SECTION 4.1 133 CHAPTER 4 SECTION 4.1 L {J is differentiable on (0,1), continuous on [0,1}; and f(0) = #(1) = Fl) =8e—1; St -1=0—0= (fren) J is differentiable on (~2,2), continuous on [-2,2]; and f(~2) = f(2) =0. I) =48 40; dele? ~ 1) = 03 ¢=0, 41 J is differentiable on (0,2), continuous on [0,2n]; and f(0) = f(2x) = 0. SMe) =2e0s2e; 2cos2e=0—> 2e=F tnx, and e= T+, n=O, 41,42. x 3x Sn Tn Tins, o= 7, 4, J is differentiable on (0,8), continuous on [0,8]; and f(0) = f(8) = 0. Mayor —Jow BEE peo = c=1 f(a) ° a3 => c= 3/2 ro= 55 4, f-fe) fa). =-3 =} c= 9/4 ae ae 8) — flo se =32, FO=LO) A ais, 32213 = c= jv (-}v@ isnot in fo.) ay nares, £0. fo=tews, Hae 7 (-p¥2 is not in a,0)) roase3, W=Le) J is continuous on [1,1], differentiable on (—1,1) and /(-1) = f(0) = _-a(5=27) 10> ayy ‘J'(6) =0 for ein (—1,1) implies ¢ = 0 (0) Fe) = Ba = 2 40 forall ze (-1)9. {b) £°(0) does not exist. Therefore, f is not differentiable on (—1,1).184 SECTION 4.1 18. No. By the mean-value theorem there exists at least one number ¢ € (0,2) such that p1p.= FOO. 85 14, No, by Rolle's theorem: /(2) = f(8) = 1 but there is no value ¢ € (2,3) such that file) =0. 15. _f is everywhere continuous and everywhere differentiable except possibly at z= {fis continuous at 2 = —1: as you can check, ein FO=0 ti J) = and f(=1) =0. fis differentiable at 2 = —1 and f'(—1) = 2: as you can check £1 +h) = FV fin LOREM = SD) _ dig Sand he ‘Thus f satisfies the conditions of the mean-value theorem on every closed interval [a]. Ha) = 2, 2<-1 F@)= | get -1, > $2) = f(-3) _6-(-4) _y 2a) 2-3) fos, 4) PQ =2 with ce (-3,2) if e=1 or -31, s)=34§ WT. Let f(z) = Az? + Ba-+C. Then f'(z) = 2Az +B. By the mean-value theorem (a) _ (Ab? + Bb+C) ~ (Aa r= =f -! 2B) —U + Bat) a? - = MER D+ BORD) 6 AG 40) 4B ‘Therefore, we have ate 2de+ B= Aldb+a)+Boec= |18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23, 24, 25, 26. SECTION 4.1 135 -1/2? <0; fis not continuous at 0. £Q)-f(-) I=) since f is not differentiable at 0; the theorem does not apply. 0 and f"(z) is never zero. ‘This result does not violate the mean-value theorem 22-4, 23/2 ner={ oo 22a { 2221/2 f'@) -2, r 0. By the intermediate-value theorem, the equation P(z) = 0 has at least one real root ¢. If this equation had another real root d, then by Rolle’s theorem P'(z) would have to be zero for some = between ¢ and d. This is not the case: P'(z2) = 3024 + 13 is never zero. Set P(z) = 23 +92? + 932 —8, Note that P(0) <0 and P(1) > 0. Thus, by the intermediate-value theorem, there exists some number c between 0 and 1 at which P(2) = 0. If the equation P(x) = 0 had an additional real root, then by Rolle’s theorem there would have to be some real number at which P'(x) = 0. This is not the case: P'(2) = 32% + 18 + 93 is never zero since the discriminant 1 — dae = (18)* ~ 12(33) <0. (2) Suppose that f has two zeros, 21, 22 € (a,b). Then, f is differentiable on (21,22) and continuous on [2;,22). By Rolle’s theorem, j' has a zero in (21,22) which contradicts the hypothesis. (®) If f had three zeros in (a,6), then, by Rolles' theorem, f" would have at least two zeros in (a,b) and f” would have at least one zero in (a,8) which contradicts the hypothesis. Let ¢ and d be two consecutive roots of the equation P'(z) = 0. The equation P(z) = have two or more roots between c and d for then, by Rolle's theorem, P'(x) would have to be zero somewhere between these two roots and thus between ¢ and d. In this case ¢ and d would no longer bbe consecutive roots of P'(x) = 0. Tf f(z) =0 at ay, a9, ...,aq then by Rolle’s theorem, f'(2) is zero at some number by € (a1,02), at some number by € (aa,43), ..., at some number by-1 € (an-1,dn); /"(z), in turn, must be zero at. some number ¢ € (b1.b2), at some number by € (b2,s), ..., at some number en-2 € (bn-2,bn-1)- cannot136 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 92. 33, 34. 35. SECTION 4.1 Suppose that f has two fixed points a, b € I, with a 0 and for 2 sufficiently large negative, P(2) < 0. Thus, by the intermediate-value theorem, the equation P(z) = 0 has atleast one real root. Ifa > 0, then P(x) = 32? +a is positive, except possibly at 0, where it remains nonnegative. It follows that P is everywhere increasing and therefore it cannot take on the value 0 more than once. Suppose now that a <0. Then —£ V3 and 4/3|a| are consecutive roots of the equation P'(z and thus, by Exercise 17, P cannot take on the value zero more than once between these two numbers. (a) #"(z) = 32 — 3 > 0 for all x in (~1,1). Also, f is differentiable on (—1,1) and continuous on {-1,1]. Thus there cannot be a and 6 in (—1,1) such that f(a) = f(0) = 0, or they would contradict Rolle’s theorem. (b) When f(z) = 0, ‘Thus |b] <2. ae (3-2). When zis in (-1,1), then [2(3— 2)| <2. J'(@) = 322 ~ 3a? > 0 for all x in(~a,a). Also, f is differentiable on (~a,a) and continuous on {-a,4]. Thus there cannot be b and e in (~a,2) such that f(8) = f(€) = 0, or they would contradict Rolle’s theorem. Forp(z) =2"+ar+6, p'(2)=nz"!+a, which has at most one real zero for n even ( x = — n If there were more than two distinct real roots of p(z), then by Rolle’s theorem there would be more than one zero of p'(z). Thus there are at most two distinct real roots of p(2). For plz) = 2" bar+b, p(2) =n2"-" +a, which has at most two real zeros for n odd . If there ‘were more than three distinct real roots of p(2), then by Rolle’s theorem there would be more than ‘two zeros of p'(z). Thus there are at most three distinct real roots of p(z). If xy = 2p, then |f(z1) ~ f(e2)| and |21 — 22] are both O and the inequality holds. If 2, # zp, then by the mean-value theorem Ser) ~ Ie) _ pre) for some number between 2; and zp. Since |f"(¢)| <1: f(ea) = Flea) ma $1 and thus |f(e1)— f(z2)| < [21 — 2a See the proof of Theorem 4.2.2. Set, for instance, f(z) Laced O2=a,636. 37. 38. 39. 40, SECTION 4.1 137 (a) Let f(z) = cos. Choose any numbers x and y, (assume z < y). By the mean-value theorem, there is a number ¢ between x and y such that [cosy — cost _ a leesy= cal | sinc ct =} [eos —cosy| < fe pos to sad \ I< le-ul (b) Same argument as part (a) with f(2) = sin. (a) By the mean-value theorem, there exists a number ¢ € (a,8) such that f(0) — f(a) = #"(c)(b~a). I f"(2) < M for all x € (a,6), then it follows that, f(b) $ f(a) + M(b—a) (b) If f'(@) > mm for all « € (a,b), then it follows that $(b) 2 f(a) +m(b—a) (©) HLF) < Lon (a,0), then ~L < f"(2) < Lon (a,6) and the result follows from parts (a) and (b). Suppose) # fra int Me) = 2. than hs ded on and Me) = = Therefore, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists a number c € (a5) such that HOF () ~ F(a) _ 9 He) = OO ‘Thus 9()"(c) — f(c)g'(c) = 0 which contradicts the given condition f(2)q'(x) — 9(2) f(z) #0 for all EI. Thus, g has at least one zero in (a, By reversing the roles of f and g, the same argument can be used to show that g cannot have two (or more) zeros on (a,6). Let f(z) = cosz and g(z) = sinx on I = (—c0,c0). Then S(2)g" (2) — 9(@)f"(z) = cos" x + sin? 2 =1 for all ET ‘The result follows from Exercise 38. We prove the result for h > 0. The proof for h < 0 is similar. If f is dilferentiable on (2,2 +h), it is continuous there and thus, by the hypothesis at x and x +h continuous on [2,2 + h]. By the ‘mean-value theorem, there exists ¢ in 2,2 +h) for which ies) Lt = ie) =r. Multiplying through by (2 + h) 2 = h, we have Sle+h) ~ (2) = Fh. Since cis between z and 2+, ¢ can be written c=2t0h with 0<0<1138 41. 42. 43. 45. 46. 4. 48. SECTION 4.1 F(x) = im PEO +D M00) ty PEO HIN — (ay 05) (by the hint) = Jim £0) (by 2.2.5) Suppose that f(a) = f(b) =k, and let g(z) = f(z) —k. Then g is differentiable on (2,5), continuous con [8], and g(a) = 9(6) = 0. Therefore, by Rolle’s theorem, there exists atleast one number ¢ € (a,b) such that g'(¢) = 0. Since g/(2) = f'(z), it follows that f'(e) = 0. Using the hint, F is continuous on [a,, differentiable on (2,8), and F(a) = F(6). Thus by Exercise 42, there is ac in (a,8) such that F'(c) = 0 b a Hie) = f(b) - fa) _ #0) ‘Thus [f(b) — f(a)]9'(c) — [9(b) — 9(a)]f"(c) = 0 and alt) 9a) ~ ge)" Let f(t) be a function telling the car’s velocity after ¢ hours. Then (0) = 30 and iQ =60. fis Aiferntiable on (1,4) and continuous on [1,1 a0 by the mean-value theorem thee sa cin (1,3) 6030 0-4 Let fi(t) and fa(t) be the positions of the cars at time f. Consider f(t) = fult) — fo(t). Let T be the time the cars finish the race. ‘Then f(t) satisfies the hypothesis of Exercise 42, so there is a cin (0,1) such that f"(c) =0. Hence f(t) = f(t), so the cars had the same velocity at time c. such that f"(c) = 20. i.e. The acceleration at time ¢ was 120 mph, ‘The driver must have exceeded the speed limit at least once during the trip. Let s(¢) denote the v(c) = 45.7 ft/sec. Thus, the driver must have been exceeding the speed limit (44 ft/sec) at the instant he applied his brakes. By the mean-value theorem, there exists a number c € (¢,x-+ Az) stich that 1g) = f@+82)= fle) fO= atArqxr => AF = fle +A2)-f@) = s'@)Ae49. 50. Bl. 52. SECTION 4.1 139 Let f(e) = y%. Then f'(x) = ae ‘V6 = VOAFT = f(64 + 1) = F(64) + FC (64)(1) = VOi+ et = 8.0625 Using Exercise 48, we have (a) If f(z) =0 had two solutions, then f"(z) = 0 would have at least one solution. But J'(@) = 32? —62+6=3(2-1)?+3>0 forall z, (b) £2) =-4<0 and f(8) = 6 > 0. Therefore, f has a zero in (2,3) wh ~ 3044 6m - 12 Tepe EP me = 2.0007, xy = 2.5209 (tnt = en (a) Let f(z) = 1442 —2cosz, x € I = (~00,00). If f had two (or more) zeros on I, then, by Rolle’s theorem, ’ would have to have a zero on I. But, f(z) = 4+2sinz > 0 on I. Thus f hhas at. most one zero on I. (b) FO) ==1 and (1) 23.92. Thus f has a zero in (0,1). 5, 23 0.2361 4+ 2sin zy (0) tag1 = an 5 m= 0, m= = 2 +32? — 32 — 2s differentiable on (~2,1), continuous on [2,1], and f(—2) = f(1) = Sa) = 627 + 62 — (o) =a ey & -1.366, e = 0.366SECTION 4.2 0 140 ~ 2 ~ cos(2/2) is diferentiable on (0,1), continuous on (0,1), and f(0) = f(2) 53. f(s) f(z) #(Q =0at = 0.676 W328 + 5 sinfna/2) Ta +2; f(z) = 425 - 1dr = 1950) _ yg 12 35. f@)= sa reeeth read 1 f(4)—F(2) aT =2: =f) op 4 2 2) = 4s" — Me 92) = 2x Naso) <2 S o(@) = 427-1 = gle) =0 at 993, g(c) =0 at c= 2.205 £ x 40 le q 20 3 -20 56. f(z)=2cosz+4sing; f'(2)=cosr—zsinz +4 cosz =5 cosz—zsinz and £(n/2) = f(-x/2) (2) =5 cose —a sing — ~ cost =x sint~ = ale) =0 at ey * 0.872, ep ¥ 0.872 y SECTION 4.2 1. #(@) = 42? -3=3(2?-1) =3e+Ne-)) £ increases on (—oe, I] and [1, 00), decreases on [-1, 1]13. SECTION 4.2 141 S'(2) = 822 ~ 62 = S2(2~2) f increases on (—o0, 0] and (2, 00), decreases on [0,2] (e+ 1)@-1) f increases on (—00, —1] and [1, 00), decreases on {-1, 0) and (0,1] (f is not defined at 0) $(@)=Se~5)% F inereses on (00,00) $i(e) = 32? +423 = 2°(8 4+ dx) F increases on [—{, 00), decreases on (—o0, ~ 3] f(@) = 32 +6242 F increases on (00, -1— 43] and [-1-}¥3, 00), decreases on [1 - }V3, 1+ 3v3] Pa) =e +0 J increases on [~1, 00), decreases on (—00, —1] se) = ED J increases on [-00, -1] and (0,00), decreases on [—1, 0) L gop t2 e-F {J increases on (~00, 2), decreases on (2, 00) (fis not defined at 2) (142%) ~ 2(22) 1a) = Ca), F increases on [-1,1], decreases on (~o0, —1] and (1,00) f@)=-—% ig increases on (~oe, 1) and (~1, 0], decreases on (0, 1) and (1, 00) (fis not defined at £1) pq) = ADs) = 2420) 2 rie ere f increases on [0, 00), decreases on (—00, 0) 2-5, z<-v5 a<-v5 2—5),-V50; fF increases on (0,2n) f(z) =1+sine 20; f increases on [0,27] f'(z) = ~2eosz sinz = -2sin 2x; f increases on [r/2,x], decreases on [0,/2) S'(z) = ~2sin2e ~2sine = —2sing (2eosz +1); f increases on [f, x], decreases on [0, $x] f'(z) = 2sinz cos — V3 cosz = cos (2sinz ~ V3) J increases on [}x,}x] and (n,x], decreases on [0, }] and [ f(z) = V+2sin2e; Ff inereases on [0, $x] and [Bx, x], decreases on (3, $r] d (x fQ)=1 => CH1. Thus, f(2)=}a?— 241 =2+C a)=f@ = f=29. 30. 31. 82, 33. 34. 35. 36. a7. 38. SECTION 4.2 143 f@) = f@)-5-2+¢ = 2=4-140,0054. Thus, fle)= 4 25a) <7" 2 Z@-s)=/@) = se=2-5e40 JQ)=4 => 4=4-104C,s0 C=10, Thus, fle) =2?~ 52410. A Ghateeetea=f@) S sedeteetesc £(0) =} 55040, so C=5. Thus, f(e)=e sete cert eets, do .-2 — 5 240 Ber as@) = fe)=-2 +0 fQ)=0 = 0=-2+C,s0 C=2 Thus, f(z)=-22-7 +2, 2>0. 2 (em toa) re) seeder teree fO)=1 => 1=0+6, so C=1. Thus, f(e)= $249 $25 41, 220. Bat) = fe) = fle)=-jet- Bath +0 = 0=-]- B46, 0 C=. Thus, fle)=— fet Baa, 2 >0. Aer-cosz)=F'(@) > fle)=2x-cose +6 $0) =3 => 3=0-14+0, 9 C=4. Thus, f(z) =22-cosz +4. A (ee? sing) =f) => fle) = 22? + sine 0 @ fO)=1 => 15046, 0 C=1. Tus, f(c)= 22? +sine +1 F increases on (—00, 3) and [~1, 1}; decreases on [-3, ~1] and [1, 00) Ax-1), 2K f@)= -Licz<3 2, 2>3 F decreases on (—20, 1) and [1, 0)144 39. 40. 41. 4s. SECTION 4.2 -t, <1 P@)=4 -BiT F increases on (00, 0}, [1,3], (7, 00); decreases on (0, 1] and [3, 7)SECTION 4.2 145 49. Not possible; f is increasing, so f(2) must be greater than f(—1). 50. Not possible; by the intermediate-value theorem, f must have a zero in (3,8) 51. Let a(t) = #64 +9t+2. Then v(t) = 31 — 12+ 9 = 3{-1)(t-3) wpe sign of v Tt z + 7 soa ovina nig att a(t) = 6t — 12 = 6(¢ - 2) sign of a: sign of v ++40----- Oe ee signofa: - — — = ~~ Otte et146 SECTION 4.2 52. Let a(t) = (2t- 1)(t~ 1%. Then v(t) = 2(¢~ 1)(8 -2) sign of v bette o- . ° wt moving ght et a(t) = 26 ~5) sign of a : sign of w seeeeee tebe sign of a - lim, f(z) Suppose there is a cin (a,8) such that #"(c) <0. Then by theorem 4.1.2, f(c-+h) < fle) for h sufficiently small. This contradicts the fact that f is increasing on (2,8). Thus j'(e) > 0 for all ein (a,b). A proof is outlined just below the statement of the theorem. (@) f'(@) = 2seca(secx tanz) = 2sec? x tanz and g(r) = 2tanz sec? ‘Therefore, f'(z) = 9/(2) for alle € I. (b) Evaluating sec? x —tan?z=C at 2=0 gives C= u@)=t; vee)=242)=L@=1 Therefore, L(az) — L(x) = C for some constant C. Now set x = 1. Then’ a)-L0)=C =% C=Lfa) since £(1)=0 ‘Thus, L(az) L(a) + L(z) and the result follows by letting 2 = b. Let f and g be functions such that f"(z) = -g(z) and g/(z) = f(2). Then: (a) Differentiating f2(2) +9?(2) with respect to 2, we have148 62. 63. 64, SECTION 4.2 2f(z)f' (2) + 2a(a)o' (x) = -2F(@)9(z) + 29(z) f(z) = 0. Thus, /2(2) +9°(2) = C (constant). (b) f(a) =1 and g(a) = 0 implies C= 1. The functions f(z) = cos(z a), 9(x) =sin(x — a) have these properties. Suppose that f increases on (a,}) and is continuous on [a,b]. To show that f increases on (a, wwe need only show that f(a) < f(z) < f(b) forall x € (a,b). Suppose on the contrary that there exists 29 € (0,6) for which f(zo) < f(a). Since f is continuous from the right at a and f(a) ~ f(zo) > 0, there exists 6 > 0 such that “ \f(@) ~ f(@)| < f(a) - feo) forall re€ (a,0 +6), Now choose 2; € (a,a +6) with 2; < ao. On the one hand, by (*), |f(z1) — Fla) < F(a) ~ feo) $(a) — f(zr < f(a) — f(z) F(z0) < f(a) (On the other hand, since J increases on (a,8), f(z) < f(z) ‘The assumption that there exists zo € (a,8) for which f(20) < f(a) has led to a contradiction. We ‘can therefore conclude that Hla) < fle) forall x (a,) A similar argument shows that fiz) < f(0) forall 2 (a,b). Let f(z) =2~sinz. Then f'(2) = 1 ~cosz. (2) f'(2) > 0 for all 2 € (~00,00) and f"(2) =O only at z= 5 +n, n= 0,41, 42,. It follows from Theorem 4.2.3 that f is increasing on (~00, 20). (b) Since f is increasing on (20,00) and f(0) = 0 ~ sin = 0, we have: f(e) > 0 for all 2 >0=2>sinz on (0,00); f(z) <0 forall 2<0=2 0 on (0,¢), and his increasing on (0,c). Since h(0) = #(0) ~ 9(0) = , it follows that h(z) > 0 on (0,¢). Thus, f(z) > g(z) on (0,¢).65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. m1. SECTION 4.2 149 (b) Again let A(z) = f(x) ~ (2). Then h is increasing on (—c,0) which implies that f(z) <0 on this interval since h(0) = 0. Therefore, f(z) < g(2) on (~c,0). Let f(2) = tanz and g(z) =x for x € [0,x/2). Then f(0) = g(0) = Oand f'(x) = sec? « > g'(z) =1 for « € (0,/2). Thus, tans > 2 for x € (0,/2) by Exercise 64(a). Let f(z) = cose ~ (1 }.2*) for # € (0,00). Then f(0) =O and f'(2) = sine +2=2—sine >0 for x € (0,00) by Exercise 63 (b). Thus, f(z) > 0 for x € (0,0) which implies cose > 1— $2? on (0,00). Choose an integer m > 1. Let f(z) = (1+2)" and g(z) =1+nz, 2 >0. Then, (0) = 9(0) =1 and $2) = n(1-+ 2)" > g'(@) =m since (1+ 2)"-1 > 1 for x > 0. The result follows from Exercise 64(a) Let f(z) = sine ~ (2 $29). Then f(0) = 0 and f'(2) = cosz ~ (1~ }2%) > 0 by Exercise 66 ‘Therefore, f(z) > f(0) = 0 for all « € (0,00) which implies sinz > x — 2? on (0,00). 4° = 0.06981 radians. By Exercises 63 and 68, (0.6981) o.gsei - SF = 0.06975 < sin 4° < 0.6981 (2) Let f(2) = cose (1 124), ‘Then f(0) =0 and f'(z) = ~sing +2 Bxorcise 66. Therefore, f(2) < f(0) =0 on all € (0,00), which implies cos < 1 on (0,00) (b) 6° = g. Using ths for x in 1-22 < cose <1 fa? 4 > 0.994517 < cose" < 0.994522. Let f(z) = 324 ~ 102" ~ 42 +102 +9, 2 € [-2,5]. Then f'(2) = 122° ~ 3022 ~ 82 +10. Le) = f is decreasing on {—2, -0.633] at © —0.633, 0.5, 2.633 and (0.5, 2.633] £ is increasing on [-0.633,0.5] and [2.633, 5]150 SECTION 4.2 72. Let f(z) = 22° = 132-6, €[-3.4). Then f"(z) = 62" — 2 ~ 13. f'(e) = Oat 2 -1315, 1.648 y f is decreasing on [—1.315, 1.648] of |s f is increasing on [-3, -1.315] and (1.648, 4] 78. Let f(z) = cosz—3sin2z, x € [0,6]. Then f'(2) = cosz ~ x sinz ~ 6 c0s2z. £@) f is decreasing on [0,0.770], (2.155, 3.798] at 20.770, 2.185, 3.798, 5.812 and (5.812,6] J is increasing on [0.770, 2.155] and (3.798, 5.812] 7A. Let f(a) =a 4329-207 +4244, 2 €[-5,3]. Then f'(2) = 42° +927 — 42 +4 Sa) = Oat 2 —2.747 fis decreasing on [-5, -2.747] £ is increasing on [-2.747,3] PROJECT 4.2 lL dy 1a dy 2) a lmau + 3 mu?) = mah +5 ) = mov + 5m [aS] = gut mot = mgu+mv(-g) (since du/dt = mgu ~mgi 2. By Problem 1, mgy-+$mv? =C (constant), Since v = 0 at height y = yo, we have C = mogyp Thus, gue = may + bmv® and |e) = V2aly—¥)SECTION 4.3 151 3. v=} ty => ot = Vl =w) v(t) =) =-gt Therefore, |u(t)| = V2 =v) 4, Set yo = 150 y=0 and g=9.8in the equation jo] = /Zg(ve—y)- Then lvl = VHSB) ~ 54.22 m/sec SECTION 4.3 1. f'(z)=32+3.>0; no critical nos, no local extreme values 2 (2) = 82" ~ 8 = S2(22 ~ 1); critical nos -1,0,1 $"(z) = 24x? 8; f"(-1) = F"(1) = 16 > 0, f"(0) = -8 <0; (0) = 6 local max, f(=1) = 4 local min, f(1) = 4 local min 3. f@)=1- 3) tical nos 1,1 fa) = oS F(A) = 2, fF") = 2 f(-1) = -2 local max, f(1) = 2 local min 4 fey=re+ § = 48 xno local extreme values ; mo critical nos (note: 0 is not in the domain of f), 5. file) = 22-32” =2(2~32); critical nos 0,2 Jz) =2—-62; f"(0)=2, $"(3) = -2 (0) =0 local min, f(2) = local max 6. fi() = -201-2)(1 +2) + (1-2)? =(e~1)(3r+1); critical nos — 3,1 #"(x) = (1+ 32) + 3(e-1)=282-N; f"(-3) =-4, FA) =4 F( local max, f(1) = Olocal min T s@)= ws no critical nos, no local extreme values 8. pty CED =2- 3) ___ 8 GraP “Ora in the domain of f), no local extreme values no critical nos (note: ~2 is not 2241) eri 9. f@)=- exiticat no ~} = 8 local max I> 2-16, e<-4 Qe, znd 10. f(z) = 4 16-2?, -4<24152 1. 2. 13. 4. 16. a. 18. SECTION 4.3 critical nos —4,0,4; #( = f(4) =0 local minima, f(0) = 16 local max #"(2) = 2%(52~8)(x—1};etical nos 0, 4,1 a . (1) =0 local min ~ “ no local extreme at 0 vy a (2-2\"_4 enti 1reyna(228)' gle 20; etal 02 nn xene os $i(a) = (5~S2)(2—1)%)extical nos §, 1 ig local max 10- A ——————— no local extreme at 1 Pie) = (142) + (1 = 2)(8)(1 + 2)? = 201 +.2)%(1— 22); cxtieal nos -1,4 4) = 3 local max +e ete eee 1@) " Sa ar nal no local extreme at —- f + i Iocal extreme at =1 $a) = 22%), critical nos ~2, 0 +e? f(-2) = ~4 local max £(0) local min ro-{ " mage 8 local min critical no 0, f(0) = Qetl, 2<-2,2>1 re {_ arty ) _ (e+ 18a? 28 _ 24/2243) 3 F(a) = CODE = SEF: exitical nos 3,0 a es r ~3/2-1 0 £i(a) = cosz—sinz; critical nos 4x, § EI = v2 local max, f (}) = ~v2 local min f"(a) =-sinz —cosz, f(s SECTION 4.3 153 $(-38) = 4 2)" tocal max 10) = local min £ (3) = $ local min J (-4) = F local min no local extreme at 3 f(-1) = 6 local max, F(1) = ~6 local min no local extreme at 0 3 local min fa) no local extreme at 0 F( no local extreme at 0 = local min154 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. 31. 32. 33, 34. SECTION 4.3 Je) =1-2sin2s; critical nos : a Han = 5+ 8 local max te wee e-e- +t Pa oat Sn/t2 (Sex) = Jy 7 “plead min I") = cose (2sinz ~ YB); critical nos $x, $x, 3x £(}n) = f(3x) = —} local mins J (3) =1- V3 local max rPpor = ($x) local max $e ne te oe att tt Cn fo ae an vocal fi(z) = cos? 2 ~ sin? —3cosz +2= (2cosz—1)(cost-1) _etitical pts dr, (a) = Fa — $V5 local min re ————e #(§r) = Wr + $V5 local max vin Bs {$i(2) = 6 sin’ x cosz — 3 cos =3 cose(2 sin? ~ 1); exitical nos $x, bx, bx £()r) = f(x) = ~V2 local mins ++ fo a f(r) OTH /2 314 y 1 local max (@ F increases on (c— 6, ¢] and decreases on [¢, ¢+ 5). (i) _F decreases on (¢~ 6, ¢] and increases on [c, ¢+ 5). (ii) If #"(@) > 0 on (c—4, ) U(c, e+ 6), then, since f is continuous at c, f increases on (c~ 5, c] and also on {¢, ¢+6). Therefore, in this ease, f increases on (c—6, ¢+4). A similar argument shows that, if f"(z) <0 on (c~ 6, ¢) U(o, ¢+4), then f decreases on (¢~ 6, ¢+ 8). Set g(z) = —F(—2) and apply the proof of the second derivative test already given. Solving j'(x) = 2ex +b=0 gives a critical point at 2 = -£ Since f(z) = 2a, 1 so nian at ac Oa ato minim at 2 fa >0 Setting f"(2) = Sas? + 2hr +e 0 and checking the discriminant, we get (1) 2 local extrema if 6% > 3ac (2) Local extrema if 68 = Sac35. 