Exercise 0: Resistors

Theoretical Value Measured Value

1 kΩ 0.9911 kΩ
20 kΩ 19.6 kΩ
Exercise 1: Phase Shift Calculation

Setup:

Calculations:

f = 5kHz, R = 20 kΩ, C = 1 nF

Xc 1 1
tan φ= = = =1.5915494
R 2 πfC R 2 π ( 50∗103 ) ( 1∗10−9 )∗20∗103

φ=tan−1 (1.5915494 )=57.85809 o

Phase Shift Measurements:

 1. Y-T format:

∆T= 32.595 μ-sec T= 200 μ-sec Θ= 58.671 degrees

2. Lissajous Figure

2B= 4.97 2A= 5.92 Θ= 57.09 degrees

Exercise 2: Lag Network Output Voltage Calculations

Setup:

R = 1 kΩ; C = 0.1 µF

For Sinusoidal Signal

Calculated:

Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage

mVPk-Pk
100 Hz 1 VPk-Pk 998.03 mVPk-Pk
1 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 846.7 mVPk-Pk
10 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 157.176 mVPk-Pk
These calculations comply with the fact that a lag network on the current

setup acts as a low pass filter, with the low frequency signals’ output

voltage resembling that of the input signal the most.

Measured:

Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage

mVPk-Pk
100 Hz 1 VPk-Pk 996 mVPk-Pk
1 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 831 mVPk-Pk
10 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 156 mVPk-Pk

Sinusoidal Signal. Red = Output. Green = Input.

For f = 100 Hz:

For f = 1 kHz:

For f = 10 kHz:
For Square Signal:

Measured:

Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage

mVPk-Pk
100 Hz 1 VPk-Pk 1004 mVPk-Pk
1 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 971 mVPk-Pk
10 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 255 mVPk-Pk
Square Signal. Red = Output. Green = Input.

The value of the first being higher than the input signal is due to error in

the signal measurement. Otherwise, the value follow the trend of the

lowpass filter that the system is.

For f = 100 Hz:

For f = 1 kHz:

For f = 10 kHz:
Exercise 3: Lead Network Output Voltage Calculation

Setup:

C = 0.1 µF; R = 1 kΩ

Calculated:
 Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage
mVPk-Pk
100 Hz 1 VPk-Pk 62.71 mVPk-Pk
1 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 532 mVPk-Pk
10 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 987.5 mVPk-Pk

Conversely, a lead network acts as a high-pass filter, as the trend of

values of the output voltage indicate as the frequency varies.

Measured:

Sinusoidal Signal.

Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage

mVPk-Pk
100 Hz 1 VPk-Pk 74.1 mVPk-Pk
1 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 527 mVPk-Pk
10 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 947 mVPk-Pk
For f = 100 Hz:
For f = 1 kHz:

For f = 10 kHz:

Square Signal:

Frequency Input Voltage Output Voltage

mVPk-Pk
100 Hz 1 VPk-Pk 1000.16 mVPk-Pk
1 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 1243 mVPk-Pk
10 KHz 1 VPk-Pk 1810 mVPk-Pk
For f = 100 Hz:

For f = 1 kHz:

For f = 10 kHz: