Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.

Cooray, Department of Mathematics 1

MATRICES
MODEL QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
 1 2  3  3 1 2 4 1 2
     
1. Given A   5 0 2  B   4 2 5  and C   0 3 2
1 1 1   2 0 3 1  2 3 
    
(a) Compute that A+B and A-C
(b) Verify that A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C
(c) Compute AB, BA and ACT
 4 1  1   3 1  5
   
Solution: A  B   9 2 7  and A  C   5  3 0 
3 1 7   0 1  2 
  

8 2 1
 
(A  B)  C  A  (B  C)   9 5 9 
4  3 7
 

5 3 3  0 4  9
   
AB  19  5 16  BA  19 3  3 
 1 3 0   5 1  3
   

 0 0 12 
 
AC   24 4 11 
T

 5 1 6 
 

Q(2). Evaluate :
 0 1 3  1 4 5   12 12 5 
    
 4 5 6  6 3 2    46 49 36 
 7 3 2  2 3 1   29 43 43 
    
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 2

1 2   9  4   7 30 
Q(3). If A    , show that A 2    and A 3   
 4  3   8 17   60  67 
 1  2  2 3 2 2
   
Q(4). If A   1 2 1 , B   - 1 0 - 1 
 1 1 0   - 3 - 3 - 2
   

Show that {kA  (1  k )B}2  I , k being a scalar.

Solution: {kA  (1  k)B}2  k 2 A 2  (1  k) 2 B2  k(1  k)AB  k(1  k)BA

Now compute each matrix as follows;
k 2 A 2  (1  k) 2 B2  k(1  k)AB  k(1  k)BA 

3 0 0  1 0 0 5 4 4  1 - 4 - 4
       
A2   2 1 0 , B 2   0 1 0  AB   - 2 - 1 - 2 , BA   0 3 2 
  2  4  3 0 0 1 4 2 3 - 2 2 3 
       

Consider element a11 ; of k 2 A 2  (1  k) 2 B2  k(1  k)AB  k(1  k)BA

 3k 2  (1  k) 2  5k(1  k)  k(1  k)  1  8k 2  4k  1
Therefore k =1/2
1 0 0
1  

When this value A  B  AB  BA   0 1 0 
2 2

4 


0 0 1
 2  1 x   8   0 
Q(5). Find x, y such that          .
  3 4  y   1   0 
2x  y  8 31 22
x , y
 3x  4 y  1 5 5
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 3
 1 2 4
 
Q(6).Express the matrix  2 3  1 as the sum of symmetric and skew
3 1 4 
 
symmetric matrix.

 1 2 1/ 2  0 7 / 2
   
S   2 3 0  and T   0 0 1 
1 / 2 0 4   7 / 2 1 0 
   

Exercises 3.5
 3  3 4
 
Q(1). If A   2  3 4  , show that A 3  A 1 .
0 1 1
 

If A 3  A 1 is satisfied then AA 3  AA 1 or A 4  I
Try
1 0 0
 
A   0 1 0  therefore, A 3  A 1
4

0 0 1
 

 3 2 2
 
Q(2). Find the Inverse of (a)  2 5 3  ,
1 2 1
 

 1/ 3  2 / 3 4 / 3 
 
Use direct method A 1   1 / 3  1 / 3 5/3 
 
 1/ 3 4 / 3  11 / 3 
 
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 4
1 3 7
 
(b) A   4 2 3 
1 2 1
 
Use elementary row operations

1 3 7 1 0 0
 
Define (A|I) =  4 2 3 0 1 0 
1 2 1 0 0 1
 

1 3 7 1 0 0
R 2  4R 1  R 2  
 0  10  25  4 1 0 
R 3  R 1  R 3  
0 1  6 1 0 1

1 3 7 1 0 0
 
R 3  R 3  0  10  25  4 1 0 
0 6 1 0  1
 1

1 3 7 1 0 0
 
R 3  R 2 0 1 6 1 0  1
 0  10  25  4 1 0 
 

 1 0  11  2 0 3 
R 1  3R 2  R 1  
0 1 6 1 0 1 
R 3  10R 1  R 3  0 0 1 6 / 35 1 / 35  10 / 35 
 

 1 0 0  4 / 35 11 / 35  5 / 35 
R 1  11R 3  R 1  
 0 1 0  1 / 35  6 / 35 25 / 35 
R 2  6R 3  R 2  0 0 1 6 / 35
 1 / 35  10 / 35 

  4 / 35 11 / 35  5 / 35 
 
Therefore, A -1    1 / 35  6 / 35 25 / 35 
 6 / 35 1 / 35  10 / 35 

Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 5
 2 0  1
 
Find the inverse of the matrix  5 1 0  by elementary row
0 1 3 
 
transformations.
 2 0  1
 
Let A   5 1 0 
0 1 3 
 

 2 0  11 0 0 
 
Define (A|I) =  5 1 0 0 1 0 
0 1 3 0 0 1
 

 2 0 1 1 0 0
 
R 2  2R1  R 2 1 1 2  2 1 0
0 1 3 0 0 1
 

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R1  R 2  2 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 3 0 0 1
 

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R 2  2R1  R 2 0  2  5 5  2 0
0 1 0 1 
 3 0

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R 3  R 2 0 1 3 0 0 1
0  2  5 5  2 0
 

1 1 2  2 1 0
 
R 3  2R 2  R 3 0 1 3 0 0 1
0 0 1 5  2 2
 
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 6
 1 0  1  2 1  1
 
R1  R 2  R1 0 1 3 0 0 1
0 0 1 5  2 2 
 

1 0 0 3 1 1 
R 2  3R 3  R 2  
 0 1 0  15 6  5 
R1  R 2  R1 0 0 1 5
  2 2 

 3 1 1 
 
Therefore, A    15 6  5 
-1

 5  2 2 


1  a 1
 
Q(5). If A   b 0 2b  then, show that
0 a 0 


(i) A 3  abA  A 2  abI , is satisfied

Use method of induction .Multiply the above equation by A
A 4  abA 2  A3  abA and eliminate A3
It gives, A 4  abA 2  A2  abI  0
Therefore, the given statement is true hen n = 4.
Assume that it is also true upto n =p (even) number
A p  abA p2  A 2  abI  0
Multiply this relation with A2, we get, Ap2  abA p  A4  abA 2  0
Now eliminate A4
A p2  abA p  A 2  abI  0
Therefore it I true for n =p+2.
Hence by Methodical induction the given expression is true for every integer values
of n
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 7
(ii) Show also that A 2n  A  

 ab n  1 2  ab ab n 1  1  
I , where n is a positive
 ab  1   ab  1 
integer.

When n = 2, 4
A  

 ab 2  1 2  ab ab   1 
A  I

 ab  1   ab  1 

A 4  (ab  1)A 2  abI which satisfied the above expression.

Assume that the statement is true upto n = p

A 2p
A  

 ab p  1 2  ab ab p 1  1 
 I
 (A)
 ab  1   ab  1 
Multiply (A) with A2

A 2(p 1)
 A  
 
 ab p  1 4  ab ab p 1  1  2
A
 ab  1   ab  1 
Eliminate A4 and get,
 ab p  1
A 2(p1)    (ab 1)A 2
 abI    
 ab ab p 1  1  2
A

 ab  1   ab  1 

    
 ab p  1 (ab  1) - ab ab p 1  1  2  ab ab p  1 
A 2(p1)   A   I

 ab  1   ab  1 

A 2(p1)   A  

 ab p 1  1 2  ab ab p  1 
I

 ab  1   ab  1 
Therefore, the above statement is true for n = p+1, hence by method if induction it is
true for every positive integers n,

i.e, A 2n   A  

 ab n  1 2  ab ab n 1  1 
I

 ab  1   ab  1 
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 8
6.(a) Show that every 2x2 matrix such that X AX  B, where
T

 1   1 
1 0  0 1 a  a 
A    , B    has one of the forms  2a  or  2a 
 0  1 1 0  a 1 
  - a 1 

  2a   2a 
Solution:
a b
Let form of matrix X is   Then
c d
 a c  1 0  a b   0 1   a 2  c 2 ab  cd 
X AX  B,  
T
        
2
 b d  0  1  c d   1 0   ab  cd b 2
 d 
Equating respective elements,
a 2  c2  0
b2  d2  0
ac  bd  1
If a = t then c 2  t 2 , and c  t

Suppose b =k b 2  d 2  d  k and tk-(-tk)=2tk=1

1
t
2k
 1   1
t  t 
Therefore form of matrix is  2t  or  2t 
t 1  - t 1
   
  2t   2t 

(b) If P  QRQ 1 , show that P n  QR n Q 1 where n is a positive integer.

  
Try P 2  QRQ 1 QRQ 1  QR 2 Q 1

  
Similarly P 3  QR 2 Q 1 QRQ 1  QR 3 Q 1

In general P n  QR n Q 1
Solution Manual prepared by T.M.J.A.Cooray, Department of Mathematics 9

 5  2  2 1  - 2 0
( c) Let P    and Q   , show that Q 1PQ    . Hence
 7  4  7 1  0 3

find P n .
 2 1 1  1 - 1
When Q   ,  Q 1    
 7 1 5  - 7 2 

1  1  1 5  2  2 1  - 2 0 
Q 1PQ      
5   7 2  7  4  7 1  0 3 

Hence P  QRQ 1 , and P n  QR n Q 1

1  2 1  2  0  1  1  2(-2)n  7  3 n 0(-2)n 1  2  3 n 
n
P n  QR n Q -1        
5  7 1 0 3 n   7 2   7(-2)n  7  3 n - 7(-2)n  2  3 n 