1. What is a standardised test?

ANS:- A test administered to a group of subjects under exactly the same experimental conditions
& scored exactly in the same way. In psychology, standardised test can be used for intelligence,
personality, achievement, aptitude and interests.
2. Characteristics of a standardised test.
ANS:- Validity & Reliability
Validity:- when a test measures what it claims to measure.
Reliability:- consistency of scores obtained by an individual on the same test on two different
occasions.
3. Types of standardised tests.
ANS:-
A) Intelligence tests:- i) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test → it is a Group-Intelligence Test
ii) Wechsler Intelligence Scale → it is a test administered on an
individual basis.
B) Achievement Tests:- Designed as a sample of skills or abilities on specific areas of
knowledge.
C) Aptitude Tests:- Administered as a screening device for students who wish to enrol in special
school (music, art, science).
D) Personality Tests:- These tests are designed to measure psychological problems as well as to
screen candidates for college and employment.
E) Inventory Tests:- a type of psychological tests in which person fills out a survey or
questionnaire with or without the help of an investigator. Responses are based on
subjective opinion and not just objective.
F) Teacher-made tests:- It is administered to measure achievements, progress, weakness of
each learner or to determine the effectiveness of methods used.
4. Full form of EPQ:-
ANS:- Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
5. State differences between Testing & Experiments.
ANS:-
a) Experiment is done without a fear of failure or expectation of outcome and it leads to new
findings.
Testing validates assumptions.
b) Experimentation is a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery by testing a
hypothesis or demonstrating a known fact.
Testing is a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance or reliabity of
something especially before it is taken into widespread use.
6. State differences between disability & disorder.
ANS:-
Disorder
i) Affects mood, thinking and behaviour.
ii) It is a condition characterised by abnormal thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
 iii) Disorder is a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment and
association of “not normal functioning of cognition, emotions or behaviour.
iv) It is more of a medical term implying that it is something about the body or brain that
isn’t working properly.
v) Disorder is closely related to syndrome. Eg. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a
collection of symptoms occurring together.
vi) Disorders tend to cover conditions that aren’t caused by identifiable injury so you
wouldn’t call a spinal cord injury, a disorder.

Disability

i) Disability is the state of being unable to use a part of your body properly because of
disease or injury.
ii) Disability happens when someone has a condition that reduces his skills in some areas
of life that society expects them to have. Eg. When someone has their back hurt and
uses a wheelchair to get up the stairs but society expects everyone should take stairs.
Thus the person with spinal cord injury has disability.
7. What is a trait?
ANS:- qualities that form a part of your character on personality and is innate in nature.
It usually refers to the characteristics caused by genetics.
Examples:- EPQ, Big Five Personality Tests.
8. Name a therapy based test on trait.
ANS:- Big Five Personality Tests
9. Differences between anxiety & generalised anxiety disorder.
ANS:- Unpleasantness, diffuse, vague and fear of apprehension, rapid heart rate, shortness of
breath, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, frequent urination & tremors → Anxiety
Prolonged, vague, unpleasant feeling of fear that are not attached to any particular object,
hyper-vigilance, scanning environment for danger, marked with motor tension & restlessness →
Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
10. Self concept is a cognitive concept.
11. What are the categories or Intellectual Disability or Mental Retardation?
Mild→ IQ → 50 to 70/ 55 to 70
Moderate → IQ → 35 to 49/ 35 to 40 OR 50 to 55 approx
Severe→ IQ → 20 to 34/ below 20
12. Advantages & Disadvantages of Case Study method.
ANS:- NCERT 12 PG.4
ADVANTAGES:-
1. Useful for studying diseases or rare diseases for a long period of time.
2. Useful when exposure data is expensive or hard to obtain.

DISADVANTAGES:-
1. Cannot generalise the result to a wider population.
 2. Researchers own subjective feelings may , at times, influence the case study- RESEARCHER’S
BIAS
3. Time consuming.
13. Name the psychologist who proposed Case Studies?
ANS:- Sigmund Freud
14. What were the two factors in Spearman’s theory?
ANS:- Spearman’s Two factor theory had 2 factors:-
G-factor- general factors including mental operations that are common to all.
S-factor- specific abilities in individuals that allow them to excel in their specific fields.

OR

Arthur Jensen gave the Hierarchical Model of Intelligence:- Level 1 Associative Learning

Level 2 Cognitive Competence

OR

J.P Guilford gave the Structure of Intellect Model:- Operations, Content & Product

OR

Howard Gardner gave Theory of Multiple Intelligence:- Linguistic, Naturalistic, Intrapersonal,

Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Kinaesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal.

15. Rpm is an → Intelligence Test , Non-verbal, Power Test

16. Examples of Projective Tests:-
ANS:-
 Rorschach Inkblot Test
 Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
 Rosenzweig Picture Frustration Test
 Draw-A-Person Test
 Sentence Completion Test
17. What is TAT?
ANS:- NCERT TEXTBOOK
18. What is the difference between counselling & therapy?
ANS:-
Counselling is usually for short time period and the counsellor helps the individual to deal with
his/her problems emotionally & mentally.
Therapy is for longer duration and involves talking more about the situation usually to gain
more insights about moods, feelings, thinking & behaviour and also application of various
therapeutic methods.
19. What is a percentile?
 ANS:- Each of the 100 equal groups into which a population can be divided according to the
distribution of values of a particular variable.
20. Who first worked on intelligence?
ANS:- Alfred Binet
21. What is Culture Fairre-Culture Biased Test?
ANS:- NCERT TEXTBOOK
22. Autism is a _______________________ disorder.
a) Anxiety disorder b) Cognitive disorder c) Neuro-developmental disorder
23. Name different kinds of intelligence tests.
ANS:- Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Raven’s Progressive Matrices (RPM)
Stanford Binet Intelligence Test.
24. What is objectivity of a test?
ANS:- Refers to if 2 or more persons independently study an event, they should arrive at the
same conclusion.
25. What is a hypothesis?
ANS:- A hypothesis is a tentative solution to a problem that is based on evidence or observation.
26. What is a data?
ANS:- Data in singular is known as ‘datum’. It relates to the individual’s covert or overt
behaviour, subjective experiences and mental processes (cognition component).
27. Two method of research. What are they?
ANS:- 2 methods of research are interpretive method and scientific method.
↓
This method emphasises understanding over explanation or
prediction.
Scientific method follows objective measurement.
28. What is an Independent Variable?
ANS:- The variable which the experimenter can manipulate or alter in a research. Researcher
always tries to observe IV”s effect on the subjects/clients.
29. Experiment always sees the cause-effect relationship. IV is the cause & DV is the effect in an
experimental situation.
30. What is a dependent variable?
ANS:-
 The variable on which the effect of IV is observed is known as Dependent variable.
 DV represents the phenomenon the researchers’ desires to explain.
 It is expected that if change in DV takes place there will be a change in IV.
31. What is an EV?
ANS:- The outside variable that influences the dependent variable. EV needs to be controlled