014]
Q.42 The voltages developed across the 3
Ω and 2 Ω resistors show in the
figure are 6 V and 2 V respectively,
with the polarity as marked. What is
the power (in Watt) delivered by the
5 V voltage source?
a) 173.2∠-60° b) 173.2∠120°
c) 100.0∠-60° d) 100.0∠120°
[GATE-2015]
Q.46 R A and R B are the input resistances

of circuits as shown below. The
circuits extend infinitely in the
a) 5 b) 7 direction shown. Which one of the
c) 10 d) 14 following statements is TRUE?
[GATE-2015]
Q.43 In the given circuit, the parameter k

is positive, and the power dissipated
in the 2Ω resistor is 12.5 W. The
value of k is ____.
a) R A = R B b) R=A R=
B 0
c) R A < R B =
d) R B R A / (1 + R A )
[GATE-2016]
[GATE-2015]
Q.47 In the portion of a circuit shown, if
Q.44 The current I (in ampere) in the 2Ω the heat generated in 5Ω resistance
resistor of the given network is _____. is 10 calories per second then heat
generated by the 4Ω resistance, the
calories per second, is_____
[GATE-2015]
[GATE-2016]
Q.45 In the given network V 1 = 100∠0°V,
V 2 = 100∠120° V, V 3 = 100∠+120° Q.48 In the given circuit, the current
V. The phasor current i (in Ampere) supplied by the battery, in ampere,
is is
[GATE-2016] Q.53 The power supplied by the 25V
source in the figure shown below
Q.49 In the circuit shown below, the node is…………….W.
voltage V A is V.
[GATE-2017, Set-1]
Q.54 The equivalent impedance Zeq for

[GATE-2016]
the infinite ladder circuit shown in
Q.50 The voltage (v) and current (A) the figure is
across a load are as follows. v(t)
=100 sinω(t), i(t) = 10sin(ωt - 60°) +
2sin(3ωt) + sin(5ωt)
The average power consumed by
the load, in W, is_______.
[GATE-2016] a) j12Ω b) − j12Ω
Q.51 In the circuit shown below, the c) j13Ω d) 13Ω

voltage and current are ideal. The
voltage (V out ) across the current [GATE-2018]
source, in volts, is
Q.55 A DC voltage source is connected to
a series L-C circuit by turning on the
switch S at time t = 0 as shown in
the figure. Assume i ( 0 ) = 0 , v ( 0 ) = 0
. Which one of the following circular
loci represents the plot of i ( t )
a) 0 b) 5
c) 10 d) 20 versus v ( t ) ?
[GATE-2016]
Q.52 The equivalent resistance between

the terminals A and B is………… 
a)
[GATE-2017, Set-1]
b)
c)
d)
[GATE-2018]
Q.56 A three-phase load is connected to a

three-phase balanced supply as
shown in the figure. If
V=an 100∠0 V , Vbn
0
= 100∠ − 120 V 0
and V= cn 100∠ − 2400 V (angles are

considered positive in the anti-
clockwise direction), the value of R
for zero current in the neutral wire
is _________ (up to 2 decimal places).
[GATE-2018]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(d) (d) (b) (c) (b) (c) (c) (d) (c) (d) (b) (a) (d) (c)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(a) (c) (a) (a) (b) (a) (a) (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (d) (a)
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
(b) (b) (b) (c) (d) (b) (a) (d) 35 (a) 17.34 (c) 3 (a)
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
0.5 0 (a) (d) 2 0.5 11.42 250 (d) 3 250 (a) (b) 5.77
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (d) l P + lQ + lC + l L =
0
M = K L1L 2 2 + 1 + lC + lL =0
Where K=coefficient of coupling But, lC= C × dv / dt
Q 0 < K <1 = 1× d / dt(4sin 2t)
∴ M ≤ L1L 2 = (8cos 2t)
∴ lL =−(2 + 1 + 8cos 2t)
Q.2 (d)
=−3 − 8cos 2t
1
QP∝
R Q.6 (c)
Therefore resistance of 40W bulb > For 0 < t < 2 s current varies linearly
resistance of 60 W bulb. with time and given as i ( t ) = 3t
For series connection, current
through both the bulbs will same and for 2 s < t < 4s current is
P = l2 R (for series connection). constant, i ( t ) = 6A. The energy
Power consumed by 40 W bulb > absorbed by the inductor (Resistance
power consumed by 60W bulb. neglected) in the first 2 sec,
Hence, the 40W bulb glows brighter. T
di
E=
L ∫Li dt=
dt E L1 + E L2
Q.3 (b) 0
= RA + RB
2
When C is open, R AB  di 
E L1 = ∫Li   dt
= 6Ω 0  dt 
When B is open, R AC = RA + RC 2
= 9Ω = ∫ 2 × 3t × 3dt
When A is open, 0
2
R BC = R B + R C = 11Ω On solving t2 2
= 18∫t dt= 18 ×
above equations 0
2 0
=
R A 2Ω,= R B 4Ω and R C 7Ω 4 
=18 ×  − 0  = 36J
2 
Q.4 (c)
The energy absorbed by the
Input ac voltage and current will be
inductor in (2 → 4) second
in phase only at resonance condition
4 4
i.e.  di 
E L2 = ∫Li =  dt ∫= 2.6.0dt 0J
X C = X L − j12 2  dt  2
A pure inductor does not dissipate
= j8 + j8 + 2k ( j8) × ( j8)
energy but only stores it. Due to
12 = 8 + 8 + 16k resistance, some energy is
4 1 dissipated in the resistor. Therefore,
⇒k= − = − = −0.25
16 4 total energy absorbed by the
Hence coupling will be opposite inductor is the sum of energy stored
in the inducer tor and the energy
Q.5 (b) dissipated in the resistor. The
By KCL,
energy dissipated by the resistance ∴ VP = 30V
in 4 sec. Potential difference between node x
T
and y
E R = ∫i 2 Rt
= 60 V
0
2 4
by taking KCL at node y
40 − 30
= ∫(3t) ×1dt + ∫6 ×1dt
2 2
−l − 5 + =0
0 2 1
2 4
t3 2 4 ∴ l =5A
= ∫(9t) dt + 36∫1dt =
9× + 36t
2
60
0 2
3 0 2 ∴R = = 12Ω
5
=9 × 8 ( 3 ) + 36 × 2 = 24 + 72 = 96 j ∴ From equation(i)
∴ VL = L(di / dt) = 2 × 2 × 8sin 2t 4 ( VP − 10 ) + 2 × 8 + VP =0
= 32sin 2t 4VP − 40 + 16 + VP =
0
Note: KCL is based on the law of 5VP − 24 = 0
conversation of charges. VP = 4.8
∴Dot will at Q
6 ( VQ − 10 ) − 2 × 4 × 6 + 4VQ = 0
Q.7 (c) 10VQ − 108 =
0
Given: VR = 10V
∴ VQ =
10.8
By KCL
VP − 10 V ∴ VP − VQ =
−6V
+2+ P =0 …..(i)
2 8
VQ − 10 V Q.9 (c)
−2+ Q =0 …..(ii)
4 6
Method –I
Using KCL,
Va − E Va
+ − 1 =0
6 6
Q.8 (d) ⇒ 2Va − E = 6 …….(i)
By KCL, Where
V − 40 VP − 100 VP E − Va
∴ P + + =
0 =2
1 14 2 6
22VP = 660 ⇒ E − Va = 12 …….(ii)
Solving eq (i) & (ii)
We get
=Va 18V = and E 30V
Current through the branch a-Q
I = 1 + 2 = 3A
Va = 6l = 6 × 3 = 18V
E − Va E − 18
=2 ⇒ =2 ⇒E= 30V
6 6
R bR c
Q.10 (d)
R1 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
10 ×10
= = 2.5Ω
20 + 10 + 10
R cR a
R2 =
Ra + Rb + Rc
10 × 20
= = 5Ω
I R= YR E= ( 0.5 + j0 ) ×10∠0°= 5A 20 + 10 + 10
IY = YL E = ( 0. + j1.5) ×10∠0° =− j15A R3 =
RaRb
Ra + Rb + Rc
IC = YC E = ( 0 + j0.3) ×10∠0° = j3A
20 ×10
I = I R + I Y + IC = = 5Ω
20 + 10 + 10
= 5 + ( j15A ) + j3 Remember: If all the branches of ∆-
= 5 − j12A connection has same impedance Z
then impedance of branch of Y-
Q.11 (b) connection be Z/3
Q.13 (d)
R.M.S value of d.c Current
= 10A= ldc
R.M.S value of sinusoidal Current
Vp − 100 VP  20 
+ +2= 0 = =  A ldc
10 10  2
2VP − 100 + 20 = 0 R:M:S value of resultant,
80 = 2
+ lac
2
∴ VP = = 40V lR ldc
2
V 40 Q.14 (c)
∴R = P = = 20Ω
2 2 The Resultant (R) when viewed
from voltage
Q.12 (a) 100
= = 12.5
Source
8
R + 10 ||10 = 12.5
∴ R= 12.5 − 10 ||10
= 12.5 − 5= 7.5Ω
Q.15 (a)
R.M.S value of d.c Voltage
= V= (rms)
dc 3V
R.M.S value of a.c. Voltage = Va.c
(rms)
(
= 4/ 2 V )
Given: R a = 20Ω R.M.S value of the voltage
R b = 10Ω
( )
2
= 32 + 4 / 2
And R c = 10Ω
9 + 8 =17V Assuming phase-sequence to be
RYB Taking VRY as the reference
Q.16 (c) VRY= V∠0°
At f = 100Hz VYB = V∠ − 120°
VR = VL
VBR = V∠ − 240°
as R & L are series connected, V V
current through R & L is same, so lR = RB = − BR
=
IR lX= lωL
R1 R1
L
V∠ − 240° V
⇒ R = X L = ωL =− = ∠ − 60°
R1 R1
Vin
I= VYB V∠ − 120°
R 2 + X 2L =
lY =
R1 R1
Vin Vin
= = Using KCL
R2 + R2 2R lR + lY + lB = 0
=
VR u= rms IR V V
∠ − 60° + ∠ − 120° + lB = 0
 V  Vin R1 R1
=  in = ×R
 2R  2 V
⇒ l= 3 ∠90°
⇒ Vin =
B
2u rms …..(i) R1
At f=50Hz V V V
So lR : lY : lB = : : 3
XL ∝ f R1 R1 R1
50 X L R = 1:1: 3
So, X L ' =X L × = =
100 2 2
I' =
V in Q.18 (a)
R + ( X L ')
2 2 As circuit is under resonance, V1 & I
should be in phase.
Vin 2Vin
= =
R
2 5R Q.19 (b)
R2 +   Assuming resistance of the heater =
2
R
 2Vin  2 i) When heater connected to 230 V,
V='
R I=
'
R  R= Vin
 5R  5 50 Hz source, energy consumed
From eq. (i) by the heater =2.3 units or 2.3
kWh in 1 hour Power consumed
V='
R
2
5
(
× 2u rms ) by the heat
energy 2.3kWh
2 2 8 = =
u rms = u rms time period 1hour
5 5
P1 = 2.3kW
rms value of the input voltage
Q.17 (a) 2
Vrms
= V= rms 230V = P =1
R
2
230
⇒ 2.3 ×103= = 23Ω
R
ii) When heater connected to 400V V∠0° + V∠0° 2V
(peack to peck) square wave
=I =
R − jX C R − jX C
source of 150 Hz
Using KVL,
VYX + IR − V = 0
⇒ VYX =− V IR
 2V 
VYX= V −  R
 R − jX C 
V ( R − jX C ) − 2VR V ( R + jX C )
= =
R − jX C ( R − jXC )
Method -1
V rms value of the input voltage
 R + jX C 
VYX = − V 
1
1 T 2 
Vrms =  ∫V 2 dt   R − jX C 
 T 0  When R=0
1  0 + jX C 
 T 
 2 VYX =−V  =V
1 2 T
  0 − jX C 
=   ∫ 2002 dt + ∫ ( −200 ) dt  
2
T 0   Xc 
1 + j R 
T
  2 
VYX = 
= V= 200V X 
rms 1 − j c 
2
Vrms 2002  R 
=
P2 = ×10−3 kW when R → ∞
R 23
= 1.739kW VYX = −V
Method -2
Q.20 (a)  R − jX C 
VYX = − V  
 di   R − jX C 
V − 3  I1 + I 2 − Vx − 0.5 1 =0  …..(1)
 dt    X 
di = V∠  180° − 2 tan −1  C  
5I 2 − 0.5 1 = 0.2Vx   R 
dt Magnitude of VYX = V
di
0.5 1 − 5T2 + 0.2Vx = 0 ………..(2)  
−1 −1  X 
dt  R + X C ∠ tan tan  C  
2 2
Eliminating I2 for eq(1) and (2) we  R 
= V∠180° × 
get   − XC  
 R 2 + X C2 ∠ tan −1   
dI1
= −1.4Vx − 3.75I1 + V
5
  R  
dt 4
So, option (c) and (d) cannot be
Q.21 (a)
correct, as magnitude is 2V in these
two options.
X 
Angle of V=YX 108° − 2 tan −1  C 
 R 
When R = 0
∠VYX = 180° − 2 tan −1 (∞)
= 1800 − 2x900 =
0
Let capacitive reactance = XC When R= ∞
∠VYX = 180° − 2 tan −1 (0) = 180° 5 ×1
=
Va = 2.5V
On the basic of above analysis, the 2
locus of VYX is drawn below: Also,
4Vab =4i ⇒ 4 ( Va − Vb ) =4i ………(1)
Also,
1 V
Vb = 4Vab × = Va − Vb ⇒ Vb = a
4 2
= 1.25V
∴ 4 ( 2.5 − 1.25 )
Q.22 (a)
= 4i ( from=
(1) ) ⇒ i 1.25A
Q.26 (a)
As the ABCD bridge is balanced,
ICS = 0
∴ 3 = 2I + I 2 ⇒ I = 1A
Q.27 (d)
Power delivered by source
= 3 ×1 = 3W For a lamp, P = KV 2
Power dissipated by 2Ω resistor. For 200ω lamp, K = 200
220V 2202
= I 2 × 2 = 2W Consider n lamps connected in
∴ Power dissipated in non-linear series,
element Total power consumed
= 3 − 2 = 1W = n × K ×1102 =100
200
Q.23 (b) ⇒ n× ×1102= 100 ⇒ n= 2
Thevenin’s Impedance 2002
=
Z0 2.38 − j0.667Ω
Q.28 (a)
As real part is not zero, so Z0 has Assume a 1A current source at input
resistor
terminals,
Im [ Z0 ] = − j0.667 ∴ I1 =
1A
Case-I
Z0 has capacitor (as Im [ Z0 ] is negative)
Case-II
Z0 has both capacitor and inductor,
but inductive reactance ∠
capacitive reactance at ω = 5 rad/sec Applying KVL
For minimal realization case–(i) is Vin − i1 (1 + ) − 50i1 ( − jX C ) =0
considered.
Therefore, Z0 will have a resistor ⇒ Vin = i 2 [ 2 − j50X C ]
and a capacitor. Input impedance
V
= in = 2 − j50X C
Q.24 (a) i1
Vab =2i − 5 =2 − 5 =−3V As imaginary part is negative, input
impedance has equivalent capacitive
Q.25 (b) reactance X C eq.
X Ceq. = 50X C 1 1
I= ×1∠=
0
1+ j 1+ j
L
1 50
=
ωCeq. ωC
Q.33 (d)
50 1 = i1 lm sin(ωt − φ1 )
= =
ω ×100 2ω
= i 2 lm cos(ωt − φ2 )
Ceq. = 2μF
π 
= lm sin  + ωt − φ2 
Q.29 (b) 2 
The relevant circuit is shown in fig. As these two currents are balanced
As the voltage across 2Ω = 4V i1 + i 2 =
0
4 π 
I= = 2A ⇒ sin ( ωt − φ1 ) + sin  + ωt − φ2  =
0
2 2 
In order to double the current  φ +φ π 1 π 
through 2Ω resistance, VS is to be 2sin  ωt − 1 2 +  cos  − φ2 + φ1  =
0
 2 4 2 2 
doubled (Put VS = 8V )Note that the 1 π  π
5A source has no effect on the ⇒  − φ2 + φ1  =
2 2  2
answer. However it gives 3A current
π
through the voltage source as shown ∴φ1= + φ2
in fig. 2
Q.34 (b)
The load consists of a resistance and
a capacitance of this, only R is
passive and consumes power
So P = i 2rm R
2
 5 
Q.30 (b) =  =× 4 50W
 2
=V + i 100=and V i.1(by ohm's law)
∴ 2i= 100 ⇒ =  A
i 50A  note rms value of A cos ωt = 2 
 
Q.31 (b)
Current through R=1A Q.35 (a)
By KVL, 1.R + 6 =
12
⇒R= 6Ω
Q.32 (c)
Assume current as shown,

VA − VB = 6V
V − VB
= A =
I AB = I DC
3A
2
KCL at ‘D’ gives
VC − VD
+ 2 + 3 =0, VC − VD =−5V
By applying current division rule 1
Q.36 (d) Vc (t) = 2sin sin(10t-θ1 )+1.98(5t-θ2 )
By comparing with given
expression, A1 =2.0
A 2 =1.98
Q.39 (17.34 𝛀𝛀)

C 2 C3
=
Ceq + C1 = 11.5μF Total power dissipated in the circuit
C 2 + C3 is 1kW.
Safety voltage = 7V P = 1kW
Q = CV 1000 = 12.1+12.R.
⇒ Q = Ceq × Vsafety 1000 = (2)2.1 + (10)2.R.
R=9.96Ω
11.5 × 7 ; 80μC
V 200
Z= ⇒ = 20
1 10
Q.37 (35 μH)
Two possible series connections are =
Z R 2 + X 2L
1. Aiding then L equation
⇒ = ( Z) − R2
2
X 2L
= L 1 +L 2 + 2M.
2. Opposing then L equation =
X 2L (20) 2 − (9.96) 2 ⇒ X L = 17.34Ω
= L 1 + L 2 –2M
L 1 +L 2 +2M=380μ H ……(1) Q.40 (c)
L 2 +L 2 –2M = 240 μH ….. (2)
From 1 & 2, M = 35 μH
Q.38 (a)
By using super position theorem,
1. ϑC1 — When 20 sin 10t voltage
source is acting,
VL = 3Vph
Network function
1 = 3 ×10 = 10 3
j ωc 1 If VA = 100
H ( jω )
= ⇒
R+
1 (10 j + 1) =
thenV 10 3 −90
BC
j ωc
=
givenV A 10 15°
1
=ϑC1 ( t ) 20sin sin(10t − tan −1 (10)) n90+15¯ n75¯
101 ∴ VBC =10 3 - =10 3 -
2. ϑC2 ( t ) When 10 sin 5t current Q.41 (3 Watts)

source is acting
100 ×1
=ϑC2 × −0.2 j
1 − 0.2 j
−2 j
ϑC2 =
1 − 0.2 j
2
=ϑC2 ( t ) .sin(5t − θ 2 ) KCL at node Vx
1 + ( 0.2 )
2
1 − Vx V
ϑC2 ( t ) 1.98sin sin(5t − θ 2 )
= + 2 =x
1 1
Vx = 1.5V E calorie
P= = = watt
Power delivered by current source t sec
is = 2x 1.5 = 3 watts → P5Ω = 10
V5Ω
Q.42 (a) ⇒ =10 ⇒ V5Ω =50
5Ω
6V
=I = 2A → P4Ω is asked
3Ω
(=
V4Ω )
2 2
2V 1 4 
=I = 1A =
P4Ω  50 
3Ω 4 4 4+ 6 
I + 1 =2 1 16 calorie
I = 1A = × × 50 =2
4 100 sec
P = 5 ×1 = 5W
Q.48 (0.5)
Q.43 (0.5)
P2Ω = 12.5W
12.5
=
i 2Ω = 2.5
2
V0 =× 2 2.5 = 5V
2.5 + KV0 = 5
If we write KCL at node × then
KV0 = 5 I
2.5 1 I1 = 2I 2 ⇒ I 2 = 1
K= = = 0.5 2
5 2 Write KVL in the outer boundary of
network
Q.44 (0) 1 − (1× I1 ) − ( 2 × I 2 ) = 0 ⇒ 1 = I1 + 2I 2
The Network is balanced
Wheatstone bridge. ⇒ i = 0Amp I  1
1 = I1 + 2  1  ⇒ 1 = 2J1 ⇒ I1 = = 0.5A
2 2
Q.45 (a) = 0.5A
= −i
( i 3) + ( 2 3)
V − V V − V Q.49 (11.42)
−j j ALL the branch currents are
100∠ 0° − 100∠ 120° 100∠ − 120° − 100∠ 120° expressed interval of V A now
= −i + writing KCL at node A
1∠ − 90° 1∠ 90°
= i 173.2∠ − 60°
Q.46 (d)
By comparing 2 networks on the
input side we can say that
RA
R= 1/ /R A ⇒ R=
1+ RA
B B
Q.47 (2) 1 1 1 
⇒ VA  + +  + 2I1 = 5 + 1
Here the power information  5 5 10 
regarding the resistor is given
2 1   V − 10 
because ⇒ VA  +  + 2  A =6
 5 10   10 
2 1 2 
⇒ VA  + +  =6 + 2
 5 10 10 
 7 80
⇒ VA   =⇒ 8 VA = = 11.42V
 10  7
Q.50 (250)
Now
The instantaneous power of load is
6
p(t) = V(∈)i(t) R AB =1 + + 0.8 =3Ω
[(100sinωt)(10sin(ωt-60)]+ 5
[(100sinωt)(2sin3ωt)]+[(100sinωt) Q.53 250
(5sin5ωt)] Using KCL at node, we get
T I + 0.4I =
14
→ since, Pavg = ∫P ( t ) dt in the above I = 10A
0 P = 25 ×10 = 250W
expression only 1st term will result
non zero answer Remaining 2 terms Q.54 (a)
wiII be 0. → So directly consider Given: The circuit is given below,
 P ( t ) = 100sinωt  10 ( sinωt-60 ) 
 P ( t ) =100sinsinωt  [10(sinωt-60) ]
=Pavg Vrms I rms cos ( θv − θ1 )
100 10
=
cos(60)
2 2
1000 1 The given network consists only
= = 250watt
2 2 reactive element, the equivalent
figure can be represented as,
Q.51 (d)
The above circuit can be re-drawn

Vout = ( 5 × 2 ) + 10 as shown below,
= 20V
Q.52 3
Consider the following circuit
diagram,
The equivalent impedance ( Zeq ) is

given as
After rearrangement we get,
j4 × Zeq i ( t ) = 5sin t
=Zeq + j9
j4 + Zeq
t
1
V ( t ) = ∫ i ( t ) dt
( j9 ) Zeq + ( j4 ) Zeq − 36 C0
Zeq =
Zeq + j4
t
1
1 ∫0
= 5sin tdt
2
Zeq − ( j9 ) Zeq + 36 =
0
2
Zeq − ( j12 ) + ( j3) Zeq + 36 =
0 V (=
t ) 5 (1 − cos t )
(Z eq − j12 ) + ( Zeq + j3) =

0
Zeq = j12 [ Zeq = − j3 is neglected

as the whole circuit is a inductive
nature]
Hence, the correct option is (a).
Q.55 (b)
Given: The circuit with

i ( 0 )= 0= v ( 0 )= 0
The circular loci of i ( t ) is given by,

The equivalent circuit is
represented as,
Q.56 5.77
5
5 Given:
I (s) =
= s
1 s2 + 1
s+ V=
an 100∠00 V
s
= 100∠ − 1200 V
Vbn
V=
cn 100∠ − 2400 V
Ia + Ib + Ic = I n = 0
100∠0 100∠ − 120 100∠ − 240

+ + =
0
R j10 − j10
100∠0
+ 10∠ − 210 + 10∠ − 150 = 0
R
100∠0
= 8.66 − 5j + 8.66 − 5j= 17.32 − 10 j
R
100∠0
= 8.66 − 5j + 8.66 − 5j= 17.32 − 10 j
R
Equating the real part of the

equation
100
= 17.32
R
100
=
R = 5.773Ω
17.32
Hence, the value of R is 5.773Ω
2 NETWORK THEOREMS
2.1 INTRODUCTION internal impedance theorems that have

application throughout the field of
This chapter introduces a number of electricity and electronics. Not only can
theorems that have application throughout they be used to solve networks such as
the field of electricity and electronics. Not encountered in the previous chapter,
only can they be used to solve networks but they also provide an opportunity to
such as encountered in the previous determine the impact of a particular
chapter, but they also provide an source or element on the response of
opportunity to determine the impact of a the entire system. In most cases, the
particular source or element on the network to be analyzed and the
response of the entire system. In most independent (voltage and/or
cases, the network to be analyzed and the current) sources, one way to determine
mathematics required to find the solution the value of variable (voltage across the
are simplified. resistance or current through a
resistance) is to use nodal or mesh
2.2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM current methods as discussed in
detailed in chapter 1. Alternative
If the circuit has more than one method for any linear network, to
independent (voltage and/or current) determine the effect of each
sources, one way to determine the value of independent source (whether
variable (voltage across the resistance or voltage or current) to the value of
current through a resistance) is to use variable (voltage across the resistance
nodal or mesh current methods as or current through a resistance) and
discussed in detailed in chapter1. then the total effects simple added. This
Alternative method for any linear network, response in a particular branch when
to determine the effect of each independent all the sources are acting at a time is
source (whether voltage or current) to the equal to the linear sum of individual
value of variable (voltage across the responses calculated by considering
resistance or current through a resistance) one independent source act at a time
and then the total effects simple added. while considering one source other
This approach is known as the sources are replaced by their internal
superposition. impedance of voltage source is zero.
Def: In a linear network with several

independent sources, the response in a
particular branch when all the sources are
acting at a time is equal to the linear sum of
individual responses calculated by
considering one independent source act at
a time while considering one source other → All the ideal current sources are
sources are replaced by their internal eliminated from the network by
impedance. opening the sources, because the
→ All the ideal voltage sources are internal impedance of current source is
eliminated from the network by infinity
shorting the sources because the
A simple circuit as shown in fig. 1) is
considered to illustrate the concept of
equivalent circuit and it is always possible
to view even a very complicated circuit in
terms of much simpler equivalent source
and load circuits. Subsequently the
reduction of computational complexity that
→ Don’t disturb the dependent sources involves in solving the current through a
present in the network. branch for different values of load
resistance (RL) is also discussed. In many
2.2.1 PROPERTIES OF SUPERPOSITION applications, a network may contain a
THEOREM variable component or element while other
elements in the circuit are kept constant. If
1) This theorem is applicable only for the solution for current (I) or voltage (V) or
linear network with R, L, C transformer power (P) in any component of network is
and linear controlled sources as its desired, in such cases the whole circuit
elements. need to be analyzed each time with the
2) The presence of dependent sources change in component value. In order to
makes the network an active hence avoid such repeated computation, it is
super position is applicable to both desirable to introduce a method that will
active and as well as passive networks. not have to be repeated for each value of
variable component. Such tedious
2.2.2 HOMOGENITY PRINCIPLE computation burden can be avoided
provided the fixed part of such networks
It is the principle obeyed by all the linear could be converted into a very simple
networks. In a linear network if the equivalent circuit that represents either in
excitation is multiplied with constant ‘k’ the form of practical voltage source known
then response in all the other branches of as Thevenin’s voltage source (VTH =
the network is also multiplied with the magnitude of voltage source, RTH = internal
same constant ‘k’. resistance of the source) or in the form of
practical current source known as Norton’s
current source ( IN = magnitude of current
source, RTH = internal resistance of the
source). In true sense, this conversion will
considerably simplify the analysis while
the load resistance changes.
In the above figures when 20V source in fig.
a) is multiplied by 3 times to get 60V
source in fig. b the current in 4Ω branch
also gets multiplied by 3 times.
Note: When multiple sources are present
use the superposition theorem first and
later homogeneity principle to get the
response in a particular branch in the
network. Let us consider the circuit shown in fig.
8.1(a). Our problem is to find a current
2.3 THEVENIN’S AND NORTON’S
THEOREM
through RL using different techniques; the
following observations are made. Def: Norton’s theorem states that any two
• If we use Mesh Analysis then 3 terminal linear networks with current
equations need to be solved. sources, voltage sources and resistances
• If Nodal Analysis is used then 2 can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
equations need to be solved. consisting of a current source called
• By superposition theorem we need to Norton’s current (IN) in parallel with
find the current through RL considering Thevenin’s resistance (RTH). The value of
each source at a time and replacing the current source is the short circuit
other sources by their internal current between the two terminals of the
impedance. network.
Suppose, the value of RL is changed then
the above three techniques need to be 2.4 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
applied again right from the beginning. THEOREM
To avoid all the above problems the
circuit contained inside the fence in fig. In an electric circuit, the load receives
(1) with two terminals A & B, is electric energy via the supply sources and
replaced by the simple equivalent converts that energy into a useful form. The
voltage source (as shown in fig. 2) or maximum allowable power received by the
current source (as shown in fig. 3). load is always limited either by the heating
effect (in case of resistive load) or by the
other power conversion taking place in the
load. The Thevenin and Norton models
imply that the internal circuits within the
source will necessarily dissipate some of
power generated by the source. A logical
question will arise in mind, how much
power can be transferred to the load from
the source under the most practical
conditions? In other words, what is the
value of load resistance that will absorbs
the maximum power from the source? This
is an important issue in many practical
problems. To answer the above questions
we make use of Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem.
Def: Thevenin’s theorem states that any
This theorem is applicable only when the
two terminal linear network having a
load is a variable otherwise choose the
number of voltage and current sources and
minimum internal impedance of the source,
resistances can be replaced by a simple
which results a maximum current through
equivalent circuit consisting of a single
a fixed load and hence a maximum power
voltage source called Thevenin’s voltage
dissipation across the load.
(VTH) in series with a resistance called
Thevenin’s resistance (RTH), where the
2.4.1 UNDER THE VARIABLE LOAD
value of the Thevenin’s voltage source is
CONDITIONS
equal to the open circuited voltage across
the two terminals of the network and
Case1:
Thevenin’s resistance is equal to the
Source resistance ‘RS’ is fixed and Load
equivalent resistance measured between
resistance ‘RL’ is variable
the terminals.
VS2 VS2
= +
4R S 4R L
VS2
PT =
2RS
usefulpower
I=
VS Efficiency ( η) =
Rs + R L Totalpower
The maximum power transfer theorem VS2
states that, “maximum power is delivered = 4RL
from a source to a load when the load VS2
resistance is equal to the source 2RL
resistance”. 1
→Current in the circuit is η=
2
VS %η =50%
I=
Rs + R L So, the efficiency of maximum power
→Power delivered to the load RL is transfer theorem is almost 50%
P = I 2 R L (W)
Case2:
VS2 R L
∴ P= (W) Source impedance Zs is fixed and load
(Rs + R L )
2
impedance ZL is variable
dP d  VS2 R L 
=  
dR L dR L  ( R s + R L ) 2 
 
=
VS2 {( R + R
s L ) − ( 2R L ) ( R s + R L )}
2
( Rs + R L )
4
Current in the circuit is
dP VS
When =0 I=
dR L R S + R L + j ( XS + X L )
∴ ( R s + R L ) − ( 2R L ) ( R s + R L ) =
2
0 Power delivered to the load impedance is
2
We get R s = R L P = I R L (w)
Now, Pmax = P |atR L =R S VS2 R L
P= 2
(w)
 
( R S + R L ) + ( XS + X L )
2 2 2
VS RL  
→ Pmax = |
2 atR L = R S  
(Rs + R L )
VS2 R L
V RS 2 P=
⇒ Pmax =S ( RS + R L ) + ( XS + X L )
2 2
( Rs + RS )
2
V 2 V 2 Case2.1:
max 4RS ( ) 4RL
⇒P =W or S (W)
S Only load resistance RL is variable
Now differentiating power w.r.t R L &
Power delivered by voltage source (VS) =
Power absorbed by source resistance ‘RS’ equate to zero
dp {( R S + R L ) + ( XS + X L ) } VS − VS RL ( 2R S + 2R L )
2 2
Power absorbed by ′RL ′
2 2
=
=
PT PR S + PR L dRL
{( R S + R L ) + ( XS + X L )
2
}
2 2
=
PT I R s + I R L |R L =R S
2 2
dp R L = ZS
=0
dRL
We get R L Rs 2 + ( XS + X L ) Ω
2 2.5 THE TELLEGAN’S THEOREM
Case2.2: Tellegan’s theorem is valid any lumped
Only load reactance ‘XL’ is variable network which may be linear or non-linear,
Now differentiate power w.r.t 𝑋𝑋𝐿𝐿 & equate passive or active, time–varying or time
to zero invariant. It states that, the algebraic sum
( R S + R L ) + ( XS + X L ) ( 0 ) − Vs 2 RL(2XS + 2X L ) of all the powers delivered by some
2 2
dP
=
dX L
{( R S + R L ) + ( XS + X L )
2
}
2 2
elements in the network is equal to the
power observed by the remaining elements
dP present is the network. When the current
=0
dX L enters of the negative terminal of an
We get XS + X L = 0 element then that element will deliver the
power otherwise it absorbs the power. The
Case2.3: sources can either deliver the power or
Both Load resistance ‘RL’ & reactance they can absorb the power whereas the
‘XL’ are varied simultaneously passive, elements will always absorb the
power, since the current enters from
Here both 2 (i) and 2 (ii) are satisfied positive terminal in the R, L, C elements in
simultaneously the presence of sources.
i.e.
2.6 RECIPROCITY THEOREM
Rs 2 + ( XS + X L ) [from 2 (i)] and
2
RL =
X L + XS =
0 [from 2 (ii)] A linear, passive and a bilateral network,
the ratio of response to the excitation is
Combining above two conditions, we get
constant even through the source is
R L= Rs 2 + 0 & X L + XS= 0 interchanged from the input terminal to the
R L = R S & X L = − XS output terminals.
We have, Z= L R L + jX L
= R S − jXS (Q R L = R S & X L = − XS )
ZL = ZS *
Case3:
Source impedance is fixed and load
resistance RL variable
From fig a & fig b by reciprocity theorem

V1 V2 V
= Or, = cons tan t
I1 I2 I
Proof:
It is a special case of 2(i) with X L = 0
Rs 2 + ( XS + X L )
2
From 2 i) RL =
⇒ R L= Rs 2 + Xs 2
Milliman’s theorem states that in any
network, if the voltage sources V1 , V2 ….Vn
in series with internal resistances
R1 , R 2 ….R n respectively, are in parallel,
then these sources may be replaced by a
single voltage sources V’ in series with ‘R’
40
Re=
q Ω as shown in fig.
7
20 7
I= ×7= A
40 2
7/2
=
I1 ×=
4 2A
4+3
From above figures it can be concluded that V1G1 + V2 G 2 +…+ Vn G n
the current remains 2A even if the 20V V' =
G1 + G 2 + G 3 +…+ G n
source is moved from input terminals to
1 1 1 1 1
the output terminals. = + + +…. +
R ' R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
2.6.1 FEATURES OF RECIPROCITY G=' G1 + G 2 +…+ G n
THEOREM 1 1
R=' =
G ' G1 + G 2 +…+ G n
1) This theorem is applicable only for the
linear, passive, bilateral network i.e. Note: In the above case if the polarities of
networks with R, L, C and transformer the source V2 are reversed then V2 replaced
as its elements, so called reciprocal by V2 in the expression for V’.
network.
2) The presence of the dependent sources 2.9 THE DUALITY PRINCIPLE
makes the network an active and hence
the Reciprocity theorem is not The network and its dual are the same w. r.
applicable, so called the non-reciprocal t performance point of view but the
network. elements and connections point of view
they are not equal. In electrical circuit itself
2.7 SUBSTITUTION THEOREM there are pairs of terms which can be
interchanged to get new circuits such pair
In a linear network any passive elements of dual terms is given below.`
can be equivalently substituted by a ideal Current ↔ voltage
voltage source or an ideal current source, Open ↔ short
provided the original passive element or L↔C
the substituted active sources absorbs the R↔G
same power then only all the other branch Z↔Y
currents and voltages are kept constant. series ↔ parallel
KCL ↔ KVL
Star ↔ delta
Thevenins ↔ Nortons
Ri(t) ↔ Gv(t)
di(t) dv(t)
L ↔C
dt dt
2.8 MILLIMAN’S THEOREM
1 1 i 2 = 3.125A
∫i ( t ) dt ↔ ∫v ( t ) dt
C L So, the total current I passing through 3Ω
To draw dual of the network, the following resister is
steps are to be followed; I= i1 + i 2
1) In each loop of a network place a node, =
I 2.5 + 3.125
and place an extra node, called the I = 5.625A
reference node, outside the network.
2) Draw the lines connecting adjacent Example:
nodes passing through each element Determine Thevnin’s and Norton’s
and also to the reference node, by equivalent circuit across ‘AB’ for the given
placing the dual of each element in the circuit
line passing through original elements.
Example:
Find the current passing through the 3Ω
resistor in the circuit shown in fig by
superposition theorem
Solution:
Let Vth is voltage across terminal AB
Solution:
By superposition theorem
Consider 20V voltage source and open By applying nodal we get,
circuit 5A current source We get, VTH − 50 VTH − 25
+ =0
10 5
VTH − 50 + 2VTH − 50 =
0
3VTH = 100
VTH = 33.3V
RTH is the resistance seen into the terminals
By KVL, AB. To find RTH the two voltage sources are
20-5(i1 )-3(i1 )=0 removed & replaced with short circuit
20=8i1
20
i1 =
8
i1 = 2.5A
Now consider 5A current source and short 10 × 5
R= (10 ||=
5) = 3.33Ω
circuit 20V voltage source. TH
10 + 5
We get, So, the Thevenin’s and Norton’s equivalent
circuits are
By current division rule,

5
i2 = 5 × Example:
5+3
Determine the values of load resistance
when the load resistance drawn maximum
power. Also find the value of the maximum
power.
Example:
Verify Tellegen’s Theorem
Solution:
The source delivers the maximum power
when load resistance is equal to the source
resistance
R L= 25Ω Solution:
50 50 While verifying the Tellegen’s theorem
The current I = = don’t disturb the original network for
25 + RL 25 + 25
evaluating the voltages & currents in each
I = 1A & every element of the network.
The maximum power delivered to the load
P = I2 R
=
P (1)2 × 25
P = 25W
Example: By KVL, 20 − 5i − 5 =0
Draw the dual network for the given i = 3A
network shown in fig Powers due all the elements of the network
are:
P20v = 20 × 3 = 60W (del)
P5Ω = 15 × 3 = 45W (abs)
P5v = 5 × 3 = 15W (abs)
Solution: ∴ Power delivered = 60W = Power absorbed
Place nodes in each loop and one reference i.e. the conservation of power.
node outside the circuit joining the nodes
through each element & placing the dual of Example:
each element we get. Calculate the current I shown in figure
using Milliman’s theorem
Solution:
According to Milliman’s theorem, the two
The dual of circuit is redrawn as shown voltage sources can be replaced by a single
below voltage source in series with resistance
shown
V1G1 + V2 G 2
V' =
G1 + G 2
(10 ) 
1 1
 + ( 20 )  
=  2  5
1 1
+
2 5
V ' = 12.86V
1 1
=
R' = = 1.43Ω
G1 + G 2 1 + 1
2 5
Therefore, the current passing through the
3Ω resistor is
12.86
I=
3 + 1.49
I = 2.9A
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 In the figure, the switch was closed  1 

for a long time before opening at t =  R + Ls + Cs − Ls 
 I1
V
(s)   
a)   = s
(s)   
+
0. The voltage Vx att = 0 is  R+  2
1 I
− Ls 0
 Cs 
 1 
 R + Ls + − Ls   V
Cs  I1 (s)   − 
b)   =
(s)  
s

 R+  2
1 I
− Ls  0 
 Cs 
 1 
 R + Ls + Cs − Ls   I1  V
(s)   − 
c)   = s
a) 25V b) 50V  − Ls 1   I2 (s)   
R + + Ls +  0 
c) −50V d) 0V  Cs 
[GATE-2002]  1 
 R + Ls + Cs − Ls   I1 (s)   V 
Statement for linked answer questions: d)   =s
1 I (s)    
The circuit for Q.2 and Q.3 is given Assume  − Ls R + Ls +   2 0
that the switch S is in position 1 for a long  Cs 
time and thrown to position 2 at t=0 [GATE-2003]
Q.2 At t=0+ the current i1 is Q.4 For the R-L circuit shown in the
figure. The input voltage
Vi ( t ) = u(t) . The current i(t) is
a) b)
a) −V b) −V
2R R
−V
c) d) zero
4R
[GATE-2003]
c) d)
Q.3 I1 ( S) and I2 ( S) are the Laplace
transforms of i1 ( t ) and i 2 ( t )
respectively. The equations for the
loop currents I1 ( S) and I 2 ( S) for
the circuit shown in the figure, after
the switch is brought from position
[GATE-2004]
1 to position 2 at t=0, are
Q.5 The circuit shown in the figure has Q.8 In the figure shown, assume that all
initial current i L ( 0- ) =1i L ( 0- ) =1 A the capacitors are initially
through the inductor and an initial uncharged. If Vi ( t ) = 10u(t) Volts,
voltage VC ( 0- ) =-1V across the then V 0 (t) is given by
capacitor. For input v ( t ) =u(t) the

Laplace transform of the current i(t)
for t³0 is
a) 8e − 0.004t Volts
b) 8(1 − e −0.004t )Volts
c) 8u ( t ) Volts
S S+ 2 d) 8 Volts
a) b)
S + S +1
2
S + S +1
2
[GATE-2006]
S−2 S−2
c) 2 d) 2 Q.9 In the circuit shown, Vc is 0 volts at
S + S +1 S + S +1
[GATE-2004] t=0 sec. For t>0 , the capacitor
current ic(t) Where t is in seconds,
Q.6 A square pulse of 3 volts amplitude is given b
is applied to C-R circuit shown in the
figure. The capacitor is initially
uncharged .The output voltage V2 at
time t=2 sec is
a) 0.50 exp(−25t)mA
b) 0.25exp(−25t)mA
c) 0.50 exp(−12.5t)mA
a) 3V b) -3V
d) 0.25exp(−6.25t)mA
c) 4V d) -4V
[GATE-2005] [GATE-2007]
Q.7 A 2 mH inductor with some initial Q.10 In the following circuit, the switch S
current can be represented as is closed at t = 0 . The rate of change
shown below, where s is the Laplace di
of current (0+) is given by
Transform variable. The value of dt
initial current is
R S IS
a) 0 b)
L
a) 0.5A b) 2.0A c)
( R + R S ) IS d) ∞
c) 1.0A d) 0.0A L
[GATE-2006] [GATE-2008]
Q.11 The circuit shown in the figure is
1  − 
3 1
t − t
used to charge the capacitor C a) e 2 −e 2 
alternately from two current 3  

sources as indicated. The switches d)
S1 and S2 are mechanically coupled  1
− t  3t  1  3t  
and connected as follows e  cos cos 
2
 − sin sin   
For 2nT ≤ t < ( 2n + 1) T,   2  3  2  
( n 0,1, 2…)
= 2 −2t
1
 3t 
c) e sin  
S1 to P1 and S2 to P2 3  2 
For ( 2n + 1) T ≤ t < ( 2n + 2 ) T 2 −2t
1
 3t 
d) e cos  
( n 0,1, 2…) , S1 to Q1 and S2 to Q2
= 3  2 
[GATE-2008]
Q.13 For t > 0, the output voltage Vc (t) is

2  −2t − t
1 3
e −e 2 
3  

1
2 −2t
a) te
Assume that the capacitor has zero 3
initial charge. Given that u(t) is a 1
 3 
2 −2t
unit step function, the voltage Vc (t) b) e cos  t 
3  2 
across the capacitor is given by
∝ 2 2t
1
 3 
∑ ( −1) tu ( t − nT ) c) e sin  t 
n
a)
n =0
3  2 
∝
 3 
b) u ( t ) + 2∑ ( −1) u(t − nT)
n 2 − t2
d) e sin  t 
n =1 3  2 
∞
[GATE-2008]
c) tu ( t ) + 2∑ ( −1) (t − nT)u(t − nT)
n
n =1
∞ Q.14 The switch in the circuit shown was
d) ∑  0.5 − e−( t − nT ) + 0.5e−( t − nT − T )  on position ‘a’ for a long time and is
 
n =1 moved to position ‘6’ at time t=0.The
[GATE-2008] current i(t) for t > 0 is given by
Common Data Questions 12 & 13:

The following series RLC circuit with zero
initial condition is exited by a unit impulse
functions δ(t)
a) 0.2e−125t u ( t ) mA
b) 20e−1250t u ( t ) mA
c) 0.2e −1250t u ( t ) mA
d) 20e−1000t u ( t ) mA
Q.12 For t>0 , the voltage across the
resistor is [GATE-2009]
Q.15 The time domain behavior of an RL Q.18 In the following figure, C1 and C2
circuit is represented by are ideal capacitors. C1 has been
di ( t ) − Rt charged to 12 V before the ideal
L = Ri V0 (1 + Be Lsint)u(t) For
dt switch S is closed at t=0 .The current
V i(t) for all t is
an initial current of i ( 0 ) = 0 , the
R
steady state value of the current is
given by
V 2V
a) i(t) → 0 b) i(t)® 0
R R a) Zero
V 2V b) A step function
c) i(t) → 0 (1 + B) d) i(t) → 0 (1 + B)
R R c) An exponentially decaying function
[GATE-2009] d) An impulse function
Q.16 In the circuit shown, the switch S is [GATE-2012]
open for a long time and is closed
Q.19 For maximum power transfer
at t=0 . The current i(t) for t ≥ 0+ is
between two cascaded sections of
an electrical network, the
relationship between the output
impedance Z 1 of the first section to
the input impedance Z 2 of the
second section is
a) i (=
t ) 0.5 − 0.125e−1000t A
a) Z2 = Z1 b) Z2 = − Z1
b) i ( =
t ) 1.5 − 0.125e−1000t A c) Z2 = − Z1* d) Z2 = − Z1*
c) i ( =
t ) 1.5 − 0.125e−1000t A [GATE-2014]
d) i ( t ) = 0.375e−1000t A
[GATE-2010] the value of capacitor C(in mF)
Q.17 In the circuit shown below the initial needed to have critically damped
charge on the capacitor is 2.5mC, response i(t) is
with the voltage polarity as
indicated. The switch is closed at
time =0 .The current i(t) at a time t
after the switch is closed is
[GATE-2014]
Q.21 In the figure shown, the capacitor is

initially uncharged. Which one of the
following expressions describes the
(
i ( t ) 15exp −2 ×103 t A
a) = ) current I(t) (in mA) for t > 0?
(
( t ) 5exp −2 ×103 t A
b) i= )
( )
i ( t ) 10 exp −2 ×103 t A
c) =
d) i ( t ) =−5exp ( −2 ×10 t ) A 3
[GATE-2010]
5 2 If time t is in seconds, the capacitor
(t)
a) I = (1 − e − t / τ ), τ - msec
voltage Vc (in volts) for t>0 is given
3 3
5 2 by
b) I ( t ) = (1- e − t / τ ), τ = m sec a)4(1- exp(-t/0.5))
2 3
b)10- 6 exp(-t/0.5)
5
c) I (=
t) (1 − e − t / τ ), τ = 3 m sec c)4(1- exp(-t/0.6))
2 d) 10- 6exp(-t/0.6)
5 [GATE-2016]
d) I (=t) (1 − e − t / τ ), τ = 3 m sec
2
[GATE-2014] Q.25 Assume that the circuit in the figure
has reached the steady state before
Q.22 In the circuit shown in the figure, time t = 0 when the 3Ω resistor
the value of V 0 (t) (in Volts) for suddenly burns out, resulting in an
t → ∞ is __. open circuit. The current i(t) (in
ampere) at t = 0+ is _____.
[GATE-2014]
Q.23 In the circuit shown, the switch SW [GATE-2016]

is thrown from position A to
position B at time t = 0. The energy Q.26 In the circuit shown, the voltage
(in 𝜇𝜇,J) taken from the 3V source to V IN (t) is described by:
charge the 0.1 μF capacitor from 0V V IN (t) =
to 3V is 𝟎𝟎, 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒕𝒕 < 𝟎𝟎
�
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒕𝒕 ≥ 𝟎𝟎
Where t is in seconds. The time (in

seconds) at which the current I in
the circuit will reach the value 2
Amperes is______________.
a) 0.3 b) 0.45
c) 0.9 d) 3
[GATE-2015]
Q.24 The switch has been in position 1for

along time and abruptly changes to
position 2 at = 0
[GATE-2017]
Q.27 The switch in the circuit, shown in

the figure, was open for a long time
and is closed at t=0.
The current i(t) (in ampere) at t=0.5
seconds is________________
[GATE-2017]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (a) (c) (c) (b) (b) (a) (c) (a) (b) (c) (b) (d) (b)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
(a) (a) (a) (d) (c) 10 (a) 31.25 (c) (d) 1 0.3405 8.16
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c) −V
∴ i1 =
When switch was closed circuit was 2R
in steady state,
Q.3 (c)
When switch is in position 2,
i L (0− ) = 2.5A
At t=0+ KVL in loop (1),
V 1
I1 ( s ) .R + + I1 ( s ) . +  I1 ( s ) − I 2 (s)  sL = 0
s sC
 1  V
⇒ I1 ( s )  R + + sL  = I 2 ( s ) .sL = −
 sC  s
KVL in loop 2,
1
 I 2 ( s ) − I1 ( s )  sL + I 2 ( s ) R + I 2 ( s ) . = 0
sC
⇒V= IR  1
⇒ − I1 ( s ) .sL + I 2 ( s )  R + sL +  =0
= 2.5 × 20 = 50V  sC 
∴ Vx = −50V
 1 
(Polarity of Vx is given reverse of V)  R + sL + sC − sL   I1 ( s ) 
  
 1   I2 ( s ) 
Q.2 (a) −sL R + sL +
 sC 
At t = 0− in steady state
 V
−
= s
 
 0 
Q.4 (c)
1 ( t ) i 2=
(t) 0 V(s) 1
i= I (s )
= =
s + 2 s(s + 2)
Vc ( 0− ) = V
1 1 1 1 
(s)
I= = −
At t = 0+ s(s + 2) 2  S s + 2 

i(t=
)
1
2
(
1 − e − 2t )
At = t 0,i= (t) 0
∞,i ( t ) =
t= 0.5
−i1R − V − i1R =
0 =t
1
=,i ( t ) 0.31
2
V0 ( S) Z2 ( S )
=
Vi ( S) Z1 ( S) + Z2 ( S)
R2
Where Z2 ( S) = ,
1 + R 2 C 2S
=
where R 2 4K= Ω, C2 1μF
Graph (c) satisfies all conditions. R1
Z1 ( S) = ,
1 + R1C1S
Q.5 (b) =
where R1 1K = Ω, C1 1μF
KVL,
∞ R 2 C2 = R1C1
Ldi(t) 1
v ( t ) =Ri ( t ) + + ∫i ( t ) dt = 103 × 4 ×10−6 sec = 4 ×10−3 sec
dt C0
V0 ( S) R2 4
Taking L.T on both sides, = =
Vc 0+ Vi ( S) R1 + R 2 5
( )
( )
v ( s )= RI ( s ) + LsI ( s ) − LI 0+ +
I(s)
sC
+
S =V0 ( S)
4
=Vi ( S) , V0 ( t ) 0.8Vi ( t )
1 I(s) 1 5
⇒ = I ( s ) + sI ( s ) − 1 + − For Vi ( t ) 10u
= = ( t ) , V0 ( t ) 8u(t)
S S S
2 I(s) 2
= +1 s + S + 1
S S   Q.9 (a)
s+2 Given
I (s) = 2 −t
S + S +1 Vi =0 ⇒ VC ( t ) =Vf + ( Vi − Vf ) e T
Q.6 (b) (
= 5 1 − e −25t )
RC =0.1×10−6 ×103 =10−4 iC ( t ) = C.
dvc
= 100μs dt
As RC is very small, so steady
state will be reached in 2 sec.
(
= 4 ×10−6 5 × −e−25t × −25 )
Vc = 3V = 0.5e −25t mA
V2 =
−Vc =
−3V
Q.10 (b)
In the circuit shown,
Q.7 (a) IS .R S
=Ii 0;= If ;
( R + RS )
=
R eq ( R + RS ) ;
=T L= L
R eq ( R + RS )
IS .R S
di
|t ==
If
=
( R + R S=) IS .R S
0+ L
dt T L
( R + RS )
( )
∴ L.i 0+ =1mv ⇒ i 0+ =0.5A ( )
Q.11 (c)
Q.8 (c) The waveform of voltage VC (t) is
For the given circuit shown below.
When S is in position ‘a’,VC (0− )100V
After S is moved to b,(for t ≥ 0)
=
Vi 100V;= Vf 0;=R 5K;
0.8 × 0.2
=C = 0.16μF
1
−t
VC ( t ) 100.e
= = 0.0008 100e −1250t
Vc ( t )
In mathematical form, i(t)
= = 20e−1250t u ( t ) mA
VC ( t )= tu ( t ) − 2 ( t − T ) u ( t − 2t ) 5K
+2 ( t − 2T ) u ( t − 2T ) … Q.15 (a)
∞
The steady state supply across R-L
= tu ( t ) + 2∑ ( −1) ( t − nT ) u ( t − nT )
n
circuit is V0
n =1
∴i (∞) = 0
V
= SVC ( S) R
Q.12 (b) Q.16 (a)

V=R ( S ) R.I
= (S) 1. ( CSVC (S) ) i L=( )
0− 0.75A
= Ii
⇒ VR ( S) =
S iL ( ∞
= ) 0.5A
= If
S2 + S + 1 ( ) 10−3
T=
15 × = 10−3 sec
=
( S + 12 − 12 ) 15
2 2 ∴ iL ( t ) =0.5 + 0.25e−1000t
 1  3 
S+  +  2 
 2   (
i ( t ) = 1.5 − 0.5 − 0.25e −1000t / 2 )
−t  3  = 0.5 − 0.125e −1000t
=VR ( t ) e 2 .cos  t  −
 2 
Q.17 (a)
 3 
1 −t 2
e .Sin 
2
t  ( )
Q 0− =
−2.5mC ⇒ V 0− ( )
3  
Q (0 )−
−2.5 ×10−3
= = = −50V
Q.13 (d) C 50 ×10−6
VC (S)
1
1 for t ≥ 0, Vx =−50V;
= = S
Vi (S) (
1+ S + 1
S ) (
S2 + S + 1 )
τ R=
VR = 100V;
= eq : C 0.5m sec
Vi ( t ) =δ ( t ) ⇒ Vi ( S) =1
1 (
∴ VC ( t ) =100 − 150e −2000t u(t) )
∴ VC ( S)
= ⇒ VC ( t )
dV
∴ iC ( t ) =
2
 3
( ) C. c
2
S + 12 +  dt
 2  =50 ×10 ×150 × 2000 × e−2000t u ( t )
−6
 3  = 15e −2000t u ( t ) A
2 −t 2
= e .Sin  t 
3  2  Q.18 (d)
When the switch in closed at t = 0
Q.14 (b)
Capacitor C1 will discharge and will 4× 4
C= ⇒ 10mF
get charge since both C1 and C2 are ( 40 )
2
ideal and there is no –resistance in

the circuit charging and
discharging time constant will Q.21 (a)
zero. V c (t) = V R2 (t) = V final
−t
Thus current will exist like an Vinitial − V final  e τ
impulse function. 2
=τ Requ .Cequ ⇒ × 103 × 10−6
3
Q.19 (c)
2
Two cascaded sections =
Requ 2 K ||1K ⇒ K Ω
3
Cequ = 1µ F
2
τ= m sec
3
Vinitial = 0volts
2 10
= V=
V final 5.= volts
Z 1 =Output impedance of first
s.s
3 3
section 10 10 − t
V R2 (t)= − e τ
Z 2 =Input impedance of second 3 3
section 10 
1 − e τ  volt
−t
For maximum power tranfer, upto V R2 (t) =
3  
1st section is
⇒ i R2 ( t ) = R 2 = 1 − e τ  mA
V (t) 5 −t
Z 1 = Z∗1
2K 3 
Z L = Z 2⇒ Z∗1
Q.22 (31.25)
Q.20 (10mF)
By KVL,
di(t) 1
V(t) =Ri(t) + L + ∫i ( t ) dt
dt C
Differentiate with respect to time,
R.di(t) R di(ti) i(t)
=
0 + . + = 0
dt 2 L dt LC For t → ∞, i.e., at steady state,
2
.d i(t) R di(t) i(t) inductor will behave as a shot circuit
+ . + = 0
dt 2 L dt LC and hence = 5VB .ix
−R R 4
2 By KCL at node B, −10 + VB ,
±   − 50
L  L  LC − 2i x + i x = 0i x =
D1,2 = 8
2
250
−R  R  1
2
V0 ( t ) = 5 i x ( t ) ⇒ V0 ( t ) =
= D1,2   − 8
2L  2L  LC
= 31.25volts
For critically damped response,
2
 R  1 4L Q.23 (c)
  = ⇒ C= F
So the capacitor in initially
 2L  LC R2
Given, L=4H; R=40Ω uncharged i.e. Vc(0) = 0
→The capacitor will be charged to Q.25 (1)
supply voltage 3V when the switch At t = 0 , the circuit is on steady state
is in position B for ∞ time. i .e. the capacitor is open circuited
→ So we need to find capacitor so the circuit will be
voltage V3F = [ V2 Ω + V3Ω ]- [ V3Ω ] =
4V
Vc(t)= Vc(∞) + [Vc(0)Vc(∞)]e − t / τ
V= V=
3Ω 6V at t = 0+ when 3Ω is
= 3 − 3e − t /τ
2F
open circuited, the capacitors will

τ = RC = 120 × 0.1×10−6 = 12µ sec have an ideal voltage source of
dV values 4V and 6V so the circuit will
ic = C c
dt be
d −t
= (0.1 ×10−6 ) [3 − 3e τ ]
dt
3 × 0.1 − t τ 0.3 −t
= e = =e τ
τ 12
→So instantaneous power of
source = V(t)i(t)
 0.3 − t  0.9 − t τ
P ( t ) = ( 3)  e τ  = e So the current through 2Ω resistor
 12  12 at
∞
∫P d (t )
→E=
0
t = 0+ should be
4
2+2
= 1A
∞
0.9 −t
= ∫ 12 e
0
τ
d (t )
0.9  − t τ  ∞  0.9 
= (τ) e  = τ 
12  0  12 
0.9
= 12 ×10−6 ×
12
= 0.9 μJ
Q.24 (d)
→ At t = 0 switch in position 1 and
since the capacitor is open circuited
Vc 0 = ()
2
2+3
10=4V
→ At t = infinity switch is in position
2 and since the capacitor is open Q.25 0.3405 sec
circuited
Q.26 8.16A
Vc ( ∞ ) = (5) 2 = 10V
→ Time constant
τ = R th C= ( 4+2 ) 0.1=0.6sec
→ Vc (t) = Vc ( ∞ ) + [ Vc (0) ‒ Vc ( ∞ )
e-t/τ
= 10 + [ 4 − 10] e-t/0.6= 10 − 6 e-t/0.6
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 In a series RLC circuit at resonance, that of VR .Given that f = 50 H Z , the

the magnitude of the voltage inductance of the coil is
developed across the capacitor
a) Is always zero
b) Can never be greater than the
input voltage
c) Can be greater than the input
voltage; however it is 90° out of
phase with the input voltage a) 2.14 b)5.30H
d) Can be greater that the input c)31.8mH d)1.32H
voltage, and is in phase with the [GATE-2003]
input voltage
[GATE-2001] Q.6 The value of Z in figure which is
most appropriate to cause parallel
Q.2 In the circuit shown if figure, what resonance at 500Hz is
value of C will cause a unity power
factor at the ac source?
a)125.00mH b)304.20 μF
c) 2.0 μF d) 0.05 μF
a) 68.1μF b) 165μF [GATE-2004]
c) 0.681μF d) 6.81μF
Q.7 The R-L-C series circuit shown is
[GATE-2003]
supplied from a variable frequency
voltage source. The admittance-
Q.3 A first order, low pass filter is given
locus of the R-L-C network at
with R = 50Ω & C = 5μF. What is the
terminals AB for increasing
frequency at which the gain of the frequency ω is
voltage transfer function of the filter
is 0.25?
a)4.92 kHz b)0.49kHz
c)2.46 kHz d)24.6 kHz
[GATE-2003]
Q.4 A series R-L-C circuit has R= 50Ω a) b)

L 100µH and C = 1µF . The lower
=
half power frequency of the circuit is
a) 30.55 kHz b) 3.055kHz
c) 51.92 kHz d) 1.92 kHz
[GATE-2003]
Q.5 In the circuit of figure, the
magnitudes of VL and VC are twice
c) d) b) R=50Ω;L=10mH;C=25μF;
c) R = 50Ω; L = 50mH;C = 5µF;a
d) R = 50Ω; L = 5mH;C = 50µF;
[GATE-2014]
Q.11 An inductor is connected in parallel

[GATE-2007] with a capacitor as shown in the
figure.
Q.8 The resonant frequency for the
given circuit will be
As the frequency of current i is

increased, the impedance (Z) of the
network varies as
a) 1 rad/s b) 2 rad/s a)
c) 3 rad/s d) 4 rad/s
[GATE-2008]
Q.9 Two magnetically uncoupled

inductive coils have Q factors q1 and
q 2 at the chosen operating
frequency. Their respective b)
resistances are R1 and R 2 . When
connected in series, their effective Q
factor at the same operating
frequency is
a) q1 + q 2
c)
b) (1/ q1 ) + (1/ q 2 )
c) ( q1R1 + q 2 R 2 ) / ( R1 + R 2 )
d) ( q1R 2 + q 2 R1 ) / ( R1 + R 2 )
[GATE-2013]
d)
Q.10 A series RLC circuit is observed at
two frequencies. At ω1 =1krad / s , we
note that source voltage
V=1 100 ∠ 0° V results in current
I1= 0.03∠31° . At cot = 2 krad/s, the
source voltage V2= 100∠0°V
[GATE-2015]
results in a current I 2 = 2∠0°V A.
The closest values for R,L,C out of Q.12 In the circuit shown below, the
the following options are supply voltage is 10sin (10000 volts.
a) R = 50Ω; L = 25mH;C =10µF; The peak value of the steady state
current through the 1Ω resistor, in
amperes, is ____.
[GATE-2016]
Q.13 The circuit below is excited by a

sinusoidal source. The value of R, in
Ω, for which the admittance of the
circuit becomes a pure conductance
at all frequencies, is ___.
[GATE-2016]
Q.14 In the balanced 3-phase, 50Hz,
circuit shown below, the value of
inductance (L) is 10mH. The value of
the capacitance (C) for which all the
line current ar zero, in millifarads, is
[GATE-2016]
Q.15 The graph of a network has 8 nodes

and 5 independent loops. The
number of branches of the graph is
a)11 b)12
c)13 d)14
[GATE-2018]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (a) (c) (b) (c) (d) (a) (c) (c) (b) (b) 1 14.14 3.04
15
(b)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c) Q.4 (b)

In a series RLC circuit, at resonance 1 1
ω0
= =
VL = jQVsource and VC = − jQVsource LC 100 ×10−6 ×10−6
also for Q > 1, VC > Vsource = 105 r / s
Hence option (c) is correct. R 50
∆ω = = = 50 ×104 r / s
L 100 × 10−6
Q.2 (a)
 ∆ω 
2
∆ω 
1 
=
Y jωC + ωlower = ω0 + 
2
 − 
30∠40°   2  2 
 
= jωC + 0.0255 − j0.0214
 2 
= 0.0255 + j(ωC − 0.0214)  5 × 105  5 × 105 
= Real ( Y ) + jImag(Y)

 ( )
= 10 +  5 2
 −
2 
  2 

To have a unity power factor at ac
source i.e. resonance = 105  1 + 6.25 − 2.5
condition, Imag ( Y ) = 0 = 0.193 ×105 r / s
⇒ ωC − 0.0214 =
0 Hence,
Qω= 2π × 50 ωlower 0.193 ×105
=
f lower =
=
∴ C
0.0214
= 68.1μF 2π 2π
100π = 3065Hz ; 3.055kHz
Q.3 (c) Q.5 (c)

V =VR + i(VL − VC )
=
Since =
VL VC & VL 2 VR
Therefore, the circuit is at resonance
and
VR = V
Quality factor
1
VL VL 2VR
Vo jωC 1 = = = = 2
= =
T.F = V VR VR
Vi R + 1 1 + jωCR
jωC As we know
ωL
1 Q= 0
∴ Gain = R
1 + (ωCR) 2 2πf × L
⇒2=
1 5
0.25 =
⇒L=
( ) 31.8mH
2
1 + ω × 5 ×10−6 × 50
On solving Q.6 (d)
=ω 15.49 ×103 r / s At resonance, the circuit should be
15.49 in unity power factor
⇒=f = 2.46kHz ∴ Hence ‘Z’ should be capacitive
2π
Admittance of the parallel circuit
Y= +
1 1
= 0 ⇒ Im ( Y ) =
0
jLω 1/ jCω For 0<ω<ω0
−1
+ Cω = 0 1
> ωL
Lω ωC
Therefore I m [ Y ] > 0
1 1
=
∴ C =
L×ω 2 × ( 2π × 500 )
2 2
For ω0 < ω < ∞
= 0.05μF
1
< ωL
Q.7 (a) ωC
Admittance of the series connected Therefore, Im [Y] > 0
RLC On the basis of above analysis,
1 the admittance locus is
Y=
 1 
R + j  ωL − 
 ωC 
 1 
R − j  ωL − 
 ωC 
Y= 2
2  1 
R +  1ωL − 
 ωC  Q.8 (c)
{By rationalization} Input impedance
Separating, real and imaginary part 1
=z jωL + R
of admittance. jωC
R
Re[Y] = 2 =z jωL +
R
 1  1 + jωRC
R 2 +  ωL − 
 ωC 
For any value of ω , the real part of
always positive.
1
When ωL = or
ωC
1 1 1 − jω
At ω0 = (resonance) ∴=
z j0.1ω + ×
LC 1 + jω 1 − jω
1 1 − jω
Re [ Y ] = (maximum value) = j0.1ω +
R 1 + jω2
 1  1  ω 
−  ωL −  = + j  0.1ω − 
 ωC  1+ ω 2
 1 + ω2 
Im ( Y ) =
2  1 
2
At resonance, imaginary part must
R +  ωL −  be zero.
 ωC 
ω
 1  0.1ω − = 0
 − ωL  1 + ω2
=  ωC 
1
 1 
2 0.1 =
R 2 +  ωL −  1 + ω2
 ωC 
ω2 + 1 = 10
1
At ω0 = (resonance) ∴ω =2
9
LC ∴ω = 3rad / sec
Imaginary part of zero
Q.9 (c) Z = ZL / /ZC
ωL1 ωL 2
Q=1 = Q= 2 jωL ×
1
R2 R2 jωC
Z=
After series connection  1 
ω ( L1 + L 2 )  jωL + 
Q=  jωC 
R1 + R 2 jωL
Z=
Q=
Q1R1 + Q2 R 2
(1 + (−1)ω2 LC )
R1 + R 2
 ωL 
Z = j
1 − ω LC 
2
Q.10 (b)
Given V1 = 100 0° V; I1 = 0.03 31° at
Q.12 (1)
ω1 = 1000r / sec
V2 = 100 0° V; I1 =2 0° at
ω2 = 2000r / sec
ϑ2 100
i.e =
R = ⇒ 50Ω
I2 2
v1 100 00
Z= ⇒ ⇒ R + j(X L − X c ) W =1000, the various impedance at
I1 0.03 310
this frequency are
 X − XC   −j 
Φ= 31° ⇒ tan −1  L  =
→ Z250µf || Z4mH  −6 
( j1000 × 4 × 10−3 )
 R   1000 × 250 × 10 
 X − XC  = ( − j4 ) || ( j4 ) = ∞ = open circuit
⇒ tan 31° = L 
 R  
→ Z 24 f || Z 500 mH 
−j 
( j1000 × 500 × 10−3 )
−6 
 1  1000 × 250 × 10 
 ω1L −  = (− j500) || ( j500) = ∞ = open circuit
 ω1c 
tan 31° = Since both LC pair parallel
R
combination becomes open then the
 1  circuit can be redrawn as
⇒  ω1L −  = 0.600 × 50
 ω1c  10sin sin1000t
=→ I1Ω = sin sin1000t
 1  4 +1+ 5
⇒ ω1L − = 30.04q → So peak value of I1Ω = 1A
 ω1c 
1
ω2 L − = 0 ….. (2)
ω2 c
= ω1 1000r
= / sec; ω2 2000r / sec
From 1 and 2, C = 25μF L=10mH
Q.11 (b)
Q.13 (14.14)
Admittance becomes pure
conductance means the imaginary
part of Y must be zero which imply
resonance condition.
Let first get Y expression in terms of
L, C then by equalizing imaginary
part we will get the answer.
1 1
= Y +
R + j ωL R − 1
ωC IL =
0 ⇒ 2ph =
∞
j  jωL   -j 
R+   
R − j ωL ωC 3   ωc 
Zph = L C = 
X X
= +
R + (ωL)
2 2
 1 
2
X L +X C jωL -j
R2 +   -
 ωC  3 ωc
ωL 1
⇒ Im g  Yeq  = 0 =
b ωc
1 3
ωL ωC 314 =
⇒ 2 = 10 ×10−3 × C
R + (ωL) 2
 1 
2
R +
2
 C=3.04mF
 ωC 
⇒ Cross multiplying Q.15 (b)
Given:
2
( ωL ) R 2 + ωL   =  R 2 + ( ωL )
1 1 2 1
 ωC   ωC  ωC (i) Number of nodes = 8 (ii) Number

of independent loop = 5
In graph theory, number of
 1 
⇒ R 2  ωL − independent loop represents
 ωC 
number of links = b − n + 1
 1  1 
=    ωL − =  0
 ωC   ωC  Hence,
 L 1 
⇒  R 2 −   ωL − =
0 b − n +1 =
 C ωC  5
Now by looking into above equation b − 8 +1 =5
we can say that if
R2 −
L
then it will have no b = 12
C
depending on frequency for Number of branch = 12
L
resonance ⇒ R 2 = Hence, the correct option is (b).
C
So
L 0.02
=
R = = 10= 2 14.14Ω
C 100 × 10−6
Q.14 (3.04)
GATE QUESTIONS(IN)
Q.1 The power supplied by the dc

voltage source in the circuit shown
below is
The power transferred from S to L

would be maximum when RL is
a) 0W b) 1.0W a) 0Ω b) 0.6Ω
c) 2.5W d) 3.0W c) 0.8Ω d) 2Ω
[GATE-2008] [GATE-2009]
Q.2 The current I supplied by the dc Q.5 In the dc circuit shown in the
voltage source in the circuit adjoining figure, the node voltage
shown below is V2 at steady state is
a) 0V b) 1V
a) 0A b) 0.5A
c) 2V d) 3V
c) 1A d) 2A
[GATE-2010]
[GATE-2008]
Q.6 A 100Ω , 1W resistor and a 800Ω , 2
W resistor are connected in series.
current through the inductor is
The maximum dc voltage that can
be applied continuously to the
series circuit without exceeding
the power limit of any of the
resistors is
a) 90V b) 50V
c) 45V d) 40V
[GATE-2010]
2 −1 Q.7 The impedance looking into nodes
a) A b) A
1+ j 1+ j 1 and 2 in the given circuit is
1
c) A d) 0A
1+ j
[GATE-2012]
Q.4 The source network S is connected
to the load network Las shown by
dashed lines.
a) 50Ω b) 100Ω 0.5s + 1 3s + 6
a) b)
c) 5kΩ d) 10.1kΩ s +1 s+2
[GATE-2012] s+2 s +1
c) d)
s +1 s+2
Q.8 If VA − VB =
6V, then VC − VD is [GATE-2013]
Q.12 Consider a delta connection of

resistors and its equivalent star
connection as shown. If all
elements of the delta connection
a) −5V b) 2V are scaled by a factor, the elements
c) 3V d) 6V of the corresponding star equivalent
[GATE-2012] will be scaled by a factor of
Q.9 Assuming both the voltage sources

are in phase the value of R for
which maximum power is
transferred from circuit A to circuit
B is
a) k 2 b) k
c) 1/ k d) k
[GATE-2013]
Q.13 The following arrangement consists

of an ideal transformer and an
a) 0.8Ω b) 1.4Ω attenuator which attenuates by a
c) 2Ω d) 2.8Ω factor of 0.8. An ac voltage
[GATE-2012] VWX1 = 100V is applied across WX
to get an open circuit voltage VYZ1
Q.10 A source vS ( t ) = Vcos100πt has an
across YZ .Next, an ac voltage
internal impedance of (4 + j3)Ω . If
VYZ2 = 100V is applied across YZ to
a purely resistive load connected
to this source has to extract the get an open circuit voltage VWX 2
maximum power out of the source, across WX. Then, VYZ1 / VWX1 ,
its value in Ω should be VWX2 / VYZ2 are respectively.
a)3 b)4
c)5 d)7
[GATE-2012]
V2 (S)
Q.11 The transfer function of the
V1 (S) a) 125 /100and80 /100
circuit shown below is b 100 /100and80 /100 )
c) 100 / 100and100 /100
d) 80 /100and80 /100
[GATE-2013]
Q.14 In the circuit shown below, if the

source voltage V= S 100∠53.13° V
then The venin’s equivalent
voltage in volts as seen by the load
resistance R L is
a) 0 b) R L - R i
c) R L d) R L + R i
[GATE-2015]
Q.18 Consider the circuits shown in

a) 100∠90° b) 800∠0° the figure. The magnitude of the
c) 800∠90° d) 100∠60° ratio of the currents, i.e., |I1/I2|, is
[GATE-2013] ________.
Q.15 Time domain expressions for the
voltage v 1 (t) and v 2 are given as
v 1 (t) =V m sin (10t − 130o ) &
v 2 ( t ) Vm cos(10t − 130o ) Which one [GATE-2015]
of the following statements is
Q.19 The current in amperes through the
TRUE?
resistor R in the circuit shown in
a) v1 ( t ) leadv 2 by130° the figure is_____ A.
b)v1 ( t ) lagsv 2 (t)by130°
c)v1 ( t ) lagsv 2 ( t ) by − 130°
d) v1 ( t ) lagsv 2 ( t ) by − 130°
[GATE-2014]
[GATE-2015]
Q.16 The circuit shown in the figure
contains a dependent current Q.20 Three currents i 1 , i 2 and i 3 meet at
source between A and B terminals. a node as shown in the figure
The Thevenin’s equivalent below. If i 1 =3cos( ω t)ampere, i 2 =
resistance in kΩ between the 4sin ( ω t) ampere and i 3 = I 3 cos (
terminals C and D is ___________. ω t+𝜃𝜃 )ampere, the value of I 3 in
ampere is __________.
[GATE-2016]
[GATE-2014] Q.21 The current IX in the circuit given

below in milliampere is
Q.17 A load resistor R L is connected to a ____________.
battery of voltage E with internal
resistance Ri through a resistance
R S a shown in the figure. For fixed
values of R L and R i , the value of RS
( ≥ 0) for maximum power transfer
to R L is. [GATE-2016]
Q.22 A circuit consisting of dependent
and independent source is shown
in the figure. If the voltage at Node-
1 is -1 V, then the voltage at Node-
2 is _____________V.
[GATE-2018]
Q.25 The Thevenin equivalent circuit

representation across terminals p-
q of the circuit shown in the figure
is
[GATE-2017]
Q.23 In the given circuit, the mesh

currents I1 , I 2 and I 3 are
a) 1 V source in series with

150 kΩ
b) 1 V source in parallel with

100 kΩ
c) 2 V source in series with

150 kΩ
a)
= I1 1= =
A, I 2 2 A and I3 3 A
d) 2 V source in parallel with
b) I1 2=
= =
A, I 2 3 A and I3 4 A 200 kΩ
c) I1 3=
= =
A, I 2 4 A and I3 5 A [GATE-2018]
d) I1 4=
= =
A, I 2 5 A and I3 6 A
Q.26 A series R-C circuit is excited by a
1∠0 V sinusoidal ac voltage source.
[GATE-2018]
The locus diagram of the phasor
Q.24 In the figure, an RLC load is I ( x + iy ) A , when C is
current =
supplied by a 230 V, 50 Hz single
varied, while keeping R fixed, is
phase source. The magnitude of
the reactive power (in VAr) a)
supplied by the source is ____.
Q.27 In the given circuit, superposition
is applied. When V 2 is set to 0V,
the current is –6A. When V 1 is set
to 0 V, the current I1 is +6A.
Current I3 (in A) when both
sources are applied will be (up to
two decimal places) _____.
b)
[GATE-2018]
c)
d)
[GATE-2018]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(d) (a) (c) (c) (b) (c) (a) (a) (a) (c) (d) (b) (b) (c)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
(a) 20 (a) 1 1 5 10 2 (a) 67.36 (c) (a) 1
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (d)
The given circuit in Fig.1 is
simplified as shown in Fig.2
and Fig. 3
By applying current division rule

From Fig.3, I = 1 A, power supplied 1 1
by 3 V d.c source I= ×1∠=
0
1+ j 1+ j
L
= P = V1I = 3 ×1 = 3W
Q.4 (c)
Q.2 (a) The circuit is shown in Fig.
The circuit is shown in Fig .

Voltage across 1Ω = 1V I=
7
∴ I1 = 1A 2 + RL
Applying KCL at node ,P Power supplied by the 10V source,
I + 1 =I1 Or I + 1 =1, 10 × 7 70
=PS =
∴ I =0 2 + RL 2 + RL
Power dissipated in 2Ω resistance,
Q.3 (c) 98
Assume current as shown, P2 = I 2 × 2 =
( 2 + R L )2
Power transferred to the network,
70 98
Pt ( R L ) = PS − P2 = − =I1 =
1 1
A
2 + R L ( 2 + R L )2 100 10
dPt 2 1
Pt would be maximum , if =0 =
Similarly I2 = A
dR L 800 20
70 −2 If these two resistors are
− − 98 × =
0 connected in series
(2 + RL ) 2
(2 + RL ) 3
196 196 98
= 70, 2 + R L = =
2 + RL 70 35
98 28
RL = −2= = 0.8Ω
35 35
Q.5 (b)
The given circuit is shown in Fig. 1 1
Then maximum value of I =
At steady state i.e., as t → ∞ , 20
capacitor behaves as open circuit. ∴V
= 1(100 + 800)
The circuit at steady state is 1
shown in Fig .2 = = ( 900 ) 45Volts
20
Q.7 (a)
Apply voltage division across

=R1 2= Ω and R 2 1Ω
Node voltage After connecting voltage source of
R2 1 V
V1 = 9× =
9×
R1 + R 2 3
V1 = V2 ⇒ (10K ) ( −i b ) = 100 ( I + 99i b + i b ) ;
= 3V
V1 is divided between −10000i b = 100I + 100 × i b
= =
C1 10μF and C2 20μF = 100I + 10000i b
Apply, again voltage division −20000i
= b 100I ⇒ i b
across  −100   −I 
= = I 
C1 and C2  20000   200 
V2 =×3
C1
=×
3
10
=1V V = 100 [ I + 99i b + i b ]
C1 + C2 30
  −I  
= 100  I + 100    = 50I
Q.6 (c)   200  
Resistor1: 100Ω,1W R th= =
V 50I
= 50Ω
Resistor1: 800Ω, 2W I I
Maximum current that resistor can
withstand Q.8 (a)
VA − VB = 6V V2
=?
VA − VB V1
=
I AB = 3A = I DC
2 R+ 1
KCL at ‘D’ gives = =
V2 C1S ( RC1S + 1) C2
VC − VD
+ 2 + 3 =0, VC − VD =−5V
V1  R + 1

+ 1

( RC1S) C2 + C1
1  C 1 
S C2S
Substituting the values we get
Q.9 (a) V2 S + 1
Power transferred from circuit A =
V1 S + 2
to circuit
 7   6 + 10R  Q.12 (b)
=
B VI =   
 R + 2  R + 2  Consider= R a x;= R b k;=Rc k
42 + 70R
= Ra + Rb k2
( R + 2) = R Star =
R a + R b + R c 3k
10 − 3 7
=I = R Star ∝ k
2+R 2+R
7R
V =3 + IR =3 + Q.13 (b)
2+R
 6 + 10R 
= 
 2+ R 
dP ( R + 2 ) ( 70 ) − ( 42 + 70R ) 2 ( R + 2 )
2
=
dR ( R + 2 )4
VW×1 = 100 ⇒ V2 = turns ratio × VW×1 = 125
VYZ1 = 0.8 × V2 = 100V
When VYZ2 = 100V
70 ( R + 2 ) = ( 42 + 70R ) 2 ( R + 2 )
2
⇒ 5 ( R + 2 ) = 2(3 + 5R)
⇒ 5R + 10 =6 + 10R
⇒4= 5R
⇒R= 0.8Ω
Thevenin’s circuit seen by 2-2’ will
Q.10 (c) be as follows
R L = Z th = 42 + 32 = 5Ω
Vth = 100V And R th = 0.2 || 0.8
negligible
Q.11 (d) ∴ V2−2' = 100V
∴ VW×2 10
=
Is.c ⇒ 1mA
100V ×1 10K
= V2−2' × turns ratio = VTh 20
1.25 ∴ R Th = ⇒ ⇒ 20kΩ
= 80V IS.C 1×10−3
Q.14 (c) Q.17 (a)

VTH = 10VL1 When load is constant, we should
 4 see for what value of resistance
V 100∠53.13 −1 
current will be maximum and .
VL1 = c = − tan  8  × j4
3 + j4 3 PR L = max
VL1= 80∠90° Q.18 (1)

= 800∠90°
VTH By reciprocity theorem, I 1 = I 2
I
So 1 = 1
Q.15 (a) I2
=
Given v1 ( t ) Vm sin(10t − 130° )
v 2 ( t ) Vm cos(10t − 10° )-v2
= Q.19 (1)
Using supermesh analysis
1 (t)
v= Vm cos(10t − 130° − 90° )
Mesh 1, 3 form super mesh
v1 ( t ) Vm cos(10t − 220° )- v1
= 2I1 − I 2 + 2I3 = 0
𝜙𝜙 →+ ve in A.C.W ⇒ 211 − I 2 + 2I3 = 0 … (1)
𝜙𝜙→+ ve in C.W Writing KCL at Q
v1 ( t ) leadsv 2 ( t ) by130° I1 − I3 = −1 ….(2)
Writing KCL on mesh 2
Q.16 (20) 2I 2 − I1 + I3 = 1 ….(3)
When dependent source is Solution Equipment 1,2,3
present; to find R Th ,V Th &I SC are
I= 0, I= I= 1A
required. 1 2 3
V Th (= V O.C ) : Current through R is I3 = 1A

Note: Strictly saying it is an
ambiguous question as the
direction of current is not
mentioned, so it could be –1A as
well.
By Nodal Analysis,
Vx − 10 Vx Q.20 (5)
− = 0
1 (t) i 2 ( t ) + i3 ( t )
5*103 104 By KCL i=
⇒ Vx = 20Volts
i3 ( t ) = i1 ( t ) – i 2 ( t )
i.e V Th =( V O.C ) =20 Votls
n n
Is.c By phasor I 3 = I 1 - I 2
= [3 < 0] – [4 < − 90 = 553.13

i3 ( t )
= 5cos(t + 53.13)
So by comparison I 3 = 5.
Q.21 (10)
I 3= I1 + 2
⇒ I 3 − I1 = 2........................(iii )
By solving the above equations, or
by verifying each options to satisfy
the above equations, we have
By kVL, 1 =[100( I x -10)+ 100I x ]
=I1 1= A, I 2 2 A
103
1000= 200I x - 1000 and I 3 = 3 A
I x = 10mA
Q.24 67.36
Q.22 2 230∠0°
By KCL at node 2 I1 =
162.6 + j162.6
V2 V2 + 4VR1 − V1 230∠0°
=
2I 2 + ..(i) = = 1∠ − 45°
1/ 3 0.5 230∠45°
VR1 = −1....(ii) 230∠0°
I2 =
V1 − 4VR1 − V2 230∠ − 90°
I2 = ....(iii)
0.5 =1∠90°
Substituting equation (ii) and (iii) I= I1 + I 2
in equation (i) = 1∠ − 45° + 1∠90°
V2 = 2V 1 1
= −j +j
2 2
1  1 
Q.23 (a) = + j 1 − 
2  2
1
= + j 0.293
2
= 0.765∠22.51
All the given information are in the
RMS form by default
= Q source | V |source | I |source sin[θV − θ I ]
=230 × 0.765 × sin(0-22.51)
= 67.36 VAR
Q.25 (c)
Thevenin voltage is the open
Writing the KVL equations, circuit voltage across the defined
In outer most loop through 5V terminal PQ
−2 I1 + 5 − I 3 = 0
⇒ 2 I1 + I 3 = 5.....(i )
In the loop containing current
source
−2 I1 − 6( I1 − I 2 ) − 1( I 3 − I 2 ) − 1( I 3 ) =
0
⇒ −2 I1 − 6 I1 + 6 I 2 − I 3 + I 2 − I 3 =0
⇒ −8 I1 + 7 I 2 − 2 I 3 =0..............(ii )
By writing KCL at node X, we have
We want the locus of I, so its expression is
1∠0
I=
1
R+
jωC
1  1 
= ∠ tan −1  
 1 
2
 ω RC 
R +
2

 ωC 
 100  In the above equation C is variable
=Vth  = × 4 2V
 100 + 100 
When C = 0, I = 0∠90°
Thevenin resistance is obtained by
making all the independent source 1
When C = ∞, I = ∠0°
value as 0V, i.e., independent ideal R
voltage source (4V in this case)
should be replaced by short circuit.
100 + [100 P100] =

Rth = 150 k Ω So the locus diagram should start
with 900 axis with magnitude 0,
Vth = 2 V
and should end with 00 axis with
magnitude 1/R.
Q.26 (a) Q.27 1
Case-1: V2 = 0 V , I 2 = −6 A
=
V2Ω V6 Ω (Q 2 Ω P6 Ω )
V6 Ω −12
I 31 = = = −2 A
6 6
=
Case-2: V1 0=
V , I1 6 A
=
V6Ω V3Ω (  2 Ω  6 Ω )
V6 Ω 18
I=
11
3 = = 3A
6 6
By superposition, by referring
above 2 circuits we can say
I 3 = I 31 + I 311 = ( −2 ) + ( −3) = 1A
3 TRANSIENTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION Voltage and current are constant

Voltage and current are time dependent.
In chapters 1 and 2 (Basics and Theorems) From the above example it is very much
we have considered dc resistive networks clear that it is very easy to solve the
(networks with dc sources and resistances) equation for purely resistive circuit as they
in which voltages and currents were are simple linear equations whereas the
independent of time (constant w .r .t time). circuits containing inductors and
Whenever inductor (L) and capacitor (c) capacitors have differential terms and
are included in the circuit the analysis voltage and currents will be a function of
which was done for resistive circuits is time. Hence, they have to be solved as
invalid. differential equations.
The voltage and current relationship for
inductor and capacitor are given below: 3.2 STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT
Inductor: RESPONSE
di L ( t ) 1
t
In a network containing energy storing
VL ( t=
) L ⇒ i L ( t=
) ∫VL ( t ) dt + i L ( 0 )
dt L0 elements (i.e. L or c) when the excitation
(or input) is changed, the current and
Capacitor:
voltages change from one state to another
dV ( t ) 1
t
state. The behavior of the voltage or
ic ( t=
) C c ⇒ Vc ( t=) ∫ic ( t ) dt + Vc ( 0 )
dt c0 current when it is changed from one state
From the above equations we can observe to another is called the transient state.
that the voltage and current equations have e.g:- Consider a circuit which contains a
differential terms which make the analysis switch.
complicated.
e.g.: Let’s consider a simple example.
Resistive Network: - Network with

inductor and capacitor:-
In the above circuit S is a switch and the

arrow indicates that at time t=0 the switch
is closed. When the switch is closed,
suddenly a huge amount energy flows from
source to the circuit. This state of the
circuit just after the switch is closed is
called transient state. The resulting
voltages and currents change w.r.t. time
and they are called transient response.
A circuit having constant sources (i.e. dc
KVL ⇒ V1 = I1R1 + I1R 2 sources or sources with same frequency, ω)
connected for long time is said to be in
t
di (t) 1 steady state. Current and voltage do not
v 2 L 2 + ∫i 2 ( t ) dt
KVL ⇒=
dt c0 change with time in steady state. Ideally
after infinite amount of time and practically
after 5 time constants circuit enter into
steady state.
3.2.1 SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL

t= 0 ⇒ Time of closing the switch
EQUATION
t 0− ⇒ Time just before the switch is
=
The complete solutions of a differential closed (steady state)
equation is given by t 0+ ⇒ Time just after closing the switch
=
Complete solution = complementary (transient state)
function + Particular integral (or) = Natural t → ∞ ⇒ Infinite amount of time after
response + Forced response (or) = closing the switch (steady state)
Transient response + steady state response
Example:
Find the solution of the differential
equation given below
d2 y dy
+ 5 + 4y =
1
dt 2 dt
Solution:
Complementary function
(D 2 + 5D + 4 y = )
0
m 2 + 5m + 4 = 0
( m + 4 )( m + 1) =0
m =−4, −1
Complementary function, 3.2.3 THE BEHAVIOR OF INDUCTOR
= y c1e −4t + c 2 e − t AND CAPACITOR AT t=0- , AT t=0+ AND
Particular integral AS t → ∞
1 1
= y = 1 eot
D + 5D + 4
2
D + 5D + 4
2
1
= (D= a= 0)
4
1
Complete solution = c1e−4t + c2 e − t +
4
Transient Steady state

Response Response
3.2.4 THE INDUCTOR CURRENT AND
3.2.2 TERMINOLOGY IN TRANSIENTS
CAPACITOR VOLTAGES AT t=0- AND AT
Consider the same circuit with a switch as t=0+ INSTANTS
considered earlier t
1
L: i L ( t ) = ∫ VL ( t ) dt
L −∞
0− t
1 1
= ∫ VL ( t ) dt + ∫ VL ( t ) dt
L −∞ L 0−
t In the figure shown above the capacitor C
= i L 0− + ( ) 1
L 0∫−
VL ( t ) dt has an initial voltage𝑉𝑉0 . The initial voltage
can be replaced by a voltage source in
At t = 0+ above equation becomes series with the capacitor.
0+
( )
i L=
0 +
iL 0 ( )− 1
+ ∫ VL ( t ) dt
L 0−
Note: Whatever we have discussed so far
forms the basis to solve the transient
( )
i L 0+ = i L 0− ( ) problems. Once the student is well
understood with these basics the transient
(Q 0+ and 0− are nearly equal) problems are very easy to solve.
Hence the inductor current can’t change
instantaneously from 0− to 0+ 3.3 DC TRANSIENTS
t
1
C: Vc (t) = ∫ ic ( t ) dt In dc transients we would have dc sources.
c −∞
Whenever there is sudden application of
0− t
1 1 voltages or currents on the circuit (due to
= ∫ ic ( t ) dt + ∫ ic ( t ) dt
c −∞ c 0− opening or closing the switch) circuit
t
would be in transient state. We will
= Vc 0 ( ) − 1
+ ∫ ic ( t ) dt
c 0−
consider the following cases in dc
transients
1. Source free circuits
At t = 0+ above equation can be written as
t
• Source free RL circuit
V=
c 0( )
+
Vc 0− + ( ) 1
c 0∫−
i c ( t ) dt • Source free RC circuit
• Source free RLC circuit
2. RL and RC circuits with sources.
( )
Vc 0+ = Vc 0− ( ) 3. RLC circuits with sources, only initial
(Q 0− and 0+ are nearly same) condition (t = 0+ ) and final condition
Hence, the capacitor voltage can’t change t → ∞ will be found.
instantaneously from 0− to 0+ 4. RLC circuits with sources, Laplace
Transform Approach of solving the
3.2.4 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS transient problems.
L: Inductor with initial current I0 3.3.1 SOURCE FREE CIRCUITS
In these circuits when the switching action

is performed (i.e. either switch is open or
closed) the source will be disconnected
from the circuit. Before switching action
In the figure shown above the inductor L the memory elements (i.e. L or c) will store
constrains an initial current Io. The initial the maximum energy. At t=0- the circuit
current can be replaced by a current source will be in steady state and inductor will be
in parallel to the inductor. short circuited, capacitor will be open
C: Capacitor with initial voltage V0 circuited. After the switching action is
performed at t=0+ the circuit will be in
transient state and sources wouldn’t be
connected to the circuit. Under such
condition the energy stored by the inductor
and capacitor would be dissipated across
the resistors present in the circuit.
a) Source free RL circuit:

Consider a simple RL circuit as shown
in figure
Applying KVL in loop (I), we get

di
−Ri L − L L = 0
dt
di L R
+ iL = 0
dt L
Our aim is to find the current across the  R
inductor (i L (t)) and voltage across the  D +  iL = 0
 L
inductor (VL (t)) after switch is closed. Solving the above differential equation,
we get
Step1: Finding the initial current R
− t
i L ( t ) = ce L
(i L (0- )) across the inductor
To find the initial current across At= =
t 0,i L Is
inductor consider the circuit at t=0- . ∴ Is = ce0
The switch will remain closed at t=0 c = Is
circuit is in steady state hence inductor R
− t
will be short circuited. ∴ iL ( t ) =
Is e L
for t ≥ 0
L
τ = sec is called the time constant
R
of RL circuits
−t
∴ iL ( t ) =
Is e τ for t ≥ 0
di L (t)
VL ( t ) = L
( )
i L 0− = Is Since the current always dt
L  −R 
R
− t
chooses law resistance path, = LIs ee  

We have already proved that  L 
( ) ( )
−R
i L 0− = i L 0+ = −RIs e L for t ≥ 0
t
∴i (0 ) =
L i (0 )
−
I = s L
+ Graphically the current and voltage can
be shown as
The energy in the inductor is given by
( )
1 1 2
( )
2
E L 0−
= =Li L 0+ LIs
2 2
Hence the inductor has stored the
energy at t = 0−
Step2: Finding the current

i L ( t ) fort ≥ 0
v
c ( 0− ) = VS =v
c ( 0+ )
1
E c (0− ) = cv c2 (0− )
2
1 2
= cV
2 s
Here, the capacitor has stored the
energy at t = 0−
−t
At t =τ,i L ( τ ) =Is e τ =Is e−1 =0.368Is Step2: Find vc ( t ) andic (t) for t ≥ 0
at t = 2τ,i L ( 2τ ) = Is e−2 = 0.135Is For t ≥ 0 we can’t short circuit or open
at t = 3τ,i L ( 3τ ) = Is e −3
= 0.0498Is circuit the capacity because t ≥ 0
includes t = 0+ (transient state) as well
at t = 4τ,i L ( 4τ ) = Is e −4 = 0.0183Is
as t → ∞ (steady state)
at t = 5τ,i L ( 5τ ) = Is e−5 = 0.0067Is
After 5 time constants the current
decays by 99% of the initial current and
hence we say that transient exist for 5τ .
After 5τ the circuit enters into steady
state. By KCL ⇒
i R + iC = 0
b) Source free RC circuit: Vc dV
+c c = 0
R dt
Consider a simple RC circuit as shown
in figure  1 
D+  Vc =0
 RC 
−t
Vc ( t ) = ke Rc for t ≥ 0
Using initial condition
Vc ( 0 ) Vs
Vc ( 0 )= k= Vs
−t
Again we have to find ic (t) and Vc (t)(t) ∴ Vc ( t ) =
Vs e Rc
after switch is closed. ττ = RC sec sec is called the time
constant of RC circuits
−t
Step1: Finding the initial voltage Vc ( t ) = Vs e τ for t ≥ 0
(Vc (0− )) across the capacitor dVc (t) − t  −1 
Capacitor will be open circuited as the ic ( t ) c=
= cVs e τ  
dt  τ 
circuit is in steady state
V −t
ic ( t ) = − s e τ for t ≥ 0
R
( )
i L 0−=
20
= i L (0+ )
= 20mA
1k
V ( 0=
c ) −
= Vc (0+ )
20v
Step2: Finding i L (t) and Vc (t) for t ≥ 0
c) Source free RLC circuit:
Let understand this topic with the help

In the above circuit the RL and RC are
of an example.
two independent circuits since there is
a short circuit in parallel. The circuit is a
source free circuit
Time constant of RL ckt,
R 1K
Here, we have to determine i L ( t ) and τL = = = 104 sec
L 0.1
Vc ( t ) for t ≥ 0 Time c constant of RC ckt,
τc = RC = 10 ×103 × 200 ×10−9
Step1: Finding initial conditions = 2 ×10−3 sec
i L (0− ) and Vc (0− ) We know that for a source free RL
circuit
−t −t
Note: Number of initial condition to be
found = Number of inductors and
=i L ( t ) i L= ( )
0− e τL 20e 104 (mA)
capacitors present in the network. Similarly for source free RC ckt

−t −t
In this problem there is one inductor and
one capacitor hence two initial conditions
Vc ( t ) V=
= c 0
−
e τc 20e( ) 2x10−3
are required = 20e−500t v

The input 20u ( − t ) is as shown below
Note: The procedure explained in the
above example is valid only when RL and
RC circuit can be separated otherwise we
must use Laplace Transform which will be
explained in RLC circuits later in this
chapter.
 20;&t ≤ 0
20u ( − t ) = 3.3.2 RL AND RC CIRCUITS WITH
 0;&t > 0
SOURCES
At t = 0− the above circuit can be drawn
as These are the second category of circuits in
which source will remain connected after
the switching action. In source free circuits
we have observed that the current across
inductor and voltage across capacitor was
exponentially decaying but here they will
be rising exponentially.
• In a circuit if there are many resistors, for t ≥ 0
inductors and sources (i.e. RL circuit L
Where τ = sec for RL circuits
with sources) then current across R
inductor is given by Capacitor voltage
( )
−t
i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L 0+ − i L ( ∞ )  e τ ( )
−t
  Vc ( t=
) Vc ( ∞ ) +  Vc 0− − Vc ( ∞ ) e τ
Where, τ =
L
sec is the time constant for t ≥ 0
R Where, τ =RC sec for RC circuit.
of RL circuits
• In a circuit if there are many resistors 3) Also if some value of current or voltage
capacitors and sources (i.e. RC circuit is desired at t=0+ (transient state) then
with sources) then voltage across draw the circuit at t=0+. Find the
capacitor is given by desired value by the application of KCL,
( ) KVL, Nodal or Mesh analysis
−t
Vc ( t=
) Vc ( ∞ ) +  Vc 0+ − Vc ( ∞ )  e τ
Where, τ =RC sec is the time constant Example:
of RC circuit For the circuit shown in figure, the switch
is in position 1 for a long time and it is
3.3.3 PROCEDURE TO SOLVE RL AND RC moved to position 2 at t = 0 Determine,
CIRCUITS (WITH SOURCE OR SOURCE
FREE)
( ) ( )
i L 0+ , v 0+ ,i L (t) for t ≥ 0
1) Draw the circuit for t = 0− Find the

current across inductors and voltage
across capacitors at t = 0−
2) Draw the circuit for t ≥ 0
Solution:
case1: if the source doesn’t affect the Step1) Finding initial condition (t = 0− )
inductor current (in RL circuit) or capacitor
voltage (in RC circuit) then the circuit is
source free.
In such case,
( )
−t
Inductor current, i L ( t ) = i L 0− e τ for
t≥0 Note: -
L Inductor is short circuited as the circuit is
Where, τ = sec for RL circuit.
R in steady state at t = 0− Applying current
( ) division principle
−t
Capacitor voltage Vc ( t ) = Vc 0− e τ for
t≥0 ( )
i L 0− =
8
8+ 2
× 5= 4A= i L 0+ ( )
Where, τ =RC sec for RC circuit.
Step 2) Circuit for t ≥ 0
case2:If the source affects the circuit then
it is a circuit with source and in such
circuits,
Inductors current
( )
−t
i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L 0− − i L ( ∞ )  e τ
 
Step3) since there is no source connected Solution: The input 20u ( t ) can be
to the inductor for t ≥ 0 hence it is a source shown as
free circuit. The current across inductor in
a source free circuit is given by
−t
iL ( t ) = iL ( 0 ) e τ for t ≥ 0
L 3 3
=τ = = sec
Re q 2 + 12 14
20v, for & t > 0
(Req is obtained by finding equivalent 20u ( t ) = 
resistance across L)  0v, for & t < 0
−t
3 −14t Step1) Finding initial condition (at t = 0− )
∴ i L ( t )= 4e 14=
4e 3 for t ≥ 0
Also we can find 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 (𝑡𝑡) using the relation
di (t)
VL ( t ) = L L
dt
−14t  −14 
= 3 × 4e 3  
 3 
−14t
Since the value of source is at t = 0− hence
VL ( t ) = −56e 3 for t ≥ 0 ( )
Vc 0−= 0v = Vc 0+ ( )
Step2) Circuit for t ≥ 0
Step 4) Circuit at t = 0+
To find the value of v(0+ ) across the 12Ω
resistor we must go into t = 0+ circuit is in
transient state. Inductor will become open
circuited.
Step3) Since the source is connected to
the circuit for t ≥ 0 hence to find the value
of Vc (t) we need to employ the following
formula
−t
Vc ( t=
) Vc ( ∞ ) +  Vc ( 0 ) − Vc ( ∞ ) e τ for
t≥0
Current enters in a resistor from positive We need to find the value of Vc ( ∞ ) and τ
terminal. Hence
to use above formula.
( )
v 0+ = −12 × 4
Step4) Finding Vc ( ∞ )
v ( 0 ) = −48v
+
As t → ∞ circuit is in steady state and
capacitor becomes open circuited
Example:
Determine the values of Vc ( t ) and ic ( t )
for t ≥ 0 for the circuit shown in figure
Using voltage division principle
2
Vc ( ∞
= ) × 20
= 10v
2+2
Finding time constant
τ =Re q 𝐶𝐶
= ( 2 || 2 ) + 1 ×1
= (1 + 1) ×1
Solution:
= 2 ×1 = 2sec Finding initial condition (at t = 0− )
( ) ( )
We need to find i L 0− and Vc 0− in this
case
ckt to find time constant. Voltage source is

short circuited.
∴ Substituting in the formula we get
−t As the source is not connected to the circuit
Vc ( t ) = 10 + [0 − 10]e
( ) ( )
2 −
i L 0= = i L 0+
0A
−t
Vc ( t=
) 10 − 10e V ( 0=
2 for t ≥ 0
c )−
=
0V V (0 )
c
+
dVc ( t ) −t
ic ( =
t) c ⇒ ic ( =
t ) 5e 2 for t ≥ 0 Circuit at t=0+
dt
3.3.4 RLC CIRCUITS WITH SOURCES:

ONLY INITIAL CONDITION (t = 0+ ) AND
FINAL CONDITION (AS t → ∞ )
• In these circuit we won’t be able

determine the time constant of the The current through the battery is
circuit. Also in these circuits you would + 10
=
i(0 ) = A 10A
be asked to find the initial conditions 1
at(t = 0+ ) where the circuit would be in Circuit at t = ∞
transient state or the final conditions
(as t → ∞ ) ,where the circuit would be
in steady state.
• These circuit would be purely resistive
as the inductors and capacitors are
either short circuited or open circuited
in transient state t = 0+ and steady state
The current through the battery is
(as t → ∞ )
10
i(∞
= ) =
A 10A
Example: 1
Determine the current through the battery
3.3.5 RLC CIRCUITS WITH SOURCES
at t = 0+ and as t → ∞ .
USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM
APPROACH
This case is similar to the previous case as
here also we will consider RLC circuit and
we won’t be able to find their time
constant. But here we would go one step
further and determine the values of current
and voltages for t ≥ 0 which is possible only
using Laplace Transform Approach (LTA).
Nodal at Vc (s) ⇒
Let’s consider a problem
5
Vc ( s ) −
Example: 5 + Vc ( s ) + Vc ( s ) = 0
The switch S in the circuit shown in figure 2s + 4 1 2
s
below is open for a long time. At t=0, S is
5
closed connecting the voltage source to the Vc ( s ) − + ( 2s + 4 ) Vc ( s ) + s(s + 2)Vc ( s )
circuit for t ≥ 0 , obtain the voltage Vc 5 =0
(2s + 4)
across the capacitor.
5
1 + 2s + 4 + s 2 + 2s  Vc ( s ) =
  s
5 5
=Vc ( s ) =
(s 2 + 4s + 5) s(s 2 + 4s + 5)
A Bs + C
Vc ( s=) + 2
S s + 4s + 5
Solution:-
5
Finding initial conditions (at t = 0− ) = =A sV = c ( s ) |s 0= s 2 = |s 0 1
s(s + 4s + 5)
1 Bs + C
Vc ( s )= + 2
S s + 4s + 5
5 s 2 + 45 + 5 + ( Bs + c ) s
=
s(s 2 + 45 + 5) s(s 2 + 4s + 5)
5= s 2 (1 + B ) + ( 4 + c ) s + 5
B + 1 =0 ⇒ B =−1
As the switch is not connected to the circuit 4+C = 0⇒ c = 4
hence 1 −s − 4
Vc ( s )=
( ) −
i L 0= = i L 0+
0A ( ) + 2
S s + 4s + 5
V ( 0=
c )−
=
0V V (0 )
c
+
=
1
− 2
s+4
S s + 4s + 5
for t ≥ 0 ,
1 s+4
= −
S ( s + 2 )2 + 1
1 s+4 2
= − −
S ( s + 2 ) + 1 ( s + 2 )2 + 1
2
Vc ( t ) =
1 − e−2t cos cos t − e −2t sin sin t for
Now, here we can’t determine the time t≥0
constant and we have to find the voltage Vc ( t ) =
1 − e −2t (cos cos t + sin sin t) for t ≥ 0
across capacitor for t ≥ 0 so we convert the
above network into s- domain
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 When the angular frequency 𝜔𝜔 in a) 25 b) 50

the figure is varied from 0 to ∞ , the c) 100 d) 200
locus of the current phasor I 2 is [GATE-2003]
given by
Q.3 An input voltage v ( t ) = 10 5 cos
(t+10° +10 5 cos ( 2t + 10° ) V applied
to a series combination of resistance
R = 1Ω and an inductance L=1H. .
The resulting steady state current
a) i(t) in ampere is
a) 10 cos ( t + 55° ) + 10 cos(2t + 10° + tan −1 2)
3
b) 10 cos ( t + 55° ) + 10 cos(2t + 55)
2
c) 10 cos ( t − 35° ) + 10 cos(2t + 10° − tan −1 2)
b) 3
d) 10 cos ( t − 35 ) + 10 cos(2t − 35°)
2
[GATE-2003]
Q.4 The circuit shown in the figure, with

1 1
=R =Ω, L = H, C 3F has input
3 4
c) voltage V ( t ) = sin 2t .The resulting
current i(t) is
d)
a) 5sin(2t + 53.1°) b) 5sin(2t − 53.1°)
c) 25sin(2t + 53.1°) d) 25sin(2t − 53.1°)
[GATE-2004]
Q.5 For the circuit shown in the figure,

the time constant RC=1ms . The
input voltage is Vi ( t ) = 2 sin103.
[GATE-2001]
The output voltage V0 ( t ) is equal to
Q.2 A series RLC circuit has a resonance
frequency of 1 kHz and a quality
factor Q=100.If each of R, L and C is
doubled from its original value, the
new Q of the circuit is
a) sin(103 t − 45°) b) sin(103 t + 45°)
c) sin(103 t − 53°) d) sin(103 t + 53°)
[GATE-2004]
Q.6 Consider the following statements 10 3 10 3

a) ∠90°A b) ∠ − 90°A
S1 & S2 2 2
S 1 : At the resonant frequency the c) 5∠60° A d) 5∠ − 60° A
impedance of a series R-LC [GATE-2005]
circuit is zero.
S 2 : In a parallel G-L-C circuit, Q.10 In the AC network shown in the
increasing the conductance G figure, the phasor voltage VAB (in
results in increase in its Q factor.
Volts ) is
Which one of the following is
correct?
a) S1 is FALSE and S2 is TRUE
b) Both S1 and S2 are TRUE
c) S1 is TRUE and S2 is FALSE
d) Both S1 and S2 are FALSE
[GATE-2004]
a) 0 b) 5∠30°
Q.7 The condition on R, L and C such c) 12.5∠30° d) 17∠30°
that the step response y(t) in the [GATE-2007]
figure has no oscillations, is
Q.11 An AC source of RMS voltage 20V
with internal impedance
ZS= (1 + 2 j)Ω feeds a load of
impedance ZL =(7+4j)Ω in the figure
below. The reactive power
1 L L consumed by the load is
a) R ≥ b) R ≥
2 C C
L 1
c) R ≥ 2 d) R =
C LC
[GATE-2005]
a) 8VAR b) 28VAR
Q.8 In a series
RLC circuit, c) 16VAR d) 32 VAR
1 [GATE-2009]
R = 2kΩ, L = 1H and=C µF . The
400
resonant frequency is Q.12 For the parallel RLC circuit, which
1 one of the following statements is
a) 2 ×104 Hz b) ×104 Hz NOT correct?
π
a) The bandwidth of the circuit
c) 10 Hz
4
d) 2π×104 Hz
decreases if R is increased
[GATE-2005]
b) The bandwidth of the circuit
remains same if L is increased
c) At resonance, input impedance is
the instantaneous current i1 (t) is
a real quantity
d) At resonance, the magnitude of Q.16 A 230 V rms source supplies power
input impedance attains its to two loads connected in parallel.
minimum value The first load draws 10 kW at 0.8
[GATE-2010] leading power factor and the second
one draws 10 kVA at 0.8 lagging
Q.13 The current I in the circuit shown is power factor. The complex power
delivered by the source is
a) (18 + j 1.5) kVA
b)(18 -j 1.5) kVA
c) (20 + j 1.5) kVA
d)(20 - j 1.5) kVA
[GATE-2014]
a) − j1A b) j1A
c) 0A d) 20A Q.17 A periodic variable x is shown in the
[GATE-2010] figure as a function of time. The
root-mean-square (rms) value of x is
Q.14 The circuit shown below is driven ___.
by a sinusoidal input
Vi = Vp cos(t / RC) . The steady state
output V0 is
[GATE-2014]
a) ( Vp / 3) cos(t / RC) Q.18 A series RC circuit is connected to a

DC voltage source at time t = 0. The
b) ( Vp / 3) sin(t / RC) relation between the source voltage
c) ( Vp / 2 ) cos(t / RC) Vs, the resistance R, the capacitance
d) ( Vp / 2 ) sin(t / RC) C, and the current i(t) is given
below:
[GATE-2011] 1
t
Ve = Ri(t)+ ∫i ( u ) du Which one of
C0
inductive coils have Q factors q1 and the following represents the current
f(t)?
q 2 at the chosen operating
a) b)
frequency. Their respective
resistances are R1 and R 2 . When
connected in series, their effective Q
factor at the same operating
frequency is
a) q1 + q 2 c) d)
b) (1/ q1 ) + (1/ q 2 )
c) ( q1R1 + q 2 R 2 ) / ( R1 + R 2 )
d) ( q1R 2 + q 2 R1 ) / ( R1 + R 2 )
[GATE-2013]
[GATE-2014]
Q.19 The steady state output of the inductor current phasor and the
circuit shown in the figure is given resistor current phasor, is ___________.
=by y ( t ) A(ω) sin(ωt + φ(ω)) .If the [GATE-2016]
amplitude | A(ω) |= 0.25 ’ then the
Q.23 In the RLC circuit shown in the
frequency ω is figure, the input voltage is given by
= vi ( t ) 2cos ( 200t ) + 4sin ( 500t )
The output voltage V0 ( t ) is
a) cos ( 200t ) + 2sin ( 500t )
1 2 b) 2cos ( 200t ) + 4sin ( 500t )
a) b)
3R C 3R C c) sin ( 200t ) + 2cos ( 500t )
1 2
c) d) d) 2sin ( 200t ) + 4cos ( 500t )
RC RC
[GATE-2014]
Q.20 In the circuit shown the average

value of the voltage Vab (in Volts)
in steady state condition is _______.
[GATE-2016]
Q.24 In the circuit shown, the positive

angular frequency 𝜔𝜔 (in radians per
Q.21 An LC tank circuit consists of an
second) at which the magnitude of
ideal capacitor C connected in
the phase difference between the
parallel with a coil of inductance L 𝜋𝜋
having an internal resistance R. The voltage V1 and V2 equals 4 radians,
resonant frequency of the tank is__________.
circuit is
1 1
a) b) 1 − R2
C
2π LC 2π LC L
c) 1 L 1  2 C 
1 − 2 d) 1 − R 
2π LC RC 2π LC  L
[GATE-2015]
Q.22 The figure shows an RLC circuit with [GATE-2017]

a sinusoidal current source.
Q.25 The figure shows an RLC circuit
excited by the sinusoidal voltage
100cos(3t) Volts, where t is in
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉2
seconds. The ratio 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉1
is______________.
At resonance, the ratio I L / I R ,i.e.,
the ratio of the magnitudes of the
a) 1.25 2 sin ( 5t − 0.25π )
b) 1.25 2 sin ( 5t − 0.125π )
c) 2.5 2 sin ( 5t − 0.25π )

[GATE-2017]
d) 2.51.25 2 sin ( 5t − 0.125π )
Q.26 In the circuit shown, V is a
sinusoidal voltage source. The
current I is in phase with voltage V.
The ratio
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
is_______.
[GATE-2017]
Q.27 For the circuit given in the figure,

the magnitude of the loop current
(in amperes, correct to three
decimal places) 0.5 second after
closing the switch is ______.
[GATE-2018]
Q.28 For the circuit given in the figure,

the voltage Vc (in volts) across the
capacitor is
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(a) (b) (c) (a) (a) (d) (c) (b) (a) (d) (b) (d) (a) (a)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(d) (b) 0.408 (a) (b) 5 (b) 0.316 (b) 1 2.6 0.2 0.316 (c)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (a) Q.4 (a)
E m cosωt
i 2 ( t=
) = E m ∠0
jωC i ( t ) = V ( t ) .Y
R2 +
1 1 + jωCR 2  1 
1
jωC =
Y V(t)  + + jωc 
E ∠0ωC∠90°  R1 jωL 
∠i 2 ( t ) = m  1 1 
1 + ω2 C2 R 2 ∠tan −1ωCR 2 =
Y V(t)  + + jωc 
E m ωC  R1 jωL 
i2 ( t )
= ∠90 − tan −1 ωCR = sin 2t[3 − 2 j + 6 j]
1+ ω C R 2 2 2
= sin 2t[3 + 4 j]
Em
At ω = 0,i 2 ( t ) = 0, ω =∞,i 2 ( t ) = 4
R2 = 5sin 2t∠ tan −1
3
Fig (a) satisfies both conditions.
= 5sin ( 2t + 53.1° )
Q.2 (b)
fo Q.5 (a)
Q= 1
BW
jωC
fo =
1 V0 ( t ) = Vi ( t )
1
2π LC R+
R jωC
BW = 1
L = 2 sin103 t
 Rs 1  1 + jωCR
 Characteristic equation =s + +
2
 1
 L LC  = 2 sin103 t
−3
1 L 1 + j ×10 ×10
3
Or Q = V0 ( t ) sin(103 t − 45°)
=
R C
When R, L, C are doubled,
1 Q.6 (d)
=
Q' = Q 50 S 1 : Impedance of series RLC circuit
2
at resonant frequency is minimum
Q.3 (c)  1 
Z= R + j  ωL − 
v(t) 10 2 cos(t + 10°)  ωC 
i(t)
= =
R + jωL 1 + 1j 1
ωL − = 0
10 5 cos(2t + 10°) ωC
+
1+ 2 j Z = R (Purely resistive)
10 2 cos(t + 10°) C
i(t) = S2 : Q = R
2∠45° L
10 5 cos(2t + 10°) 1 1 C
+ G= ⇒Q=
5∠ tan −1 2 R G L
G ↑ then Q ↓ if C and L are same
∴=i ( t ) 10 cos ( t − 35° )
+10 cos(2t + 10 − tan −1 2) Q.7 (c)
Transfer function
1 5 30° × ( (5 − 3J ) || ( 5 + 3J ))
=∠
sC 1
= = 2 34
1 s LC + sCR + 1 = 5∟30° × = 17∠30°
R + sL + 10
sC
1
Y(s)
= LC Q.11 (b)
U(s) s 2 + s + 1
R The RMS current in the load is given
L LC by
R r 20
2ξωn = I= =
20
=
10
L ZS + ZL 8 + j6 4 + j3
1
ωn = 10  3
LC = ∠ − tan −1  
5  4
R
ξ= LC  3
2L = 2∠ − tan −1  
 4
R C
ξ= I rms = 2 , reactive power = I 2rms X L
2 L
For no oscillations , ξ ≥ 1 = 4 × 4 = 16VAR
Also note that the active power
R C
≥1 consumed by the load
2 L
= Irms R L = 4 × 7 =28W
2
L
R≥2
C Q.12 (d)
This is standard concept of parallel
Q.8 (b) resonant circuit
1 1
=f0 = Q.13 (a)
2π LC 1
2π 1× × 10−6
400
103 × 20 104
= = Hz
2π π
Q.9 (a)
When 5∠0° is acting along,
i1 ( t ) =−5∠0° (as 10∠60° is kept
open)
When 10∠60° is acting alone.
i1 ( t =
) 10∠60° (as 5∠0° is kept
open) Q.14 (a)
i1 ( t ) = 10∠60° − 5∠0° Redrawing the circuit s –domain
=
5 + 8.66 j − 5
i1 ( t ) = 8.66 j
10
i ( t ) = 5 3∠90° = 3∠90°
2
Q.10 (d)
=
VAB current × impedance
1 are ideal and there is no –resistance
R.
 1  in the circuit charging and
V1 ( s ) =R +  I (s) +
sC I(s)
 sC  1 discharging time constant will zero.
R+
sC Thus current will exist like an
1 + SCR R impulse function.
V1 ( s )
= I (s) + I(s)
sC 1 + SCR Q.16 (b)
………………….(i)
∴ Vi = Vp cos(t / RC)
1
So here, ω =
RC
Now,
1 + jωCR R
=Vi ( S) I (s) + I(s)
jωC (1 + jωCR ) Load 1:
1 P = 10kw 
Put, ω = 
RC cos φ =0.8  SI =P − jQ =10 − j7.5KVA
 (1 + j) R R  = tan φ 7.5KVAR 
Q P=
=
So, Vi ( S)  +  I(s) Load 2: S=10KVA
 j 1+ j
Q
3R Cos φ =0.8 sin φ =
Vi ( S) = …………………..(ii) S
(1 + j) P
Vi ( S)
Cos φ =
I (=
s) × (1 + j) S
3R P
0.8 = →P= 8kw
 1 
Now, V0 ( s ) =  R ||  I(s)
10
 sC  Q= 6KVAR
1 S 1 = P+ jQ= 8 + j6
R. Complex power delivered by the
⇒ V0 ( s ) = sC I(s)
source is S I + S II =18-j1.5KVA
1
R+
sC Q.17 (0.408)
R V ( S)
⇒ V0 ( s ) (1 + j)
T
= . i 1
( x ( t ) ) dt
∫
2
1 + SCR 3R xrms =
T 0
R Vi ( S)
⇒V = 0 (s) . (1 + j)
1 + j 3R
V ( S)
⇒ V0 ( s ) i
3
In time domain,
1
v0 ( t ) = vi (t)
3
2
Vp  t   T t0 ≤ t ≤ 2
T
v0 ( t ) = cos   x(t) = 
3  RC 
 0T
 2≤ t≤T
Q.15 (d)
When the switch in closed at t=0 1  2  2  
T 2 T
( )
T  ∫0  T  ∫
Capacitor C1 will discharge and= C2  .t  .dt + 0
2
.dt 

will get charge since both C1 and C2  T/2

T
Q.21 (b)
1 4  t3  2
= = Ye + YLR
T T 2  3  0
. Y
1
Y=jωC+ =j
( jωL+R )
3
4 T 1
=
X rms . ⇒ ⇒ 0.408
3T 3 8 6 ( R − jω L)
ωC + 2
( R + ω 2 L2 )
Q.18 (a)
Placing Imaginary part to zero we
In a series RC circuit,
get option (B).
→Initially at t = 0, capacitor charges
V
with a current of s and in steady
R
state at t = ∞, capacitor behaves like
open circuit and no current flows
through the circuit → So the current
i(t) represents an exponential decay Q.22 0.316
function At resonance,
I L QI m
= =Q
IR Im
C
For parallel circuits Q = R = 10
L
10 ×10−6
= 0.316
Q.19 (b) 10 ×10−3
Q.23 (b)
= Vi ( t ) 2cos 200t + 4 sin 500t , since
there are 2 frequency term output
will also have 2 frequency term → If
By nodal method,
we take 4sin500t first i.e. W = 500
V − 1| 0o V V then on the output section, this
+ =0
R 1
(
jωc ) ( 2
jωc ) parallel LC combination have ZLC = ∞ ,
SO it is open circuit and V o = V i
1 jωc  1| 0o
V  + j ωc + =
R 2  R
2
V=
2 + 3jωRC
V 1 So w.r.t. 4sin 500t output must be
Y= ⇒
2 2 + jω3RC 4sin500t without any change in
1 1 amplitude and phase, this is
Given |A( ω)=| ⇒
4 4 + 9R 2 c 2 .ω2 satisfied by only option B.
2
⇒ω= Q.24 1rad/sec
3RC
Q.25 2.6
Q.20 (5)
i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L ( 0− ) − i L ( ∞ )  e − t / τ , t ≥ 0
i L ( 0− ) = 0
ω =3rad / sec
Z1 =( 4 + j3) Ω
Z2 =( 5 − j12 ) Ω
V2 = i z 2 = i 52 + 122 = 13 i
V1 = i z1 = i 42 + 32= 5 i To find i L ( ∞ ) :
V2 13 i 13
= = = 2.6 (Inductor will behave as short
V1 5i 5
circuit)
Q.26 0.2 1
i L ( ∞=
) = 0.5A
1+1
Given that, V and I have same phase.

So, the circuit is in resonance.
At resonance,
Vc = QVR
Amplitude of Vc
=Q −1 + (1 + 1) i L ( ∞ ) =0
Amplitude of VR
1 L 1 5 To find τ :
= = = 0.2
R C 5 5
1
τ= for t > 0
Q.27 0.316 R eq
Given: Switch is closed at t = 0
1
At t = 0− =τ = 0.5sec
1+1
Source is disconnected current
i L ( t ) = 0.5 + ( 0 − 0.5 ) e − t /0.5
through the inductor before
switching
L (t)
i= 0.5 1 − e − t /0.5 
( 0− ) i =
iL = ( 0− ) 0
Value of loop current at t = 0.5sec
The find, loop current that is
i L (=
0.5 ) 0.5 1 − e −0.5/0.5 
inductor current after t = 0 , we can
use
i L ( 0.5 ) = 0.5 1 − e −1  = 0.316A
 1 
VC ( t ) = 5sin 5t  
Q.28 (c) 1 + jωRC 
Given:  1 
VC ( t ) = 5sin 5t  −6 
1 + j × 5 × 200x10 ×1×10 
3
R=
1 R=
2 100kΩ , Vi ( t ) = 5sin ( 5t )
 1 
VC ( t ) = 5sin 5t  
1 + j1 
 1 
VC ( t ) = 5sin 5t  
 2∠π / 4 
5  π
VC ( t )
= sin  5t − 
2  4
We have to find the voltage across
the capacitor. = 2.5 2 sin ( 5t − 0.25π )
Network can be further simplified

by taking the equivalent of two
series resistance as shown.
From the given input
Vi ( t ) = 5sin ( 5t ) .
∴ω = 5rad / sec
Using voltage division,
 Zc 
Vc ( t ) =   Vi ( t )
 R + Zc 
i
Where Zc = and R = 200k
j ωC
 i 
 j ωC 
VC ( t ) = 5sin 5t  
R + i 
 jωC 
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 In the figure Z1= 10∠ − 60°, Q.4 In the figure the current source is
1∠0A, R = 1Ω , the impedances are
Z2 = 10∠60°, Z=
3 50∠53.13° Zc =− jΩ , and ZL= 2 jΩ . The
Thevenin impedance seen from X-Y Thevenin equivalent looking into
is the circuit across X-Y is
a) 56.66∠45° b) 60∠30°
c) 70∠30° d) 34.4∠65°
a) 2∠0V, (1 + 2 j) Ω
[GATE-2003]
b) 2∠45°V, (1 − 2 j) Ω
Q.2 Two ac source feed a common c) 2∠45°V, (1 + j) Ω
variable resistive load as shown in
figure .Under the maximum power d) 2∠45°V, (1 + j) Ω
transfer condition, the power [GATE-2006]
absorbed by the load resistance RL
is Statements for Linked Answer
Questions Q.5 & Q.6
a)2200W b)1250W
c)1000W d)625W
Q.5 For the circuit given above, the
[GATE-2003]
Theremin’s voltage across the
terminals A and B is
Q.3 In the given figure, the Thevenin’s
a) 1.25V b) 0.25V
equivalent pair (voltage,
c) 1V d) 0.5V
impedance), as seen at the terminals
[GATE-2009]
P-Q is given by
Q.6 For the circuit given above, the
Thevenin’s resistance across the
terminals A and B is
a) 0.5kΩ b) 0.2kΩ
c) 1kΩ d) 0.11kΩ
[GATE-2009]
a) (2V,5Ω) b) (2V,7.5Ω)
c) (4V,5Ω) d) (4V,7.5Ω) Q.7 The impedance looking into nodes 1
and 2 in the given circuit is
[GATE-2005]
a) k 2 b) k
c) 1/k d) k
[GATE-2013]

a) 50Ω b) 100Ω then the venin’s equivalent voltage
c) 5kΩ d) 10.1kΩ in volts as seen by the load
[GATE-2012] resistance R L is
Q.8 Assuming both the voltage sources

are in phase the value of R for which
maximum power is transferred from
circuit A to circuit B is
a) 100∠90° b) 800∠0°
c) 800∠90° d) 100∠60°
[GATE-2013]
Q.12 Assuming an ideal transformer. The

a) 0.8Ω b) 1.4Ω Thevenin's equivalent voltage and
c) 2Ω d) 2.8Ω impedance as seen from the
[GATE-2012] terminals x and y for the circuit in
figure are
Q.9 A source Vs ( t ) =Vcos100πt has an
internal impedance of 4+j3Ω . If a
purely resistive load connected to
this source has to extract the
maximum power out of the source,
its value in Ω should be
a)3 b)4
c)5 d)7
[GATE-2013]
a)2sin (ωt), 4Ω b)1sin (ωt), 1Ω
Q.10 Consider a delta connection of c)1sin (ωt), 2Ω d)2sin(ωt), 0.5Ω
resistors and its equivalent star [GATE-2014]
connection as shown. If all elements
of the delta connection are scaled by Q.13 A non-ideal voltage source V s has an
a factor k,k>0 , the elements of the internal impedance of Z s If a purely
resistive load is to be chosen that
corresponding star equivalent will
maximizes the power transferred to
be scaled by a factor of
the load, its value must be
a) 0
b) real part of Z S
c) magnitude of Z S
d) complex conjugate of Z S
[GATE-2014]
Q.14 The Norton's equivalent source in
amperes as seen into the terminals X Q.17 In the circuit shown below, the
and Y is value of capacitor C required for
maximum power to be transferred
to the load is
[GATE-2014]
Q.15 For the given circuit, the Thevenin a) 1nF b) 1µF

equivalent is to be determined. The c) 10nF d) 10 µF
Thevenin voltage, V Th (in volt), seen [GATE-2017, Set-2]
from terminal AB is
Q.18 For the network given in figure
below, the Thevenin’s voltage V ab is
[GATE-2015]
a) -1.5V b) -0.5V
Q.16 In the circuit shown below, the c) 0.5V d) 1.5V
maximum power transferred to the [GATE-2017, Set-2]
resistor R is……….W
[GATE-2017, Set-1]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(a) (d) (a) (d) (d) (b) (a) (a) (c) (b) (c) (a) (c) 2
15 16 17 18
3.36 3.025 (d) (a)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (a)
By Thevenin’s theorem
For maximum power transfer

RL = R 2th + X 2th = 32 + 42 = 5Ω
=
Zth Z= Z1 || Z2 + Z3 Vth 100
x−y =l =
Z1 × Z2 ( 3 + j4 ) + R L 8 + j4
= + Z3 = 11.18∠26.56°A
(Z1 + Z2 )
Power absorbed by RL (max).
10∠ − 60 ×10∠ − 60
+ (50∠53.13) = l2 R=L 11.18 ×=
2
5 625W
(10∠ − 60 + 10∠ − 60 )
= 56.66∠45° Q.3 (a)
To calculate R th (seen at terminals
Q.2 (d)
For obtaining power absorbed by P-Q), voltage source is short- circuit
R L under maximum power transfer
condition. We find thevenin’s
equivalent circuit across R L
= =
R th 10 ||10 5Ω
Vth = Open–circuit voltage at the
terminals P-Q
Z th I calculated by short
circuiting the votage sources.
Zth = ( 6 + j8) || ( 6 + j8) =+
3 j4Ω
4
=
V ×=
10 2V
10 + 10
th
Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
Vth − 110∠0° Vth − 90∠0°

+ =
0
6 + 8j 6 + j8
V=
th 100∠0°
Q.4 (d)
To calculate Thevenin’s impedance,
current –source is open -circuited
After connecting voltage source of V

V1 = V2 ⇒ (10K ) ( −i b ) = 100 ( I + 99i b + i b ) ;
Zth =R + ZL + ZC −10000i b = 100I + 100 × i b
=1 + 2 j − j = 100I + 10000i b
1 + jΩ −20000i
= b 100I ⇒ i b
Open-circuit voltage at terminals X-
 −100   −I 
Y = = I 
= I × Zth  20000   200 
V = 100 [ I + 99i b + i b ]
= 1∠0 × (1 + j)
  −I  
= 2∠45° volts = 100  I + 100    = 50I
  200  
Q.5 (d) R th= =
V 50I
= 50Ω
Thevenin’s voltage, VOC = 0.5V I I
Q.6 (b) Q.8 (a)

Thevenin’s resistance is calculated Power transferred from circuit A to
using the circuit shown in fig (1)  7   6 + 10R 
circuit =B VI=   
and (2), where independent voltage  R + 2  R + 2 
source is short circuited 42 + 70R
=
( R + 2)
10 − 3 7
=I =
2+R 2+R
7R
V =3 + IR =3 +
2+R
 6 + 10R 
= 
 2+ R 
dP ( R + 2 ) ( 70 ) − ( 42 + 70R ) 2 ( R + 2 )
2
=
Write the loop equation: dR ( R + 2 )4
VAB + 3VAB =
( I − ×10 )10=
−3 −3
103 − VAB
5VAB = 103
VAB 103
∴ R TH = = Ω = 0.2kΩ
I 5
Q.7 (a)
70 ( R + 2 ) = ( 42 + 70R ) 2 ( R + 2 )
2 Q.14 (2)
⇒ 5 ( R + 2 ) = 2(3 + 5R)
⇒ 5R + 10 =6 + 10R
⇒4= 5R
⇒R= 0.8Ω
Q.9 (c)
R L = Zth = 42 + 32 = 5Ω
Q.10 (b)
Consider=
R a x;=
R b k;=
Rc k
Ra + Rb k2
=R Star =
R a + R b + R c 3k
R Star ∝k
Q.11 (c)
VTH = 10VL1
 4
V 100∠53.13 −1 
VL1 = c = − tan  8  × j4
3 + j4 3
VL1= 80∠90° 5
I SC ( I N ) =
5
Q.12 (a)
ϑxy = Voc Q.15 (3.36)
ϑin ϑxy Vth = 2i1
= ⇒ ϑxy = ϑoc = 2sin sin ωt
1 2 2 = 1[i + i1] + i = 2i + i1
i (1) =
2
 2 −20i + 2i1
R xy = 100 ×   ⇒ 4
1 ∴ 21i =
2i1
ϑth = 2sin sin ωt As the frequency of current i is
increased, the impedance (Z) of the
Q.13 (c) network varies as
For minimum power transferred to
the load, Its value must be RL = Z s
=
RL Rs 2 + X s2
ISC = 1A
R th = 4Ω
GATE QUESTIONS(IN)
Q.1 In the circuit shown in the

following figure the input voltage
V i (t) is constant at 2V for time
t < 1s and then it changes to 1V.The
output voltage, v 0 (t), 2 s after the
change will be
a) 0A
b) 5 2 cos (1000t ) A
 π
c) 5 2 cos  1000t −  A
 4
d) 5 2A
[GATE-2008]
a) − exp ( −2 ) V Q.4 For the circuit shown below the

voltage across the capacitor is
b) −1 + exp ( −2 ) V
c) exp ( −2 ) V
d) 1 − exp ( −2 ) V
[GATE-2006]
Q.2 In the circuit shown in the

following figure, the current
a) (10 + j0 ) V b) (100 + j0 ) V
through 1Ω the resistor is
c) ( 0 + j100 ) V d) ( 0 − j100 ) V
[GATE-2008]
Statement for Linked Answer

Questions 5& 6:
In the circuit shown below the steady –
state is reached with the switch K open
a) (1 + 5cos 2t ) A Subsequently the switch is closed at time
t=0
b) ( 5 + cos 2t ) A
c) (1 − 5cos 2t ) A
d) 6A
[GATE-2007]
Q.3 For the circuit shown below the

steady–state current I is
dl2 a) Zero
Q.5 At time t = 0+ , is
dt b) A step function
10 c) An exponentially decaying function
a) −5A / s b) − A/s d) An impulse function
3
[GATE-2012]
c) 0A / s d) 5A / s
[GATE-2008]
Q.6 +
At time t = 0 ,current I is Questions 10 & 11:
5 In the circuit shown, the three voltmeter
a) − A b) 0A =
reading =
V1 220V, =
V2 122V, V3 136V
3
5
c) A d) ∞ A
3
[GATE-2008]

switch, initially at position 1 for a
long time, is changed to position 2 Q.10 If RL=5Ω,the approximate power
at t = 0 consumption in the load is
a)700W b)750W
c)800W d)850W
[GATE-2012]
The current i through the inductor Q.11 The power factor of the load
for t ≥ 0 is a) 0.45 b) 0.50
a) 1 − e−20t A b) 1 + e−20t A c) 0.55 d) 0.60
c) 1 + 2e−20t A d) 2 − e −20t A [GATE-2012]
[GATE-2011]
Q.8 The average power delivered to an inductive coils have Q factors q1
impedance ( 4 − j3) Ω by a current and q 2 at the chosen operating
5cos(100πt + 100) A is frequency. Their respective
a) 44.2W b) 50W resistances are R1 and R 2 . When
c) 62.5W d) 125 connected in series, their effective
[GATE-2012] Q factor at the same operating
frequency is
Q.9 In the following figure, C1 and C2 a) q1 + q 2
are ideal capacitors. C1 has been b) (1/ q1 ) + (1/ q 2 )
charged to 12 V before the ideal c) ( q1R1 + q 2 R 2 ) / ( R1 + R 2 )
switch S is closed at t = 0 .The
current i(t) for all t is d) ( q1R 2 + q 2 R1 ) / ( R1 + R 2 )
[GATE-2013]
Q.13 Three capacitors C1 , C2 and C3

whose values are 10μF,5μF, and
2μF respectively, have breakdown
voltages of 10V , 5V and 2V
respectively. For the
interconnection shown below, the
maximum safe voltage in Volts that
can be applied across the
combination , and the
corresponding total charge in μC [GATE-2014]
stored in the effective capacitance Q.17 A capacitor ‘C’ is to be connected
across the terminals are across the terminals ‘A ‘and ‘B’ as
respectively, shown in the figure so that the
power factor of the parallel
combination becomes unity. The
value of the capacitance required
in μF is
a)2.8 and 36 b)7 and 119
c)2.8 and 32 d)7 and 80
[GATE-2013]
Q.14 The circuit shown in figure was at

steady state for t < 0 with the
switch at position ‘A’. The switch is
thrown to position ‘B ’at timet = 0.
The voltage V(volts) across the
10Ω resistor at time t = 0+ is _____. [GATE-2014]
Q.18 The capacitor shown in the figure is

initially charged to +10 V. The
switch closes at time t = 0. Then
the value of V C (t) in volts at time t
= 10 ms is ___V.
[GATE-2014]
Q.15 The average real power in watts

delivered to a load impedance Z L
=(4- j2 )Ω by an idea current
source i(t) 4sin ( ωt + 20° ) t A is____.
[GATE-2014]
Q.16. In the circuit shown in the figure, [GATE-2015]

initially the capacitor is uncharged.
The switch ‘S’ is closed at t = Q.19 The circuit shown in the figure is
0.Two milliseconds after the in series resonance at frequency fc
switch is closed, the current Hz. The
through the capacitor (in mA) is___. value of Vc in volts _______ V.
value of current i(t) at t = 1s, in
ampere is ______ .
[GATE-2015]
Q.20 A current i(t) shown in the figure

[GATE-2016]
below is passed through a 1 F
Q.24 A series R-L-C circuit is excited
capacitor that had zero initial
with a 50 V, 50Hz sinusoidal
charge. The voltage across the
source. The voltages across the
capacitor for t > 2 s in volt is
resistance and capacitance are
_________.
shown in the figure. The voltage
across the inductor (V L ) is _______V.
[GATE-2016]
Q.21 In the circuit shown below

(V1 + V2 ) =
[ 1 sin (2𝜋𝜋10000t )+1sin [GATE-2017]
(2𝜋𝜋30000t)] V. The RMS value of
the current through the resistor R Q.25 The current response of a series R-
will be minimum if the value of the L circuit to a unit step voltage is
capacitor C in microfarad is____. given in the table. The value of L is
___________H.
t in s 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 … ∞
i(t) in A 0 0.197 0.316 0.388 0.432 … 0.5
[GATE-2017]
[GATE-2016]
Q.26 In the circuit diagram, shown in
Q.22 In the circuit shown below, V S =101 the figure, S 1 was closed and S 2
∠ 0V, R =10Ω and =L =100Ω. The was open for a very long time. At
current IS is in phase with VS. The t=0, S 1 is opened and S 2 is closed.
magnitude of I S in milliampere is The voltage across the capacitor, in
_________. volts, at t=5𝜇𝜇s is___________
[GATE-2016]
Q.23 The voltage v(t) shown below is

applied to the given circuit. v(t) = 3 [GATE-2017]
V for t < and v(t)= 6V for t > 0. The
Q.27 A series R-L-C circuit is excited
with an A.C voltage source. The
quality factor (Q) of the circuit is
given as Q=30. The amplitude of
current in ampere at upper half-
power frequency will be_______.
[GATE-2017]
Q.28 For the circuit, shown in the figure,

the total real power delivered by
the source to the loads
is_________kW.
[GATE-2017]
Q.29 A coil having an impedance of (10
+j100) is connected in parallel to a
variable capacitor as shown in
figure. Keeping the excitation
frequency unchanged, the value of
the capacitor is changed so that
parallel resonance occurs. The
impedance across terminals p-q
at resonance (in Ω) is ____.
[GATE-2018]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(a) (a) (a) (d) (b) (a) (d) (b) (d) (b) (a) (c) (d) -30
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
32 1.51 187.24 3.678 100 8 0.28 100 1.632 50 1 1.52 6.36 1.86
29
1010
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (a) where τ Time

= = constant RC
For t <1, the circuit is shown in =
For R 1M= =
Ω, C 1μF, τ 1sec
Fig.1 ∴ v0 ( t ) =
2sec after the change
at t = 1+ = −1e−2 V
Q.2 (a)
Due to ac source, i=
R1 = 1A
1/1
C behaves as open circuit after Due to ac source,
long time . 1
∴ At t =1−, the circuit is shown in =
i R 2 5∠0° × 1
Fig. 2 Current is zero, 1 1 
 + + J0.5 
∴ v0 (1− ) =
0V and  1 J2 
= 5∠0°
∴ vc (1− ) =
2V
∴ i R = (1 + 5cos cos 2t)A
As capacitor voltage cannot change
instantaneously, the circuit for Q.3 (a)
t = 1+ is shown in Fig 3. As t → ∞ voltage source become
c (1+ )
v= c (1_ ) 2V
v= 0V
∴ v0 (1+ ) =
−1V
Q.4 (d)
Circuit is under resonance
10∠0°
I= = 1∠0°A
10
VC = −100JV
At steady state as t → ∞ , the
capacitor behaves as open circuit Q.5 (b)
as shown in Fig. 4 Current is zero, From Fig 3 : Write the Outer loop
∴=v0 ( ∞ ) 0V andv
= c ( ∞ ) 1V Initial
equation :
dl (t)
value of v 0 ( t )  I ( t ) ×1 + 1 2 + 10 = 5
dt
=
−1V, at t =
1+ At t = 0+ ,
Final value of v0 ( t ) = 0V, at t = ∞ dl2 5
t ( 0+ ) =−5 − I ( 0− ) =−5 +
− dt 3
v0 ( t ) = −1e τ
10
= − A / sec
3
Q.6 (a)
For the circuit is shown in Fig .1
For t<0, the status of the circuit is
shown in Fig.1 inductor behaves as
short circuit after a long time.
10
∴ i ( 0− ) = =1A
10
After a long time , at t = 0− L
behaves as short circuit and C
behaves as open circuit . The
relevant circuit is shown in Fig .2
For t > 0 , the status of the circuits

shown in Fig .2
Current through the inductor
cannot change instantaneously.
= , I1 ( 0 − ) 0,i
At t 0−= = L ( 0− ) I 2 ( 0− )
∴ i ( 0+ ) = i ( 0− ) = 1A initial value
c ( 0 − ) 10V
= 0andv
= (I.V) After a long time inductor
behaves as short circuit .
For t > 0, the switch , K is closed
∴ i ( ∞ )= 2A= final value (F.V)
and the relevant circuit is
L 1 1
shown in Fig.3 τ
Time constant = = , = 20
R 20 τ
i L ( t ) and vc ( t ) cannot change  −  

t
i(t) =IV + ( F.V − I.V ) I − e  τ   for t ≥ 0

instantaneously.  
 
∴ i L ( 0+ ) = I 2 ( 0+ ) = I 2 ( 0− ) = 0
=1 + ( 2 − 1) 1 − e (
−20t
)
=2 − e −20t
c ( 0+ )
v= c ( 0 − ) 10V
v=
At t = 0+ , the state of the circuit is Q.8 (b)
shown in Fig. 4 The load consists of a resistance
and a capacitance of this, only R is
passive and consumes power
So P = i 2rm R
2
 5 
=  =× 4 50W
 2
5  A
I1 ( 0− ) = I ( 0+ ) = − A  note rms value of A cos ωt = 2 
3  
Q.7 (d) Q.9 (d)

When the switch in closed at t=0
Capacitor C1 will discharge and
C2 will get charge since both C1
and C2 are ideal and there is no –
resistance in the circuit charging
and discharging time constant will
zero. Thus current will exist like an C 2 C3
=
Ceq + C1
impulse function. C 2 + C3
= 11.5μF
Q.10 (b)
Safety voltage = 7V
: R L = 5Ω
Q = CV
VRL= V3 cos cos=
φ 136 × 0.45[FromQ1 7]
⇒ Q = Ceq × Vsafety
∴ VRL = 61.2V
11.5 × 7 ; 80μC
VR2 L
=PRL = 749ω 750
R Q.14 (-30)
At t < 0, switch is at position “A”
Q.11 (a) and it was at steady state.
Phasor diagram
= =
V1 220V 1V2 122V
V3 = 136V
→ → →
v=
1 v 2 + v3
Steady state inductor behaves like
short circuit
In a source free circuit,
−t
i L ( t ) = I0 .e τ
−t
By parallelogram law of addition of i L ( t ) = 3.e τ
vectors i L ( t ) = 3.e
−12t
5
V1= V2 + V3 + 2V2 V3 cos φ

2 2
v ( t ) = [10 − 3.e −12t /5 ]
∴ by using options, cos φ =0.45
v ( t ) = 10[−30e −12t /5 ⇒ At t = 0+ ;V = −30Volts
Q.12 (c)
ωL1 ωL 2 Q.15 (32)
=
Q1 = Q= 2 Given Z L =(4- j2)Ω
R2 R2
Current source i(t)4sin(ωt + 20o )A
After series connection
ω ( L1 + L 2 ) The average real power P = I rms 2 .R
Q= 2
R1 + R 2  4 
Watts P =   .4 = 32 watts
Q1R1 + Q2 R 2  2
Q=
R1 + R 2
Q.16 (1.51)
When switch „S‟ is closed
Q.13 (d)
At t=0 :
4  1 1 16 
− j − 2 2+
ωC 2 2
 ωC ω C ωC 
Ztotal = 2
 1 
16 + 1 −
 ωC 
5 Equate the imaginary term to zero
i c (0+) = ⇒ 2.5mA
2k 16 16 1 1
At t =∞ : + = ⇒C
ωC ωC w C 2 2
17ω
1
=
⇒C = 187.24 µ F
17 × 2π × 50
Q.18 3.678V
It is a source free network where c
ic (∞) =0.A apacitor voltage
ic (t) = (Initial Value – Final Value ) −t
c (t )
V= V0 e > 0
t
e − t /τ + Final Value 1
= 10e −100t τ RC
= =
τ = Req Ceq sec 100
Vc (10 ×10−3 ) =
− 100×10×10−3  =
3.67V
τ = 1K * 4 µ 10e  
τ = 4msec
Q.19 (100V)
i c ( t ) = [2.5 − 0]e − t /4*10  10−3 + (0)
−3
Under series resonance condition,

ic ( t ) = 2.5e −250t mA voltage across L, C is Q times of the
supply voltage.
At t=2* 10-3sec ; VC = QV
i c ( 2*10−3 ) = 1.51mA 1 L 1 0.1
=
Q= = 100
R C 10 0.1×10−6
Q.17 (187.24) VC== QV (100
= )(1) 100V
Power factor of the parallel
combination is unity.
Q.20 (8)
i.e., in total impedance equate the 1 1
imaginary term to zero, which V=
c ∫ = ∫8[u ( t − 1) − u ( t − 2 ) dt
idt = 8[r ( t − 1) − r ( t − 2 )]
C 1
gives the capacitance required.
1
Z total= [ 4 + j1Ω ] ||
jωC
1  1 
[ 4 + j] . 4 − j 1 −
=
jωC
*  ωC 
 1   1 
4 + j 1 −  4 − j 1 − Vc ( t > 2 ) =
 ωC 
8V
 ωC 
 − j4 1    1 
 ωC + ωC   4 − j  1 − ωC   Q.21 (0.28 to 0.283)
Z total =  
Q.22 (100)
2
 1 
16 + 1 −
 ωC  In phase means circuit is under
resonance and the admittance seen
by source must be real i.e.
imaginary part of Y eq = 0
1 1 L = 1H
⇒Y eq = +
R + jωL (1/ jωL)
R − jωL Q.26 1.52
= 2 + jωL At t = 0−
R + (ωL) 2
R + jωL 10
→ Real ( y=
) 2 =
R + (ωL) 100 + (100) 2
2
1
=
1010
101
I= VY = = 0.1 = 100mA
1010 VC ( 0− ) = 1
Q.23 (1.63)2 At t = ∞
iL (t ) = iL (∞) + [iL (0− ) − iL (∞)]e( − t /τ )
2
At t = ∞ , supply is 6v VC (=
∞ ) 3 = 2V
2 +1
t
( t )  VC ( 0+ ) − VC ( ∞ ) e
−
VC = RC
+ VC ( ∞ )
t
−
2
×10×10−6
[1 − 2] e
= 3
+2
At t = 5µ sec
L 1.5 VC = 1.52V
τ
→= = = 1
Rin 1.5
Q.27 6.36
→ i L ( t ) = iL ( t )= 2 − e − t
1
i L ( t ) = 2 − e−t =
1.632
ω0 =
LC
1
Q.24 50 =
10 ×10−3 × 4 ×10−6
V= V + ( VL − VC ) = 5000rad / sec
2 2
R
ωL
50 = 502 + ( VL − 50 )
2 Q= 0
R
VL = 50 5000 (10 ×10−3 )
30 =
R
Q.25 1H 5
R= Ω
V − 
Rt
(t)
i= 1 − e L

3
R  V 15
At ω0 → I= = = 9V
From given data at t = ∞ R 5/3
V I 9
= 0.5 At ω2 → = = 6.36A
R 2 2
V =1
R = 2Ω Q.28 1.86
t = 0.25 I = I1 + I2 = 5∠00 + 5∠300
−2( 0.25 )
 −  =I 9.659∠14.94
= 0.5 1 − e L 
0.197
 
= P VI cos θ
=200 × 9.659 × cos (14.94 )
= 1.866kW
Q.29 1010
It is given that the circuit is under
resonance, and we know at this
resonant frequency
Img Yeq  0=
= or Img  Z eq  0
In a parallel circuit, from

calculation point of view, it is
wised to deal with
Img Yeq  = 0
From the given circuit we can say,
1 1
=
Y +
Z RL Z C
1 1
= +
R + jω L  1 
 jωC 
 
R − jω L
= + jωC
R 2 + (ω L) 2
R  ωL 
= + j ωC − 2 2
R + (ω L)
2 2
 R + (ω L) 
At resonance frequency
Im g Yeq  = 0
So,
R
Yeq =
R + (ω L) 2
2
1 R 2 + (ω L) 2
Z=
eq =
Yeq R
102 + 1002
= = 1010
10
4 AC ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION Similarly,

A sinusoidal current or voltage at a given V = Vm e j∅ -Exponential Form
frequency is characterized by only two = Vm ∠∅ -Polar Form
V
parameters amplitude and a phase angle. = V Vm cos ∅ + jsin ∅) -Trigonometric
The complex representation of the voltage Form
or current is also characterized by these
same two parameters. Phasor Example:
representation is defined only for Transform the time domain voltage
cosinusoidal signal. All the sinusoidal signal
=v ( t ) 100 cos ( 400t − 30° ) volts into the
are converted into cosinusoidal by
subtracting 90° from phase frequency domain.
A real sinusoidal current Solution: We know that
=i ( t ) I m cos cos(ωt + ϕ) is expressed as the =v ( t ) Vm cos(ωt + ∅) &
real part of a complex quantity by invoking =v ( t ) 100 cos ( 400t − 30° ) (Given)
Euler’s identity. Thus time –domain expression is already is
{
i ( t ) = Re I m e j( ωt +ϕ)
} in the form of a cosine wave with a phase
angle. Thus, suppressing 𝜔𝜔=400 rad/sec.
{ }
= Re I m e jωt e jϕ = Vm ∠∅
V
= Re {Ie } j ωt
i.e. v ( t=
) 100∠ − 30°volts
We represent the current as a complex
quantity by dropping the instruction Re {}. 4.2 SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE
Thus adding an imaginary component to ANALYSIS
the current without affecting the real
component and suppressing the factor e jωt A circuit having constant source is said to
We get be in steady state if the currents and
voltages do not change with time. Thus
I = I m e jϕ - Exponential Form
circuits with currents and voltages having
=I I m ∠ϕ - Polar Form constant amplitude and constant frequency
= I I m [cos ∅ + jsin ∅] -Trigonometric Form sinusoidal functions are also considered to
The above abbreviated complex be in a steady state.
representation is the phasor representation. Inductors and capacitors are kept as it is
The process by which we change i(t) into I while applying sinusoidal steady state
is called a phasor transformation from the analysis. The analysis of AC in the steady
time domain to the frequency state is generally carried out in the phasor
domain_(Shown in fig below) domain i.e. the KCL, KVL, ohm’s law, Nodal
and mesh analysis and the source
transformation are written in the Phasor
domain.
4.2.1 THE PHASOR DIAGRAM

The Phasor diagram is a pictorial
representation of all the phase voltages and
current in a network. The Phasor is a
rotating vector, which rotates in the z L = jωLΩ = jX L Ω = X L ∠90° |whereX L =ωL
anticlockwise direction with angular 1 1
frequency ‘ω’ in the time domain. zC = Ω = −j = − jX c = X C ∠ − 90° |
jω C ωC
1
whereX c =
e.g. For the Phasor diagram shown below ωC
4.3.1 THE SERIES RL CIRCUIT
If we apply a sinusoidal input to a RL circuit

the current in the circuit and all voltages
across the elements are sinusoidal. In the
analysis of a RL series circuit we can find
the impedance, current, phase angle and
voltage drop.
In Fig. a), the length of the arrow represent (Network is in steady state )
the magnitude of the sine wave and angle We know,
‘θ’ represents the angular position of the VR = IR
sine wave. In Fig. b), the magnitude of the The resistor voltage (VR ) and current (I)
sine wave is 3 and phase angle is 30° . are in phase with each other (as shown in
A Phasor diagram can be use to represent fig. b) inductor voltage (VL ) leads the
the relation between two or more sine
source voltage (𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 ). The phase angle
waves of the same frequency. e.g
between current and voltage in a pure
inductor is always 90° (as shown in fig(b))
VL = IZL
= IX L ∠90°
In the above fig sine wave C lag behind B by

45° , sine wave A lead sign wave B by 30° .
Fig (b) shows 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅 and I are in phase and the
4.3 SERIES CIRCUITS source voltage ‘V’ is the phasor sum of 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅
The impedance diagram is useful for and 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿
analyzing series ac circuits. The series =
V VR2 + VL2
circuits can divided in RL, RC and RLC
series circuits. The phase angle between resistor voltage
In the series ac circuits, one must draw the and source voltage is
impedance diagram V 
∅ =tan −1  L 
We know that  VR 
z R = RΩ = R∠0°
V 
The power factor= cos ∅
=  R  (Lag)
 V 
4.3.2 SERIES RC CIRCUIT
When a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an

RC series circuit, the current in the circuit
and voltages across each of the elements Case1: When VL >VC
are sinusoidal. The series RC circuit is We know, VR = IR
shown in fig. V= IX L ∠90
L
V=
C IX C ∠ − 90°
Here the resistor voltage (VR) and current

are in phase with each other (shown in fig.
b) VR = IR
The capacitor voltage ‘VC’ lags behind the The source voltage v is given as
source voltage. The phase angle between VR2 + ( VL − VC )
2
V=
the current and the capacitor voltage is
always 90° The phase angle is
VC = IZC  V − VC 
∅ =tan −1  L 
V=C IX C ∠ − 90°  VR 
And power factor is
V 
= cos ∅
p.f =  R  (lag)
 V 
Case2: When 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 > 𝑽𝑽𝑳𝑳
Here I leads Vc by 90°, VR and I are in phase

The source voltage is given by
=
V VR2 + VC2
The phase angle between the resistor
voltage and the source voltage is
V 
∅ =tan −1  C 
VR2 + ( VC − VL )
2
 VR  V=
The power factor is And phase angle is
V   V − VL 
= cos ∅
powerfactor =  R  (lead) ∅ =tan −1  C
 V  
 VR 
4.3.3 SERIES R-L-C CIRCUITS And power factor is
A series R-L-C circuits is the series V 
= cos ∅
p.f =  R  (lead)
combination of resistor, inductor and  V 
capacitor.
In the circuit shown below, Determine the
Case 3: When VL =VC total impedance, current I, phase angle and
the voltage across each elements.
Example: Solution:
A sine wave generator supplies a 50HZ, To find the impedance z, all first solve
10V rms signal to a 2 𝑘𝑘Ω resistor in series for Vc and XL
with a 0.1μF capacitor as Shown in fig. 1 1
Determine the total impedance Z, current I, =XC =
2Πf C 2Π × 50 × 10 × 10−6
Phase angle θ, capacitive voltage Vc and
=X C 318.5Ω
resistive voltage VR.
X L =2Πf L =6.28 × 0.5 × 50
X=L 157Ω
Total impedance in rectangular form
z =(10 + j157 − j318.5)Ω
z= 10 + j(157 − 318.5)Ω
z =−10 j161.5Ω
Here, X C > X L
Solution: To find the impedance Z, we first
solve for Xc =∴z (10 )2 + (161.5)2
1 1
=XC = = 3184.7Ω = 100 + 26082.2
2Π f C 2Π × 500 × 0.1× 10−6
=z 161.8Ω
Total impedance VS 50
Z= (2000 − j3184.7)Ω Current= I = = 0.3A
Z 161.8
= Z ( 2000 )2 + ( 3184.7 )2 ∴ I= 0.3A
Voltage across the resistor
= Z 3760.6Ω VR = IR = 0.3 ×10 = 3V
Capacitive voltage Voltage across the capacitive reactance
VC = IX C VC = IX C = 0.3 × 313.5 =
95.55V
VC = 2.66 ×10−3 × 3184.7 Voltage across the Inductive reactance
VC = 8.47V VL =IX L =0.3 ×157 =47.1V
Resistive voltage VR = IR
4.4 PARALLEL CIRCUITS
= 2.66 ×10−3 × 2000
VR = 5.32V The parallel circuits can divide in RC, RL
Phase Angle, and RLC circuits. In parallel A.C. circuits,
 VC  −1  8.47 
the voltage is the same across each
=θ tan −1  =  tan  =  57.87° element.
 VR   5.32 
V
We know that I R =
Example: R
V V V Current I is divided into two parallel
I= = = ∠ − 90°
L
ZL X L ∠90° X L branches as resistive current (𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 ) shown
V V V below
IC = = = ∠90° V V V V
ZC X C ∠ − 90° X C IR = and IC = = = ∠90°
R ZC X C ∠ − 90° X C
4.4.1 PARALLEL RL CIRCUITS
Parallel RL circuit shown below
As Shown in figure above,𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 and v are in

phase and current (I) Phasor sum of IR
and IC
Current I is distributed into two parallel ∴=
I I 2R + IC2
branches as resistive current (IR) and The phase angle between resistive current
inductor current (IL) (which is given as and inductive current is ---
follow) I 
V V V V ∅ =tan −1  C 
I= and I= = = ∠ − 90°  IR 
ZL X L ∠90° X L
R L
R
I 
The power factor= cos ∅
=  R  (lead)
 I 
4.4.3 PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
Parallel R-L-C circuit Shown below

Figure shows - IR and v are in phase and
source current is phasor sum of IR and IL
∴=
I I 2R + I 2L
The phase angle between resistive currant
and inductive current is
I  Current I is divided into three parallel
∅ =tan −1  L 
 IR  branches as, resistive current IR Inductive
current IL and capacitive current IC which is
I 
= cos ∅
The power factor =  R  (lag) given as bellow
 I  V
IR =
R
4.4.2 PARALLEL RC CIRCUIT
V
I=
L ∠ − 90°
Parallel RC circuit Shown below XL
V
IC = ∠90°
XC
Case 1: When IC > I L

We know
V
IR =
R
V V
I=
L ∠ − 90° & IC = ∠90°
XL XC
Solution:
Since the voltage across each element in
parallel ac circuit is same---
So current in the resistive branch (I R ) is
V 20∠0°
I R= = = 0.4A
R 50
Source current I is given as And current in the inductive branch
20∠0°
I 2R + ( IC − I L )
2 V
I= =
IL = = 0.66∠ − 90°
X L 30∠90°
Phase angle � is given as
Total current
I −I  =I 0.4 − j0.66
∅ =tan −1  C L 
 IR  Total current in polar form is
And power factor is =I 0.77∠ − 58.8°
I  Here current lags behind the voltage by
= cos ∅
p.f =  R  (lead) 58.8°
 I 
Case2: when 𝐈𝐈𝐋𝐋 > 𝐈𝐈𝐂𝐂 Total impedance
V 20∠0°
=
z =
I 0.77∠ − 58.8°
=z 25.97∠58.8°Ω
Example:
In the circuit shown below determine the
values of the following
1) Total current (I)
2) Total impedance (Z)
The source current I is given as 3) Phase angle (�)
I 2R + ( I L − IC )
2
I=
Phase angle is given as
I −I 
∅ =tan −1  L C 
 IR 
And power factor is given as Solution: We know that,
I  X L = 2πf L
= cos ∅
p.f =  R  (lag)
 I  = 2π ( 50 ) (0.1)
Example: =
X L 31.42Ω
A 50Ω resistor is connected in parallel From given circuit, 10Ω resistor is in series
with an inductive reactance of 30Ω . A 20 V with the parallel combination of 20Ω and
signal is applied to the circuit find the total j31.42Ω
impedance and line current in the circuit ∴Total impedance (z) is ------
shown in fig.
z= 10 +
( 20 )( j31.42 ) =
10 +
20 + j31.42
628.4∠90°
37.24∠57.52°
= z 24.23 + j9.06
In polar form
z = 25.87∠20.5°
Here current lags behind the applied
voltage by 20.5
V
Total current I =
Z
20
=
25.87∠20.5°
= I 0.77∠ − 20.5°
The phase angle between voltage & current
is
= θ 20.5°
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 A unit step voltage is applied at t 0 voltage across the inductance at

to a series RL circuit with zero initial t=0+ , is
conditions.
a) It is possible for the current to
be oscillatory.
b) The voltage across the resistor at
t = 0+ is zero.
c) The energy stored in inductor in
the steady state is zero. a) 2V b) 4V
d) The resistor current eventually c) -6V d) 8V
falls to zero. [GATE -2003]
[GATE-2001]
Q.5 In figure, the capacitor initially has a
Q.2 Consider the circuit shown in figure. charge of 10 Coulomb. The current
If the frequency of the source is 50 in the circuit one second after the
Hz, then a value of 𝑡𝑡0 which results switch S is closed will be
in a transient free response is
a)14.7A b)18.5A
c)40.0A d)50.0A
a) 0ms b) 1.786ms [GATE-2004]
c) 2.71ms d) 2.91ms
[GATE-2002] Q.6 In the figure given, for initial
capacitor voltage is zero. The switch
Q.3 An 11V pulse of 10μs duration is is closed at t=0. The final steady –
applied to the circuit shown in state voltage across the capacitor is
figure. Assuming that the capacitor
is completely discharged prior to
applying the pulse, the peak value of
the capacitor voltage is
a)20V b)10V
c)5V d)0V
[GATE -2005]
a) 11V b) 5.5V Q.7 The circuit shown in the figure is in

c) 6.32V d) 0.96V steady state, when the switch is
[GATE-2002] closed at t=0. Assuming that the
inductance is ideal, the current
Q.4 In the circuit shown in figure, the through the inductor at t=0+ equals
switch S is closed at time (t=0). The
Q.11 In the figure transformer T1 has two
secondaries, all three windings
having the same number of turns
and with polarities as indicated. One
a) 0A b) 0.5A secondary is shorted by a 10Ω
c) 1A d) 2A resistor R and the other by a 15 mF
[GATE-2005] capacitor. The switch SW is opened
t=0 when the capacitor is charged to
Statement for linked Answer Questions 5 V with left plate as positive at
Q.8 & Q.9 (t+0+) the voltage V P and Current
A coil inductance 10H and resistance 40Ω is I are
connected as shown in the figure. After
the switch S has been in contact with
point 1 for a very long time, it is moved to
point 2 at, t=0
Q.8 For the value of obtained in (a), the a) -25V,00A
time taken for 95% of the stored b) Very large voltage, very large
energy to be dissipated is close to current
a) 0.10sec b) 0.15sec c) 5.0 V, 0.5 A
c) 0.50sec d)1.0sec d) -5.0V,-0.5A
[GATE-2005]
[GATE-2007]
Q.9 if, at t=0+ , the voltage across the coil Q.12 In the circuit shown in the figure,
is 120 V , the value of resistance R is the current source I=1A , voltage
source V = 5V , R=
1 R=2 R=3 1Ω,
L=1 L=
2 L=
3 1H, C =1 C=
2 1F .
The currents (in A) through R3 and
the voltage source V respectively
will be
a) 0Ω b) 20Ω
c) 40Ω d) 60Ω
[GATE-2005]
Q.10 An ideal capacitor is charged to a

voltage Vo and connected at t=0
a) 1, 4 b) 5, 1
across an ideal inductor L. (The c) 5, 2 d) 5, 4
circuit now consists of a capacitor [GATE-2006]
and inductor alone). If we let
ω0 =
1
the voltage across the Q.13 In the circuit shown in figure, switch
LC ' Sw1 is initially CLOSED and Sw 2 is
capacitor at time t>0 is given by OPEN. The inductor L carries a
a) Vo b) Vo cos(ω0 t) current of 10 A and the capacitor is
c) Vo sin(ω0 t) d) Vo e − ω0 t cos(ω0 t) charged to 10 V with polarities as
indicated. Sw 2 Is initially caps at t=0
[GATE-2006]
and Sw1 is OPENED at t=0 The
current through C and the voltage [GATE-2008]
across L at t=0+ is Q.16 The charge stored in the capacitor at
=5μs, will be
a)8nC b)10nC
c)13nC d)16nC
[GATE-2008]
Q.17 In the figure shown, all elements

a) 55A, 4.5V b) 5.5A, 45V used are ideal. For time t<0,S1
c) 45A,5.5V d) 4.5A,55V remained closed and S2 open. At
[GATE-2007]
t=0,S1 is opened and S2 is closed. If
Q.14 The time constant for the given the voltage Vc2 across the capacitor
circuit will be C2 at t=0 is zero, the voltage across
the capacitor combination at t=0+
will be
1 1
a) S b) S
9 4 a) 1V b) 2V
c) 4 S d) 9 S c) 1.5V d) 3V
[GATE-2008] [GATE-2009]
Statement for Linked Answer Q.18 The switch in the circuit has been
Questions Q.15 & Q.16 closed for a long time. It is opened at
The current i (t) sketched in the t = 0 . At t=0+ , the current through
figure flows through an initially
the 1μF capacitor is
uncharged 0.3nFCapacitor.
a) 0A b) 1A
c) 1.25A d) 5A
[GATE-2010]

Questions Q.19 & Q.20
Q.15 The capacitor charged up to 5ms, as
per the current profile given in the
figure, is connected across an
inductor of 0.6mH. Then the value of
voltage across the capacitor after
1us will approximately be
a) 18.8V b) 23.5V The L-C circuit shown in the figure
c) -23.5V d) -30.6V has an inductance L = 1mH and a
capacitance C = 10μF
Q.19 The initial current through the Q.22 The power factor of the load
inductor is zero, while the initial a) 0.45 b) 0.50
capacitor voltage is 100V. The c) 0.55 d) 0.60
switch is closed at t=0 . The current i [GATE-2012]
through the circuit is:
(
a) 5cos 5 ×103 t A ) Q.23 The switch SW shown in the circuit
is kept at position '1' for a long
b) 5sin (10 t ) A
4
duration. At t = 0+, the switch is
moved to position '2' Assuming
c) 10 cos ( 5 ×10 t ) A3
V02 > V01 , the voltage V c (t) across
d) 10sin (10 t ) A 4
capacitor is
[GATE-2010]
Q.20 In the following figure, C1 and C2

are ideal capacitors. C1 has been
charged to 12 V before the ideal
switch S is closed at t = 0 .The
current i(t) for all t is a) v c ( t ) =
−V02 (1 − e − t /RC ) − V01
b) v c ( t ) =
−V02 (1 − e − t /RC ) + V01
c) v c ( t ) =
−V02 (1 − e − t /RC ) − V01
− ( V02 + V01 ) (1 − e − t /RC ) + V01
d) vc ( t ) =
a) Zero [GATE-2014]
b) A step function
c) An exponentially decaying Q.24 The circuit shown in the figure has
function two sources connected in series. The
d) An impulse function instantaneous voltage of the AC
[GATE-2012] source (in Volt) is given by v(t) =
12sint. If the circuit is in steady
Statement for Linked Answer state, then the rms value of the
Questions Q.21 & Q.22: current (in Ampere) flowing in the
In the circuit shown, the three circuit is______
voltmeter reading
V1 =220V,V2 =122V,V3 =136V
[GATE-2015]
Q.25 A series RL circuit is excited at t=0

Q.21 If RL=5Ω, the approximate power by closing a switch as shown in the
consumption in the load is figure.
a)700W b)750W Assuming zero initial conditions, the
c)800W d)850W d2I
value of at t =0+ is
[GATE-2012] dt 2
V −V
a) b)
L R
[GATE-2016]
-RV
c) 0 d) Q.29 The switch in the figure below was
L2 closed for a long time. It is opened at
[GATE-2015] t=0. The current in the insuctor of
2H for t  0 , is
Q.26 In the circuit shown, switch S2 has
been closed for a long time. A time t
= 0 switch Si is closed At t = 0+, the
rate of change of current through
the inductor, in amperes per second,
is ____.
a) 2.5e4t b) 5e4t
c) 2.5e0.25t d) 5e0.25t
[GATE-2017, Set-1]
[GATE-2016] Q.30 The voltages across the circuit in the

figure, and the current through it
Q.27 A resistance and a coil are are given that the following
connected in series and supplied expressions:
from a single phase, 100V, 50Hz ac Vi ( t ) = 5 − 10 cos ( ωt + 60 )
source as shown in the figure below. ii ( t ) =
5 + X cos ( ωt )
The rms values of plausible voltage
across the resistance (V R ) and coil
Where = ω 100π rad / sec . If the
(V c ) respectively, in volts, are
average power delivered to the
circuit is zero then the value of X (in
ohm) is _____________ (up to two
decimal places)
a) 65, 35 b) 50, 50
c) 60, 90 d) 60, 80
[GATE-2016]
initial capacitor voltage is 4V. Switch
S1 is closed at t = 0. The charge (in μ [GATE-2018]
C) lost by the capacitor from t =
25μs to t =100μs is ______.
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(b) (b) (c) (b) (a) (b) (c) (b) (c) (b) (d) (d) (d) (c) (d)
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(c) (a) (b) (d) (d) (b) (a) (d) 10 (d) 2 (c) 6.99 (a) 10
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (b) Hence capacitor charges till 10 μs

At t = 0+ inductor works as open and then starts discharging, so VC
circuit, hence complete source will maximum at t= 10μs]
voltage drops across it and E1
=
h12 = |l =0 0.25
consequently, current through the E2 1
resistor R is zero. Hence, voltage
across the resistor at t = 0+ is zero, Q.4 (b)
and further with time it rises Before closing the switch, the circuit
according to was not energized, therefore,
− Rt
− current through inductor and
( t ) R.(1 − e
VR = L )u(t)
voltage across capacitor are zero.
After closing the switch, at t = 0+
inductor acts as open –circuits and
capacitor acts as short circuit.
Equivalent circuit at t = 0+
Q.2(b)
For transient response,
ωL
tan ( ωt 0 ) = l=
10
= 2A
R 3 + 4 || 4
2π × 50 × 0.01
tan ( 2π × 50 × t 0 ) =
5 ( )
VL 0+ = l × (4 || 4)
π
  = 2 × 2 = 4V
2π × 50 × t 0 = tan −1  
5
= 32.14°
= 0.561rad Q.5 (a)
0.561 Method -1
=t 0 = 1.786ms Using KVL,
100π dq
100 = R q / c
Q.3 (c) dt
dq
VC ( t=
) VC ( ∞ ) −  VC ( ∞ ) − VC ( 0 ) e− t/RC = R +q
100C
dt
10×10−6
0 t
10 dq 1
VC ( peak ) =10 − (10 − 0)e 11
×103 ×11×10−9
∫0 100C − q RC ∫dt
=
q 0
( )
= 10 1 − e1 = 6.32V 100C −= q (100C − q 0 )e−1/RC
= =
10 dq (100C − q 0 ) − t/RC
[WhereR net 10 ||1 kΩ, =i = e
11 dt RC
VC ( ∞ ) = 11×
10
= 10V And e−=
t/RC
=
40e −1
14.7A
10 + 1 Method -2
∵ pulse of duration 10μs is applied. At (t=0) switch is closed
Q.8 (b)
V=
C 0 ( )
−
V=
C 0
+
( ) Q
C The circuit (in s-domain)
10
= 20V
0.5
VC ( ∞ ) =100V
VC ( t= { ( )
) VC ( ∞ ) + VC 0+ − VC ( ∞ ) e− t/RC}
VC ( t ) = 100 + (20 − 100)e− t/1
20
∴ iC ( t ) =
dV (t) l (s) =
C C
dt ( 20 + 40 + 40 ) + 10s
= 0.5 × −80 × (−e− t ) = =
20 2
10s + 100 S + 10
= 40e− t
 2 
iC ( t ) l t =1 = 40e−1 i ( t ) =L-1 [ l(s) ] =L-1 
 S+10 
= 14.71A R eff
( )
−
= 2e Or i ( t ) = i L 0 e t −10t + L
Q.6 (b)
(20 + 40 + 40)
At ( t → 0 + ) , the capacitors act as = 2e = 10
t
2e −10t
short- circuit. At ( t → ∞ ) , the Initial stored energy in inductor
capacitor will become open circuit. 1
W0 = Li 2L 0+
2
( )
1
= ×10 × 22 = 20Joules
2
Remaining energy in inductor
W1 = 0.05W0
∴ Voltage across capacitor = 0.05 × 20
20
×10 = 10V = 1Joule
10 + 10 1 2
Li L = 1
2
Q.7 (c) 1
Before closing the switch at 0- , the ×10 × i12 = 1
2
circuit is in steady state. So, inductor 1
behaves as short-circuit =
i1 = 0.4472
5
i1 = 2e−10T
Let at t=T current decrease to i
0.4472 = 2e−10T
T = 0.15sec
Q.9 (c)
i=
L ( 0 =)
− 10
= 1A
10 Before moving the switch, at t = 0−
The circuit is in steady state and
After closing the switch at t = 0+
inductor behaves as short-circuit.
Current through inductor cannot
The circuit at t = 0−
change abruptly
( )
∴ i L 0+ = iL = 0− = ( )
1A
All the three windings has same
number of turns, so magnitude of
induced emf’ s in all the three
windings will be same i.e.,
=
Vp =
VS VT
= ( )
i L 0−
120
= 2A
20 + 40
Polarity of the windings is decided
on the basis of dot –convention.
After moving the switch, at t = 0+ As capacitor is charged to 5 V with
Current through inductor cannot left plate as positive.
change abruptly So, T1 is positive wrt T2
0+
So, i L= ( ) i L=0− 2A( ) VT = VT1 − VT2 = 5V
As T2 has negative polarity. so P1
has negative polarity
Therefore, Vp = VP1 − VP2 =
−5V
Similarly, S1 has negative polarity
So, VS = VS1 − VS2 =−5V
V −5
V=
L ( )
i L 0+ × {20 + R} I R =S −
R 10
= −0.5A
120 =×
2 (20 + R)
R = 40Ω Q.12 (d)
At steady state, Inductor acts as
Q.10 (b) short & capacitor acts open
The relevant circuit is shown in Fig.
5
Current through R 3= = 5A
1
2 1 ∴ Current delivered by 5V source
ω =
0 LC = 5 − 1 = 4A
It is a standard LC circuit.
Q.13 (d)
With Vc ( t ) = V0 cos ( ω0 t )
Equivalent circuit t = 0+ at is,
or V0 sin ( ω0 t + 90° )
Q.11 (d)
By nodal analysis,
V (V − 10)
− 10 + =
0
10 10
⇒ 2V − 10 = 100 ⇒ V =
55V
(55 − 10)
=
⇒I = 4.5A
10
Q.14 (c)
2 The status of the circuit at t = 0+ is
=
Ceq = F; R eq 6Ω
3 shown if Fig. 2
⇒
= T R eq=.Ceq 4sec
Q.15 (d)
Capacitor charged up to 5μs , so total
charge stored in capacitor =Q=13nC
Voltage across the capacitor before
3 × C1 3 ×1
connecting to indictor =
V = = 1V
C1 + C2 3
Q 13 ×10−9
X= = = 43.33V
C 0.3 ×10−9
0
Voltage across the capacitor at time Q.18 (b)

t Vc 0− =⇒ ( )
4V Vc 0+ =
4V ( )
Vc ( t ) at t = 1μs
Vc 0+ ( )
Vc ( t ) |t =1μs = [ V0 cos ω0 t ]1=μs = ( )
ic 0 +
= 1A
4
1
=ω0 t ×1×10−6
Q.19 (d)
0.6 ×10−3 × 0.3 ×10−9
Initial current through the indictor
= 2.357rad
= 135°
is zero and capacitor voltage is
Vc ( t )=
|t =1μs 43.33 × cos135°
charged upto voltage Vc ( 0 ) = 10V.
≈ −30.6V
As current through inductor and
voltage across can-not change
Q.16 (c)
abruptly. So, after closing the switch
( ) ( )
0+
i L= 0−
i L= 0 And
=
V ( 0 ) V=
c (0 )
+
C
−
100V
The circuit is s –domain
Charged stored in the capacitor =

area under i-t curve
= A1 + A 2
Q
=
1
2
( ) ( 1
)
2 × 10−6 × 4 × 10−3 + ( 4 + 2 ) × 10−3 × ( 5 − 2 ) × 10−6
2
100
 6×3 I (s) = s
= 4 +  ×10−9 =13nC  1 
 2   sL + 
 sC 
Q.17 (a)  
100  1 
The status of the circuit at t = 0− is =  
shown in fig .1 L  s2 + 1 
 LC 
 
C 1/ LC 
= 100  2 
L  S + 1/ LC 

2
(  )
Taking inverse Laplace transform
i ( t ) = L−1 [ I(S) ]
C 1
= 100 sin sin t
L LC
10 × 10−6  1 
=
100 × × sin  t
1× 10 −3  − −6 
 1× 10 × 10 × 10 
3
(
i ( t ) = 10sin 104 t A )
Q.20 (d)
When the switch in closed at t = 0
Capacitor C1 will discharge and C2
will get charge since both C1 and
When switching is in position 1
C2 are ideal and there is no – −t
= Vc ( t ) (Initial — final)e z + final value
resistance in the circuit charging
V01 1 − e RC 
−t
c (t)
and discharging time constant will V=
zero.  
Thus current will exist like an When switch is in position 2
impulse function. Initial value is
V01 1 − e RC 
−t
V=c (t)  
Q.21 (b)
: R L = 5Ω Final value is —V 02
Vc ( t ) = V01 V02 − V01  1 − e 2RC 
−t
= V3 cos cos=
VRL φ 136 × 0.45[FromQ1 7]
 
VR2 L
∴ VRL = =
61.2V PRL = 749ω 750
R Q.24 (10)
1 1
= =
Y(S)
Q.22 (a) Z(S) (1 + jω)
Phasor diagram 1
= =
V1 220V V 122V =Y(S) ∠ − tan −1 (u)
1 2 1+ ω 2
V3 = 136V vin (t)= 8 + 12sin t

→ → →
v=
1 v 2 + v3 =i(t) 8
1
∠ − tan −1 (0) +
12
sin(t − 4)
1+ 0 1+ 0
12  1 1 
=i(t) 8.  sin t − cos t 
1+ 0  2 2
i(t) =
8 + 6sin t − 6 cos t
2 2
 6   6 
I rms =8 + 
2
 +  =
10
By parallelogram law of addition of  2  2
vectors
V1= V2 2 + V32 + 2V2 V3 cos φ Q.25 (d)
∴ by using options, cos φ =0.45 V − Rt

i − i L (t) =  1 − e L

R 
Q.23 (d)
di L V  −LRt  Vc −40000×100×10−6
= e  → = =
4e 1.47
dt L  t = 25μ sec
di 2
R − Rt →
= − 2 Ve L Vc
2 −40000×100×10−6
dt L = =
4e 0.073
di 2
RV t = 100μ sec
= − 2
2
dt t =0 L Q 5 [1.47 − 0.073
→ ∆= = ] 6.99μs
Q.26 (2) Q.29 (a)

At t = 0- Network is in steady state From the given circuit, consider the
with S 1 opens S 2 (closed) So we can following circuit diagram
say i L (0-)
3
= = 1.5A At t = 0+ indicator
2
behaves as ideal current source of
1.5A if we draw the network at t =
0+, both switch closed Writing
Nodes equation at V L (0+) node After rearrangement,
1 1  3 3
VL ( 0+ ) =  +  = + -1.5
1 2 1 2
⇒ VL (0+ ) =
2
di ( 0+ ) di L ( 0+ )
⇒L = 2⇒ = 2A / sec
dt dt
For t ≥ 0
I0 = i ( 0− )
= 2.5A
We can write
Rt
−
i ( t ) = I0 e L
Q.27 (c) i ( t ) = 2.5e −4t A
Q.28 (6.99) Q.30 10

It is given VC ( 0− ) = 4 Given
1
R=5Ω, C+4f so = 40000 (i) Vi ( t ) = 5 − 10 cos ( ωt + 60 )
RC
→ Vc ( t ) VC 0− =
= ( )
e − t / τ ; t > 0 4e −40000t
(ii) ii ( t ) =
5 + X cos ( ωt )
→ We are asked to find the charge
last by capacitor The average power is given by,
From t = 25μs to 100 μs
We know in a capacitor Q = CV Pavg =
V0 I0 − V01I01 cos φ1
Or ∆Q = C(∆V)
= ∆Q C  Vc ( 25μ sec ) − Vc (10μ sec )  Where
−40000t
→ Vc = 4e
V01I01 cos φ1 = Fundamental Power
Hence,
10 × X
Pavg = ( 5 × 5 ) − cos 60 = 0
2
10X 1
=
25 ×
2 2
100
=
X = 10
10
Hence, the value of X is 10Ω
5 RESONANCE
5.1 INTRODUCTION voltage depending upon the values of XL

and XC Consider series RLC circuit shown
The resonance in the electric circuit is in figure (1). The total impedance for the
because of the presence of both the energy series RLC circuit is
storing elements i.e. the inductor and the Z = Z R + Z L + ZC
capacitor. At resonant frequency ωr , the 1
Z = R + j ωL +
inductor and capacitor will exchange the j ωc
energy freely as a function of time, which
 1 
results in sinusoidal oscillations either Z= R + j  ωL − 
across the inductor or across the capacitor.  ωc 
In two terminal electrical network It is clear from the circuit that the current
containing at least one inductor and one V
I= S
capacitor, we define resonance as the Z
condition which exists when the input The circuit is said to be in resonance if
impedance of the network is purely current is in phase with the applied voltage.
resistive. A network is in resonance when In series RLC circuit resonance occurs
the voltage and current at the network when X L = X c . The frequency at which the
input terminals are in phase. resonance occurs is called the resonant
In many electrical circuits, resonance is a frequency (fr ).
very important phenomenon. The study of Since X L = X c the impedance in series RLC
resonance is very useful, particularly in the
circuit is purely resistive. At resonant
area of communications. For example, the
frequency (fr ) the voltage across
ability of radio receiver to select a certain
capacitance and inductance are equal in
frequency, transmitted by a station and to
magnitude.
eliminate frequencies from other stations is
At resonance,
based on the principle of resonance.
The resonance may be classified into two XL = XC
groups ωr L =
1
1) Series Resonant circuit ωr C
2) Parallel Resonant circuit 1
ωr = (rad / sec)
LC
5.2 SERIES RESONANCE
1
fr = (Hz)
2π LC
5.2.1 IMPEDANCE OF A SERIES

RESONANT CIRCUIT
The impedance of a series RLC circuit is

As shown in figure above the resistor,  1 
inductor and capacitor are connected in Z= R + j  ωL − 
 ωc 
series, so the circuit is series RLC circuit. A
2
sinusoidal voltage ‘VS’ sends a current ‘I’  1 
⇒ Z= R +  ωL −
2

through the circuit. In series RLC circuit,  ωC 
the current lag behind or leads the applied
• At frequencies above the resonant
frequencyfr , XL is larger than XC causing
Z to increase. XL causes the total current
to lag behind the applied voltage. When
XL>XC the circuit is predominantly
inductive (as shown in the graph above)
5.2.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SERIES

RLC CIRCUIT
As shown in above graph
• At zero frequency, |Z|is infinitely large.
• At resonant frequency fr, |Z|=R
• At frequencies f<fr, |Z| increases.
• At frequencies f>fr, |Z|, increases.
5.2.2 THE VARIATION OF XC AND XL

WITH FREQUENCY The figure above shows the variation of
current I with frequency for small values of
R. As shown in fig. the frequency f1 is the
lower cut-off frequency, the frequency f2 is
the upper cut-off frequency. The bandwidth
or BW is defined as the frequency
difference between f2 and f1
∴ BW = f 2 − f1 (Hz)
The unit of BW is Hertz (Hz). There is
another relationship for BW which is given
by
f
BW = f 2 − f1 = r
• In series RLC circuit, the current lags Q
behind or leads the applied voltage Where, Q is known as quality factor.
depending upon the values of XC and XL. The upper and lower cut off frequencies is
At zero frequency, both XC and Z are sometimes called the half power
infinitely large, and XL is zero because at frequencies.
zero frequency the capacitor acts as At resonant frequency the power is
open circuit and the inductor acts as a
Pmax = I 2max R
short circuit. As frequency increases, XC
decreases and XL increases. While XC At frequency f1, the power is
causes the total current to lead the  I max 
2
I 2max R
applied voltage. When X c > X L t= he P1 =  R
 2  2
circuit is predominantly capacitive (as Similarly, at frequency f2 , the power is –
shown in the graph above). 2
 I max  I 2max R
• In series RLC circuit, resonance occurs = P2 =  R
when X L = X C . The frequency at which  2  2
the resonance occurs is called the 5.2.4 MAGNIFICATIONS
resonant frequency (fr). Since, X L = X C
the impedance in a series RLC circuit is We know that, in series RLC circuit, a
purely resistive and Z=R (as shown in sinusoidal voltage ‘VS’ sends a current I
the graph above) through the circuit.
Vs I 2 RT
So, I= =
R 2
At ω = ωr LI 2
V
1) VR = IR = s R ⇒ VR = Vs So, Q = 2π× 2 2
R I RT
V 2
2) VL = IZL = s jωr L ⇒ VL = QVs ∠90°
R L
Q = 2π×
Vs 1 RT
3) VC =IZC = ⇒ V= QVs ∠ − 90°
R jωr c
C
L  1
Q= 2π × QT = 
ωr L 1 1 f 
Where, Q = where, Q = R
R ωr CR f
2πfL
Q=
5.2.5 PHASOR REPRESENTATION R
ωL
Q=
R
1  1 
= Q = Q ωL at resonance 
ωCR  ωC 
In series RLC, the quality factor
ωL 1
=
Q =
At the resonant frequency fr, the voltage R ωcR
across capacitance and inductance are ωL 1 1 L
equal in magnitude, since they are 180° out =
Q = =
R ωcR R C
of phase with each other, they cancel each
So, Q-factor is a function of only circuit
other and hence zero voltage appear across
constants. As Q is high then the circuit is
the LC combination .
said to be more selective and oscillation
produced are high quality in nature.
5.2.6 QUALITY FACTOR (Q) AND ITS
EFFECT ON BANDWIDTH
Example:
In circuit shown in figure, determine the
The Quality factor (Q) is the ratio of the
circuit constants when the circuit draws a
reactive power in the inductor or capacitor
maximum current at 10μF with a 10v,
to the true power in the resistance in series
with the coil or capacitor. 100Hz supply. When the capacitance is
The Quality factor, changed to 12μF , the current that flows
max imum energy stored through the circuit becomes 0.707 times its
Q = 2π× maximum value. Determine Q of the coil at
energy dissipated per cycle
900 rad/sec. Also find the maximum
In an inductor, the maximum energy stored
current that flows through the circuit
is given by
LI 2
=
2
and energy dissipated per cycle
= power × Periodic time for one cycle.
2
 I 
=   R×T
 2 Solution:
At resonant frequency, the circuit draws 1
=
maximum current. So, the resonant
0.1× 5 ×10−6
frequency f r = 100Hz
= 1414.2rad / sec
1 1414.2
fr = ⇒ f= = 225HZ
2π LC r
2π
1 The quality factor
L=
c ( 2πf r )
2 ωL 1414.2 × 0.1
=
Q = = 28
1 R 50
= 0.25H f
10 ×10−6 ( 2π×100 ) Since, r = Q
2
BW
1 The Bandwidth,
We have, ωL − =R
ωC f r 225
1 BW = = = 80.36Hz
900 × 0.25 − =
R Q 2.8
900 ×12 ×10−6
⇒ R= 132.4Ω 5.3 PARALLEL RESONANCE
The quality factor
ωL 900 × 0.25
=
Q = = 1.69
R 132.4
The maximum current n the circuit is
10
=I = 0.075
132.4
Example: As a shown in fig. above the resistor,

In the circuit shown in fig, a maximum capacitor and inductor are connected in
current of 0.1A flows through the circuit parallel, so the circuit is parallel RLC
when the capacitor is at 5μF with a fixed circuit. The current flowing through
frequency and a voltage of 5V.Determine resistor, inductor and capacitor are
the frequency at which the circuit I R , I L and IC respectively.
resonates, the bandwidth, the quality factor Consider parallel RLC circuit shown in fig.
Q and the value of resistance at resonant at The total admittance fr parallel RLC circuit
resonant frequency . is:
Y = YR + YL + YC
1 1
Y= + + + j ωc
R j ωL
1 1
Y= + j(ωc − )
R ωL
At resonance, the current is maximum in It is clear from the circuit that current
the circuit. It is given by I = YV
V So voltage across parallel elements is same.
I=
R Parallel resonance occurs when X C = X L
V 5
∴ R = = =50Ω the frequency at which resonance occurs is
I 0.1 called the resonant frequency. When
The resonant frequency is X C = X L , the two branch currents are
ωr =
1 equal in magnitude and 180° out of phase
LC with each other.
The condition for resonance occurs when • In parallel RLC circuit, resonance occurs
XC = XL 1
when = ωC . The frequency at which
1 ωL
At resonance, = ωr c
ωr L the resonance occurs is called the
1
ωr =
1 resonant frequency (fr ) since = ωC
(rad / sec) ωL
LC
the admittance in parallel RLC circuit is
1
fr = (Hz) I
2π LC purely resistive and Y =
R
• At frequencies above resonant
5.3.1 ADMITTANCE OF A PARALLEL 1
RESONANT CIRCUIT frequency fr, w c is large than so
ωL
1
ωC > the circuit is predominantly
ωL
capacitive.
5.3.3 MAGNIFICATION
We know that in parallel RLC circuit,

voltage is
As shown in above graph-
I I
• At zero frequency, Y is infinitely large. V= = = IR
Y I
1
• At resonant frequency f r , Y = R
R The Response at resonance
• At frequencies f < f r , Y increases. At ω=ωr
• At frequencies f > f r , Y increases. V IR
1) I R = = ⇒ IR = I
R R
5.3.2 THE VARIATION OF 𝑿𝑿𝑳𝑳 AND 𝑿𝑿𝑪𝑪 2) I L =
V
=
IR
⇒ I L= QI∠ − 90°
WITH FREQUENCY ZL jωr L
3) Ic = V IR
= = jωr CRI ⇒ Ic = QI∠90°
Zc 1
jωr C
R
Where Q = where Q = ωr CR
ωr L
5.3.4 PHASOR REPRESENTATION
1
• At zero frequency both and Y are
ωL
1 At the resonant frequency, when X L = X C ,
large and ωC is zero. So >ωC the
ωL the two branch current are equal in
circuit is predominantly Inductive. magnitude and 1800 of phase with each
other. Therefore, the two current cancel
out each other and the total current is zero.
Example:
Determine the resonant frequency of the
circuit
Solution:
 1   1 
z= 10 +  j4ω +  ||  
 jω   jω 
1
4− 2
= 10 + ω
 2
j  4ω − 
 ω
1
j(4 − 2 )
= 10 − ω
2
4ω −
ω
At resonant frequency imaginary terms
equals to zero
1
4− 2
ωr
=0
2
4ωr −
ωr
1 1
⇒ 4− 2 = 0 ⇒ ωr = rad / sec
ωr 2
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 The differential equation for the a) b)
current i(t) in the circuit of the
figure is
c) d)
d 2i di
a) 2 2 + 2 + i ( t ) =
sin t
dt dt
d 2i di [GATE-2004]
b) 2 + 2 + 2i ( t ) =cos t
dt dt
d 2i di
c) 2 2 + 2 + i ( t ) =cos t
dt dt
d 2i di
d) 2 + 2 + 2i ( t ) =sin t
dt dt Q.3 In the following graph, the number
[GATE-2003] of trees (p) and the number of cut
sets (Q) are
Q.2 Consider the network graph shown
in the figure. Which one of the
following is NOT a ‘tree’ of this
graph?
a)=
P 2,=
Q 2 b)=P 2,=Q 6
c)=
P 4,=
Q 6 =
d) P 4,=
Q 10
[GATE-2008]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3
(c) (b) (c)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c)
Applying KVL,
di(t) 1
sin t= i ( t ) × 2 + L + ∫i ( t ) dt
dt C
di(t)
sin t =2i ( t ) + 2 + ∫i ( t ) dt
dt
Differentiating with respect to t
2di(t) 2d 2i(t)
cos t ( t ) = + + i(t)
dt dt 2
Q.2 (b)
It is forming a closed loop. So it
can’t be a tree.
Q.3 (c)
Different tress (P) are shown below.
Different cut sets (Q) are shown

below
So P = 4, Q = 6
6 GRAPH THEORY
6.1 GRAPH OF A NETWORK
Graph theory deals with graphs of

networks and provide information that
helps in the formulation of network
equations. If each element or a branch of a
network is represented on a diagram by a
line irrespective of the characteristics of
the elements, we get a graph. Network
equations can be easily written by
converting the network into a graph. Fig (2) has four nodes and six branches.
A network is an interconnection of active This graph is called as undirected graph as
elements (voltage and current source) and directions are not given.
passive elements (resistor, capacitor, and Each branch or edge of the graph carries an
inductor) as shown in fig (1) arrow to indicate its orientation. A graph
whose branches are oriented is called a
directed or oriented graph as shown in fig
(3)
In a complete graph between any pair of

If two or more branches or elements of a node only one branch is connected for all
network intersect at a single point, that the combinations. The number of edges of a
point is known as node and it is denoted by complete graph with n nodes is
‘n’. As shown in above network there are n(n − 1)
four nodes represented by number (1, 2, 3, 2
4).
Two nodes joined by line segment is known
branch, which is denoted by ‘b’ and
represented by letters (a, b, c…..). In above
network there are six branches. While
constructing graph from above network
represent network element by lines,
internal impedance of ideal voltage source
is zero and replaced by short circuit and
internal impedance of ideal current source
is infinite and replaced by open circuit. The From given graph, we have 4 nodes
graph of network (shown in fig (1)) can be So, node(n) = 4 and branches
drawn as (shown in fig (2))
n(n − 1) 4(4 − 1)
= = = 6
2 2
In a connected graph all the nodes are
connected by at least one branch otherwise
it is said to be unconnected graph.
The above graph contains 4 nodes & 6

branches. A tree has (n − 1) i.e. (4 − 1) =
3
branches and co tree (b − n + 1) i.
Sub graph is a graph with less number of (6 − 4 + 1) =3 branches.
branches as compared with the original Following figures shows possible trees and
graph. co-trees
The rank of a graph is (n-1) where n is the
number of nodes or vertices of the graph.
6.1.1 TREES, COTREES AND LOOPS
A network consists of n nodes which are

interconnected in some way, by b edges or
branches. If we start at any node, and
Tree cotree
return to the staring node such a closed
(2,5,6) (1,3,4)
path formed by network branch is known
as loop.
A tree is a connected sub graph of a
network which consists of all the nodes of
the original graph but containing no closed
loops. The number of tree branches are (n-
1) where ‘n’ is the number of nodes or
vertices of a graph. The branches of a tree (2,4,5) (1,3,6)
are called twigs; those branches that are
not in a tree are called links or chords. All
the links of a tree together (constitute the
complement of the corresponding tree) is
called the cotree. Or cotree can be also
defined as ‘It is a tree formed with all the
removed branches from the network graph
in order to construct a tree. The cotree
branches are called links or chords. The (1,4,6) (2,3,5)
number of links or chords is Note:
b − ( n − 1) = b − n + 1 • Cotree may consist of a closed loop.
• Also, tree + cotree = original graph
Let us consider following directed graph.
6.1.2 PROPERTIES OF TREES
1) In a tree there exists one and only one

path between any pair of nodes.
2) Every connected graph has at least one entry of that element in incidence
tree. matrix represented by ‘-1’
3) The number of terminal nodes or end 3) And entry of the element represented
vertices of every tree are at least two. by‘0’ when branch is not connected to
4) A connected sub graph of a connected that node.
graph is a tree if there exists all the For the above fig, the complete incidence
nodes of the group. matrix A is given as –
5) Each tree has (n-1) branches, where n is nodes
the number of nodes of the tree. → branches
↓
6) The rank of tree is (n-1).This is also the
a b c d e f
rank of the graph to which the tree
belongs. 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 
7) The number of possible trees of 2  −1 −1 0 1 0 0 
A= 
complete graph is given by n (n −2) . 3 0 1 0 0 1 −1 
 
e.g. For the complete graph if nodes n=4 4  0 0 −1 −1 −1 0 
then number of possible trees
(4 − 2)
= 4= 16 possible trees. 6.2.1 PROPERTIES OF INCIDENCE
MATRIX
6.2 INCIDENCE MATRIX
1) The rank of incidence matrix is equal to
the rank of graph= (n − 1)
2) For any graph the incidence matrix is
unique and its order is n×b
3) The determinant of the incidence
matrix of a closed loop is always equal
to zero
4) The sum of all the entries in a column is
zero.
5) The number of non-zero elements (1’s
In the above oriented graph, from the and -1’s) in a row is called the degree of
arrows indicated in the graph, it is possible a node.
to tell which branches are incident at which 6) If the degree of a node is two, then it
nodes and what is the orientation relative indicates that two branches are incident
to the nodes. The most convenient way in at the node and these are in series.
which this incidence information can be 7) Column of ‘A’ with unit entries in two
given is in a matrix form known as identical rows corresponds to two
incidence matrix ‘A’ For a graph with n branches with same end nodes and
nodes and b branches, the complete hence they are in parallel.
incidence matrix ‘A’ is rectangular matrix of
order n×b whose elements have following 6.3 FUNDAMENTAL LOOP MATRIX OR
value TIE –SET MATRIX
1) When element incident to node and its
direction is away from node then entry
of that element in incidence matrix is
represented by ‘+1’
2) When element incident to node and its
direction is towards the node then
For a given tree of a graph, addition of each
link between any two nodes forms a loop
called the Fundamental loop. In a loop
there exists a closed path and circulating
current, which is called the ‘link current.’
The current in any branch of a graph can be
found by using link currents.
The Fundamental loop formed by one link
has a unique path in the tree joining the
two nodes of the link. This loop is called f-
From fig. (3) KVL can be written as:
loop or a tie-set
v1 + v5 − v6 =
0 _________ (1)
Def: Fundamental circuits or Fundamental
loops are the minimum number of loops or Now By adding the other link branches 2
mesh equations required to solve a given and 3 we can form two more fundamental
network. loops as follow-
Steps:
1. Select a tree
2. By adding one link to the existing tree
will result one f-loop at a time.
3. Select fundamental loop current
direction as in the link current
direction.
Example:
Consider connected graph shown above, it
From fig. (4) f-loop can be written as:
has 4 nodes and 6 branches. One of its trees
v 2 + v 4 − v5 =
0 _________ (2)
is arbitrarily selected having twig or tree
branches (4, 5, 6) and link corresponding to
it is (1, 2, 3) as shown below
From fig. (5) f loop can be written as:

v3 − v 4 =0 _________ (3)
Let i1 ,i 2 , …..i6 be the branch currents with Equation (1),(2) (3) can be written in
directions shown in fig above and v1 , v 2 , matrix form as follow-
…..v6 are the branch voltages. Let us add a
loop
link (say link represented by1) in its proper Branches →
↓
place in selected tree (shown in fig.
(3)).The loop current i1 is formed by 1 2 3 4 5 6
branches 1, 5 and 6. The direction of loop
current is in the direction of added link as a
shown in fig (3)
 v1 
v 
I1 1 0 0 0 1 −1  2  0 
v   
I 2 0 1` 0 1 −1 0   3  = 0
 v4   
I3 0 0 1 −1 0 0  0
 v5   
  Fig (1) shown above is not a complete
 v6  graph since there are two branches (3 & 4)
Note: In general the order of tie-set matrix between nodes III and IV
is (b − n + 1) × b i.e. (link × branches) The removal of the branch 1 and 5 divides
The elements in tie-set or fundamental loop the graph into exactly two parts. So (1, 5)
matrix is defined as follow- may be a cut-set (as shown in fig.2).
1) When direction of loop current and
reference direction of loop coincide
represent that element by ‘+1’
2) When direction of loop current and
reference direction of loop are opposite
represent that element by ‘-1’
3) When any branches is not in
fundamental loop represent it by ‘0’ Cut set (1, 5)
Other possible cut-sets are
6.3.1 PROPERTIES OF TIE-SET MATRIX
1) The rank of the tie-set matrix is

(b − n + 1)
2) Since every link will result one tie set at
a time, for any graph the number of
fundamental loops equal to link
(b − n + 1) Cut-set (1, 2)
3) Every fundamental loop consists of only
one link in its representation.
4) Since every tree will result one tie-set
matrix at a time, for any graph the
number of tie-set matrices are always
equal to the number of trees
5) For a complete graph there are n(n−2)
Cut-set (5, 2)
tie-set matrices.
6.3.2 CUTSET
A cutset is a minimal set of branches of a
connected graph such that the removal of
these branches divides the graph into
exactly two parts.
Example:
Cut-set (2, 3, 4)
Let’s select a tree (1, 7, and 5) as shown
below
Cut-set (5, 3, 4)
Now remove twig (say twig 1) from

selected tree in such a way that tree
disconnects into two parts and it also cuts
all the links which go from one part of this
disconnected tree to the other, together
Cut-set (1, 3, 4) constitute a cutest, we call this a
fundamental cut-set as shown in fig below.
Not a valid Cut-set

As shown in fig (3) if we remove branches
1, 2 and 5 then it divides the graph into 3
isolated parts so it is not at all a cut-set.
6.3.3 FUNDAMENTAL CUT-SET
Fundamental cut-set are the minimum

number of nodal equations required to
solve a given network.
Steps: So from above we get fundamental f-cut set
1) Select a tree. (1, 2, and 4).
2) By removing one tree branch at a time Similarly consider twig 7 then f-cut set
will result one f-cut set at a time. drawn as follows:
3) Select the f-cut set direction as in the
tree branch direction.
Example:
Note: It is not a compete graph
Properties:
1) The rank of the f-cut set matrix is n-1
2) Since every tree branch will result one f
–cut-set at a time, for any graph the
number of f-cut-set equal to number of
twigs equal to n-1
3) Every f-cut set contain only one tree
branch is its representation.
f-cut-set obtained after twig 7 removed is 4) Since every tree will result one f-cut set
(4,7,6,3) matrix at a time, for any graph the
Similarly consider twig 5 removed, we can number of f-cut-set matrices are always
draw cut set as: equal to the number of trees.
5) For a compete graph there are n ( ) f-
n −2
cut set matrices.
So we get fundamental cutest (5, 6)
6.4 F–CUT SET MATRIX (QC)
f − cutset
Branches →
↓
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1
 1 −1 0 1 0 0 0 
QC = 7
 0 0 −1 −1 0 −1 1 
5 
0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Where,
1) When the direction of the f-cut-set and
that of the other branches coincide then
is represented by ‘1’
2) When the direction of the f cut-set and
that of the other branches are opposite
then it is represented by ‘-1’
3) When f-cut-set doesn’t contain any
branch then that branch is represented
by ‘0’
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 In the figure, the value of the load average power to a load impedance
resistor R which maximize the ZL when
power delivered to it is a) ZL =R S +jXS b) ZL =R S
c) ZL =jXS d) ZL =R S -jXS
[GATE-2007]

the Thevenin voltage and resistance
looking into X-Y are
a) 14.14Ω b) 10Ω
c) 200Ω d) 28.28Ω
[GATE-2001]
Q.2 A source of angular frequency 1

rad/sec has source impedance a) 4 / 3V, 2Ω b) 4V, 2 / 3Ω
consisting of 1Ω resistance in series 2
with 1 H inductance. The load that c) 4 V, d) 4V, 2Ω
3 3Ω
will obtain the maximum power
[GATE-2007]
transfer is
a) 1Ω resistance
Q.6 The Thevenin equivalent impedance
b) 1Ω resistance in parallel with 1H
Z Th between the nodes P and Q in
inductance
the following circuit is
c) 1Ω resistance in series with 1F
capacitor
d) 1Ω resistance in parallel with 1 F
capacitor
[GATE-2003]
Q.3 The maximum power that can be a) 1

1
b) 1 + s +
transferred to the load resistor R L s
from the voltage source in the figure 1 s + s +1
2
is c) 2 + s + d) 2
s s + 2s + 1
[GATE-2008]
Q.7 In the circuit shown, what value of

R L maximizes the power delivered
to R L ?
a)1W b)10W
c)0.25 W d)0.5W
[GATE-2005]
Q.4 An independent voltage source in

series with an independence
Z=S R S + jXS delivers a maximum
8 maximum power is transferred from
a)2.4Ω b) Ω
3 circuit A to circuit B is
c) 4 Ω d) 6Ω
[GATE-2009]

Norton equivalent current in
amperes with respect to the
terminals P and Q is
a) 0.8Ω b) 1.4Ω
c) 2Ω d) 2.8Ω
[GATE-2012]
Q.12 A source Vs ( t ) =Vcos100πt has an
internal impedance of 4+j3Ω . If a
purely resistive load connected to
a) 6.4-j4.8 b) 6.56-j7.87 this source has to extract the
c) 10+j0 d) 16+j0 maximum power out of the source,
[GATE-2011] its value in Ω should be
a)3 b)4
Q.9 In the circuit shown below, the c)5 d)7
value of R L such that the power [GATE-2013]
transferred to R L is maximum is
then the venin’s equivalent voltage
in volts as seen by the load
resistance RL is
a) 5Ω b) 10Ω
c) 15Ω d) 20Ω
[GATE-2011]
Q.10 The impedance looking into nodes 1

a) 100∠90° b) 800∠0°
and 2 in the given circuit is
c) 800∠90° d) 100∠60°
[GATE-2013]
Q.14 Norton's theorem states that a

complex network connected to a
load can be replaced with an
equivalent impedance
a) 50Ω b) 100Ω a) in series with a current source
c) 5kΩ d) 10.1kΩ b) in parallel with a voltage source
[GATE-2012] c) in series with a voltage source
d) in parallel with a current source
Q.11 Assuming both the voltage sources [GATE-2014]
are in phase the value of R for which
Q.15 In the figure shown, the value of the Q.18 In the circuit shown below, Vs is a
current I (in Amperes) is_________. constant voltage source and I L is a
constant current load.
[GATE-2014] The value of I L that maximizes the

power absorbed by the constant
Q.16 In the circuit shown in the figure, current load is
the angular frequency ω (in rad/s), a) s
V V
b) s
at which the Norton equivalent 4R 2R
impedance as seen from terminals Vs
b-b' is purely resistive, is ___________. c) d) ∞
R
[GATE-2016]
Q.19 Consider the circuit shown in the

figure.
[GATE-2014]

the maximum power (in watt)
delivered to the resistor R is ______.
The Thevenin equivalent resistance

(in Ω) across P-Q is____________.
[GATE-2016] [GATE-2017]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(a) (c) (c) (d) (d) (a) (c) (a) (c) (a) (a) (c) (c) (d)
15 16 17 18 19
0.5 (2r/sec) 0.8 (b) 1
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (a) ( s + 1) (1 + 1S)

ωL = 10Ω ∴ Zth = ZPQ = = 1
R for max power transfer 2+S+ 1
S
= 10 − jωL, Q.7 (c)
(Complex conjugate of Zeq ) For maximum power transfer, RL =
=
= 10 − 10 j 10 2∠45° = 14.14Ω Rth
Q.2 (c)
Z=L R S − jXS
∴ ZL =−
1 1j
Q.3 (c) VOC = 100V

For maximum power transfer, 100 (100 + Vx )
R=L R=
S 100Ω
=
Ish +
8 4
V2 5 × 5 Also Vx =-50V,
∴ Pmax = = =0.25W
R 100 ∴ Ish = 12.5 + 12.5 = 25A
(V acrossR L = 5V) VOC
∴ R= th = 4Ω ⇒ R L =
4Ω
Ish
Q.4 (d)
For maximum power transfer, Q.8 (a)
Z=L ZS=
* R S − JXS 25
=
IN I= 16∠0° ×
Q.5 (d)
sh PQ
( 40 + J30 )
 3
= 8∠ − tan −1   =8∠ − 36.86
 4
hence Norton current is
I N = ISC = ∠ − 36.86°
For VOC =
IN ( 6.4 − j4.8) A
Apply nodal analysis,
V V − 2i Q.9 (c)
∴ x − 2 + Vx + x = 0&V = x i
2 1
V V
⇒ x − 2 + 2Vx − 2i = 0 ⇒ x = 2
2 2
⇒ VOC =Vx =4V
Similarly, Ish =2A
VOC For Maximum power transfer to RL
∴ Vth = 4V; R th = = 2Ω
Ish R L = R th
Q.6 (a) R Th = Thevenin’s resistance seen
Replace 10V by short and 1A by across the terminals of RL into the
open, rest of the NW. The relevant circuit
is shown in Fig 1, where the ⇒ 5 ( R + 2 ) = 2(3 + 5R)
independent current source is open
⇒ 5R + 10 =6 + 10R ⇒ 4 = 5R
circuited and the voltage sources are
⇒R= 0.8Ω
short circuited.
Q.12 (c)
Q.10 (a)
R L = Zth = 42 + 32 = 5Ω
Q.13 (c)
VTH = 10VL1
 4
V 100∠53.13 −1 
VL1 = c = − tan  8  × j4
3 + j4 3
After connecting voltage source of V
VL1= 80∠90°
V1 = V2 ⇒ (10K ) ( −i b ) = 100 ( I + 99i b + i b ) ;
= 800∠90°
VTH
−10000i b = 100I + 100 × i b
= 100I + 10000i b −20000i
= 100I ⇒ i b Q.14 (d)
b
Norton's theorem
 −100   −I 
= = I 
 20000   200 
V = 100 [ I + 99i b + i b ]
  −I  
= 100  I + 100    = 50I
  200  
R th= =
V 50I
= 50Ω Q.15 (0.5)
I I
Q.11 (a)
Power transferred from circuit A to
 7   6 + 10R 
circuit =B VI=   
 R + 2  R + 2 
42 + 70R Apply KCL at node
= V −5 V
( R + 2) V, −1+ =0
5 15
10 − 3 7
=I = 30
⇒ V = volts
2+R 2+R 4
7R  6 + 10R  V 2
V =3 + IR =3 + =  ⇒ current I = ⇒ ⇒ 0.50Amperes
2+R  2+ R  15 4
dP ( R + 2 ) ( 70 ) − ( 42 + 70R ) 2 ( R + 2 )
2
= Q.16 (2 r/sec)
dR ( R + 2 )4 Norton's equivalent impedance
1
1* jω.
= ZN 2 + 1 = jω. + 1
1 jω.1 2 + jω jω
1 + jω.
2
ZN =
( 2 − ω ) + jω
2
70 ( R + 2 ) = ( 42 + 70R ) 2 ( R + 2 ) [2 jω − ω2 ]
2
( ω2 − 2 ) − jω  .  ω2 + 2 jω 
⇒ ZN   Q.18 (b)
 ω4 + 4ω2  Under maximum power transfer
Equating imaginary term t zero i.e., condition, half of Vth is dropped
ω3 -4 ω=0 Vth
across R th and remaining
⇒ ω ( ω2 − 4 ) =0 ⇒ ω = 2r / sec 2
dropped across load.
V
Q.17 (0.8) → So we can say under MPT s
To find maximum power 2
transferred to load we need to will appear on the load
obtain thevenin equivalent of the V
Vs − s
circuit → obtaining Voc so I L = 2 = Vs
R 2R
Q.19 1Ω
2
Vo = 5 = 2V
3+ 2
40
Voc = = 100
10 + 40
4
V0 = ×100×2=160V
5
→ obtaining Isc
2
=
Vo = 5 2V
3+ 2
100Vo 200
==Isc = = 20mA
10 10
Voc 160
R=
in = = 8kΩ
Isc 20
so the network is
→ for MPT R = 8k
V 2 1602
Pmcr = +n = = 0.8watt.
4R +n (4×8)×103
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 The graph of an electrical network

has N node and B branches. The
number of links L, with respect to
the choice of a tree, is given by a)3 b)4
a) B-N+1 b) B+N c)5 d)6
c) -B+1 d) N-2B-1 [GATE-2008]
[GATE -2002]
Q.4 The graph associated with an
Q.2 The matrix A given below is the electrical network has 7 branches
node incidence matrix is a network. and 5 nodes. The number of
The columns correspond to independent KCL equations and the
branches of the network while the number of independent KV L
rows correspond to nodes. Let equations, respectively, are
=
V [ v1v2 … v6 ]T denote the vector of a) 2 and 5 b) 5 and 2
c) 3 and 4 d) 4 and 3
I [i1i 2 …i6 ]
T
branch voltages while= [GATE-2016]
that of branch currents. The vector
E = [ e1e2e3e4 ] denotes the vector of
T Q.5 The voltage v(t) across the
node voltages relative to a common terminals a and b as shown in the
ground. figure, is a sinusoidal voltage having
a frequency ω =100radian / s . When
 1 1 10 0 0 
 0 −1 0 −1 1 0  the inductor current i ( t ) in phase
A=
 −1 0 0 0 −1 −1 with the voltage v ( t ) , the magnitude
 
 0 0 −11 0 1 of the impedance Z (in Ω ) seen
Which of the following statements is between the terminals a and b is
true? ________ (up to 2 decimal places).
a) The equations v1 -v 2 +v3 = 0,
v3 + v 4 -v5 = 0 are KVL equations
for the network for some loops
b) The equations v1 -v3 -v 6 = 0,
v 4 + v5 -v 6 = 0 are KVL equations for
the network for some loops
c) E=AV [GATE-2018]
d) AV=0 are KVL equations for
the network
[GATE-2007]
Q.3 The number of chords in the graph

of the given circuit will be
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5
(a) (b) (a) (d) 50
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (a) Number of branches =B=6

Number of links = B - (N - 1) Number of tree branches = (N-1) = 3
=B–N+1 Number of links =L=B-(N-1) =3
Q.2 (b)
For the given node–to branch
incidence matrix
 1 1 10 0 0 
 0 −1 0 −1 1 0 
A=  ∴ Statement in options (b) is true.
 −1 0 0 0 −1 −1
  Q.4 (d)
 0 0 −11 0 1 
The graph of the network is shown No of branches = 7
in fig Nodes = 5
No of KCL equations = No of Modal
equations = n —1 = 5 —1 = 4
No of KVL equations= No of Mesh
equations= b-(n —1) = 7-4 = 3
Since no information given
regarding how many simple &
principal node, if we assume all
principal nodes then the answer for
Where N=4, B=6 nodal is 5 —1
From the graph it can be observed
that Q.5 50
i) V1 − V2 + V3= 0, V3 + V4 − V5= 0 Given:
are not KVL equations as set of
branches (1,2,3) & (3,4,5) do not
form closed paths.
ii) V1 − V3 − V6 =0 and
V4 + V5 − V6 = 0 are KVL
equations for the loops (1,3,6)
 1 
and (4,5,6) From the matrix, A it 100 
can be concluded that  jωC 
=Z + j ωL
(i) + E ≠ A V  j 
100 −  
(ii) A V = 0 are not KVL  ωC 
equations
j100  j 
Q.3 (a) − 100 + 
ωC  ωC 
=
The graph of the given circuit is + j ωL
1
shown in Fig 100 + 2 2
2
ωC
Number of nodes =N=4
Since, the power factor is unity,
unity power factor represents
resonance.
So, imaginary part of Z is zero only
real part exist.
100
Re ( Z ) = ω2 C2
1
1002 +
ω C2
2
100
=
(100ωC ) +1
2
100
=
(100 ×100 ×100 ×10 ) −6 2
+1
Re ( Z=
) 50Ω
Hence, the magnitude of the
impedance Z seen between the
terminals a and b is 50Ω .
7 COUPLED CIRCUITS
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2.1 COEFFICIENT OF MUTUAL

INDUCTANCE
Two circuits are said to be ‘coupled’ when
energy transfer takes place from one circuit
to the other, when one of the circuit is
energized. Whenever, a current flows
through a conductor, whether as ac or dc, a
magnetic field is generated around that
conductor. A majority of electrical circuits
in practice are conductively or As shown in fig a simple model of two coils
electromagnetically coupled. Certain L1 and L2 sufficiently close together that the
coupled elements are frequently used in flux produced by a current i1 (t) flowing
network analysis & synthesis e.g.
through L1 establishes an open circuit
transformer.
voltage v 2 (t) across the terminals of L2
7.2 MUTUAL INDUCTANCE di (t)
v 2 ( t ) = M1 1
Mutual inductance is a property associated dt
with two or more coils or inductors which Where, v2 is the voltage induced in coil L 2
are in close proximity and the presence of and M1 is the coefficient of proportionality
common magnetic flux which links the coil. (OR) coefficient of mutual inductance (OR)
A transformer is such a device whose simple mutual inductance.
operation is based on mutual inductance. A Similarly from Fig (b), we can write
transformer consists of two coils of wire di (t)
v1 ( t ) = M 2 2
separated by a small distance and is dt
commonly used to convert ac voltage to M1 and M2 are two mutual inductances are
higher or lower values depending on the
involved in determining the mutually
application.
induced voltages in the two coils, it can be
A current flowing in one coil establishes a
shown from energy considerations that the
magnetic flux about that coil and also about
two coefficients are equal and, therefore
a second coil nearby. The time varying flux
need not be represented by two different
surrounding the second coil produces
letters.
voltage across the terminals of the second
coil; this voltage is proportional to the time Thus M = 1 M= 2 M
rate of change of the current flowing ∴ v2 ( t ) =
di (t)
M1 1 volts and
through the first coil. dt
di(t) di (t)
v(t) = L v1 ( t ) = M 2 2 volts
dt dt
Where, Mutual inductance is also measured in
v ( t ) is the voltage across the coil Henrys
i ( t ) is the current through the coil
7.2.2 DOT CONVENTION
L is the inductance of the coil.
Dot convention is used to establish the
choice of correct sign for the mutually
induced voltage in coupled circuits.
Circular dot marks and /or special symbols
are placed at one end of each of two coils
which are mutually coupled to simplify the
diagrammatic representation of the
windings around its core.
If the current enters or leaves the dotted
terminals of both the coils then the mutual
inductance term is positive (as shown in
fig. (1) & fig. (2))
The assumed current i1 and i2 produced
flux in the core that are additive. The
Consider above circuit which shows a pair terminal ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the two coils attain
of linear time invariant, coupled inductor similar polarities simultaneously. The two
with self inductance L1 and L2 and mutual terminals are positive & identified by two
inductance M. Currents i1 and i2, each dots (show in fig. (1)).
arbitrarily assumed entering at dotted The other possible location of the dots is
terminals and voltage v1 & v2 are developed the other ends of the coil to get additive
across the inductors. The voltage across fluxes in the core i.e. at b and d terminal
L1 is, thus composed of two parts and is (shown in fig (2)). It is concluded that the
given by mutually induced voltage is positive when
di (t) di (t) current i1 and i2 both enter (or leave) the
=v1 ( t ) L1 1 ± M 2 (1)
dt dt windings by the dotted terminals:
The first term on the RHS of the above eq n i.e. v2 = M 1
di
is the self induced voltage due to i1 and the dt
second term represents the mutually
induced voltage due to i2.
Similarly,
di (t) di (t)
=v2 ( t ) L2 2 ± M 1 (2)
dt dt
Although, the self induced voltages are
designated with positive sign and mutually
induced voltages can be either positive or
negative depending on the direction of the
winding of the coil and can be decided by
the presence of the dots placed at one end
of each of the two coils. The convention is
as follows-
If the current in one winding enters at the
dot marked terminals and the current in
the other winding leaves at the dot-
marked terminal , the voltage due to self
and mutual induction in any coil have
opposite sign (shown in fig (3) &(4))
di
i.e. v2 = −M 1
dt
7.3 THE COUPLING COEFFICIENT Let there be two inductors connected in
The amount of coupling between the series with self inductances L1 and L2
inductively coupled coils is expressed in and mutual inductance M. Two kinds of
terms of the coefficient of coupling, which series connections are possible
is defined as
M 1) Series aiding (fig a): In case of series
k=
L1L 2 aiding connection, the currents in both
inductors at any instant of time are in
Where, the same direction relative to like
M mutual inductance between the coils terminals (shown in fig a) For this
L1 self inductance of the first coil reason, the magnetic fluxes of self
L2 self inductance of the second coil induction and of mutual induction
linking with each element add together.
Coefficient of coupling is always less than
For the series aiding circuit Φ1 & Φ 2
unity and has maximum values of 1. If the
value of k=1 then it called perfect coupling are the flux produced by coil 1 and 2
The coefficient k is a non negative number respectively, and flux produced by the
and is independent of the reference inductor is given by Φ =Li
directions of the currents in the coil. If the So the total flux
two coils are a great distance apart in Φ
= Φ1 + Φ 2
space, the mutual inductance is very small, Where, Φ= L1i1 + Mi 2
1
and k is very small.
Φ 2 L 2i 2 + Mi1
=
7.4 SERIES CONNECTION OF COUPLED ∴ Φ= L1i1 + Mi 2 + L 2i 2 + Mi1
INDUCTORS Since i= i 2= i
1
L = L1 + L 2 + 2M
2) Series opposition (fig b): In case of

series opposition the current in the two
conductors at any instant of time are in
opposite direction relative to like
terminals (shown in fig b)
So, for the series opposition
Φ= Φ1 + Φ 2
Where, Φ1 L1i1 − Mi 2
=
Φ 2 L 2i 2 − Mi1
=
∴ Φ= L1i1 − Mi 2 + L 2i 2 − Mi1
Since i=
1 i 2= i
L = L1 + L 2 − 2M
In general, the inductance of two
inductively coupled elements in series
is given by
L = L1 + L 2 ± 2M
• Positive sign is applied to the series
aiding connection
• Negative sign is applied to the series
opposition connection.
N1
Where, is turns ratio of transformer
7.5 PARALLEL CONNECTION OF N2
COUPLED COILS Input impedance of transformer is
N
Consider two inductors with self Zin = ( 1 ) 2 ZL
N2
inductances L1 and L 2 connected parallel
which are mutually coupled with mutual
7.6.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
inductance M shown in fig.
di1 di
=
V1 L1 +M 2 (1)
dt dt
di 2 di
=
V2 L 2 +M 1 (2)
dt dt
di1
Add and subtract M in equation (1) and
dt
di 2
M in equation (2), equation (1)
dt
L1L 2 − M 2 L L − M2 becomes
Leq = Leq = 1 2
L1 + L 2 − 2M L1 + L 2 + 2M di di di di
V1 = L1 1 + M 2 + M 1 − M 1
dt dt dt dt
7.6 IDEAL TRANSFORMER di1 d
V1 = (L1 − M) + M (i1 + i 2 ) (3)
dt dt
Transformers are used to transfer energy Equation (2) becomes
from one circuit to another circuit through di di di di
mutual induction. The transformer winding V2 = L 2 2 + M 1 + M 2 − M 2
dt dt dt dt
to which the supply source is connected is di 2 d
called the primary and voltage across it is =(L 2 − M) + M (i1 + i 2 ) (4)
called primary voltage, while the winding dt dt
connected to load is called the secondary Using (3) and (4) the equivalent circuit can
and voltage across it is called secondary be drawn as
voltage correspondingly i1 and i2 are the
currents in the primary and secondary
windings .
Example:
Calculate the effective inductance of the
circuit shown in figure across terminal A
V1 I 2 N1 L1 and B
= = =
V2 I1 N 2 L2
L12 = ( 2 − M ) || M + (4 − M)
Solution:
=3
(2 − M) M + 4 − M
Lab = L1 + L 2 + L3 − 2M12 + 2M 23 2
= 8 + 10 + 6 − 2 × 4 + 2 × 5 2M − M 2
= 3 +4−M
= 26H 2
M2
Example: 3 = M − +4−M
2
The equivalent inductance between the
terminals 1 and 2 is 4 H with the open M = 2H
terminals 3 and 4, and it is 3H with shorted M = k Ls L p
terminals 3 and 4. Determine the value of k
M 2 1
=k = =
L P LS 4× 2 2
1
k=
2
Solution:
The equivalent circuit of the above network
can be as shown in figure.
When terminals 3 and 4 are open-circuited
L12 = L p − M + M
4 = Lp
When terminals 3 and 4 are short circuited
8 TWO PORT NETWORKS
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 OPEN CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE (Z)

PARAMETERS
Any network may be represented
schematically by a rectangular box. A pair
of terminals at which a signal may enter or
leave a network is called a port. A network
having only one pair of terminals is called
as one port network. (As shown in fig a)
The z-parameters of a two port network
having voltages v1 , v 2 in terms of the
current I1 , I 2 are as shown in figure. Here
v1 , v 2 are dependent variables and I1 , I 2 are
independent variables.
Fig a. one port Network
By kVL at port 1 we get
A network having two pairs of terminals is
=v1 z11I1 + z12 I 2 ---- (1)
known as two port network. Usually one
pair represents the input (1 − 1') and the By kVL at port 2 we get
other represents the output (2 − 2’) (as =v 2 z 21I1 + z 22 I 2 ---- (2)
shown in fig b) Where z11 , z12 , z 21 , z 22 are the network
functions, and are called impedance (z)
parameters we may write matrix
eq n [ v ] = [ z ][I]
 v  z z  I 
Thus  1  =  11 12   1 
Fig b. two port Network  v 2   z 21 z 22   I 2 
As shown in fig b, input terminal has two From eqn (1)
variables v1 , I1 and output terminal has v
z11 = 1 |I2 =0 …..Driving point impedance
two variables v 2 , I 2 . Out of these four I1
variables, we can select two variables as Where, Z11 is driving point impedance at
independent variables represented as 4C2 port 1 with port 2 open circuited. It is
called the open circuit input impedance.
i.e. 6 ways and hence six sets of two port
Similarly, from eqn (2)
network parameters, they are
v
1) z-parameter z 21 = 2 |I2 =0 … Transfer impedance
2) y-parameters I1
3) Transmission (ABCD) parameters. Where,
4) Inverse transmission (A’B’C’D’) z 21 Is transfer impedance at port 1 with
Parameters port 2 open-circuited. It is also called the
5) Hybrid (h) parameters open circuit forward transfer
6) Inverse hybrid (g) parameters impedance.
From eqn (1)
v
z12 = 1 |I1 =0 …Transfer impedance
I2
Where, I2
Y21 = |v =0 …Transfer admittance
z12 is transfer impedance at port 2 with v1 2
port 1 open circuited. Where, Y21 is the transfer admittance at
It is also called the open circuit reverse port 1 with port 2 short-circuited. It is also
transfer impedance. called short circuited forward transfer
Similarly from eqn (2) admittance.
v Similarly from eqn (1)
z 22 = 2 |I1 =0 …Driving point impedance
I2 I
Y12 = 1 |v1 =0 …Transfer admittance
Where, z 22 is open circuit driving point v2
impedance at port 2 with port 1 open Where,Y12 is the transfer admittance at
circuited. It is also called the open circuit port 2 with port 1 short circuited .It is also
output impedance. called the short circuit reverse transfer
admittance.
8.3 SHORT CIRCUIT ADMITTANCE (Y) Similarly from eqn (2)
PARAMETERS I
Y22 = 2 |v1 =0 …Driving point admittance
v2
Where y 22 is driving point admittance at
port 2 with port 1 short circuited .It is also
called the short circuit output admittance.
The y-parameters of a two port network 8.4 TRANSMISSION (A B C D) PARAMETERS

expressing the port current I1andI 2 in
terms of voltages v1 and v 2 are as shown in
the figure. Here I1 , I 2 are dependent
variables and v1 & v 2 are independent
variables
By KCL at port (1) In transmission parameters, the input
=I1 Y11v1 + Y12 v 2 -----------------------------(1) variables v1 & I1 at port 1-1’ called the
By KCL at port (2) sending end are expressed in terms of
=I 2 Y21v1 + y 22 v 2 ----------------------------(2) output variable v 2 & I 2 at port 2 are
Where, Y11 , Y12 , Y21 , Y22 are the network known as the receiving end, Transmission
function and are also called the admittance Parameters are defined by –
(y) parameters. We may write matrix =v1 Av 2 − BI 2 ---------------------------------(1)
eq n [ I ] = [ Y ][v] =I1 Cv 2 − DI 2 -------------------------------- (2)
I  Y Y12   v1  The negative sign is used with I2 and not
Thus  1  =  11   for parameter B and D. The parameters A,
 I 2   Y21 Y22   v 2  B, C and D are called transmission
From eqn (1) parameters. They can be expressed in
I matrix from as follow
Y11 = 1 |v2 =0 …Driving point admittance
v1  v1   A B   v 2 
Where,Y11 is driving point admittance at  I  =  C D −I 
port 1 with port 2 short-circuited. It is also  1    2
called the short circuit input admittance. A B
The matrix   is called transmission
Similarly from eqn (2)  C D
matrix. For given network, with port 2
open circuited, then from equation (1) and The hybrid matrices describe a two port,
(2) we get when the voltage of one port and the
v current of other port are taken as the
A = 1 |I2 =0
v2 independent variables. From above
I network, if voltage at port 1 and current at
and C = 1 |I2 =0 port 2 are taken as dependent variables, we
v2
can express them in terms of I1 an v 2
Now when port 2 is short circuited, then
=
v1 h11I1 + h12 v 2 ---- (1)
from eqn (1) & (2) we get ---
v I =I 2 h 21I1 + h 22 v 2 ---- (2)
B = 1 |v2 =0 and D = 1 |v2 =0
−I2 −I2 Where, h11 , h12 , h 21 & h 22 are called hybrid
Parameters can be expressed in matrix
8.5 INVERSE TRANSMISSION (A’ B’ C’ D’) form as follows
PARAMETERS  v1   h11 h12   I1 
 I  = h  
 2   21 h 22   v 2 
From eqn (1) & (2) when v 2 = 0 the port 2
is short circuited
Then
v
h11 = 1 |v2 =0
In inverse transmission parameters, output I1
variables v2 and I2 are expressed in terms
of input variables v1 andI1 . Inverse Short circuited input impedance  1 
 Y11 
transmission parameters are defined by –
I
=v 2 A'v1 − B'I1 -------- (1) h 21 = 2 |v2 =0
I1
=I 2 C'v1 − D'I1 ------- (2)
Short circuit forward current gain
The coefficients A’, B’, C’, D’ in the above
 Y21 
equations are known as inverse  
 Y 11 
transmission parameters.
Similarly from eqn (1) & (2) Let port 1 be
For given network, when port 1 is open
open i.e. I1 = 0
(I1 = 0) then from eqn (1) & (2) we get ---
v
v h12 = 1 |I1 =0
A ' = 2 |I1 =0 v2
v1
Open circuit reverse voltage gain  12 
z
I
and C ' = 2 |I1 =0  z 22 
v1 I
When port1 is short circuited v1 = 0 then h 22 = 2 |I1 =0
v2
from eqn (1) &(2) we get
v I Open circuit output admittance  1 
B ' = 2 |v1 =0 and D ' = 2 |v1 =0  z22 
−I1 −I1
Since h-parameters represent dimensionally
8.6 HYBRID (h) PARAMETERS impedance, admittance, voltage gain and
current gain, these are called hybrid
parameters.
8.7 INVERSE HYBRID (g) PARAMETERS 8.8 CONDITIONS FOR RECIPROCITY AND
SYMMETRY
In inverse hybrid parameters current at the

input port I1 and voltage at output port v 2
can be expressed in terms of I 2 and v1
The equations are as follows
=I1 g11v1 + g12 I 2 ---- (1) 8.9 INTER RELATIONSHIPS OF
=
v 2 g 21v1 + g 22 I 2 ---- (2) DIFFERENT PARAMETERS
Where, g11 , g12 , g 21 , g 22 are inverse hybrid
1) Z-parameters in terms of Y
parameters. They can be expressed in
parameters
matrix as
Z-parameters can be expressed in terms
 I1   g11 g12   v1  of Y-parameters as shown bellow
 v  = g  
 2   21 g 22   I 2  [ Z ] = [Y]−1 or
From eq n (1) & (2), when I2 = 0 i.e. port It can be expressed in terms of matrix
(2) open circuited, we get form as given bellow
I −1
g11 = 1 |I2 =0  z11 z12   Y11 Y12 
v1 z = 
 21 z 22   Y21 Y22 
 1  Since
Open circuit input admittance   −1
 z11  −1  Y11 Y12  adJ[Y]
[ Y] Y =
v
g 21 = 2 |I2 =0  21 Y22  ∆Y
v1
Y − Y12 
Open circuit voltage gain So, adJ [ Y ] =  22 
From eq n (1) & (2) when v1 = 0 i.e. port1  − Y21 Y11 
And ∆= Y Y11Y22 − Y12 Y21
is short circuited, we get
I Y22 −Y21
g12 = 1 |v1 =0 =
So, z11 = z 21
I2 ∆Y ∆Y
Short circuit reverse current gain −Y12 Y11
=z12 = z 22
v ∆Y ∆Y
g 22 = 2 |v1 =0
I2
2) Y-Parameter in terms of Z-
Short circuit output impedance  1 
 parameters
 Y22  Y-parameters can be expressed in terms
of Z-parameters as shown below-
[ Y ] =  z −1  or
It can be expressed in terms of matrix
form as given below-
−1
 Y11 Y12   z11 z12 
Y = 
 21 Y22   z 21 z 22 
−1 1 z 22
 z11 z12  AdJ[z] C= D=
Since [ z ]
−1
= =  z 21 z 21
 z 21 z 22  ∆z
 z 22 − z12 
AdJ [ z ] =  
4) A B C D Parameters in terms of Y-
 − z 21 z11  Parameter
=∆z z11 z22 − z12 z21 The A B C D parameter equations are
z 22 −z 21 =v1 Av 2 − BI 2 -------- (1)
=
So, Y11 = Y21 =I1 Cv 2 − DI 2 ------- (2)
∆z ∆z
−z12 z11 And y- parameter equations are –
=Y12 = Y22
∆z ∆z =I1 Y11v1 + Y12 v 2 ------- (3)
=I 2 Y21v1 + Y22 v 2 ------- (4)
3) A B C D Parameters in terms of z From eqn (4)
parameters I 2 Y22
The ABCD parameters equations are – =v1 − v2
Y21 Y21
=v1 Av 2 − BI 2 ------ (1)
−Y22 1
=
I1 Cv 2 − DI 2 ------ (2) ∴
= v1 v2 + I 2 ------- (5)
Y21 Y21
And z-parameters equations are-
Comparing eqn (1) & (5) we get
=
v1 z11I1 + z12 I 2 ------ (3)
−Y22 −1
=
v 2 z 21I1 + z 22 I 2 ------ (4) = A = & B
Y21 Y21
eqn (4) can be expressed in terms of I1 Now put eq (5) in eqn (3)
n
as follows  −Y 1 
v 2 z 22 I 2 =I1 Y11  22 v 2 + I 2  + Y12 v 2
=
I1 − ------(5)  Y21 Y21 
221 221
 −Y Y Y 
Comparing above eqn (5) with eqn (2) =  11 22 v 2 + 11 I 2  + Y12 v 2
We get,  Y21 Y21 
1 2  −Y Y 
C= & D = 22 =  11 22 + Y12  v 2 + 11 I 2
Y
221 221
 Y21  Y21
Put eqn (5) in eqn (3)
We get  Y Y − Y12 Y21  Y11
= −  11 22  v2 + I 2 -----(6)
 v 2 z 22   Y21  Y21
v1 = z11  − I 2  + z12 I 2 Compare eqn (2) & (6)
 z 21 z 21 
Y11Y22 − Y12 Y21 −∆y
v 2 z 22 z11 = C =
v1 = z11 − I 2 + z12 I 2 Y21 Y21
z 21 z 21
−Y
z11  z11z 22 − z12 z 21  D = 11
=v1 v2 −   I 2 ----- (6) Y21
z 21  z 21  −Y22 −1
Compare eqn (6) with eqn (1) So, A = B=
Y21 Y21
We get
−∆y −Y
z11 z11z 22 − z12 z 21 ∆z C= D = 11
=A = &B = Y21 Y21
z 21 Z21 Z21
Where, = ∆z z11z 22 − z12 z 21
z ∆z
So, A = 11 B=
z 21 Z21
8.10 INTERCONNECTION OF TWO- =
v1 z11I1 + z12 I 2 ------ (7)
PORT NETWORK =
v 2 z 21I1 + z 22 I 2 ------ (8)
1) Series connection Comparing eq n (5), (6), (7) & (8) we get
z=
11 z11a + z11b
z=
12 z12a + z12b
z=
21 z 21a + z 21b
z=
22 z 22a + z 22b
So, the overall z-parameter matrix for
series –connected two- port network is
simply the sum of z matrices of each
individual two port networks connected
in series.
Fig. Series connection of two –port
networks. 2) Parallel connection
As shown in fig, two –port networks N A
and N B connected in series.
For network N A the z-parameter
eqn matrix form is-
 v1a   z11a z12a   I1a 
v  = z    ----(I)
 2a   21a z 22a   I 2a 
Similarly, for network Nb Fig. Parallel connection of two port
 v1b   z11b z12b   I1b  network.
v  = z    ----- (II) As shown in fig., two-port networks NA
 2b   21b z 22b   I 2b 
From figure we can write and N B connected in parallel.
=
I1 I1a= I1b -----(1) For network Na the y parameter
=
I 2 I= I 2b -----(2) equations are
2a
=I1a Y11a V1a + Y12a V2a
v= v1a + v1b ------(3)
1
=I 2a Y21a V1a + Y22a V2a
and
v= v 2a + v 2b ------(4) Similarly, for network Nb
2
=I1b Y11b V1b + Y12b V2b
eq n ( 3) ⇒ v1 = v1a + v1b
=I 2b Y21b V1b + Y22b V2b
From z-parameters eq (I) & (II) & (1)
n
Assuming that the parallel connection
(2) requires that
Put value of v1a & v1b in above eq n we =V1 V= 1a V1b
get =
V2 V=
2a V2b
v1 = ( z11a I1a + z12a I 2a ) + ( z11b I1b + z12b I 2b ) = = I1b
I1 I1a
v1 = ( z11a + z11b ) I1 + ( z12a + z12b ) I 2 ----(5) And =I 2 I= 2a I 2b
eq n ( 4 ) ⇒ v 2 = v 2a + v 2b By combing above equations
I= I1a + I1b
v 2 = ( z 21a I1a + z 22a I 2a ) + (z 21b I1b + z 22b I 2b ) 1
= ( Y11a V1a + Y12a V2a ) + (Y11b V1b + Y12b V2b )
v 2 = ( z 21a + z 21b ) I1 + (z 22a + z 22b )I 2 ---(6)
I1 = ( Y11a + Y11b ) V1 + (Y12a + Y12b )V2 ---(1)
So we have z –parameters eqn
and I=
2 I 2a + I 2b  V1   V1a   A a Ba   V2a 
=
 I  =  
= ( Y21a V1a + Y22a V1b ) + ( Y21b V1b + Y22b V2b )  1   I1a   Ca Da   − I 2a 
I 2 = ( Y21a + Y21b ) V1 + (Y22a + Y22b )V2 ---(2) --from eq n (1)
The y- parameter are  Aa Ba   V1b 
=I1 Y11V1 + Y12 V2 ------- (3) =
 Ca Da   I1b 
=I 2 Y21V1 + Y22 V2 ------- (4)
 Aa Ba   A b Bb   V2b 
Combining eqn (1), (2),(3),(4) we get =
 Ca Da   Cb D b   − I 2b 
=
Y 11 Y11a + Y11b
=
Y Y21a + Y22b --from eq n (2)
21
= Y12a + Y12b  A a Ba   A b Bb   V2 
Y 12 =   
=
Y Y22a + Y22b  Ca D a   C b D b   − I 2 
22
So, the overall y- parameter matrix for  A B   V2 
=  
parallel connected two port network is  C D   − I2 
simply the sum of y-matrix of each  A B   A a Ba   A b Bb 
individual two-port network connected So  =  
in parallel  C D   Ca D a   C b D b 
So, the overall transmission parameter
3) Cascade connection matrix for cascaded two port networks
is simply the matrix product of
transmission parameter matrices of
each individual two-port network in
cascade
Fig: - Two ports networks in cascade 4) T and 𝛑𝛑 representation

connection. It is possible to express the elements of
The transmission parameter T-network in terms of z- parameters or
representation is useful in cascaded ABCD parameters as explained below-
two port network. For the network N a ,
the transmission parameter equations
are
 V1a   A a Ba   V2a 
 I  =  C D   − I  ---- (1)
 1a   a a 2a 
Similarly, for the network Nb ,
z-parameters of the network
 V1b   A b Bb   V2b 
 I  =  C D   − I  ---- (2) V
= 1 |I2=
 1b   b b 2b 
Z11 = 0 Za + Zc
I1
From figure we can assume following
V2
observations =
Z21 = |I =0 ZC
I1 = I1a , −I 2a = I1b and I 2 = I 2b I1 2
V2
=V1 V= 1a , V2a V1b =
and V2 V2b =
Z22 |I =
= 0 Z b + ZC
I2 1
The overall transmission parameter of
the combined network Na and Nb can V1
=
Z12 = |I =0 ZC
written in the matrix form as I2 1
It is possible to express the elements of V2 n 2
So, = ------- (1)
the π-network in terms of y-parameters V1 n1
or ABCD parameters as explained below I1 n
And = 2 -----(2)
−I 2 n1
⇒we know ABCD parameter 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛 -----
=
V1 AV2 − BI 2 ------ (3)
=
I1 CV2 − DI 2 ------ (4)
Y-parameters of the network From eqn (1)
I n1
= 1 |V2 ==0 Y1 + Y2
Y11 =
V1 V2 − 0I 2 ------ (5)
V1 n2
I From eqn (2)
Y21 = 2 |V2 =0 = −Y2 N
V1 =
I1 0V2 − 2 I 2 ------- (6)
I N1
Y22= 2 |V1= =0 Y 3 + Y2 Comparing eqn (3) & (5) and (4) & (6)
V2
We get,
I1
Y12 = |V =0 = −Y2  n1 
V2 1  0
A B  n2 
 C D = 
5) Lattice networks   n 2
0 n 
One of the common four –terminal two-  1
port network is the lattice or bridge Now, we know that
network. The lattice network for z- A ' B'C' D' = [ABCD]−1
parameter is shown in figure below
So, A ' B'C' D' parameters are
 n2 
 0
 A' B'   n1 
 C' D' =  n1 
 
0 n 
 2
Za + Z b We have h-parameter equations-

Z=11 Z= 22 =
V1 h11I1 + h12 V2
2
Z b − Za =
I 2 h 21I1 + h 22 V2
Z= Z=
12 21
2 From eqn (1)
n
V= 0I1 + 1 V2
Example: 1
n2
Determine all the two port network From eq (2) n
parameters of an ideal transformer n
I2 = − 1 I1 + 0V2
n2
 n1 
0
 h11 h12   n2 

So, h =
 21 h 22   − n1 
 n 0
Solution: We know that  2 
−1
N 2 n 2 V2 I1 We have [g] = [h]
= = =
N1 n1 V1 −I 2
n2  T (ABCD) parameter is the relation
0 −
g g12   n1  between V1 and I 2 in terms of I1 and V2
So,  11 = 
 g 21 g 22   n 2  Form equation (2) ⇒
n
0  =
I1 V2 − 2I 2 ----- (3)
 1 
Substitution in equation (1) we get
Note: In an ideal transformer it is
V1 = 2 ( V2 − 2I 2 ) + I 2
impossible to express V1 , V2 in terms of I1
and I 2 hence z-parameter doesn’t exist = 2V2 − 3I 2 ----- (4)
similarly the y-parameter doesn’t exist Equation (3) and (4) can be rewritten as
=
V1 2V2 − 3I 2
Example: =
I1 V2 − 2I 2
Find all the two port network parameter  V1   2 3   V2 
for the below network  I  = 1 2  − I 
 1    2
 2 3
= 
1 2
T’ : −T’ = T−1
1  2 − 3
= 
1  −1 2 
Solution:
It’s a Lattice network. Comparing the above h : −h parameters is the relation between
network with standard Lattice network we V1 and I 2 in terms of I1 and V2
get From equation (3) we get
=Za 1Ω, = Zb 3Ω, = Zc 3ΩZ
= d 1Ω I2 =
1 1
− I1 + V2 ------- (5)
Using the formula derived in Lattice 2 2
network Substituting equation (5) in (4) we get
Za + Z b 1 + 3  1 1  1 3
Z= Z= = = 2Ω V1 = 2V2 − 3  − I1 + V2  = V2 + I1 -----
11 22
2 2  2 2  2 2
Z b − Za 3 − 1 (6)
Z= Z= = = 1Ω
12 21
2 2 From (5) & (6)
 2 1  3 1 
Z=  V1   2 2   I1 
  I  =  −1
1 2   2 1   V2 
1  2 2
−1
Y: =
Y Z= AdjZ g:-
Z
1 − 12
Z =3  2 
1 3 
 2 −1  2 2 
AdjZ =  
 −1 2 
1  2 −1
Y= 
3  −1 2 
T: =
V1 2I 2 + I 2 ----- (1)
V2= I1 + 2I 2 ----- (2)
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 The admittance parameter Y12 in Q.4 For the lattice circuit shown in the
the 2-port network in Figure is figure, Za = j2Ω and Zb = 2Ω. The
values of the open circuit impedance
Z Z12 
parameters Z =  11  are
 Z21 Z22 
a)-0.2mho b)0.1 mho

c)-0.05 mho d)0.05 mho
[GATE-2001]
Q.2 The Z parameters Z11 and Z21 for

1 − j 1+ j  1 − j 1 + j
the 2-port network in the figure are a)  b) 
1 + j 1+ j 
 − 1 + j 1 − j
1 + j 1 + j  1 + j −1 + j
c)  d) 
1 − j 1 − j  −1 + j 1 + j 

[GATE-2004]
a) Z11 =−6 Ω; Z21 =16 Ω Q.5 The ABCD parameters of an ideal

11 11
n:1 transformer shown in the figure
6 4
b) Z11 = Ω; Z21 = Ω n 0 
11 11 are   The value of X will be
6 −16
c) Z11 = Ω; Z21 = Ω 0 X
11 11
d) Z11 = Ω; Z21 =4 Ω
4
11 11
[GATE-2001]
Q.3 The impedance parameters Z11 and

Z12 of the two–port network in the 1
a)n b)
figure are n
1
c) n 2 d) 2
n
[GATE-2005]
Q.6 The parameters of the circuit shown

=a) Z11 =
2.75Ω and Z12 0.25Ω in the figure are
=b) Z11 =
3Ω and Z12 0.5Ω
=c) Z11 =
3Ω and Z12 0.25Ω
=d) Z11 =
2.25Ω and Z12 0.5Ω
[GATE-2003]
 0.1 0.1 10 −1  = =
A1 4A, =
V1 6V, =
V2 6V, A 2 0A
a)   b)  
 −0.1 0.3  1 0.05
 30 20  10 1 
c)   d)  
 20 20   −1 0.05
[GATE-2005]
Q.7 A two-port network is represented

by ABCD parameters given by
Q.9 The h-parameter matrix for this
 V1   A B   V2  network is
 I  =  C D   − I  If port -2 is
 1    2  −3 3   −3 −1 
terminated by R L , then input a)   b)  
 −1 0.67   3 0.67 
impedance seen at port-1 is given by
A + BR L AR L + C 3 3  3 1 
a) b) c)   d)  
C + DR L BR L + D 1 0.67   −3 −0.67 
DR L + A B + AR L [GATE-2008]
c) d)
BR L + C D + CR L
Q.10 The z-parameter matrix for this
[GATE-2006] network is
1.5 1.5 1.5 4.5
Q.8 In the two port network shown in a)   b)  
the figure below, Z 11 and Z 21 are,  4.5 1.5 1.5 4.5
respectively 1.5 4.5  4.5 1.5 
c)   d)  
1.5 1.5  1.5 4.5
[GATE-2008]
Q.11 For the two–port network shown

below, the short -circuit admittance
parameter matrix is
a) re and βr0 b) 0 and − βr0
c) 0 and βr0 d) re and − βr0
[GATE-2006]
Statement for Linked Answer Questions

 4 −2   1 −0.5
9 & 10 a)   b)  −0.5 1 
S S
A two Part network shown below is exited  −2 4  
by external dc sources. The voltages and  1 0.5  4 2
current are measured with voltmeters c)   S d)  S
 0.5 1   2 4
V1 ,V2 and ammeters A1 ,A 2 (All assumed to
[GATE-2010]
be ideal) as indicated. Under following
switch conditions, the readings obtained Common Data for questions 12 and 13
are: With 10V dc connected at port A in the
(i) S1 − open , S2 − closed linear nonreciprocal two –port network
= A1 0A,= V1 4.5V, = =
V2 1.5V, A 2 1A shown below, the following were observed:
(i) 1Ω connected at port B draws a current
(ii) S − closed , S − open of 3A
1 2
(ii) 2.5Ω connected at port B draws a Q.16 Consider a two-port network with
current of 2A the transmission matrix:
 A B
T = .
 C D
If the network is reciprocal, then
a) T -1 = T
Q.12 With 10 V dc connected at port A, b) T 2 =T
the current drawn by7Ω connected c) Determinant (T) = 0
at port B is d) Determinant (T) = 1
a)3/7A b)5/7A [GATE-2016]
c)1A d)9/7A
[GATE-2012] Q.17 The z-parameter matrix for the two-
port network shown is
Q.13 For the same network, with 6 V dc
 2 j ω j ω 
connected at port A, 1Ω connected  jω 3 + 2 jω 
at port B draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is  
connected to port A, the open circuit
voltage at port B is
a) 6V b) 7V
c)8V d)9V
[GATE-2012]
Where the entries are in Ω .suppow
Q.14 In the h-parameter model of the 2- (jω) = Rb + j ω . Then the value of
port network given in the figure R b (in Ω) equals to __________.
shown, the value of h 22 (in S) is _____. [GATE-2016]
z z12 
Q.18 The z-parameter matrix  11
 z 21 z 22 
[GATE-2014]
Q.15 For the two-port network shown in

the figure, the impedance (Z) matrix
(in Ω)is  2 −2   2 2
a)   b)  
 −2 2   2 2
 9 − 3  9 3
c)   d)  
6 9  6 9
[GATE-2016]
 6 24  9 8 
a)   b)   Q.19 The ABCD matrix for a two-port
 42 9  8 24 
network is defined by:
9 6   42 6 
c)   d)    V1   A B   V2 
6 24   6 60   =  
[GATE-2014]  I1   C D   −I 2 
The parameter B for the given two-
port network (in ohms, correct to
two decimal places) is ________.
[GATE-2018]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (c) (a) (d) * (d) (d) (b) (a) (c) (a) (c) (b) 1.24
15 16 17 18 19
(c) (d) 3 (a) 4.8
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c) E 2 − 4I1 + 10E1 =0

 Y1 + Y3 − Y3   Y11 Y12  6
 −Y = ⇒ E 2 − 4I1 + 10 × I1 =
Y2 + Y3   Y21 Y22 
0
 3 11
Y12 = −Y3  b
 E1 =  I1
 11 
⇒ 11E 2 − 44I1 + 60I1 =
0
E2 16
= − Ω
I1 11
Q.3 (a)
1 Using ∆ − Y conversion
Y12 =
− = −0.05mho
20
Q.2 (c)
=
V1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
=
V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2
V 2 ×1 2
Z11 = 1 |I2 =0 R1= = = 0.5
I1 4 4
⟹ Applying KVL in LHS loop 1× 1 1
R 2= = = 0.25
E1 − 2I1 − 4I1 + 10E1 =
0 4 4
11E1 = 6I1 2 ×1 2
R 3= = = 0.5
E 6 4 4
⇒ 1 =Ω
I1 11
V
Z21 = 2 |I2 =0
I1
KVL in RHS loop,
I1 = −I 2
I2
 Z1 + Z3 Z3  =−1 =h 21
 Z I1
 3 Z2 + Z3 
V1
Z11 = Z1 + Z3 = 2.5 + 0.25 = 2.75 V1 = 10I1 ⇒ =
10
I1
= Z=
Z12 3 0.25 I1 = 0
V1
Q.4 (d) When V1 = V2 ⇒ = h12 = 1
For lattice network, Z-parameter V2
is given as (as no. drop in 10Ω resistance)
 Za + Z b Za − Z b  V2 = 20I 2
 2 2  I
  ⇒ 2 = h 22
 Za − Z b Za + Z b  V2
 2 2  1
= = 0.05
Za =2j,Zb =2Ω 20
1 + j j − 1 10 1 
 j − 1 1 + j  −1 0.05
   
 V1   A B   V2  Q.7 (d)
Q.5  I  =  C D  I  The ABCD parameter equations are
 1   2  given by,
I 2 V1 n
= = =
V1 AV2 − BI 2
I1 V2 1 =
I1 CV2 − DI 2
=
V1 AV2 − BI 2 When the network is terminal by
=I1 CV2 − DI 2 R L (fig.1),
V1 V2 = − I 2 R L
=A = |I =0 n
V2 2 V1 AV2 − BI 2
Z= =
I1 CV2 − DI 2
in
I V1 1
=
D 1 |V= 2 =0
=
I2 V2 n −AI 2 R L − BI 2 AR L + B
= =
−CI 2 R L − DI 2 CR L + D
Q.6 (d)
=
V1 h11I1 + h12 V2
=I 2 h 21I1 + h 22 V2
V V
h11== 1 |V2 0= h12 1 |I1 0 Q.8 (b)
I1 V2 V1
I2 I2 Z12 = |I
=h 21 =
= |V2 0= h 22 |I 0
I2 1
I1 V2 1 =0 (∵ current source will be open).
When V2 = 0
V2 −βI1.r0
Z21 = |I2 =0 = = −βr0
I1 I1
Q.9 (a)
=
V1 h11I1 + h12 V2
=
I 2 h 21I1 + h 22 V2
From given Z-parameters,
2
I 2 =−I1 + V2 Let Vth and Rth be Thevenin voltage
3 & resistance as seen from partB.
 2 
V= 1 1.5I1 + 4.5  − I1 + V2 
 3 
= −3I1 + 3V2
 −3 3 
∴H = −1 0.67 
 
=
Vth 3R th + 3 ………. (1)
Q.10 (c) =Vth 2R th + 5 ………. (2)
=
V1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2 Solving (1) & (2)
=
V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2 R th = 2Ω
V So, Vth= 3x2 + 3= 9V
Case (1) ⇒ I1 =0 ∴ Z12 = 1 =4.5
I1
V2
Z=
22 = 1.5
I2
V
Case (2) ⇒ I 2 =0 ∴ Z11 = 1 =1.5
I1 9
i=
6
Z21= = 1.5 (2 + 7) Ω
4
1.5 4.5 Q.13 (b)
Z= 
1.5 1.5 
Q.11 (a)
I1 1
=
Y11 =
|V2 =0 = 4
V1 0.25
I2 1 7x1 21
=
Y22 =
|V1 =0 = 4 =
So, Vth 7 / 3x2 + = = 7V
V2 0.25 3 3
I The Open circuit voltage at port B is
Y21 = 2 |V2 =0 =−2 =Y12 7V
V1
 4 −2  Q.14 (1.24)
∴ [Y] =
 −2 4  S If two, π −n/ws are connected in
 
parallel,
The y-parameter are added
Q.12 (c)
i.e., y equ= y1 + y 2
As per the given conditions, we can
draw the following two figures.
2 −1   1 −1  V1 3× 6
y1 =  3 3
y2 =  2 =
⇒ z11 = = 2
 −1 2   −1 3+ 6
1 
I1 I2 =0
 3 3  2 
5 −5  V2
⇒ z21 = We know
y equ =  3 6 I1 I
2 =0
 −5 5 
 6 3 V2 = −V1 ⇒ z21 = −2
 1 − y12  z z12   2 −2 
 y11 y11  So  11 =
h=   z 21 z 22   −2 2 
 y 21 ∆y 
 y11 y11 
where ∆y = y11 y22 − y12 − y21
The value of h 22 = ∆y
  5   5     −5   −5  
=      −     
 3   3    6   6  
∆y = 2.0833
y11 = 5 ∴ h 22 =1.24
3
Q.15 (c)
For the two-part network
1 1 1 
 30 + 10 −
30 
Y matrix =  
 −1 1 1 Q.19 4.8
+
 30 60 30  Given:
Z matrix = [Y ]
−1
 V1   A B   V2 
 0.1333 −0.0333
−1
 =  
Z=  I1   C D   −I 2 
 −0.0333 0.05 
9 6 
Z= 
 6 24 
Q.16 (d)
Q.17 (3)
 Za +Zc Zc  It can be re-written as
Zmatrix = 
 Zc Zb +Zc 
Zb +Zc =3+2jω =
V1 AV2 − BI 2 ...(i)
Zc =jω
=
I1 CV2 − DI 2 ....(ii)
⇒ Zb =3+jω ⇒
From equation (i),
Q.18 (a)
Since the given network is V1
symmetric and reciprocal Z 11 = Z 22 B= − .......(iii)
I2
Z 12 = Z 21 V2 = 0
We can write two KVL equations for
the given electrical network as,
=
V1 7I1 + 5I 2 .......(iv)
V=
2 5I1 + 7I 2 ....... ( v )
At V2 = 0
=
0 5I1 + 7I 2
7
I1 = − I 2
5
Substituting in equation (iv)
 7 
V1 = 7 ×  − I 2  + 5I 2
 5 
24
V1 = − I2
5
V 24
B=
− 1== 4.8
I2 5
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 A passive two-port network is in a

steady state. Compared to its input,
the steady state output can never
offer
a) higher voltage
b) lower impedance
c) greater power a) 0.125 b) 0.167
d) better regulation c) 0.625 d) 0.25
[GATE-2001] [GATE-2003]
Q.2 A two-port network, Shown in figure Q.4 The Z matrix of a 2- port network as
is described by the following 0.9 0.2 
given by  
equations: 0.2 0.6 
=l1 Y11E1 + Y12 E=
2 , l 2 Y21E1 + Y22 E 2 The element Y 22 of the
corresponding Y matrix of the same
network is given by
a) 1.2 b) 0.4
c) -0.4 d) 1.8
[GATE-2004]
The admittance parameters Q.5 For the two port networks shown in
Y11 , Y12 , Y21 , and Y22 for the network the figure the Z-matrix is given by
shown are
a) 0.5 mho, 1mho, 2 mho and 1
mho respectively
b) 1 mho, − 1 mho, − 1 mho and
3 6 6
1
mho respectively  Z1 Z1 + Z2 
a) 
Z2 
3
c) 0.5 mho, 0.5mho, 1.5 mho and 2  Z1 + Z2
mho respectively  Z1 Z1 
b)  
d) − 2 mho, − 3 mho, 3 mho and  Z1 + Z2 Z2 
5 7 7
Z Z2 
2
mho respectively c)  1 
5  Z2 Z1 + Z2 
[GATE-2003] Z Z1 
d)  1 
 Z1 Z1 + Z2 
Q.3 The h-parameters for a two–port
[GATE-2005]
network are defined by
 E1   h11 h12   l1  Q.6 Two networks are connected in
 l  = h  
 2   21 h 22   E 2  cascade as shown in the figure. With
For the two –port network shown in the usual notation the equivalent A,
figure, the value of h12 is given by B, C and D constants are obtained.
= 0.025∠45° , the value
Given that C Q.9 The two-port network P shown in
of Z2 is the figure has ports 1 and 2, denoted
by terminals (a, b) and (c, d)
respectively. It has an impedance
matrix Z with parameters denoted
by Zij A 1Ω resistor is connected in
series with the network at port 1 as
a) 10∠30°Ω b) 40∠-45°Ω shown in the figure. The impedance
c) 1Ω d) 0Ω matrix of the modified two–port
[GATE-2005] network (shown as a dashed box) is
Q.7 The parameters of the circuit shown

in the figure are R= i 1MΩ,
R o= 10Ω,
A = 106 V / V. If Vi = 1µV, then
output voltage, input impedance and  z + 1 z12 + 1
output impedance respectively are a)  11
 z 21 z 22 + 1
z + 1 z12 
b)  11
 z 21 z 22 + 1
 z + 1 z12 
c)  11
a) 1V, ∞,10Ω b) 1V, 0,10Ω  z 21 z 22 
c) 1V, 0, ∞ d) 10V, ∞,10Ω  z + 1 z12 
[GATE-2006] d)  11 
 z 21 + 1 z 22 
Q.8 The parameter type and the matrix [GATE-2010]
representation of the relevant two
port parameters that describe the Common Data for questions Q.10
circuit shown are and Q.11
With 10V dc connected at port A in
the linear nonreciprocal two–port
network shown below, the following
were observed:
(i) 1Ω connected at port B draws a
0 0 current of 3A
a) z parameters, 
0 0  (ii) 2.5Ω connected at port B draws a
current of 2A
1 0
b) h parameters, 
0 1 
0 0
c) h parameters 
0 0 
Q.10 With 10 V dc connected at port A,
1 0 the current drawn by7Ω connected
d) z parameters 
0 1  at port B is
[GATE-2006] a)3/7A b)5/7A
c)1A d)9/7A
[GATE-2012]
Q.11 For the same network, with 6 V dc V2 = 0 ) in ohms is ______ (up to 2
connected at port A, 1Ω connected decimal places)
at port B draws 7/3 A. If 8 V dc is
connected to port A, the open circuit
voltage at port B is
a) 6V b) 7V
c)8V d)9V
[GATE-2012]
[GATE-2018]
Q.12 In a linear two port network, when
10 V is applied to port 1, a current of
4 A flows through port 2 when it is
short circuited. When 5 V is applied
to Port 1, a current of 1.25 A flows
through a 1Ω resistance connected
across Port 2. When 3 V is applied to
Port 1, the current (in Ampere)
through a 2Ω resistance connected
across Port 2 is __________
[GATE-2015]
Q.13 The z-parameters of the two port

network shown in the figure are
Z 11 =40Ω, Z 12 = 60Ω, Z 21 =80Ω,
Z 22 =100Ω. The average power
delivered to R L = 20Ω, in watts,
is____.
[GATE-2016]
Q.14 For the given 2-port network, the

value of transfer impedance Z 21 in
ohms is…….
[GATE-2017, Set-2]
Q.15 In the two-port network shown, the

V
h11 parameter (where h11 = 1 when
I1
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(c) (b) (d) (d) (d) (b) (a) (c) (c) (c) (b) 0.545 35.55 3
15
0.5
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (c)  E  E2
For a passive two-port network, =
E1 2l=
x 2  2=
 8  4
output power can never be greater
E
than input power. ⇒ 1 = 0.25
E2
Q.2 (b) Method -2
Using KVL,
E1 =2l1 + 2 ( l1 + l2 )
Again using KVL,
E 2 =2l2 + 2 ( l1 + l2 )
4 2
2 4 [ y] = [ z]
−1
⇒ [z] = Using ∆-Ytransformation
 
1  4 −2 
=
( 4 × 4 ) − ( 2 × 2 )  −2 4 
1 −1 
 Y11 Y12   3 6
Y   −1 1  E1 =( 4 + 0.5 ) l1 + 1( l1 + l2 )
 21 Y22 
 6 3
= 5.5l1 + l2 … (a)
Q.3 (d) E 2 =( 2 + 1) l2 + 1( l1 + l2 )
E1 = l1 + 4l2 … (b)
h12 = || =0
E2 1 Put l1 = 0 in eq (a) and (b)
Or h12 is ratio of E1 to E 2 for the E1 = l2 And E 2 = 4l2
input open- circuited condition. Two E1
methods are provided to solve the =h12 = |l =0 0.25
problem. E2 1
Method -1
Assuming Q.4 (d)
l1 = 0  0.9 0.2 
[ z] =  
 0.2 0.6 
 0.6 −0.2 
 −0.2 0.9 
 
[ y ] [=
= z]
−1
[0.9 × 0.6 − 0.04]

 1.2 −0.4 
= 
=l2 =
E2 E2  −0.4 1.8 
2 + ( 2 + 4 ) || 4 4 y 22 = 1.8
l2
=lx ×4
( 2 + 2) + 4 Q.5 (d)
l2 1  E 2  E 2
= =  
2 2 4  8
l1
(i) C = |I =0
V2 2
Putting 1 2 =0 in equation (i)
V2 = Z2 l1
V 1 1
⇒ Z2 = 2 |I2 =0 = =
Two method are provided to solve l1 C 0.025∠45°
the problem. Z= 40∠45° Ω
Method-1 2
v= v= i1z1
1 2
Q.7 (a)
v1
So= z11 = |i =0 z1 V0 = 10−6 ×106 = 1V
i1 2
V
v2 = 1 →∞
Z11
=
(i) z 21 = |i =0 z1 I1
i1 2 V
Z22 = 2 → R 0 = 10
(ii)When i1 = 0 I2
v1 = i 2 z1
Q.8 (c)
v1 =I1 h11V1 + h12 I 2
⇒=
z12 = |i =0 z1
i2 1
=V2 h 21V1 + h 22 I 2
(iii)=
v 2 i 2 (z1 + z 2 )
v
⇒ z 22= 2 |i1 ==0 z1 + z 2
i2
Method -2
(iv) v=
1 ( i1 + i2 ) z1
= z1i1 + z1i 2 Since port -1 is open – circuit, I1 = 0
(v) v 2 =z 2i1 + z1 ( i1 + i 2 ) Port -2 is sort – circuit, V2 = 0
= z1i1 + (z1 + z 2 )i 2 h=
I1
|I2=
0
= 0
11 =0
(vi)From eq (i) to(iv) V1 V1
 Z1 Z1  I 0
z − matrix = Z Z + Z  = 1 |V1 =
h12 =0 = 0
 1 1 2
I2 I2
V2 0
h= |L2=
=0 = 0
Q.6 (b) 21
V1 V1
V 0
= 2 |V1 =
h 22 =0 = 0
I1 I2
So, h − parameters
 h11 h12   0 0 
= =   
 h 21 h 22   0 0 
=
V1 AV2 + Bl2 Q.9 (c)
=
l1 CV2 + Dl2 The Impedance matrix Zm of the
V2 Z2 ( l1 + l2 )
= modified network is calculated from
fig. given below:
 V1   I1  9
V  = [ z] I  i=
(2 + 7) Ω
 2  2
=
V1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
Q.11 (b)
=
V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2
VS =(1× I 2 ) + V1
=+
I1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
(1 + Z11 ) I1 + Z12 I2
=
 VS   I1 
V  = [ zm ] I  7x1
 2  2 =
So, Vth 7 / 3x2 +
3
 Z11 + 1 Z12  1 0
zm =  = [ Z] +  21
 Z21 Z22  
0 0
= = 7V
3
The Open circuit voltage at port B is
7V.
Q.12 0.545
=I1 y11v1 + y12 v1
I 2 = 0.4 × 3 − 0.6[2I 2 ]
Q.10 (c)
As per the given conditions, we can =I 2 y 21v1 + y 22 v 2 =1.2-1.2I 2
draw the following two figures. 4= 10y 21 → y 21= 0.4 I 2 = 0.545A
1.25 = 0.4v1 + 1.25y 22 = 0.4
y 22 = −0.6
Q.13 35.55
In the given terminated 2 port
Let Vth and Rth be Thevenin voltage network the Z matrix is known and
& resistance as seen from part B. for load of 20Ω we want to find
power on the load.
→ The get it assuming R L as load let
first obtain the thevenin equivalent
of 2 port
→ Thevenin equivalent means V th &
R th
=
Vth 3R th + 3 ……….(1) Vth = V2 I =0 i.e., O.C voltage of port 2
2
=Vth 2R th + 5 ……….(2) ISC =-I 2 /V2 =0 i.e., s.c current of port

Solving (1) &(2) 2,
R th = 2Ω V
R in = th
So, Vth= 3x2 + 3= 9V ISC
→ Evaluation of Vth
The Z matrix equation is
V1 =40I1 +60I 2
V2 =80I1 +100I 2
In the above two equations if I 2 = 0
then
V1 =40I1 (1)
V2 =80I1 (2)
From the input side we can say
( V1 =20-10I1 )
⇒ 20-10I1 =40I1 R A = 1Ω
2 R B = 1Ω
⇒ V2 =80I1 =80× =32V R= 1/ 2Ω
5 C
So Vth =V2 =32 After rearrangement consider the

Evaluation of ISC following circuit.
In the Z matrix equation if we put
V2 = 0 then
V1 =40I1 +60I1 …. (5)
0=80I1 +100I 2 …. (4)
From the circuit diagram we get,
V2
Z21 = = 3Ω
I1
Q.15 0.5
Given: The two port network is
shown below,
10 100
I1 =- I 2 &V1 =20-10I1 =20+ I2
8 8
Using these in equation V1 & I1 in
equation 3
100 400
20+ I 2 =- I 2 +60I 2
8 8
⇒ 160+100I 2 =-400I 2 +480I 2
⇒ 160 = −20I 2 ⇒ I 2 = −8A V1
To find the value of h11 = ,the
ISC =-I 2 =8A I1 V2 = 0
V 32
→ R in = in = =4Ω equivalent circuit is shown below,
ISC 8
→Now the ckt is from port 2is
P20Ω = ( I 20Ω ) 20
2
 32 
= =  20 35.55watt
 4 + 20 
Q.14 3
Applying KVL in loop (1),
V1 − I1 − ( I1 + I 2 ) =
0
=
V1 2I1 + I 2
Applying KVL in loop (2),
( I1 + I2 ) + ( 2I1 + I2 ) =
0
3I1 + 2I 2 =
0
From equation (i) and (ii),
3I1
=
V1 2I1 −
2
V1 3 1
= 2 − = = 0.5
I1 2 2
Hence,
V1
=
h11 = 0.5
I1 V =0
2
Hence, the correct answer is 0.5
GATE QUESTIONS(IN)
V0 Q.3 With 10 V dc connected at port A,
Q.1 The DC voltage gain in the
Vi the current drawn by7Ω connected
at port B is
following circuit is given by
a)3/7A b)5/7A
c)1A d)9/7A
[GATE-2012]
Q.4 For the same network, with 6 V dc

connected at port A, 1Ω connected
R2 R1 at port B draws 7/3 A . If 8 V dc is
a) Av b) Av
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2 connected to port A, the open
circuit voltage at port B is
R2
c) Av + R o d) Av a) 6V b) 7V
R1 + R 2 c)8V d)9V
[GATE-2007] [GATE-2012]
Q.2 For the circuit shown below the Q.5 Considering the transformer to be
input resistance ideal, the transmission parameter
V1 ‘A’ of the 2 -port network shown in
R= R= |I2=0 is
11 11
I1 the figure below is
a)1.3 b)1.4
a) -3Ω b) 2Ω c)0.5 d)2.0
c) 3Ω d) 13Ω [GATE-2013]
[GATE-2008]
Q.6 The output voltage of the ideal
Common Data for questions 3 and 4 transformer with the polarities
With 10V dc connected at port A in the and dots shown in the figure is
linear nonreciprocal two –port network given by
shown below, the following were observed:
i) 1Ω connected at port B draws a
current of 3A
ii) 2.5Ω connected at port B draws a
current of 2A
a) NV 1 sin ωt b) -
NV 1 sin ωt
c) V 1 sin ωt d) -V 1 sin ωt
[GATE-2015]
Q.7 The connection of two 2-port
networks is shown in the figure.
The ABCD parameters of N1 and
N2 networks are given as
The ABCD parameters of the

combined 2-port network are
2 5 1 2
a) � � b) � �
0.2 1 0.5 1
5 2 1 2
c) � � d) � �
0.5 1 0.5 5
[GATE-2017]
ANSWER KEY:
7
1 2 3 4 5 6
(a)
(a) (d) (c) (b) (a) (b)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (a) R th = 2Ω
R2 So, Vth= 3x2 + 3= 9V
V = Vi
( R1 + R 2 )
R2
=
V0 A=
VV AV
( R1 + R 2 )
Q.2 (d) 9
V1 =I1 + 3I 2 + 2 ( I1 + 2V3 ) + V3andV3 i=
(2 + 7) Ω
= 2 ( I1 + 2V3 ) ⇒ 2I1 = V3
For I 2 =0V1 =I1 + 2 ( I1 + 4I1 ) + 2I1 Q.4 (b)
V1
⇒ R11= |I ==0 13Ω
I1 2
Q.3 (c)
As per the given conditions, we can 7x1
draw the following two figures. =
So, Vth 7 / 3x2 +
3
21
= = 7V
3
The Open circuit voltage at port B
is 7V.
Let Vth and Rth be Thevenin Q.5 (a)

voltage & resistance as seen from
part B. Q.6 (b)
First mark the mutual voltage
polarity using dot convention
(when a reference current enters
at dot of one coil, it generates
positive polarity on dot terminal of
=
Vth 3R th + 3 ……….(1) other coil)
=Vth 2R th + 5 ……….(2) →Using Transformer ratio
Solving (1) &(2)
V2 N 2
=
Vi N1
N
⇒=V2 V1  = NVi sin sin ωt
1
→ Vo =
−V2 = − NVi sin sin ωt
Q.7 (a)
9 NETWORK SYNTHESIS
9.1 RC, RL, LC IMPEDANCE & 4) For the RLC impedance function, the
ADMITTANCE FUNCTIONS poles are complex conjugate pair and
they are symmetrical wrt the negative
1) For the LC impedance function the real axis.
poles and zeros are alternate and lie on
the jω axis Note: In the above cases instead of
e.g. Z (s) =
(S + 1) + (S
2 2
+3 ) impedance function if admittance function
is given then they are converted into the
s ( S + 2 )( S
2 2
+ 4) impedance function first and then above
tests are performed RL impedance
Function = RC admittance function and Vice
versa
Admittance = impedance or admittance.
Example:
The driving point impedance function of a
network is
F(s)
(S + 2 ) (S + 4) .Then the function is
2) For the RL impedance function the
(S + 1) (S + 3)
poles and zero are alternate and lie only a) an RL impedance function
on the negative real axis and nearest to b) an RC admittance function
the origin is zero .It can be at the origin. c) LC impedance function
e.g. d) RL admittance function
Solution:
If F(s) is impedance function then it is an
RC function because pole is nearest to the
origin.
If F(s) is admittance function then it is an
RL function because in that case zero
would be nearest to the origin
3) For the RC impedance function the poles Hence, F(s) is RC impedance or RL
and zeros are alternate and lie only on admittance function.
the negative real axis and nearest to the
origin is a pole. It can be at the origin.
e.g.
GATE QUESTIONS(EC)
Q.1 The driving–point impedance Z(s) of

a network has the pole–zero
locations as shown in the figure. If
Z(0) = 3,then Z(s) is
a) R neg ≤ Re Z1 ( jω) , ∀ω
b) R neg ≤ Z1 ( jω) , ∀ω
c) R neg ≤ Im Z1 ( jω) , ∀ω
3(s + 3) 2(s + 3) d) R neg ≤ ∠Z1 ( jω) , ∀ω
a) b)
S + 2S + 3
2
S + 2S + 2
2
[GATE-2006]
c) 23(s − 3) d) 22(s − 3)
S − 2S − 2 S − 2S − 3
Q.5 The RC circuit shown in the figure is
[GATE-2003]
Q.2 The first and the last critical

frequency of an RC- driving point
impedance function must
respectively be
a) a zero and a pole a) a low–pass filter
b) a zero and a zero b) a high-pass filter
c) a pole and a pole c) a band–pass filter
d) a pole and a zero d)a band-reject filter
[GATE-2005] [GATE-2007]
Q.3 The first and the last critical Q.6 Two series resonant filters are as
frequencies (singularities) of a shown in the figure. Let the 3-dB
driving point impedance function of bandwidth of Filter 1 be B 1 and that
a passive network having two kinds B
of elements are a pole and a zero of Filter 2 be B 2 .The Value of 1 is
B2
respectively. The above property
will be satisfied by
a) RL network only
b) RC network only
c) LC network only
d) RC as well as RL networks
[GATE-2006]
Q.4 A negative resistance R neg is

connected to a passive network N
having driving point impedance
Z 1 (s) as shown below. For Z 2 (s) to
a) 4 b) 1
be positive real.
1 1
c) d)
2 4
[GATE-2007]
Q.7 The driving point impedance of the

The value of the load resistance RL is
following networks is given by
a) R/4 b) R/2
0.2S
Z (s) = 2 c) R d) 2R
S + 0.1s + 2 [GATE-2009]
The component values are
V2 (S)
Q.9 The transfer function of the
V1 (S)
circuit shown below is
=
a) L =
5H, R 0.5=
Ω, C 0.1F
=
b) L =
0.1H, =
R 0.5 Ω, C 5F
=
c) L =
0.1H, =
R 0.5Ω, C 5F
=
d) L =
0.1H, R 2=Ω, C 5F
[GATE-2008] 0.5s + 1 3s + 6
a) b)
s +1 s+2
Q.8 If the transfer functions of the s+2 s +1
c) d)
following network is s +1 s+2
V0 (S) 1 [GATE-2013]
=
Vi (S) 2 + sCR
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(b) (b) (b) (a) (c) (d) (a) (c) (d)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (b) JωRC

= = G(Jω)
Z (s) =
K(s − z)
(
1 − ω2 R 2 C2 + 3JωRC )
(S − P1 ) (S − P2 )
As ω → 0 , G ( Jω ) =0
K(s + 3)
= As ω → ∞ , G ( Jω ) =0
(S + 1 + j) (S + 1 − j)
J
RC, ( ) 3J
K(s + 3) ω 1
At = G Jω= = 1
Z (s) = 3
( s + 1)2 − j2 ∴ Filter is band –pass filter.
K(s + 3)
=
( s + 1)2 + 1 Q.6 (d)
B1 L 2 1
3K B1 = R ; B2 = R ⇒ = =
Z ( 0 ) |ω−0 = 0 ⇒ =3 ⇒ K =2 L1 L2 B2 L1 4
2
2(s + 3)
∴ Z (s) = Q.7 (a)
S + 2S + 2
2
1
Z ( S) = R SL
Q.2 (b) SC
For stability poles and zero interlace RSL. 1
on real axis. Since its RC, first pole = SC
should come and zero at last. (
RSL + R. 1
SC
+L
C )
RSL
Q.3 (b) = 2 SC
Q.4 (a)
(
S RCL + R + SL )
SC
2 ( s ) Z1 ( s ) + R neg
Z= SRL
⇒ Z ( S) =
( R neg + R e ( Z1 (s ) ) + J Im ( Z1 ( s ) )
⇒ Z2 ( s ) = (
S2 RCL + SL + R )
&R neg < 0 S. 1
= SC
For Z2 ( s ) to be +ve & real, Re
( Z1 ( s ) ) ≥ −R neg ⇒ R e ( Z1 ( s ) ) ≥ R neg
( S +
2 S
RC
+1
LC )
0.2S
=
Q.5 (c) (S 2
+ 0.18 + 2 )
V0 (S)
=
(
R || /sc 1
) 1 = 0.2 ⇒ C = 5F
C
Vi (S) (
R + 1 + R ||1 /sc
SC ( )) 1
RC
= 0.1 ⇒ R = 2Ω
⇒ 0
V (S)
=
SRC 1 = 2 ⇒ L = 0.1H
( )
LC
Vi (S) S R C + 3SRC + 1
2 2 2
V0 ( Jω ) Q.8 (c)
Put =
S Jω,∴
Vi ( Jω ) V0 ( S)
=
R L || 1SC ( )
Vi ( S) R + R L || 1
SC ( )
( R . 1SC )
L
=
(R L + 1SC )
( R + ( R . 1SC) )
L
(R L +1
SC )
RL
=
(1 + SCR L )
R 
R+ L
 (1 + SCR L ) 
V (S) RL 1
=
⇒ 0 =
Vi (S) R L + R + SCRR L ( 2 + SCR )
R L = R Satisfies above equation
Q.9 (d)
V2
=?
V1
V2 R + 1C S ( RC1S + 1) C2
= = 1
V1  R + 1

+ 1 ( RC1S) C2 + C1
 C1S  C S
2
Substituting the values we get
V2 S + 1
=
V1 S + 2
GATE QUESTIONS(EE)
Q.1 The driving point input impedance Q.2 A major advantage of active filters is
seen from the source Vs of the that they can be realized without
circuit shown below, in Ω , is ____. using
a) op-amps b) inductors
c) resistors d) capacitors
[GATE-2016]
[GATE-2016]
ANSWER KEY:
1 2
20 (b)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (20) ⇒ Vs ( 2+1) =Is (6+4+48+2)

The Driving point impedance is Vs 60
nothing but the ratio of voltage to ⇒ = = 20Ω
Is 3
current from the defined port. In
V
this case it is I s Q.2 (b)
s
Inductive coils are bulky in nature.
Writing KCL at node x

V V
−Is + x − 4V1 + x = 0
3 6
Substituting these in Eq(1)
V − 2Is V − 2Is
− Is + s − 8Is → s =0
3 6
1 1  2 2
⇒ Vs  +  =Is  1+ +8+ 
3 6  3 6
ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Q.1 The v-i characteristic of an element Q.4 Consider the following circuit:
is shown in the figure given. The
element is
Which one of the following

statements is correct?
a) Passive and linear
b) Active and linear
a) Non linear, active, non-bilateral c) Passive and non-linear
b) Linear, active, non-bilateral d) Active and non-linear
c) Non-linear, passive, non-bilateral
d) Non-linear, active, bilateral Q.5 Consider the circuits A and B. For
what values respectively of I and R,
Q.2 The incandescent bulbs rated the circuit B is equivalent to circuit
respectively as P1 and P2 for A?
operation at a specified mains
voltage are connected in series
across the mains as shown in the
figure.
Then the total power supplied by
the mains to the two bulbs a)3A, 40Ω b)4 A, 24 Ω
c)1 A, 100 Ω d)2 A, 100 Ω
Q.6 For the circuit given in the figure the

power delivered by the 2volt source
is given by
P1P2
a) b) P12 + P2 2
P1 + P2
c) (P1 + P2 ) d) P1 × P2
Q.3 Consider the circuit as shown above

which a current-dependent current
a) 4W b) 2W
V
source has. The value 2 is c) -2W d) -4W
V1
Q.7 The current in the given circuit with
a dependent voltage source is
a) 10 A b) 12 A
c) 14 A d) 16 A
a) 1 b) 2
Q.8 A certain network N feeds a load
1+ α α
c) d) resistance R as shown in figure-I. It
2 +α 2 +α
consumes a power of ‘P’W. If an
identical network is added as shown Q.12 Consider the following circuit:
in figure-II, the power consumed by
R will be
What is the value of current I in the

5 Ω resistor in the above circuit?
a) 0 A b) 2 A
c) 3 A d) 4 A
a) Less than P
b) Equal to P Q.13 In the circuit shown above, if the
c) Between P and 4P current through the resistor R is
d) More than 4P zero, what is the value of I?
Q.9 In the circuit shown in Fig., the

current I through 2 Ω resistor is
a) 1A b) 2A
c) 3A d) 4A
Q.14 In the network shown above, what

a) – 94.34 mA b) -70.34 mA is the current I in the direction
c) 70.34 mA d) 94.34 mA shown?
Q.10 For the circuit as shown above, if E =

E1 and I is removed, then V = 5 volts.
If E = 0 and I = 1A, then V = 5 volts.
For E = E1 and I replaced by a
resistor of 5Ω, what is the value of V a) 0 b) 1/3 A
in volts? c) 5/6 A d) 4
Q.15 The current I in the network in Fig. is
a) 5.0 b) 2.5
c) 7.5 d) 3.5
a) 1A b) 3 A
Q.11 Consider the circuit in the below c) 5A d) 7A
figure. What is the power delivered
by the 24 V source? Q.16 The current i in figure is
a) 96 W b) 144 W a) 0.5 A b) 5/6 A

c) 192 W d) 288 W c) 1.5 A d) 2.5 A
Q.17 In Fig., the voltage source a) 40V b) 30V
c) 20V d) 10V
Q.22 The circuit shown in figure has the

following source values: A= 600 t u
(t + 1) V, VB = 600 (t + 1) u(t) V and
a) Delivers 200/3 W IC = 6(t – 1) u(t – 1) A, where u(.)
b) Absorbs 100 W denotes the unit step function. For
c) Delivers 100 W this circuit, the current i at t = - 0.5s
d) Absorbs 200/3 W will be
Q.18 The nodal voltage V1 in fig. is
a) – 9 A b) – 6 A
c) – 1 A d) 0 A
a) – 13.5 V b) – 6. 75 V Q.23 Match List I (Quantities) with List II
c) – 4.5 V d) 0 V (Units) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below
Q.19 What is the current through the 2 Ω the lists:
resistance for the circuit as shown
above?
a) 5A b) 4A
c) 3A d) 2A
Q.20 What is the value of I for the above Codes: A B C D

shown circuit, if V = 2 volts? a) 4 3 1 2
b) 3 4 2 1
c) 4 3 2 1
d) 3 4 1 2
Q.24 For the circuit shown above, what is

a) 2 A b) 4 A the value I?
c) 6 A d) 8 A
Q.21 In the circuit, V1 = 40V when R is

10Ω. When R is zero, the value of V2
will be
a) 10 A b) 6 A
c) 3.7 A d) 3 A
Q.25 If the voltage V across 10 Ω

resistance is 10V, what is the voltage
E of the voltage source in the circuit will be the ratio of the branch
shown above? currents I1:I2:I3 if the branch
resistances are in the ratio R1:R2:R3:
: 2 : 4 : 6?
a) 3 : 2 : 6 b) 2 : 4 : 6
c) 6 : 3 : 2 d) 6 : 2 : 4
Q.30 For the circuit as shown above, what

a) – 50V b) – 10V is the value of I?
c) + 10V d) + 50V
Q.26 Consider the following circuit:

If V1 = 5V and V2 = 3V, then what is
the input impedance of the CRO in a) 4A b) 3A
the circuit? c) 2 A d) 1 A
Q.31 In the circuit shown above, when is

the power absorbed by the 4 Ω
resistor maximum?
a) 1 MΩ b) 1.5 MΩ
c) 3MΩ d) 5MΩ

What is power delivered to resistor a) R = 0 b) R = 2 Ω
R in the circuit? c) R = 4 Ω d) R = ∞

the power consumed in the
resistance R is measured when one
source is acting at a time, these
a) -15V values are 18 W, 50W and 98 W.
b) 0W When all the sources are acting
c) 15 W simultaneously, the possible
d) Cannot be determined unless the maximum and minimum values of
value of R is known power in R will be
What is the current I in the circuit?
a) 98W and 18W

b) 166W and 18W
a) 0A b) 2A c) 450W and 2W
c) 5A d) 6A d) 166W and 2W
Q.29 Three parallel resistive branches are Q.33 According to maximum power
connected across a d.c. supply. What transfer theorem, when is the
maximum power absorbed by one non-linear, active or passive, time-
network from another network? variant or time-invariant?
a) The impedance of one of the a) Thevenin theorem
networks is half that of the other b) Norton theorem
b) The impedance of one is the c) Tellegen theorem
complex conjugate of the other d) Superposition theorem
c) The impedance of one is equal to
that of the other Q.39 In the circuit shown below, if the
d) Only the resistive parts of both source voltage Vs = 100 ∠ 53.130 V
are equal then the Thevnin’s equivalent
voltage in Volts as seen by the load
Q.34 In the circuit shown in the given resistance RL is
figure, RL will absorb maximum
power when its value is
a) 100 ∠ 900 b) 800 ∠ 00

c) 800 ∠ 900 d) 100 ∠ 600
a) 2.75 Ω b) 7.5 Ω Q.40 Match List –I with List-II and select

c) 25 Ω d) 27 Ω the correct answer using the code
given below the Lists:
Q.35 In a linear circuit, the superposition List – I (Term)
principle can be applied to calculate A. Norton equivalent of one port
the B. Open-circuit output admittance
a) Voltage and power C. Reciprocal network
b) Voltage and current D. Transmission parameters
c) Current and power List –II (Concept)
d) Voltage, current and power 1. Network where loop and node
equation have a symmetric
Q.36 In the circuit shown in the given coefficient matrix
figure, power dissipated in the 5 Ω 2. Hybrid parameter h22
resistor is 3. Parameters where V1 and I1
expressed as functions of V2 and
–I2
4. Current source in parallel with
the impedance
a) Zero b) 80 W Code: A B C D
c) 125 W d) 405 W a) 1 3 4 2
b) 4 2 1 3
Q.37 If two identical 3A, 4Ω Nrton
c) 1 2 4 3
equivalent circuits are connected in
d) 4 3 1 2
parallel with like polarity, the
combined Norton equivalent circuit
Q.41 Consider the following statements:
will be
Network NA in figure (A) can be
a) 3A, 8Ω b) 6A, 8Ω
replaced by the network NB shown
c) 0A, 2Ω d) 6A, 2Ω
in figure (B), when Ic and Rc,
Q.38 Which of the following theorems can respectively, are
be applied to any network-linear or 1. 5A and 2Ω 2. 10A and 1Ω
1 1 are the Norton equivalent current IN
3. 15A and Ω 4.30A and Ω
2 5 and resistance RN in the figure (b)?
VT R R
a) , T L
 R T R L  R T +R L
Which of these statements given  
 R T +R L 
is/are correct? V
a) 1 only b) 2, 3 and 4 b) T , R N =R T
RT
c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 d) 2 and 3
V
c) T , R N = R L
Q.42 Consider the following properties of RT
a particular network theorem: d) None of the above
1. The theorem is not concerned
with type of elements. Q.45 The terminal volt-ampere
2. The theorem is only based on the conditions of a linear reciprocal
two Kirchoff’s laws. network N are shown in the figure
3. The reference directions of the (a). What is the current I
branch voltages and currents are corresponding to the terminal
arbitrary except that they have conditions shown in the figure (b)?
to satisfy Kirchoff’s laws.
Which one of the following
theorems has the above
characteristics?
a) Thevenin’s theorem
b) Norton’s theorem
c) Tellegen’s theorem
d) Superposition theorem a) – 1 A b) 9 A
c) 10 A d) 11 A
Q.46 What is the value of R required for
maximum power transfer in the
network shown above?
What should be the value of

resistance R, in the above circuit it
has to absorb the maximum power
from the source? a) 2Ω b) 4Ω
a) 8/3 ohms b) 3/8 ohms
c) 8Ω d) 16Ω
c) 4 ohms d) 8 ohms
Q.44 A network with independent Q.47 What are the source voltage and
sources and resistors shown above source resistance, respectively for
in figure (a) has a Thevenin voltage the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as
VT and Thevenin resistance RT. What seen from the terminals indicated in
the circuit given above?
A. Norton’s theorem
1.Effects of independent sources in a
linear circuit are additive
B. Superposition theorem
2.Law of non- accumulation of
charge holds good at nodes
C. Thevenin’s theorem
a) 20 V, 24 Ω b) 20 V, 48Ω D. Kirchhoffs current law
c) 20 V, 4.8 Ω d) 20 V,12 Ω List – II (Property)
1. Effects on independent sources
Q.48 What is the Thevenin resistance in a linear circuit are addictive
seen from the terminals AB of the 2. Law of non-accumulation of
circuit shown above in the figure? charge holds good at nodes
3. Current source with shunt
resistor
4. Voltage source with series
resistor
Code:
A B C D
a) 2 4 1 3
b) 3 1 4 2
c) 2 1 4 3
a) 2Ω b) 4Ω d) 3 4 1 2
c) 8Ω d) 12 Ω
Q.51 For the network shown above I =
(0.2V – 2) A, (I = the current
Q.49 In the network in fig, the mesh delivered by the voltage source V).
current I and the input impedance The Thevenin voltage Vth and
seen by the 50V source, resistance Rthfor the network N
respectively, are across the terminals AB are
respectively
125 11
a) A and Ω
13 8 a) –10V, 5 Ω b) 10V, 5 Ω
150 13 c) –10V, 0.2 Ω d) 10V, 0.2 Ω
b) A and Ω
13 8
150 11 Q.52 In the circuit, S was initially open. At
c) A and Ω time t=0, S is closed. When the
13 8
current through the inductor is 6A,
125 13
d) A and Ω the rate of change of current
13 8 through the resistor is 6A/s. The
value of the inductor would be
Q.50 Match List – I with List – II and
select the correct answer using the
code given below the Lists:
List – I (Theorem/Law)
Q.56 The circuit shown in the given figure
is in the steady state with the switch
S closed
a) 1H b) 2H
c) 3H d) 4H
Q.53 In the circuit in fig, the switch S is The current i(t) after S is opened at
closed at t = 0. Assuming that there t=0 is
is no initial charge in the capacitor, a) A decreasing exponential
the current iC (t) for t > 0 is b) An increasing exponential
c) A damped sinusoid
d) Oscillatory
Q.57 A resistor R of 1 Ω and two

inductors L1 and L2 of inductances
2t
VS − RC 2t
VS − RC 1H and 2H, respectively, are
a) e A b) e A connected in parallel. At some time,
R 2R the currents through L1 and L2 are
V −1 V −1 1A and 2A, respectively. The current
c) S e RC A d) S e RC A
2R R through R at time t = ∞ will be
a) zero b) 1A
Q.54 In the circuit shown in the given c) 2A d) 3A
figure, the values of i(0+) and I (∞),
will be, respectively Q.58 In the circuit shown, the switch is
moved from position A to B at time t
= 0. The current i through the
inductor satisfies the following
conditions.
1.i(0) = −8A
a) zero and 1.5A b) 1.5 A and 3A
c) 3A and zero d) 3A and 1.5A di
2. (t= 0)= 3A / s
dt
Q.55 In the circuit shown in the given 3.i(∞) =4A
figure, C1 = C2 = 2F and the capacitor
C1 has a voltage of 20V when S is
open.
The value of R is
a) 0.5 ohm b) 2.0 ohm
c) 4.0 ohm d) 12 ohm
If the switch S is closed at t = 0, the
voltage v c 2 will be a Q.59 For the circuit in fig, the switch was
a) Fixed voltage of 20V kept closed for a long time before
b) Fixed voltage of 10V opening it at time t = 0. The voltage
c) Fixed voltage of -10V vL (0+) is
d) Sinusoidal voltage
1. Both make the solution of circuit
problems simple and easy.
2. Both are applicable for the study
of circuit behavior for t – α to α.
3. Both convert differential
a) – 10V b) – 1V equations to algebraic equations.
c) 0 V d) 10V 4. Both can be used for transient
and steady state analysis.
Q.60 For the circuit given, what is the Which of the above statements are
expression for the voltage v? correct?
a) 1, 2, 3 and 4
b) 2, 3 and 4 only
c) 1, 2 and 4 only
d) 1, 3 and 4 only
a) vi + v c b) v c Q.64 If the switch S in the circuit shown
dv dv above is opened at t = 0, what are
c) RC c − v c d) RC c + v c
dt dt the values of V(0+) and d V(0+)/dt,
respectively?
Q.61 A step voltage is applied to the
circuit shown. What is the transient
current response of the circuit?
a) 100V, 10,000 V/s

b) 100 V, - 10,000 V/s
a) Undamped sinusoidal c) –100 V, 10,000 V/s
b) Overdamped d) –100 V, -10,000 V/s
c) Underdamped
d) Critically damped Q.65 The response of a linear, time-
invariant system to a unit step is s(t)
Q.62 The circuit shown above is under = (1 – e-t/RC) u(t), where u(t) is the
steady-state condition with the unit step. What is the impulse
switch closed. The switch is opened response of this system?
at t = 0. What is the time constant of a) e − t /RC b) e-t/RC u(t)
the circuit? c) 1/RC {e-t/RCu(t)} d) δ(t)
Q.66 The relation between input x(t) and

output y(t) of a continuous-time
system is given by
dy(t)
+ 3y(t) =x(t).
a) 0.1 s b) 0.2 s dt
c) 5 s d) 10 s What is the forced response of the
system when x(t) = k (a constant)?
Q.63 Consider the following statements a) k b) k/3
regarding the use of Laplace c) 3k d) 0
transforms and Fourier transforms Q.67 In the circuit shown below, the
in circuit analysis: switch in open for a long time and
closed at time t = 0. What is the
current through the switch after the d) 0.25 exp (-6.25 t) mA
switch is closed?
Q.71 The network shown above is
initially at rest. What is the initial
current I when the switch S is closed
at t = 0?
a) Zero b) 1 A
c) 2 A d) 5 A
Q.68 In the circuit shown above, the

switch is closed at t = 0. What is the a) 0A b) 5A
initial value of the current through c) 10A d) 20A
the capacitor?
Q.72 For series R-L-C circuit, the
characteristic
R 1
equation is given as s 2 + s+ =
0.
L LC
a) 0.8 A b) 1.6 A R 1
If is denoted by α and
c) 2.4 A d) 3.2 A 2L LC
by β then under the condition
Q.69 The switch of above circuit was of β2 > α 2 , the system will be
open for long, and at t = 0 it is
closed. What is the final steady state a) Critically damped
voltage across the capacitor and the b) Under damped
time – constant of the circuit? c) Undamped
d) Over damped
Q.73 In the above circuit, the switch has

been in position 1 for quite a long
a) 0 V and 0.1 sec time. At t = 0 the switch is moved
b) 20V and 0.2 sec to position 2. At this position
c) 10 V and 0.2 sec what is the time constant?
d) 10V and 0.1 sec
Q.70 In the circuit shown, VC is 0 volts at t

= 0 sec. For t >0, the capacitor
current ic(t), where t is in seconds, is
given by
a) 0.1 s b) 1 s
c) 0.11 s d) 1.11 s
Q.74 In the above circuit, the switch is

a) 0.50 exp (-25 t) mA open for a long time. At time t = 0,
b) 0.25 exp (-25 t) mA the switch is closed. What are the
c) 0.50 exp (-12.5 t) mA initial and final values of voltages
across the inductor?
v =, 125e−50t V,i = 5e−50t A .The value of L
will be
a)0V and 0V b)0V and 80V

c)80 V and 0V d)80V and 80V
a) 0.005 H b) 0.05 H
c) 0.5 H d) 5 H
Q.75 The voltage applied to an R-L circuit
at t = 0 when switch is closed is 100
Q.79 In the circuit shown above, switch S
cos (100t + 30°). The circuit
is closed at t = 0. The time constant
resistance is 80 Ω and inductance is
of the circuit and initial value of
0.6 H (in which initial current is
current i(t) are
zero). What is the maximum
amplitude of current flowing
through the circuit?
a) 1A b) 2A
c) 5A d) 10A
Q.76 The current in the network is

a) 30 sec, 0.5 A b) 60 sec, 1.0 A
c) 90 sec, 1.0 A d) 20 sec, 0.5 A
Q.80 The circuit as shown above is in the

steady state. The switch S is closed
at t=0. What are the values of v and
a) |t – 1 + e-t | u(t) dv
b) |t2 – t + e-t | u(t) at t = 0?
dt
c) |t + 1 + e-t | u(t)
d) |t – 1 – e-t | u(t)
Q.77 The switch shown Fig, is ideal and

has been in position 1 for t < 0. If the
switch is moved to position 2 at t = a) 0 and 4 b) 4 and 0
0, then v0 for t > 0 is given by c) 2 and 0 d) 0 and 2
Q.81 The value of the current i(t) in

amperes in the above circuit is
a) 0 V
b) 2 + 2(1 – e-100t)
c) 2(1 – e-1000t)
d) 2 e-1000t V
Q.78 Voltage and current expressions for a) 0 b) 10

the above circuit are given at t ≥ 0 as c) 10 e-t d) 10 (1 – e-t)
Q.82 In the circuit shown above, the a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only
switch is closed after a long time. c) 3 and 4 only d) 1 and 4 only
The current is(0+) through the
switch is Q.86 In the circuit shown, the initial
current I0 through the inductor is
given in the figure. The initial value
of the voltage across the inductor
V0(0+) is
a) 1A b) 2/3A
c) 1/3A d) 0A
Q.83 The value of V that would result in a a) 12.5 V b) 5.0 V

steady-state current of 1A through c) 10.0 V d) 0.0 V
the inductor in the above circuit is
Q.87 Initially, the circuit shown in the
given figure was relaxed. if the
switch is closed at t=0, the values of
d 2i +
i(0+), di/dt (0+) and
dt 2
( 0 ) will
a) 30V b) 15V respectively be
c) 20V d) 25V
Q.84 The circuit shown in the figure is in

steady state before the switch is
closed at t = 0. The current iS(0+)
through the switch is
a) 0, 10 and -100 b) 0, 10 and 100
c) 10,100 and 0 d) 100, 0 and 10
Q.88 For the above shown network, the

V (s) 4s
function G(s) = 0 is 2
Vi (s) s + 4s + 20
a) 1/3 A b) 2/3 A when R is 2 ohm. What is the value
c) 1 A d) 0 A of L and C?

1. Voltage across a capacitor
cannot change abruptly
2. Voltage across an inductor a) 0.3 H and 1 F b) 0.4H and 0.5F
cannot change abruptly c) 0.5H and 0.1F d) 0.5H and 0.01F
3. Current through a capacitor
cannot change abruptly Q.89 A unit step u (t-5) is applied to the
4. Current through an inductor RL network. The current i is given
cannot change abruptly by
Which of these statements are
correct?
1  π
a) cos  t −  b) cost
2  4
 π 1
c) cos  t −  d) cos t
 4 2
Q.94 For the circuit shown in the given

a) 1- e-t figure, if C=20µF, v(0-)=-50V and
b) [1-e-(t-5)] u(t-5)
dv(0− )
c) (1- e-t) u(t-5) = 500V / S , then R is
d) 1-e-(t-5) dt
Q.90 The response of a network is

i(t)=Kte-α t for t ≥ 0 where α is real
positive. The value of‘t’ at which the
i(t) will become maximum, is
a) 2K b) 3K
a) α b) 2α
c) 5K d) 10K
c) 1/α d) α2
Q.95 In the circuit shown in the given
Q.91 If I = - 10 e-2t, the voltage of the figure, the switch is closed at t = 0.
source of the given circuit, Vs is The current through the capacitor
given by will decrease exponentially with a
time constant:
a) -10 e-2t b) -20 e-2t

c) 20 e-2t d) -30 e-2t
a) 0.5s b) 1s
c) 2s d) 10s
Q.92 The steady state in the circuit,
shown in the given figure is reached
Q.96 A unit step current of 1A is applied
with S open. S is closed at t =0. The
to a network whose driving point
current I at t =0+ is
V(s) s+3
impedance is Z(s) = = ;
I(s) (s + 2) 2
then the steady state and initial
values of the voltage developed
across the source are respectively
3  1 3 
a)  V,1V  b)  V, V 
4  4 4 
a) 1 A b) 2 A
3   3 
c) 3 A d) 4 A c)  V, 0V  d)  1V, V 
4   4 
1
Q.93 The system function H(s) = . for Q.97 The current i in a series R-L circuit
s +1
an input signal cost, the steady state with R = 10 Ω and L = 20 mH is
response is given by i = 2sin 500t A. If v is the
voltage across the R-L combination,
then i
a) Lags v by 450
b) is in-phase with
c) Leads v by 450
d) lags v by 900 a) 20 2∠45o b) 20∠30 o
c) 20∠45o d) 20 2∠30o
Q.98 The input impedance of a series RLC
circuit operating at frequency Q.102 In the circuit shown in the above
ω= 2ω0 , ω0 being the resonant figure, switch K is closed at t=0. The
circuit was initially relaxed. Which
frequency, is
one of the following sources of v(t)
 ω L  ω L
a)  R − j 0  Ω b)  R + j 0  Ω will produce maximum current at
 2   2  t=0+ ?
c) (R − j 2ω0 L)Ω d) (R + j 2ω0 L)Ω
Q.99 Which one of the following
theorems can be conveniently used
to calculate the power consumed by
the 10 Ω resistor in the network a) Unit step
shown in the given figure?
b) Unit impulse
c) Unit ramp
d) Unit step plus unit ramp

a) Thevenin’s theorem If a network has an impedance of (1-
b) Maximum power transfer j) as a specific frequency, the circuit
theorem would consist of series
c) Millman’s theorem 1. R and C
d) Superposition theorem 2. R and L
3. R, L and C
Q.100 In the circuit shown in the given Which of these statements are
figure, the current supplied by the correct?
sinusoidal current source I is a) 1 and 2 b) 1 and 3
c) 1, 2 and 3 d) 2 and 3
Q.104 In the transformer shown in the

given figure, the inductance
a) 28A measured across the terminal 1 and
b) 4A 2 was 4H with open terminals 3 and
c) 20A 4. It was 3H when the terminal 3
d) not determinable from the data and 4 were short circuited. The
given. coefficient of coupling would be
Q.101 In the circuit, if the power dissipated

in the 6Ω resistor is zero then V is
a) 1
b) 0.707
c) 0.5 power factor of the network is
d) indeterminate due to insufficient approximately:
data. a) 0.9 b) 0.6
c) 0.3 d) 0.1
Q.105 The circuit shown in the figure, will
act as an ideal current source with Q.109 A series R–L circuit is to be
respect to terminals A and B, when connected to an a.c. source v(t) = Vm
frequency is sin ( ωi + φ )volt. Which one of the
following is correct? The transient
current will be absent if the source
is connected at a time t0 such that
a) ω t0 = 0
π
a) Zero b) 1 rad/s b) ω t0 =
c) 4 rad/s d) 16 rad/s 2
ωL
c) ω t0 = tan-1
Q.106 A series LCR circuit with R
R= 10Ω|X L | =20Ω , and |Xc| = 20Ω is d) ω t0 has any arbitrary value
connected across an ac supply of
200Vrms. The rms voltage across Q.110 A series R – L – C circuit is switched
the capacitor is on to a step voltage V at t = 0. What
is the initial and final value of the
a) 200∠-90o V b) 200∠90o V
current in the circuit, respectively?
c) 400∠90o V d) 400∠-90o V
a)V/R, V/R b)Zero, Infinity
c)Zero, Zero d)Zero, V/R
Q.107 In the circuit, if |I1| = |I2| = 10A
Q.111 A lossy capacitor is represented by
an ideal capacitor C with a high
resistance R in parallel. What is the
Q of the circuit at frequency ω ?
a) a) ω CR b) 1/( ω CR)
8 8 c) ω C/R d) R/( ω C)
I1 will lead bytan -1 , I 2 will lag by tan -1
6 6
Q.112 Two coils are coupled in such a way
b)
6 6
that the mutual inductance between
I1 will lead by tan -1 ,I 2 will lag by tan -1 them is 16mH. If the inductances of
8 8
the coils are 20mH and 80mH
c)
respectively, the coefficient of
8 8
I1 will lag by tan −1 , I 2 will lead by tan −1 coupling is:
6 6 a) 0.01 b) 0.4
d) c) 0.1 d) 0.0025
6 8
I1 will lag by tan −1 , I 2 will lead by tain −1
8 6 Q.113 When is a series RLC circuit over
damped?
Q.108 In a two element series network, the
R2 1 R2 1
voltage and current respectively are a) 2 = b) <
given as.V (t) = 50 sin (314 t) + 50 4L LC 4L C
sin (942 t) V, i (t) = 10 sin (314 t + R2 1 R2 1
c) > d) =
600) + 8 sin (942 t + 450) A, then the 4L C 4C 2
LC
Q.114 Consider the following circuit: value and frequency is connected.
For the above circuit, which one of The circuit will exhibit two
the following statements is correct? resonances if
The voltage V0 is independent of R, if a) The reactance of the capacitor is
the input signal frequency ω less than 10Ω.
b) The reactance of the capacitor is
greater than 10Ω.
c) The reactance of the capacitor
equals 10Ω
1 1 d) The capacitor is removed by a
a) is b) is short circuit.
LC  2 LC 
 
Q.119 A series R-L-C circuit, excited by a
c) is LC d) Has any value 100V variable frequency source, has
a resistance of 10 Ω and an
Q.115 Consider the following circuit: For
inductive reactance of 50 Ω at 100
what value of ω, the circuit shown Hz. If the resonance frequency is
exhibits unity power factor ? 500 Hz, what is the voltage across
1 1 the capacitor at resonance?
a) b)
LC  LC + R 2 C2  a) 100V b) 500V
 
c) 2500V d) 5000V
1 1
c) d)
 LC − R 2 C2  RC Q.120 In a series RLC, circuit, the locus of
 
the tip of the admittance phasor in
the complex plane as the frequency
Q.116 An RLC series circuit has a is varied, is
resistance R of 20 Ω and a current a) A semicircle in the upper half of
which lags behind the applied the G-B plane having the centre
voltage by 45o. If the voltage across
1  1
the inductor is twice the voltage at  , 0  and radius
across the capacitor, what is the R  R
value of inductive reactance? b) A circle in the upper half of the
a) 10 Ω b) 20Ω G-B plane having the centre at
c) 40Ω d) 60Ω  1  1
 , 0  and radius
 ( 2R )  (2R )
Q.117 R and C are connected in parallel c) A semicircle in the bottom half of
across a sinusoidal voltage source of the G-B plane having the centre
240V. If the currents through the
source and the capacitor are 5A and  −1  1
at  , 0  and radius
4A, respectively; what is the value of  ( 2R )  ( 2R )
R? d) A semicircle in the upper half of
a) 24 Ω b) 48 the G-B plane having the centre
c) 80 Ω d) 240 Ω  1  1
at  − , 0  and radius
 R  R
Q.118 A parallel circuit consists of two
branches: one with a pure capacitor
and the other has resistor of 5 Ω in statements is not correct for the
series with a variable inductor. To circuit shown at resonant
this circuit on ac voltage of fixed frequency?
Which of the statements given
above are correct?
a) 1, 2 and 3 b) 1 and 2 only
c) 2 and 3 only d)1 and 3 only
a) The current is maximum
b) The equivalent impedance is real Q.125 Width of resonance curve in an R – L
c) The inductive and capacitive – C network is determined by which
reactance are equal in one of the following?
magnitude a)R alone b)L alone
1 C c)C alone d)All R, L and C
d) The quality factor equals
R L
Q.126 What is the average power for
Q.122 A parallel circuit has two branches. periodic non-sinusoidal voltages
In one branch, R and L are in series and currents?
and in the other branch, R and C are a) The average power of the
in series. The circuit will exhibit fundamental component alone
unity power factor when b) The sum of the average powers
of the harmonics excluding the
L
a) R = b) R = LC fundamental
C c) The sum of the average powers
C L of the sinusoidal components
c) R = d) R =
L C including the fundamental
d) The sum of the root mean square
Q.123 x(t): Input voltage power of the sinusoidal
y(t): Output voltage components including the
Consider the circuit shown above: fundamental
What is the natural response of this
system? Q.127 A coil is tuned to resonance at 500
kHz with a resonating capacitor of
36pF. At 250 kHz, the resonance is
obtained with resonating capacitor
of 160pF. What is the self –
capacitance of the coil?
a) 2.66pF b) 5.33pF
a) A sinusoid with constant c) 8pF d) 10.66pF
amplitude
b) A growing sinusoid Q.128 Which one of the following relations
c) Zero for power is not correct?
d) A decaying sinusoid a) P = VIcos ϕ
b) P = Re part of [VI*]
c) P = Re part of [V*I]
When a series R –L –C circuit is
d) P =VIsin ϕ
under resonance
1. Current is maximum through R
2. Magnitude of the voltage across Q.129 For the circuit shown in the above
L is equal to that across C figure, what is the natural
3. The power factor of the circuit is frequency?
unity
Which one of the following is the
A B
transfer matrix   of the
 C D
network shown?
a) 1 M rad/s b) 2 M rad/s
c) 3 M rad/s d) 5 M rad/s
Q.130 If the transmission parameters of
the above network are A=C=1, B=2 1 0  1 10 
a)  b) 
and D=3, then the value of Zm is
0 10  0 1 

0 1  0 10 
c)  d) 
10 0  1 0 

Q.134 For an ideal step-down (n:1)

12 13 transformer, which one of the
a) Ω b) Ω
13 12 following is the ABCD parameter
c) 3Ω d) 4Ω matrix?
n 1 n 0
Q.131 The impedance matrices of two, a)   b)  
1 n 0 n
two-port networks are given by
n 0   n 1/ n 
 3 2 15 5  c)   d)  
 2 3  and  5 25 . If these two  0 1/ n   1/ n 1 
   
Q.135 What is the expression for h12 in
networks are connected in series,
respect of the network shown:
the impedance matrix of the
resulting two-port network will be
3 5  18 7 
a)   b)  
 2 25  7 28
15 2 
c)   d)indeterminate
 5 3
Z2 − Z1 Z1 + Z2
a) b)
Q.132 A two port network is reciprocal, if Z1 + Z2 Z2 − Z1
and only if Z + Z2 Z − Z2
a) Z11 = Z 22 c) 1 d) 1
Z1 − Z2 Z1 + Z2
b) BC − AD = −1
c) Y12 = −Y21 Q.136 Two two-port networks are
d) h12 = h 21 connected in parallel. The
combination is to be represented as
Q.133 The input voltage V1 and current I1 a single two-port network. The
for a linear passive network is given parameters of this network are
by V1 = AV2 + BI2 and I1 = CV2 + obtained by addition of the
DI2 Now consider the following individual
network: a) z-parameters
b) h – parameter
c) y-parameters
d)ABCD parameters
Q.137 Two 2-port networks with
transmission matrices
1 2   2 4
TA =   and TB =  
 0.1 4   0.5 3 
are connected in cascade. Which is
Which one of the following gives the
the transmission matrix of the
parameters of an equivalent π
combination?
network shown above?
 3 10   3 6  a) y1 = 4 , y2 = 0, y3 = 1
a)   b)  
 2.2 12.4   0.2 12.4  b) y1 = 4 , y2 = 4 , y3 = 1
 1 10   3 10  c) y1 = 1 , y2 = 1 , y3 = 1
c)   d)   d) y1 = 4 , y2 =0, y3 = 2
 2.0 12.0  12.4 2.2 
Q.141 Which of the following are the
Q.138 Which one of the following is the conditions for a two port passive
transmission matrix for the network network to be a reciprocal one?
shown in the figure given above? 1. z12 = z21
2. y12 = y21
3. h12 = -h21
Select the correct condition from the
code given below:
a) Only 1 and 2 b) Only 2 and 3
c) Only 1 and 3 d) 1, 2 and 3
 1 1 + yz  1 + yz z 
a)  b) 
y z   y 1  Q.142 What is the open circuit impedance
Z’11(s) of the network shown in the
1 z  1 1 + yz 
c)   d)  figure given above?
 y 1 + yz  z y 
Q.139 What is the value of the parameter

h12 for the 2-port network shown in
the figure given above?
 4
a) 10 + 2s b)  10 − 
 s
 4
c)  10 +  d) 10 – 2s
 s
a) 0.125 b) 0.167 Q.143 What is the value of z21 for the

c) 0.250 d) 0.625 network shown above?
Q.140 The currents I1 and I2 at the output

of 2-port network can be written as
I1 = 5V1 – V2 I2 = - V1 + V2
a) - 2 Ω b) –1/2 Ω
c) 1 Ω d) 2 Ω
Q.144 The circuit shown in the figure Q.149 What are the ABCD parameters of
above the single element circuit given
above?
a) Is reciprocal but not symmetrical

b) Is not reciprocal but symmetrical 1 Z 1 1
a)  b) 
c) Is both reciprocal and 0 1  Z 0 
symmetrical
1 Z Z 1
d) Is neither reciprocal nor c)  d) 
symmetrical 1 0  1 1
Q.145 The circuit shown in the above Q.150 For determining the network
figure functions of a two-port network, it is
1. is reciprocal required to consider that
2. has Z11 = 2, Z22 = 2 a) All initial conditions remain
3. has Z11 = 4, Z22 = 2 same
4. has Z11 = 0, Z22 = 2 b) All initial conditions are zero
Select the correct answer using the c) Part of initial conditions are
code given below: equal to zero
d) Initial conditions vary depending
on nature of network
Q.151 If a two-port network is reciprocal

as well as symmetrical, which one of
the following relationships is
a) 1 and 3 b) 1 and 2
correct?
c) 1 and 4 d) 3 only
a) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22
Q.146 A reciprocal two-port network is
b) Y12 = Y21 and Y11 = Y22
symmetrical if
c) AD – BC = 1 and A = D
a) ∇ A = 1 b) A = C d) All of the above
c) z11 = z22 d) ∆ y = 1
Q.152 Match List I with List II and select
Q.147 With respect to transmission
parameters, which one of the the correct answer using the code
following is correct? given below the lists:
a) A and B are dimensionless List-I
b) B and C are dimensionless
(Network parameter)
c) A and D are dimensionless
d) B and D are dimensionless A. Z11
B. A
Q.148 A Two-port network has z11 = C. C
13/35, z12 = z21 = 2/35, z22 = 3/35.
D. Z22
Its y11 and y12 parameters will,
respectively, be List-II
a) 3, -2 b) 3, 2 (Measure under open-circuit
c) 13, -2 d) 13, 2 conditions)
V2 A. I1, I2 1. y
1) I1 = 0 B. V1, V2 2. z
I2
C. I1, V2 3. g
V1 D. V1, I2 4. h
2) I2 = 0
V2 Codes:
V1 A B C D
3) I2 = 0 a) 1 2 3 4
I1 b) 4 2 3 1
I1 c) 1 3 2 4
4) I2 = 0 d) 4 3 2 1
V2
Codes: Q.156 With reference to the above
A B C D network the value of Z11 will be
a) 1 4 2 3
b) 3 4 2 1
c) 1 2 4 3
d) 3 2 4 1
Q.153 If the connection of two two-ports is

such that the transmission matrix of
the overall network is the product of a) – 3 b) 3
the transmission matrices of the c) – 1 d) – 5
individual networks, what type of
connection is it? Q.157 A two-port network satisfies the
a) Series connection following relations:
b) Cascade connection 4I1 + 8I2 = 2V1
c) Parallel connection 8I1 + 16 I2 = V2
d) none of the above 1. The network is reciprocal
2. Z11 = 4 and Z12 = 8
Q.154 In the case of ABCD parameters, if 3. Z21 = 8 and Z22 = 16
all the impedances in the network 4. Z11 = 2 and Z12 = 4
are doubled, then
a) A and D remain unchanged, C is
halved and B is doubled
b) A, B, C and D are doubled
c) A and B are doubled, C and D are
unchanged Which of these relations are correct?
d) A and D are unchanged, C is a)1, 2, 3 and 4 b)2 and 3 only
doubled and B is halved c)3 and 4 only d)1 and 2 only
Q.155 Match List I with List II and select Q.158 In the circuit shown, 2-port network
the correct answer using the code N has Z11 = 103 Ω, Z12 = 10Ω, Z21 = -
given below the lists: 106Ω and Z22 =104Ω. The current
List I List II (Two-port I
gain 2 is
(Excitation) parameters) I1
 0.7 −0.5  0.7 0.5
a)   b) 
 −0.5 0.8   −0.5 0.8
 0.8 −0.5  0.7 −0.5
c)   d) 
 −0.5 0.7   0.5 0.8 
a) -50 b) +50
c) +20 d) -20
Q.163 Assertion A: The fundamental loop
Q.159 In the 2-port network shown in the of a linear directed graph contains
figure, the value of Y12 is four twigs and two links
corresponding to a given tree.
Reason R: In a linear directed
graph, a link forms a closed loop.
a) Both A and R are individually
true and R is the correct
1 1 explanation of A.
a) − mho b) + mho b) Both A and R are individually
3 3
true but R is NOT the correct
c) −3mho d) + 3mho
explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
Q.160 The h parameters h11 and h22 are d) A is false but R is true
related to z and y parameters as
a) h11=z11 and h22=1/z22 Q.164 The number of edges in a compete
b) h11= z11 and h22=y22 graph of n vertices is
c) h11= 1/y11 and h22=1/z22 n (n − 1)
d) h11=1/y11 and h22=y22 a) n (n-1) b)
2
c) n d) n-1
Q.161 The lattice has the following
impedances ZA = 3 + j4, Zn = 3-j4.
Q.165 Which one of the following is a cut
Then the Z- parameters would be
set of the graph shown in the figure?
 3 + j4 0   3 − j4  a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 b) 2, 3, 4 and 6
a)   b)   c) 1, 4, 5 and 6 d) 1, 3, 4 and 5
 0 3 − j4   − j4 3 
 3 − j4 3   − j4 3  Q.166 The network has 10 nodes and 17
c)   d)  
 3 3 + j4   3 + j4  branches. The number of different
node pair voltages would be
Q.162 Which one of the following gives the a) 7 b) 9
correct short circuit parameter c) 10 d) 45
matrix Y for the network shown
Q.167 The dual of a parallel R-C circuit is a
a) Series R-C circuit
b) Series R-L circuit
c) Parallel R-C circuit
d) Parallel R-C circuit
Q.168 For a network of 11 branches and 6
nodes, what is the number of
independent loops?
a) 4 b) 5
c) 6 d) 11 a) b)

statements is not correct?
a) A tree contains all the vertices of
its graph.
c) d)
b) A circuit contains all the vertices
of its graph.
c) The number of f-circuits is the
same as the number of chords.
d) There are at least two edges in a
circuit.
Q.173 The graph of a network is shown in
Q.170 Consider the following graph:
figure above. Which one of the
figures shown below is not a tree of
the graph?
Which one of the following is not a

tree of the above graph?
a) b)
a) b)
c) d)
c) d)
Q.171 What is the total number of trees for

the graph shown above?
Q.174 A network has 4 nodes and 3
independent loops. Number of
branches in the network?
a) 5 b) 6
a) 4 b) 8 c) 7 d) 8
c) 12 d) 16
Q.175 Consider the following statements
Q.172 For the network graph shown in the with regard to a complete incidence
figure given above, which one of the matrix:
following is not a tree? 1. The sum of the entries in any
column is zero.
2. The rank of the matrix is n – 1  −1 −1 0   1 0 1
where n is the number of nodes. c)  0 1 1  d)  −1 −1 0 
3. The determinant of the matrix of    
a closed loop is zero.  1 0 −1  0 −1 1 
above are correct? Q.179 Number of fundamental cut-sets of
a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only any graph will be
c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3 a) Same as the number of twigs
b) Same as the number of tree
Q.176 What is the number of chords of a branches
connected graph G of n vertices and c) Same as the number of nodes
e edges? d) Equal to one
a) n (n – 1)/2 b) n – 1
c) e – n – 1 d) e – n + 1 Q.180 In a network with twelve circuit
elements and five nodes, what is the
Q.177 Consider a circuit which consists of minimum number of mesh
resistors and independent current equations?
sources, and one independent a) 24 b) 12
voltage source connected between c) 10 d) 8
the nodes i and j. The equations are
obtained for voltage of n unknown Q.181 The maximum number of trees of
nodes with respect to one reference the graph in fig, is
node in the form
 V1  M
 V  M 
[∆]   =  
2
 M M  a)16 b)25
   c)100 d)125
 Vn  M
What are the elements of the ∆ ?
Q.182 Consider the spanning tree of the
a) All conductance’s
connected graph: What is the
b) All resistances
number of fundamental cut-sets?
c) Mixed conductance’s and
constant
d) Mixed conductance’s and
resistances
Q.178 Consider the directed graph shown a)15 b)16

above: c)8 d)7
What is its incidence matrix?
Q.183 Match List X with List Y for the tree
branches 1, 2, 3 and 8 of the graph
shown in the given figure and select
the correct answer using the codes
given below the lists:
 −1 −1 0   1 0 −1
a)  0 −1 1  b)  1 1 0 
   
 −1 0 −1  0 −1 1 
b) Equal to the total number of
internal poles and zeros
c) One less than the total number of
internal poles and zeros
d) None of the above
List X List Y Q.187 For the network shown in the figure

Twigs 4,5,6,7 given above, what is the value of
Links 1,2,3,8 z(s)?
Fundamental cutest 1,2,3,4
Fundamental loop 6,7,8
Codes:
A B C D
a) I II III IV s 2 + 2s + 2 s+2
a) b)
b) III II I IV s +1 (s + 1) 2
c) I IV III II s +1 (s + 1) 2
d) III IV I II c) 2 d)
s + 2s + 2 (s + 2)
Q.184 Driving point impedance
Q.188 If Y1 and Y2 are the RC driving point
s(s + 1)
2
Z(s) = 2 is not admittance and impedance
s +4 functions, respectively, such that
realizable because the Y1 (s + 1)(s + 3)
a) Number of zeroes is more than = then, the value of
Y2 (s + 2) 2
the number of poles
b) Poles and zeroes lie on the Y2 can be
imaginary axis s+3 s+2
1. 2.
c) Poles and zeroes do not s+2 s +1
alternate on imaginary axis s+2
3. 4. s + 2
d) Poles and zeroes are not located (s + 1)(s + 3)
on the real axis Which of the above are correct?
3 a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3
Q.185 The function s + 2 + can be realized c) 3 and 4 d) 1 and 4
s
a) Both as a driving point
Q.189 A reactive network has poles at ω =
impedance and as a driving point
0, 4000 rad/s, and infinity and zeros
admittance
at ω = 2000 and 6000 rad/s. The
b) As an impedance, but not as an
impedance of the network is –j 700
admittance
Ohm at 1000 rad/s. What is the
c) As an admittance, but not as an
correct expression for the driving
impedance
point impedance?
d) Neither as impedance nor as
a) − j(0.1ω) (ω − 42×102 )(ω − 366 ×10 ) Ohm
2 6 2 6
admittance
Q.186 What is the minimum number of ω (ω − 16 ×10 )
elements required to realize a given ω2 (ω2 − 16 ×106 )
b) j(0.1ω) Ohm
driving point susceptance function? (ω2 − 4 ×106 )(ω2 × 36 × 106 )
a) One greater than the total (ω2 − 4 ×106 )(ω2 − 36 ×106 )
number of internal poles & zeros c) j(0.1ω) Ohm
ω2 (ω2 − 16 ×106 )
d) − j(0.1ω) ω2 (ω2 − 16 × 106 )
Ohm
(ω2 − 4 ×106 )(ω2 − 36 ×106 )
Q.190 Consider the following expression

for the driving point impedance:
2( s 2 + 1)( s 2 + 9)
Z (s) =
s ( s 2 + 4)
1. It represents an LC circuit
2. It represents an RLC circuit
3. It has poles lying on the j ω axis
4. It has a pole at infinite frequency
and a zero at zero frequency
above are correct?
a) 2 and 4 b) 1 and 3
c) 1 and 4 d) 2 and 3
Q.191 Which one of the following functions

is an RC driving point
impedance?
s(s + 3)(s + 4) (s + 3)(s + 4)
a) b)
(s + 1)(s + 2) (s + 1)(s + 2)
(s + 3)(s + 4) (s + 2)(s + 4)
c) d)
s(s + 1)(s + 2) (s + 1)(s + 3)
Q.192 Laplace transform of sin ( ω t + α ) is

s cos α + ω sin α ω
a) b) 2 cos α
s +ω
2 2
s + ω2
s s sin α + ω cos α
c) 2 sin α d)
s +ω 2
s 2 + ω2
Q.193 For an RC driving-point impedance

function ZRC (s)
a) ZRC (0) ≥ ZRC( ∞ )
b) ZRC (0) = ZRC( ∞ ) only
c) ZRC(0) ≤ ZRC ( ∞ )
d) ZRC (0) > ZRC ( ∞ ) only
ANSWER KEY:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(b) (c) (c) (a) (b) (b) (b) (a) (a) (b) (d) (a) (d) (a)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
(c) (a) (b) (a) (d) (c) (a) (c) (a) (d) (b) (b) (b) (a)
29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
(c) (d) (a) (c) (d) (c) (b) (a) (d) (c) (c) (b) (b) (c)
43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
(a) (b) (d) (c) (b) (a) (b) (b) (b) (b) (a) (c) (d) (a)
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
(a) (a) (a) (d) (d) (a) (c) (b) (c) (b) (a) (a) (d) (a)
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
(c) (b) (a) (c) (a) (a) (a) (c) (d) (c) (c) (c) (a) (a)
85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
(d) (a) (a) (c) (b) (c) (b) (b) (a) (c) (a) (c) (a) (b)
99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
(d) (c) (a) (b) (b) (c) (c) (a) (c) (b) (c) (c) (a) (b)
113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
(c) (a) (c) (c) (c) (b) (c) (b) (d) (a) (a) (a) (d) (d)
127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
(b) (d) (d) (a) (b) (b) (b) (c) (a) (c) (a) (c) (c) (a)
141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
(d) (c) (b) (a) (c) (c) (c) (a) (a) (b) (d) (d) (b) (a)
155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
(a) (d) (c) (b) (a) (c) (b) (a) (d) (b) (d) (d) (b) (c)
169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
(d) (c) (d) (d) (d) (b) (d) (d) (a) (c) (a) (d) (d) (d)
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193
(a) (c) (a) (b) (c) (c) (c) (b) (d) (d) (d)
EXPLANATIONS
Q.1 (b) Since the independent sources

• The given function similar to cancel each other therefore the
y = x which is Non linear, circuit will consist of only
resistances. Hence the system is
• The element is active since it has
Linear and passive.
two different slopes. One is +ve
slope (for i > 0) and other is – ve
Q.5 (b)
(for i < 0)
• For different current directions
impedance is different hence
non-bilateral
Nodal ⇒
Vxy + 120 Vxy − 60
+
40 60
Vxy = 96
Q.2 (c) = =
R xy 40 || 60 24Ω
Let, I be the current P1 = I 2 R1
P2 = I 2 R 2
Power Supplied by the source,
=P I 2 (R1 + R 2 )
=
I 2 R1 + I 2 R 2 =+
P1 P2
Q.6 (b)
Q.3 (c)
Nodal at V2 ⇒ KCL at node A⇒

V2 − V1 V2 −i x + 2 − 1 =0
+ − αi = 0 ------ (1)
R R i x = −1A
 V − V1 
Also i = −  2 P2v = 2 × ( −1)
 ------ (2)
 R  = −2w(delivered)
Substituting (2) in (1) we get Power is delivered since current is
V2 1 + α entering from –ve terminal. Pabs due
=
V1 2 + α
to 2V source =Pdel =− ( −2w ) =2w
Q.4 (a)
Q.7 (b)
V = 2.5v
Q.11 (d)
KVL ⇒
24 − I + 2Vb − Vb − 4I =0
24 − 5I + Vb = 0 ------- (1) 24
I=
R = 4A
Also Vb = 3I ------- (2) 6
2I R = 8A
From (2) and (1)
I = 12A By KCL⇒
=
I1 3I= R 12A
Q.8 (a) Power delivered by 24v source
= 24 ×12 = 288w
Q.9 (a)
By applying source transformation Q.12 (a)
to the dependent source we get
Nodal at V ⇒ Nodal at V1 ⇒
V − 15 V V + 51Vx
+ + = 0 V1 − 5 V1 − V2
7 7 19 + − 1 =0
2V − 15 V + 51Vx 5 2
+ = 0 -------- (1) 7V1 − 5V2 = 20 --------- (1)
7 19
V + 51Vx Nodal at V2 ⇒
I= -------- (2) V2 − V1 V2 V2 − 5
19 + + = 0
Vx = 2I -------- (3) (by ohm’s law) 2 2 4
Solving (1) (2) and (3) we get −2V1 + 5V2 = 5 --------- (2)
I = −94.34mA Solving (1) &(2)
5V1 = 25 ⇒ V1 = 5
Q.10 (b) V1 − 5
=I = 0A
5
Q.13 (d)
Here VTh = 5v (when E = E1 and I is

removed)
V 5
R Th= = = 5Ω (For E=0, I=1A and
I 1
V = 5 volt) KVL in Loop I ⇒
−2I1 − 2I1 − 16 =
0
−4I1 =16 ⇒ I1 = −4A
KVL in Loop II⇒
Vx + 2I1 + 0 =0
Vx = −2I1 = 3 1
8v =
i = A
KVL in Loop III ⇒ 6 2
−Vx − 2I + 16 = 0
Q.17 (b)
⇒I= 4A
Q.14 (a)
Nodal at Vx ⇒
Vx − 20 Vx
By applying source transformation + − 0.3Vx =0
1 10
we get
10 − 10 Vx = 25v
=I = 0A 20 − 25
5 I= = −5A
1
Q.15 (c) P20V = 20 × −5 = −100w (Delivered)
By finding the Thevenin’s (Since current is entering from –ve
equivalent of the circuit across 1Ω terminal)
resistor Pabs =−Pdel =− ( −100w ) =100w
Q.18 (a)
Nodal at V1 ⇒
V1 + 9 V
+ 3 + 1 =0 ⇒ V1 =−13.5v
3 9
V=Th VA − VB
25 5 20 Q.19 (d)
= − = = 10v
2 2 2
1 1
R Th = 1 1 + 1 1 = + = 1Ω
2 2
10
=
I = 5A
2
kVL ⇒
= 6v − 20
V
−5V = −20
V = 4volt
4
By ohm’s law, I= = 2A
2
Q.16 (a)
Applying source transformation we Q.20 (c)
get
Q.24 (d)
V = 2volt
Nodal at Vx ⇒
KVL in Loop (I) ⇒
Vx − 10 Vx
Vx − 1 − 2 = 0 ⇒ Vx = 3volt + −8 = 0
1 5
By KCL ⇒ I = 2 + 4 = 6A
5Vx − 50 + Vx − 40 = 0
Q.21 (a) Vx
=I = 3A
The Value of R doesn’t affect the 5
value of V 1 Hence when R=0,
V1 = 40v . Since R=0 means circuit Q.25 (b)
hence V=
2 V=
1 40v
Q.22 (c)
At t = −0.5s
VA = 600 ( −0.5 ) =
−300v
V = 10v
VB = 0 KCL ⇒
IC = 0 I x + 1 − 5 =0 ⇒ I x =−4
Hence the circuit can be modified as KVL ⇒
E − ( −20 ) − V =0
E = −10v
Q.26 (b)
V1 − V2
=I = 2μA
−300 1M
I= = −1A V2 2
300 R=
in = = 1.5MΩ
I 2μ
Q.23 (a)
Time constant of RL Ckt = Time Q.27 (b)
constant of RC(dimensionally) It is a balanced wheat stone bridge
L 30 60 1 1
= RC (sec) = ⇒ =
R 60 120 2 2
From above equation: Current through R is zero Power
R = I= 2
R 0w
→ sec −1
L
RC → sec Q.28 (a)
L L By source Transformation
= R2 ⇒ = R → ohm
C C
1 1
( )
2
ω0 = ⇒ ω0 = → rad
LC LC sec
The circuit on both sides of 10Ω is For maximum power across
same hence I = 0 R L= R th= 25Ω
Q.29 (c) Q.35 (b)

Let the resistance be 2x, 4x, 6x Superposition theorem can be
Since the resistances are connected applied to calculate voltage and
in parallel, voltage is same. Currents current only .It can’t be used to find
are in the ratio of power.
V V V
: : ⇒ 6:3: 2
2x 4x 6x Q.36 (a)
Q.30 (d)
Applying source Transformation we

V V − 20
get Nodal ⇒ −4 + x + x =0
5 14
Nodal at Vx ⇒
Vx − 3 Vx Q.37 (d)
+ −6 = 0
2 1
Vx − 3 + 2Vx =12
Vx = 5v
5−3
=I = 1A
2 Q.38 (c)
Tellegen theorem is applicable to
Q.31 (a) any network linear or nonlinear,
When the load (4Ω) is constant the active or passive, time variant or
minimum resistance proved time-invariant
maximum power at load.
For resistance to be minimum Q.39 (c)
R = 0Ω V th is open circuit voltage across RL
I 2 = 0 due to open circuit
Q.32 (c)
KVL in input loop ⇒
( )
2
P= P1 ± P2 ± P3 3VS
VS − 3I1 − VL1 =0 ⇒ VL1 =VS −
( ) = 450W 3 + j4
2
Pmax = 48 + 50 + 98
 j4 
( 18 ) = 2W
= VS  
2
Pmin = 98 − 50 −  3 + j4 
 j4  4∟90°
Q.33 (b) = =
Vth 10V 10  = VS 10 100
 3 + j4 
L1
5
When impedance of one network is
= 800∟90°
the complex conjugate of the other
ZL = ZS
Q.40 (b)
Norton equivalent: Current source
Q.34 (c) in parallel with impedance
Rth across RL is 25Ω Open circuit output admittance:
I2 30
h 22 = |I =0 I1 = × 4 = 2.5 × 4 = 10A
V2 1 12
Reciprocal network: Network where (By homogeneity principle)
loop and equation have a Considering 6v source alone
symmetric coefficient matrix I 2 = 1A (By reciprocity)
Transmission Parameter: By superposition
=V1 AV2 − BI 2 I = I1 + I 2 =11A
=
I1 CV2 − DI 2
Q.46 (c)
Q.41 (b) R = R Th Calculated across R
For fig (A) 5 × 20
Voltage across 1Ω = 5v R=Th 5 || 20 +=
4 +=
4 8Ω
25
Current Across 1Ω = 5A
1. IC = 5A, R C = 2Ω, ⇒ I1Ω = 2 × 5 = 10A Q.47 (b)
3 3
2. IC = 10A, R C = 1Ω, ⇒ I1Ω = 5AV1Ω
= 5V
3.=IC 15A, = R C 1 Ω, ⇒ I1Ω
2
1
= 2 ×15 = 5A, V1Ω = 5V
3
2
VTh= V1 − V2
4.=IC 30A, = R C 1 Ω, ⇒ I1Ω
5 40 60
1 = ×100 − ×100
100 100
= 5 × 30 = 5A, V1Ω = 5V
1 = 40 − 60 =−20v
5 VTh = 20v
Q.42 (c) =
R Th 60 | 40 + 60 | 40
Tellegan’s theorm is applicable for 60 × 40
=
2× =
48Ω
any type of element. It is based on 100
KCL & KVL. Voltage and current
direction can be arbitrary. Q.48 (a)
Q.43 (a)
8
=
R R=
Th 8=
|| 4 Ω
3
Q.44 (b)
4 ×12
4=
||12 = 3Ω
16
1 1 1
R AB = + +
4 6 12
Q.45 (d) 3 + 2 +1 6
Considering 30v source alone = = ⇒ R AB =2Ω
12 12
−t
VC ( t=
) VC ( ∞ ) +  VC ( 0 ) − VC ( ∞ ) e τ
fort ≥ 0
Q.49 (b)
VS RC
VC ( 0 ) , VC (=
∞) =,τ
2 2
VS VS −RC2t
VC (= t) − e
2 2
R in = {( 2 ||1 + 1) ||1} + 1 iC ( t ) =
dV
c C =
 V −2t  2  
c  − S e RC  − 
 2 × 1   dt  2  RC  
=  + 1 ||1
 3   VS −RC2t
= e
13 R
= Ω
8
50 400 Q.54 (c)
=
I1 = A
R in 13
1 150
=
I × I=
1 A
5 13
1+
3
Q.50 (b) at t = 0+
Norton’s theorem → current source
i ( 0+ )=
3
with shunt resistor = 3A
1
at t → ∞
Q.51 (b)
When V = 0, I = −2 (short circuit i ( ∞ ) =0
current) (Capacitor gates open circuital)
When= I 0,=
V 10 (open circuit
voltage) Q.55 (d)
Since the given circuit is a LC tank
V 10
VTh =10vR Th = = =−5 =5Ω circuit hence the voltage VC2 will be
I −2
sinusoidal.
Q.52 (b) Q.56 (a)
−t
i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L ( 0 ) − i L ( ∞ )  e τ
L
i L ( 0 ) = 0,i L ( ∞ ) = 18A, τ = = L sec
1
−t
i L ( t=
) 18 − 18e τ
--------- (1)
−t
6= 18 − 18e τ
(Given i L ( t ) = 6 )
−t 12 2
e=
τ
= fort ≥ 0 converting the circuit in s-
18 3 domain
di L ( t ) − t  −1  2
From (1) ⇒ =
−18e τ   I (s) =
dt  τ  2+s
18 2 =i ( t ) 2e −2t for t ≥ 0
6= × ⇒ L = 2H
L 3
Q.53 (a) Q.57 (a)
As t → ∞ , the inductor gets short Hence, critically damped
circuited and current through
resistor R would be zero. Q.62 (a)
Q.58 (a)
−t
i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L ( 0 ) − i L ( ∞ )  e τ
2
τ= sec
R
−t
i L ( t )= 4 − 12e τ
i L ( 0− ) = 1A
di L ( t ) − t  −1 
= 12e τ   KVL ⇒
dt  τ  0.5V − 10i L − V =
0
di L ( 0 ) 12R −0.5V − 10i L =
= = 6R 0
dt 2 di
3 1  di ( 0 )  − L − 10i L = 0
R= = = 0.5Ω Q L = 3 dt
6 2  dt  i L ( t ) = Ce −10t
Comparing with standard form
Q.59 (a)
i L ( 0− ) = 1A ( i L ( t ) = Ce
−t
τ
)
i L ( t ) = i L ( 0− ) e
−t 1
τ τ
= = 0.1sec
10
L 5m
τ
= = = 0.5m
R 10 Q.63 (c)
( t ) e−2000t for t ≥ 0
∴ iL=
di L Q.64 (b)
VL ( t ) = L = −10e −2000t
dt
VL ( 0 ) = −10V
+
Q.60 (d)
Current across inductor at t = 0− is

i L ( 0− )= 0= i L ( 0+ )
= IR + VC As t → ∞
dV i L ( ∞ ) =1A
I=C C
dt −t
dV i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L ( 0 ) − i L ( ∞ )  e τ
=V RC C + VC
dt −t  L 1 
=1 − e 0.01  τ = = 
 R 100 
Q.61 (d) = 1 − e −100t
R C di L (t)
ξ= (For series RLC ckt) =VL ( t ) L= 100e −100t
2 L dt
𝛏𝛏 =1
dv(t) dv L (t)
= = 104 e −100t t = 0−
dt dt i L ( 0=
−
) 4A
= i L ( 0+ )
+
Vc ( 0−=
) 4v= Vc ( 0+ )
dv(0 )
= −10, 000 v
dt s
v = ( 0+ )100v (From figure) t = 0+
12 − 4 8
( 0+ )
i= =
2.5 2.5
Q.65 (c)
= 3.2A
Step response, s ( t =
) (1 − e ) u(t)
−t
RC
given Impulse response,

d
h (t) = s(t)
dt
= (1 − e ) δ ( t ) + ( −e )  RC
−t
RC
−t −1 
 u(t)
RC

1 − t RC KCL at node (A)
= e u(t)
RC 3.2= 4 + i c ( 0+ )
Q.66 (b) i c ( 0+ ) = −0.8A
Forced response = particular integral
( D + 3) y ( t ) =
k i c ( 0+ ) = 0.8A
k 0t
y(t)
= = e k/3 Q.69 (d)
D+3
Q.67 (a)
Steady state is achieved as t→∞

Vc ( ∞ ) =10v
τ RC
= = (10k | |10k) × 20μ
=5k × 20μ =0.1sec
Q.70 (a)
Vc ( 0− ) = 10v
Vc ( 0− )= 0= Vc ( 0+ )
The current through the switch is
zero since 0A current flows through Vc ( ∞ ) =5v
−t
2Ω resistor. i(0+ ) = OA Vc ( t )= 5 − 5e τ
Q.68 (a) =τ ( 20kΩ || 20kΩ ) 4 ×10−6

= 10 × 4 ×103 ×10−6 = 4 ×10−2 sec
−t
Vc ( t )= 5 − 5e τ
cdVc ( t )
i c ( t )= = 4 ×10−6 125e −25t 
dt
−25t
= 0.5e mA
Q.71 (c) 1
= Vm ×
i(t)
I ( 0+=
) 50 100
= 10A
5 1
=100 × =1A
100
Q.76 (a)
Q.72 (b)
R 1
s2 + s+ =0
L LC
V(s) 1 A B C
1 1 I (s ) = = 2 = 2+ +
ω2n = ⇒ ωn = = β s + 1 s (s + 1) s s s +1
LC LC
1 1 1
R 1 R I (s) = 2 − +
2ξωn = ⇒ξ= LC s s s +1
L 2 L
α i ( t ) = ( t − 1 + e − t ) u(t)
ξ = < 1(∴ β 2 > α 2 )
β
Hence, the system is under damped. Q.77 (a)
Let i L be the inductor current
Q.73 (a)
i L ( 0−=
) = i L ( 0+ )
10
= 2A
τ = RC = 100 ×103 ×10−6 = 0.1sec 5
20
Q.74 (c) i L ( ∞ )= = 2A
10
−t
i L ( t )= i L ( ∞ ) + i L ( 0 ) − (i L ( ∞ )  e τ =2
di L
L (t)
V= L= 0
dt
Q.78 (c)
i L ( 0=
−
) 100
= 10A = i L ( 0+ ) V ( t ) = 125e −50t
10
i ( t ) = 5e −50t
VL ( 0 ) = 100 − 20 = 80v
+
L 1 R
VL ( ∞ ) =0v τ
= = ⇒L=
R 50 50
−50t
V(t) 125e
Q.75 (a) =
R = = 25
Transfer function, i(t) 5e −50t
I (s) 1 ∴L =
25
= 0.5H
H=(s) =
V (s) Z (s) 50
1 Q.79 (d)
=
R + sL
1
H ( jω ) |ω=100 =
80 + j60
8
1 −1
= ∟ − tan 6
100
τ = RC i L (0−= = i L ( 0+ )
) 1A
3× 6
= 10 × =
V3 ( 0− ) = × 4 = = V3 ( 0+ )
20sec 6 8
3+ 6
9 3
( ) 5
i 0+= = 0.5A
10 V6 ( 0− =
) 43= V6 ( 0+ )
Q.80 (c)
i L ( 0−=
) 1A= iL ( 0+ )
V ( 0=
−
) 2V
= V ( 0+ )
So the current
is ( 0+ ) = A
1
3
Q.83 (a)
As t → ∞ , circuit would be in steady
state
at t = 0+
i c ( 0+ ) = 0
dv ( 0+ )
c =0
dt
dv ( 0+ ) V = 30v(by kVL)
this gives =0
dt
Q.84 (a)
Q.81 (c) i L1 ( 0−=
) 1A= iL1 ( 0+ )
I (s) =
10 i L2 ( 0− )= 0= i L2 ( 0+ )
1+ s
Vc ( 0−=
) 4v= Vc ( 0+ )
i ( t ) = 10e − t
Q.82 (c) By KVL ⇒

−4 2
( 0+ ) 12=
i1=
12 3
A
By KCL ⇒
di ( 0+ )
10 − 10 i ( 0 )  −
 +
 −
dt
1
10 ×10−6 ∫
idt = 0
di ( 0+ ) d 2i ( 0+ ) i ( 0+ )
−10 − − −5 = 0
dt dt 2 10
(on differentiating)
i1 ( 0+ ) + is ( 0+ ) =
1
d 2i ( 0+ )
= −100A / s 2
is ( 0+ ) =1 −
2 1
= A dt 2
3 3
Q.88 (c)
Q.85 (d)
The transfer function of series RLC
Voltage across capacitor and current
circuit is
across inductor can’t change
Vo(S) R
abruptly. =
Vi(S) R + sL + 1
Q.86 (a) SC
Nodal at V 1 ⇒
R
S
SRC L
= =
V1 − 10 V1 S LC + SRC + 1 s 2 + S + 1
2
R
+ − 1.2 =
0 L LC
2.5 2.5
2V1 − 10 = 3 Comparing with given transfer
function
13
V=
1 = 65v R
= 4 ⇒ L = 0.5H
2 L
KVL in Loop (I) ⇒ 1
Vo ( 0+ ) = 12.5v = 20 ⇒ C = 0.1F
LC
Q.87 (a) Q.89 (b)
e −5s
I (s) =
i ( 0+ ) = OA s(s + 1)
VL ( 0+ ) = 10v 1
= e −5s  −
1 
 s s + 1 
di L ( 0+ )
⇒L =
10A / s = u ( t − 5 ) − e − (t −5) u ( t − 5 )
dt
KVL⇒ [1 − e − (t −5) ]u ( t − 5 )
=
Q.90 (c) Vc ( 0−=
) 4v= Vc ( 0+ )
i ( t ) = kte −αt
t = 0+
To find the condition for maximum Nodal at V x ⇒
value
di
=0
dt
ke − αt + kte − αt ( −α ) =
0
t= 1
α
To check whether maximum or Vx
minimum at t = 1 −2 + + Vx − 4 =0
α 2
3Vx
=6
2
di
= negative, hence t = 1 is
dt 2 t = 1 α 2
α Vx = 4v
condition for maximum value.
I ( 0= )
+ Vx
= 2A
2
Q.91 (b)
Q.93 (a)
1
Given H ( s ) =
s +1
1
H ( jω ) =
I ( t ) = −10e −2t
1 + jω
−10
I (s) =
s+2
 −10 
−10S  s+2  Input signal r ( t ) = cos cos t
=I1 ( s ) =  I1 ( s )
s+2  1 
s  H( jω) ω=1=
1
=
1
∟ − 45°
  1+ j 2
( s ) I ( s ) + I1 ( s )
I2 = 1  π
−10(s + 1) c(t) = cos  t − 
= 2  4
s+2
−10(s + 1) −10 Q.94 (c)
V2 ( s ) =
=
( s + 2 ) (s + 1) s+2
By KVL ⇒
10 −20
Vs ( s ) = V2 ( s ) − =
s+2 s+2
Vs ( t ) = −20e −2t dv ( 0+ )
ic ( 0
)=C +
dt
Q.92 (b) Also, v ( 0 =
) −
= v ( 0+ )
50
dv ( 0+ )
∴ i c ( 0+ ) =C
dt
-2 A
=10
S
R=
50
= 5kΩ (From figure)  ω L
= R + j 0 Ω
i c ( 0+ )  2 
Q.95 (a) Q.99 (d)

τ = RC Two different frequencies are
1 operating on the circuit i.e.
= (1| |1).1= = 0.5sec =(ω 100,
= ω 200) simultaneously.
2
1
Since ZL =jωL, Zc = is frequency
Q.96 (c) jωC
v (s) = z (s) & (s) dependent hence super position
s+3 theorem can be used more
conveniently.
s(s + 2) 2
=
Initial value, v ( 0+ ) lt=
s →∞ v ( s ) 0 Q.100 (c)
Final value I= I 2R + R 2L = 144 + 256
∞ ) v (=
0+ ) lt s→∞ sv=
3
v (= (s) = =
400 20A
4
steady state value.
Q.101 (a)
Q.97 (a)
=
VR 20∟ − 90°
VR = 20∟0°
I = 0 (Given)
Hence V 1 =V 2
Nodal at V 1 ⇒
The angle between V and I is V
 VL  V1 − 20∟0° + 1 = 0
−1  20 
=θ tan
= −1
  tan   = 45° j1
 VR   20  20∟0° 20
=V1 = =∟45° V2
For RL circuit the power factor is 1− j 2
lagging in nature. Hence i lags v Nodal at V 2 ⇒
by45°. V2 V −v
= + 2 = 0 ⇒ 2V2 =
v⇒v
5 5
Q.98 (b)
1 = 20 2∟45°
z ( jω ) =R + jωL +
jωc Q.102 (b)
 1  For unit impulse input
z ( jω ) =
R + j  ω.L − 
 ωc 
i (=0+ ) i ( 0− ) +
1
z ( jω ) ω= 2ω0
L
For all other inputs
 1 
= R + j  2ω0 L −  i=( 0+ ) i =
( 0− ) 0
 2ω0 C 
 1  Q.103 (b)
Q ω0 L =  For RC circuit, z= R − jx c
 ω0 C 
For series RLC circuit,
z= R + j(x L − x c ) x L x c 20
=
Q= = = 2
For parallel RLC circuit, R R 10
z= R + j(x C − x L ) =
Vc 200∟ − 90°
Hence, it can be RC or RLC circuit.
Q.107 (c)
Q.104 (c)
The T-equivalent circuit is given by
When 3 & 4 are open circuited
=
I2 I R2 + IC2
=
10 I 2R + 64
I R = 6A
Leq = L p − M + M = L p
I1 = I 2R + ( I L − IC )
2
L p = 4H
When 3 & 4 are short circuited I L = 16A
Leq = ( L p − M ) || M + Ls − M
=3
(L p − M) M
+ Ls − M
Lp
M=2 ⇒ k Ls L p =2
1
⇒k= = 0.5
2 I −I 
θ1 = tan −1  L C 
 IR 
Q.105 (c)
8
For the circuit to behave as an ideal = tan −1  
current source,  6
I 
θ 2 = tan −1  C 
 IR 
8
= tan −1  
 6
ZAB = ∞
8
s 1 I 2 will lead by tan −1   , I 1 will lag
×  6
16 s = ∞ 8
s 1 by tan −1  
+  6
16 s
s
= ∞ Q.108 (b)
s + 16
2
Power Factor = 0.6
s2 = −16 ⇒ −ω2 =−16 ⇒ ω =4rad / sec
Q.109 (c)
Q.106 (a) For transient free response
Since, x=
L x=
c 20Ω the circuit is at  ωL 
ωt o = tan −1  
resonance.  R 
= Vc Qv∟ − 90°
Q.110 (c)
i ( 0− ) = 0 ∴ ω0 =
1
i ( 0+ ) = 0 LC − R 2 c 2
i ( ∞ ) =0 Q.116 (c)
=
Z 20 + j20 (From given condition)
Z= R + j(x L − x C ) (For serial RLC
circuit)
VL = 2VC (Given)
Q.111 (a)
For parallel circuit
Q = ωCR
Q.112 (b)
M = k L1L 2 ⇒ ZL = 2ZC ⇒ x L = 2x C
M 16 ×10 −3
16 xL − xC = 20 (From (1))
=
k = = = 0.4
L1L 2 20 × 80 ×10−6 40 2x C − x C =20
x C = 20Ω
Q.113 (c) x L = 40Ω
Q.114 (a)
Q.117 (c)
At resonant frequency L & C will act
as short circuit
 1 
=z R ||  jωL +  + RL
 jωc 
 1 
R  jωL +
 jωc  = I 2R + IC2
=z + RL I
1
R + jωL + =
IR I 2 − IC2
jωc
at resonance , j- term =0 = 52 − 4 2 = 3
1
ω0 = rad / sec =
R =
V 240
= 80Ω
LC IR 3
Q.115 (c) Q.118 (b)

Unity power factor exhibited by the 1 1
circuit at resonance. =
Y +
− jx c R + jx L
1 1
= Y + j R − jx L
jωL R + 1 = +
jωc x c R 2 + x L2
j At resonance, j-term =0
R+ 1 x
−j ωc = 2 L 2
= + xc R + xL
ωL R 2 + 1
ω2 c 2 x 2L − x c x L + R 2 =
0
j-term = 0 at resonance
 2 L  1 
 R −   ωo L − =0
 C  ωo C 
L L
⇒ R2 = ⇒R=
C C
Damping factor, ξ < −1 for two
resonance
x
− c < −1 ⇒ x c > 2R ⇒ x c > 10Ω
2R
Q.119 (c) Q.123 (a)

Voltage across capacitor For LC circuit the voltage across
At resonance; V= QV∠ − 90° inductor or capacitor is sinusoidal
c
with constant amplitude.
ωL = 50 at 100Hz
1 Q.124 (a)
⇒ L = Hz
4π For series R-L-C circuit under
2π × 500 ×
1 resonance
ωo L 4π 25 1. Current is maximum
=
Q = =
R 10 2. V L =V C
=
Vc 2500∠ − 90° 3. Power factor =cosϕ=1
Q.120 (b) Q.125 (d)
BW of series or parallel R-L-C circuit
Q.121 (d) is given by
For series RLC, at resonant f
frequency BW = o
1. Current is maximum Q
2. Equivalent impedance is R 1
fo =
(which is purely real) LC
3. x L = x c 1 L
Q= for series RLC
1 L R C
4. Q =
R C C
Q=R for parallel RLC
Q.122 (a) L
1 1 Hence Bandwidth depends on R, L
=Y + and C.
R + jωL R + 1
jωc
Q.126 (d)
j
R+
R − jωL ωc Q.127 (b)
= 2 = +
R +ω L 2 2
R2 + 2 2
1 Let inductance be L and Self
ωc capacitance be C pF.
At ω=ω 0 j-term =0 1
= 500 ×103
1 2π L(C + 36) ×10 −12
ωo L ω0 C
= 1
R + ω0 L R 2 + 1
2 2 2 = 250 ×103
2π L(C + 160) ×10 −12
ω02 c 2
Solving above two equations we get Q.133 (b)
C = 5.33 pF  1 10 
0 1 
Q.128 (d)  
Power in option a, b, and c are active = V1 AV2 + BI 2 
⇒ Given  (1)
powers where as P = VI sinϕ is = I1 CV2 + DI 2 
reactive power. And from given n/ω
V= V2 + 10I 2 
Q.129 (d) 1
 (2)
1 1 I1 = I 2 
=ω = After comparing (1) & (2) we get
LC 400 ×10 ×100 ×10−12
−6
= 5Mrad / sec  A B   1 10 
 C D = 0 1 
   
Q.130 (a)
⇒ ABCD parameter equations are ___ Q.134 (c)
V1 = AV2 − BI 2 ⇒ V1 n 0 
= 1V2 − 2I 2 ______ (1)  0 1/ n 
 
I1 = CV2 − DI 2 ⇒ I1 We have
= 1V2 − 3I 2 _____ (2) =V1 AV2 − BI 2 (1)
V1 =
I1 CV2 − DI 2 (2)
And Zin = V I n
I1 I2 = 0 ∴ 1 = − 2 =
V2 I1 1
And V2 = −10I 2
So, V1 = nV2 (3)
∴=
z in
( −10I2 ) − =
2I 2 −10 − 2 12
= 1
( −10I2 ) − 3I2 −10 − 3 13 And I1 = − I 2 (4)
n
zin =
12 After comparing eqn (1), (2), (3) &
13 (4)
A B n 0 
Q.131 (b) We get  = 
 C D   0 1/ n 
18 7 
 7 28
  Q.135 (a)
⇒ If two networks are connected in Z2 − Z1
series the impedance matrix of the h12 =
Z1 + Z2
resulting two port network will be
⇒ In symmetrical lattice network
the addition of the two impedance
1
matrix. Z11 = ( Z1 + Z2 ) = Z22
2
Q.132 (b) Z= Z=
1
( Z2 − Z1 )
BC − AD = −1
12 21
2
⇒ Conditions for reciprocity ----- 1
Z12 2 ( 2
Z − Z1 )
Z parameter → Z21 = Z12 h=12 =
Y parameter → Y21 = Z22 1 Z + Z
Y12 ( 1 2)
ABCD parameter → BC − AD 2
Z2 − Z1
= −1 ∴ h12 =
h parameter → h12 =
−h 21 Z1 + Z2
Q.136 (c)
Y parameter
⇒ Combination of two port
networks –
i) Series connection → z parameter
ii) Parallel connection → Y 1/ y
−I 2 = .I1
parameter 1
iii) series–parallel connection → h +z
y
parameter 1
iv) Parallel–series connection → g −I2 = I1
parameter 1 + yz
v) cascade connection → ABCD ⇒ D =1 + yz
parameter V1 = −zI 2
⇒B= z
Q.137 (a) 1 z 
 3 10  So, T =  
 2.2 12.4   y 1 + yz 
 
⇒Transmission matrix of the Q.139 (c)
combination –
V1
T = TA .TB h12 =
V2 I1 = 0
 1 2  2 4
T=   8
 0.1 4   0.5 3  I3 = I2
8+8
 3 10  I2 I
T=  ⇒ I3 = ⇒ I 4 = I 2 − I3 = I 2 − 2
 2.2 12.4  2 2
I2
⇒ I4 =
Q.138 (c) 2
1 Z  =
V1 =
4I 3 2I 2 ----- (1)
 Y 1 + yz 
  =
V2 4I 2 + 8I 4
⇒ V1 = AV2 − BI 2 =
V2 4I 2 + 4I 2
=
I1 CV2 − DI 2 V2 = 8I 2 ------ (2)
Making O/P port open –circuited i.e. V1 2I 2 1
I2 = 0 = = = 0.250
V2 8I 2 4
V1 = V2 ⇒ A = 1
I1= yV2 ⇒ c= y
Q.140 (a)
= Y1 4=J , Y2 0= J , Y3 1J ,
Now making output port short ⇒ We have Y parameter eqn
circuited = I1 Y11V1 + Y12 V2
i.e. V2 = 0 =I 2 Y21V1 + Y22 V2
Comparing above eqn –
Y11 = 5 ∴ V1 = (2R − 3)I1 + RI 2 ------ (1)
Y12 = −1 V2 =RI 2 + R(I1 + I 2 )
Y21 = −1 ∴ V2 = RI1 + 2RI 2 ------ (2)
Y22 = 1 We have, z parameter eqn -
For π network, =
V1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
Y11= Y1 + Y3 =
V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2
= Y2 + Y3
Y22 Comparing with eqn (1) & (2) We
Y12 = Y21 = −Y3 get
=
Z (2R − 3)
So, 11
Y1 = 4J Z12 = R
Y2 = 0J Z21 = R
Y3 = 1J Z22 = 2R
Condition for reciprocity
Q.141 (d) ⇒ Z12 = Z21
1, 2, and 3 Condition for reciprocity Condition for symmetry ⇒ Z11 = Z22
– Therefore, the circuit is reciprocal
z parameter ⇒ z12 = z 21 but not symmetrical.
y parameter ⇒ y12 =
y 21
h parameter ⇒ h12 =
−h 21 Q.145 (c)
1&4
⇒ from given circuit ____
Q.142 (c) By KVL in mesh (1)
 4
Z'11 (=s )  10 +  V1 = 2I1 + I1 + 1(I1 + I 2 )
 s
V1 = I 2 ----- (1)
⇒Open ckt impedance
1 By KVL in mesh (2)
Z'11 ( s=
) 10 + 1 V2 =1I 2 + 1(I 2 + I1 )
s V2= I1 + 2I 2 ----- (2)
4
4 We have z parameter
Z'11 ( s=
) 10 + =
V1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
s
=
V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2
Q.143 (b) Comparing with eqn (1) & (2) We
Z21 = −1/ 2Ω get
⇒ This is symmetric lattice network. =
Z11 0,=Z12 1
1 3 = =
Z11 = Z22 = ( 2 + 1) = Ω Z21 1.Z 22 2
2 2 Condition for reciprocity
1 −1
Z12 = Z21 = (1 − 2 ) = Ω ⇒ Z12 = Z21 = 1
2 2
⇒ and= Z11 0,= Z22 2
Q.144 (a)
The circuit is reciprocal but not Q.146 (c)
symmetrical. Z11 =Z22
⇒ From given circuit, ⇒ Condition of symmetry for
V1 =
−3I1 + RI1 − R(I1 + I 2 ) various parameters are given
below-
z parameter ⇒ Z11 =
Z22
y parameter ⇒ y11 =
y 22
h parameter ⇒ ∆h =1
ABCD parameter ⇒ A = D
Q.150 (b)
Q.147 (c) All initial condition are zero.
A and D are dimensionless.
⇒ Equation for transmission Q.151 (d)
parameter are= V1 AV2 − BI 2 All of the above
=
I1 CV2 − DI 2 ⇒ Condition for reciprocity &
symmetry.
It is clear that A and D are
=
Z parameter Z12 Z=
21 & Z11 Z22
dimensionless.
=
Y parameter Y12 Y=
21 & y11 y 22
Q.148 (a) 3,-2 = 1=
ABCD parameter AD-BC &A D
Z22 Z22
⇒ Y11 = =
∆z Z11Z22 − Z12 Z21 Q.152 (d)
3 / 35 A B C D
=
13 3 2 2 ⇒ 3 2 4 1
−.
35 35 35 35 Network Parameter
Y11 = 3 Measure under open circuit
conditions
− Z12 − Z12
And= Y12 = V V
∆z Z11Z22 − Z12 Z21 a) Z11 1 b) A 1
2 / 35 I1 I =0 V2 I =0
=
2 2
13 3 2 2 I1 V2
− c) C d) Z22
35 35 35 35 V2 I2
I2 = 0 I1 = 0
Y12 = −2
Q.153 (b)
Q.149 (a) Cascade connection
1 z   A B   A a Ba   A b B b 
0 1  ⇒ =   
   C D   Ca D a   C b D b 
I1 = −I 2 ----- (1) is valid for cascade connection i.e.
V1 − V2 = I1Z
= −zI 2
⇒ V1 = V2 − zI 2
We have ABCD parameter___ Q.154 (a)
=
V1 AV2 − BI 2 A and D remain unchanged. C is
halved and B is doubled
=
I1 CV2 − DI 2 ⇒ Relation between ABCD & z –
Comparing with equation (1)7(2) parameter of the two port network
We get Z
A = 11
 A B  1 z  Z21
 C D  = 0 1
    Z11Z22
= B − z12
Z21
1 Z And V= 8I1 + 16I 2 ______ (2)
C= D = 22 2
Z21 , Z21 Comparing these equations with
standard z parameter equation we
Q.155 (a) get –
= =
Z11 2Ω, Z12 4Ω
= =
Z21 8Ω, Z22 16Ω
∴ Z12 ≠ Z21
Given network is not a reciprocal
network.
Q.156 (d) Q.158 (b)

-5 ⇒ From given figure –
⇒ We have z parameter eqn V2 =−I 2 ×10 ×103
= V1 Z11I1 + Z12 I 2
For two port network we have
=
V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2 =V2 Z21I1 + Z22 I 2
Putting values of V2 , Z21 &Z22 in
above equation we get,
−I 2 ×10 ×103 =−106 I1 + 104 I 2
Open circuit output terminal ⇒ −I 2 (104 + 104 ) = −106 I1

V I2 106 100
Z11 = 1 ⇒ = = = 50
I1 I =0 I1 2 ×10 4
2
2
With I2 = 0 , draw circuit

Apply KVL in loop (1) & (2) Q.159 (a)
V1 = 5I1 + 5I1 + 5I 2 1
− mho
=
V1 10I1 + 5I 2 (1) 3
⇒Short circuit input port.
And (10 + 5 ) I 2 + 5I1 =
4v z Applying KCL at node V
⇒ 15I 2 + 5I=
1 4 5 ( I1 + I 2 )  V V V − V2
+ + = 0
{∴ vz =I1 + I2 } 1 1 1
⇒ 3V = V2 _______ (1)
⇒ I2 = −3I1
V
Net value ofI2 in eqn (1) Also = −I1
1
=
V1 10I1 − 15I1
⇒v= −I1
V1 = −5I1
Putting value in equation (1)
⇒
V1
⇒ Z11 =
−5 3 ( −I1 ) = V2
I1 I2 = 0 I1 1
⇒ =
Y12 =
− mho
V2 V1 = 0
3
Q.157 (c)
3 & 4 only
⇒ Given equation can be rewritten
as
=
2V 1 4I1 + 8I 2
=
V1 2I1 + 4I 2 ______ (1)
Q.160 (c)
1 1 ⇒ (i) In a linear directed graph, a
= =
h11 & h 22
y11 z 22 link forms a closed loop.
⇒ We have (ii) The fundamental loop of a linear
directed graph contains only one
V1 I1 link and a number of twigs.
=h11 = & y11
=
I1 v 0= V1 v 0
2 2
Q.164 (b)
I2 v2
=h 22 = & z 22 n(n − 1)
=
v 2 I 0= I2 I
1 1 0 2
n(n − 1)
Q.161 (b) = n=
⇒ Number of edges C2
2
 3 − j4 
− j 3  Q.165 (d)
 4
1 (1, 3, 4, 5) is cut-set of graph.
z=
11 z=22 (ZA + ZB )
2
1 1
= (3 + j4 + 3 − j4 ) = ( 6 )
2 2
z=
11 z=22 3
1
z=
12 z=21 (ZB − ZA )
2
Q.166 (d)
1 1
= (3 − j4 − 3 − j4=) (−2 j4 ) Node pair voltage
2 2 10 × 9
z12 = z 21 = − j4 = =
n C2 10 = 45
2 ×1
C2
 z11 z12   3 − j4 
∴ =
 z 21 z 22   − j4 3  Q.167 (b)
Series R-L circuit
⇒ In dual circuit, the elements are
replaced as
R↔G
L↔C
V↔I
Q.162 (a) Series ↔ Parallel
 0.7 −0.5 Node ↔ mesh
 −0.5 0.8 
 
Q.168 (c)
y11 = y A + y B = 0.2 + 0.5 = 0.7 ⇒= Loop branch – node + 1
y12 = y 21 =− yB = −0.5 = b − n + 1 = 11 − 6 + 1 = 6
y 22 = y B + y C = 0.5 + 0.3 = 0.8
Q.169 (d)
There are at least two edges in a
circuit.
Q.170 (c)
Q.163 (d)
A is false but R is true
⇒A tree is a connected sub graph of
a connected graph containing all the Q.179 (a)
nodes of the graph but containing no Same as number of twigs.
loops. ⇒ Number of fundamental cut-sets
of any graph will be same as number
Q.171 (d) of twigs.
⇒Total number of trees = n n − 2
= 44− 2 = 16 Q.180 (d)
⇒ L = b − n +1
Q.172 (d) =
Branch ( b ) 12,
= node(n) 5
Minimum number of mesh eqn
L = 12 − 5 + 1
L=8
Q.181 (d)
⇒A tree never contains a loop. ⇒The maximum number of tree is
n (n − 2) Where, n is node =5
Q.173 (d) ∴ n (n − 2) =
5(5− 2) =53 =125
Q.182 (d)
⇒No. of node =8
No. of fundamental cut-sets = (n −
1)
⇒ A tree is a connected sub graph of = (8 − 1) = 7
a connected graph containing all he
nodes of the graph but containing
no loops. Q.183 (a)
⇒Twigs → 4,5, 6, 7
Q.174 (b) Links → 1, 2,3,8
6 Fundamental cut-set → 1, 2,3, 4
⇒ L = b − n +1 Fundamental loop → 6, 7,8
3 = b − 4 +1
b=6 Q.184 (c)
For LC circuit, the poles and zeroes
Q.175 (d) must be alternate and lie on
1, 2 and 3. imaginary axis.
Q.176 (d) Q.185 (a)

e-n+1 3
The function s + 2 + can be realized
s
Q.177 (a)
as driving point impedance or as
All conductance.
driving point admittance function. If
it is impedance function then
Q.178 (c)
1
 −1 −1 0  =R 2Ω, = L 1H,
= C F
0 1 1 3
  If it is admittance function then
 1 0 −1
1
=G 2=
J ,L =
H, C 1F
3 Q.190 (b)
Since poles and zeroes of z(s) are
Q.186 (b) purely imaginary and are alternate
The number of elements required hence, the function is an LC circuit.
to realize a given driving point
susceptance function is equal to Q.191 (d)
total number of poles and zeros. For RC driving point impedance
function poles and zeroes are
Q.187 (c) alternate and must lie on negative
1 real axis, nearest to imaginary axis
Admittance, Y ( s=
)
+ s +1 is pole. This is true for
s +1
1 + (s + 1) 2 s 2 + 2s + 2 z (s) =
( s + 2 ) (s + 1)
= = ( s + 1) (s + 3)
s +1 s +1
1 s +1
(s) = 2
z= Q.192 (d)
y(s) s + 2s + 2
L sin ( ωt + α ) 
Q.188 (c) = L[sin ωtcosα + cos ωt sinα] ]
For RC driving point impedance ω cos α s sinα
function a pole must be near to the = 2 +
s + ω2 s 2 + ω2
imaginary axis and for RC driving s sinα + ω cos α
point admittance function a zero
must be near to the imaginary axis. s 2 + ω2
s+3
1. =Y2 Z= (s) Q.193 (d)
s+2 For RC driving point impedance
( s + 1)( s + 3)
2
= ⇒ Y1 = Y(s) z RC ( 0 ) > z RC ( ∞ )
(s + 2)
3
is not possible.
2. Y2= Z ( s )= s + 2 ⇒ Y1= Y ( s )= s + 3
s +1 s+2
is not possible. 1
s+2 e.g. z RC ( s =
) R+
3. = (s)
Y2 Z= SC
( s + 1)( s + 3) z RC ( 0 ) =∞z RC ( ∞ ) =R
1
⇒ Y1= Y ( s )= is possible.
s+2
4. Y2 = Z ( s ) = s + 2 ⇒ Y1 = Y ( s )
=
( s + 1) (s + 3) is possible.
(s + 2)
Q.189 (c)
For
z ( jω ) = j(0.1ω)
(ω 2
− 4 ×106 )( ω2 − 36 ×106 )
ω2 ( ω2 − 16 ×106 )
z ( j1000 ) = − j700

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NETWORK THEORY

ANALYSIS OF GATE PAPERS

4.1 Introduction 129

5.1 Introduction 149

6.1 Graph of a Network 157

7.1 Introduction 174

8. TWO PORT NETWORKS

8.1 Introduction 179

9.1 LC, RC, RL Impedance & Admittance Functions 211

10. ASSIGNMENT 217

1.1.2 CURRENT Energy is capacity for doing work. Energy

3) LINEAR AND NONLINEAR ELEMENTS

2) THE CAPACITANCE (C)

Note: -In the presence of source V the

b) Independent current source:

1.4 KIRCHOFF’S LAWS

3) Super node Analysis

2) Impedance in parallel 3) The Star Delta Transformation

(By ohm’s law)

Here I1 is outside the branches having

a)delivers 80W b)absorbs 80W

Which of the following can be the

Q.20 The current in the 1Ω resistor in

Q.18 In the circuit shown below, the

Q.22 The following arrangement consists

Q.19 The current IS in Amps in the

Two such blocks are connected in

Q.24 Consider the configuration shown in

a) 5V, 25V b) 10V, 30V

Q.33 In the circuit shown, the voltage Vx

Q.29 The circuit shown in the figure

Q.34 An AC voltage source V = 10 sin(t)

Q.30 The magnitude of current (in mA)

[GATE-2014] RMS current I rms (in mA through the

The value of R e /R is ________.

Q.36 In the circuit shown in the figure,

The magnitude of the current (in

Q.38 A connection is made consisting of

Q.39 Consider the network shown below

Q.1 (c) 4002 × 0.844

From the given circuit,

VW×1 = 100 ⇒ V2 = turns ratio × VW×1 = 125

By applying current division rule

KVL for V 1 & V 2

Q.30 (2.8) Q.33 (8)

Apply KCL at point P

Q.36 (5) Given resistors are: 10Ω , 5Ω and

Hence, we can re-draw the I = 8A

Q.2 Two incandescent light bulbs of

Q.7 In figure, the potential difference

Q.11 In figure the value of resistance R in

Q.12 In figure R a , R b and R c are 20Ω,

Q.9 In figure, the value of the source

Q.13 The rms value of the current in a

Q.18 The circuit shown in the figure is

Q.15 The RMS value of the voltage

Q.23 The Thevenin’s equivalent of a

Q.28 The equivalent capacitance of the

Q.32 In the circuit shown below, the

Q.29 For the circuit shown, find out the

Q.33 A two –phase load draws the

Q.35 If VA -VB =6V, then VC -VD is The value of A1 and A 2 respectively,

Q.39 The total power dissipated in the

Q.36 Three capacitors C1 , C2 and C3