36. 37. SECTION 4.3 155 (3) O local extrema if 6? < 3ac P(2) = 28 ~ 809 +2207 — 2dr + 4 Pi(q) = 4a? — 242" + dt — 24 M(x) = 120? — 480-444 Since P'(1) =0, P'(z) is divisible by 2 ~1. Division by 1 gives Piz) = (@— 1) (42? ~ 202 + 24) = Ae — 1)(2-2)(e-3). The critical pts are 1, 2, 3. Since P'Q)>0, PTQ)<0, PB) >0, P()= ~5 isa local min, 5 is alocal min, P(2) = —4 isa local max, and P(3) Since P'(x) <0 for x <0, P decreases on (—0, 0]. Since P(0) > 0, P does not take on the value 0 m (—00, 0}. Since P(0) > 0 and P(1) <0, P takes on the value 0 at least once on (0,1). Since P'(2) < 0 on (0, 1), P decreases on [0, 1] It follows that P takes on the value zero only once on [0, 1. Since P'(z) > 0 on (1, 2) and P'(2) <0 on (2, 3), P increases on 1, 2] and decreases on [2, 3]. Since P(1), P(2), P(8) are all negative, P cannot take on the value 0 between 1 and 3. Since P(3) < 0 and P(100) > 0, P takes on the value 0 at least once on (3, 100). Since P'(z) > 0 on (8, 100), P increases on [3, 100] It follows that P takes on the value zero only once on [3, 100} Since P'(z) > 0 on (100, 00), P increases on [100, 00). Since P(100) > 0, P does not take on the value 0 on [100, 00). J has a local maximum at 2 =0; f has a local minimum at x = —1 and z= 2. (a) (b) Ax? + Be+C. Then fi(z) = 240 +B. => A-B+C=3; f(3)=-1 =» 944+3B+0156 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. SECTION 4.3 Since f has a minimum at r=2, f'(2)=44+B=0 Solving for A, B, C, we get A=}, B=-2, 0 _ ar wy 28-2?) Lat fle) = ge Then = Grae f'(0)= 5 =1sa=8 and fi(z)= (2) =P @-4) _ - 1-2) = EP a0 baa? ‘Thus,a=4 and b= 42 (@) f@) =o" 2)", paged f@)=2P 1-2) p~ @+a)e] (2) = a f@-0 = P+ (©) peven, p- 1 od -- tt ft) F has a local min at z= 0 (c) g even, g—1 odd: -- +4 fi fh local min at 2 = (2 pyri (a ye has a local max at z= 2, @rGR)--era(sa) (FE) <0 + Simatoatmacsten 55 Let 6 be any positive number and consider f on the interval (~6,4). Let m be a positive integer such that 1 Fs tne o< «<6 5 and 0 < < nw ‘Then 1 L 1 (pia) >? 1 (Gta) [F@E eives the distance from the origin to the point (x, f(z)) on the graph of f. Since the graph of f does not pass through the origin, Diy = StL@Le) is defined for all + € dom (f). Suppose that D has a local extreme value at c. Then44. 45, 46. ar. SECTION 4.3 157 Die = SALOLO 9 x04 Hep'(Q=0 and 70) Suppose that ¢ # 0. The slope of the line through (0,0) and (c,/(¢)) is given by m, = £2 ana the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at x = c is given by mz = fi(c) = Fa Since mymg = =1, these two lines are perpendicular. If ¢ = 0, then the tangent line to the graph of f is horizontal and the line through (0,0) and (0, f(0)) is vertical. Ifpis a polynomial of degree n, then p! has degree n 1. This implies that. p/ has at most n—1 zeros, and it follows that p has at most n ~ 1 local extreme values. fa) Let fe) = £'(2)=-4.< 0 and j'(3) = 58> 0, f" has at least one zero in (2,3). Since f"(z) > 0 for 2 € (2,3), {is increasing on this interval and so it has exactly one zero. Thus, f has exactly one critical number ~ 7x? = 82 —3. Then f'(z) = 425 ~14e-8 and f"(x) = 122" ~ 14. Since cin (2,3). (b) © 2.1091; f has a local minimum at ¢. {a) Let f(z) =z cosz. Then f(z) =cose—z sing and f"(z)= 1>Oand f'(n/2) {is decreasing on this interval and so it has exactly one zero. Thus, f has exactly one critical number 2 sinz—2 cosz. Since f"(0) = =5/2<0, f" has at least one zero in (0, 7/2). Since f"(z) <0 for z € (0,7/2), cin (0.7/2). () 20.8603; f has a local maximum at ¢ 2x. Then f'(z)=cosr+2—-2 and f"(2) = (a) Let fe) = sine + 5 sing +1, Since f’(2) = 0.4161 <0 and f"(3) =0.01> 0, has at least one zero in (2,3). Since f"(z) > 0 for 2 € (2,3), 4 is increasing on this interval and so it has exactly one zero. ‘Thus, fas exactly one critical number cin (2,3). cosy + sing, +T (b) tag =n 4 21 = 3, x2 = 2.9883, 73 = 2.9883. Thus c = 2.9883; f has a local minimum at e.158 SECTION 4.3 critical numbers: @ my & 0.962, 22 = 2.248 local extreme values: f(~0.692) = 29.342, (2.248) -8.766 (©) f is increasing on [—3, —0.692], and [2.248,4]; f is decreasing on [~-0.692,2.248] 49. (a) y critical mumbers: 2 2 2.085, 22-1, 25 ¥0.207, 24 = 1.096, 25 = 1.544 local extreme values: f(—2.085) ¥ -6.255, f(—1) = 7, (0.207) & 0.621, (1.096) = 7.097, (0.544) = 4.635, (b) f is increasing on [-2.085,—1],[0.207, 1.096], and (1.544,4] F is decreasing on [-4,—2.085}, [-1,0.207], and (1.096, 1.544] 50. (a) critical numbers: 21 & —2.204, 3g -0.654, 23 © 0.654, 24 © 2.204 local extreme values: f(~2.204) = 2.226, f(~0.654) = —6.634, (0.654) * 6.634, f(2.204) = -2.226 (b) f is increasing on [~3. ~ 2.204], (0.654, 0.654], and. [2.204,3] J is decreasing on [—2.204,~0.654], and. (0.654, 2.204]SECTION 4.4 159 51. critical numbers of f: 2, 21.326, 22 =0, 29 #1816 JM(H1.326) © =-4.< 0 f has a local maximum at 2 = ~1.326 $"(0)=4>0 + f asa local minimum at #=0 P".816)*—4 > f basa local maximum at x = 1.816 52. , critical mumber of f: 2) —19%5 f"(-1.935) = 14.60 >0 = f has a local minimum at x = ~1.935 SECTION 4.4 Le fil) = He +2717, > 2 fo > critical no —2; mn J(-2)=0 endpt and abs min; as 2-400, fle) +00; s0.n0 abs max 2. f'(2) = 22-8; eatcal no $5 f(§) =~} local and abs min 3. f(z) = 22-4, re (0,3); f ——_-__. : 3 critical nos 0, 2, 3; ~ me me $(0) =1 endpt and abs max, (2) = —3 local and abs min, (3) = —2 endpt max 4. f@)=4245, 26 (2,0) "4 ** " oe 0 5/4 2 critical nos -2, ~ 0160 SECTION 4.4 f(-2) = -8 endpt max, f (- 3) = ~ # local and abs min, f(0) = -1 endpt and abs max 228 5. f@)=2-4= evil me 278; frey=oe3, a! 240; fi(e)=0 a r= 2s (OMB) = 9-278 4 2178 9-9/9 4.2. 2-8/9 = 3. 2-9/9 focal min 6 fe=1-3 f critical no 2/85 § (288) = 32)-2/ local min 1 a=, ze (ie): f critical nos 4, 2-1/8, 2 10qf5 endpt and abs max, (2-2/8 £(2) endpt max 8. fe)=1-3, re (v9 f critical nos 1,2", V2; f(1) = 2 endpt and abs max f (289) = 3(2)-2P local and abs min, f (V3) = V3-+ } endpt max 9 fle) = 22-3, rE (0,2); critical nos 0, $, 2 4(0) = 2 endpt and abs max, f(}) =} local and abs min, 4(2)=0 endpt max 10. f(a) =2(e-1)(e-2)2r-3), ee (0,4) fs S—+ + +4 + critical nos 0,1, $,2,4; (0) =4endpt max, f(1) =0 local and abs min, £ (3) = & local max, f(2) = 0 local and abs min, f(4) = 36 endpt and abs max oy Q—2)(242) debeseeenseneeee we f@)= eee f= a fs ge ? critical nos ~3, -2, 15 F(-3) = = endpt max, f{-2) = —} local and abs min £(1) =} endpt and abs max15. 16. av. SECTION 4.4 161 He) = Gea FEL) yo pty teh cxitical nos 1, 0,2; f(-1) =~} endpt max, #(0) = 0 local and abs min, (2) = # endpt and abs max Se) =2(2- v2) (1-25). ro critical nos 0, 3, 15 tT J(0) =0 endpt and abs min, f(3) = 4 local max, (1) =O local and abs min; astro, f(z) +00; sono abs max ve (-2,2) f tical nos -2, -V3, V3, 2; f(-2) =O endpt max, f (V2) = ~2 local and abs min, (V2) = 2 local and abs max, f(2) = 0 endpt min critical nos 2, 3; f(2) = 2 local and abs max, f(8) = 0 endpt min; ast —co, f(t) -00; sono abs min tettetese He)=} (42%), 2>0 f no critical nos; no extreme values. f(z) =-}(@-1I8, 2 #1, f critical no 1; as 2400, f(z) +00 no local extremes; SF IS } no ats extremes 8 aed te te ne tae ng) 8 . , f@= 3 Gp ye f We 1/3 1/2 critical nos 4, $, }; no extreme value at } 7 (3) = local max, # (4) =0 focal min f(a) =sinz (2cosr + V3),2€ (0.7 fl critical os 0, $y 5162 SECTION 4.4 $(0) = VA endpt and abs min, f(x F local and abs max, f(7) = V3 endpt min | tev, wear) , +teet otHtt 20. fi(e)=— este +l, 2€ (0, 25/3); fos a = critical nos 3x, 2 (note: 0 is not in the domain) No extreme value at $x, f (Gr) = § (2x ~ V8) endpt and abs max 21. f'(2) = ~Bsinz (2008%2 +1) <0, 2 (0,7); critical nos 0, 7; 4(0) = 5 endpt and abs max, f(x) = ~5 endpt and abs min +t, -------- ++ 22, f"(z) = 2022-1, FE (O fo ale critical nos 0, 1G =O endpt min, f( V3 ~ fr local and abs max, 4 V3 — fr local and abs min, f(s) = — endpt max 23, f'(z) =sec?2-1>0, ze (—Jn, 3a); critical nos — Jr, 0; 4m ~ VB endpt and abs min, no abs max --- | tet -- 24, f(a) =2sinz cosz(2sin?z—1), 7€ (0,3 te tn rs critical n0s 0, = } local and abs min, J (4x) =0 local and abs max, f( 25. 2, Ocz 0 on (-3, 34. = f(D >0. $(8) =0 and f'(z) > 0 on (1,3) > f(1) <0. It now follows that f has a zero on (—1,1), contradicting the fact that f(x) # 0 for z€ (-3,3), Let plz) = 2° + a2? + bz +c. Then p(z) = 32° +2ar +6 is a quadratic with discriminant A = 4a? — 126 = 4(a? — 38). If a? < 35, then A < 0. This implies that p/(2) does not change sign on (00,00) and hence pis either increasing on (00, 0c) (if « < 0) or decreasing (a > 0). In ether case, p has no extreme values. On the other hand, if a? ~ 3b > 0, then A > 0 and p’ has two real zeros, 1 and on, from which it follows that p has extreme values at; and cy. Thus, if p has no extreme values, then we must have a? — 36 < 0. Aa) = (142) =(ltr2), 22-1 f@=r[a+a4-1; s@)=0 = 2=0 f"(z) =r(r —L+2)-%; FO) =r(r—1)>0 Ff has a local minimum at By Theorem 4.4.3, f(0) = 0 is the absolute minimum of f, By contradiction. If f is continuous at ¢, then, by the first-derivative test (4.3.4), f(c) is not a local maximum, Since f(¢) > f(z) for all z in some open interval around c, and likewise f(e) < f(2) for all x in some open interval around c, it follows that f must be constant on some open interval containing c. If f is not differentiable on (a, }), then f has a critical point at each point e in (a, B) where J"(c) does not exist. If f is differentiable on (a, 6), then by the mean-value theorem there exists ¢ in (a, b) where f'(c) = [f(0) ~ f(a)]/(b — 2) = 0. This means ¢ is a critical point of f.40. 41. 42. 43. SECTION 4.4 165 We give a proof by contradiction, Suppose for no ¢ in (c1,¢2) is fc) a local minimum. By Theorem 2.6.2, f has a minimum on [c,,¢2] and, thus, this minimum must occur at ¢1 or ¢2. Suppose that f(c1) is an endpoint minimum, Then for some 4; > 0, 0 He) FO, 2 € [exer +41). Since f(c1) is a local maximum, there exists 6» > O such that om) F(a) < Fler), @ € (ey — 2,01 +62). Set 6 min 6,,4,). From (*) and (**), it follows that f@)= fla), re (aa +8) ‘This means that f has a local minimum on (c1,¢2). The argument at cy is similar. Let M be a positive number. Then P(t) - M > ana” = (|aqaje"? +--+ + fay|e+lao|+M) for 2>0 2 ane” — (lan—a|+---+ lai} + laol + M) for z>1 Te now follows that, (Sa ctlol slo My Ple)-M>0 for 22K (a) a(t) = Asin(wt +00); 2'(t) =wAcos(wt + do); 2"(t) = —wPAsin(wt + do) Thus, 2"(¢) +u%2(t) = 0. (®) Absolute max: [4], absolute min: ~[4] Let R be a rectangle with its diagonals having length c, and let 7 be the length of one of its sides. ‘Then the length of the other side is y = Ve" —27 and the area of Ris given by Now and A@)=02 It is easy to verify that A has @ maximum at 2 = it follows that the rectangle of maximum area is a square166 44. 45. 46. ar. SECTION 4.4 Let $= 2° +y* where x+y +16. Then S(z) = 2° + (16~2)° and S"(z) = 32 - 3(16- 2)? = 962-8); S@)=0 => 8 => y=8 S"(z) = 62+ 6(16—2); $"(8)=96 => Shas a local minimum at z= 8 It now follows that $(8) is the absolute minimum of S. woos de z Tp =O: ives © isa maximum. Setting R'(2) sine wE) Cut the wire into two pieces, one of length x and the other of length L — 1. Suppose that the wire of length 2 is used to form the equilateral triangle, and the other piece is used to form the square. Then the area of the triangle is V/3.x?/36, and the area of the square is (I:~ 2*)/16. Now, let see) = B24 h uz? Then yy} Sa) = Be-FE-2) _iv3e9, 1 = 8828, 1, Setting (2) = 0 we find that 9 oe fe 1 4/349 0.5650 Now, S(O) = te ‘L? = 0.06251? (absolute maximum) 9 L 03901? (absolute minimum) s(t) * (absolute minimum) S(L) = 0.048117 ‘To maximize the sum of the areas, use the wire to form a square; to minimize the sum, use 0.5650 L to form the triangle and the remainder to form the square. critical nos: 2) = -1.452, 22 = 760 {f(-1.452) local maximum ‘4(0.727) local minirmam §(8) absolute maximum J(-2.5) absolute minimumSECTION 4.5 167 48. x ccitical nos: 25 = 2.179, 2 = 1, my = 1.158 fk (2) local maximum J(-2.79), (1.158) local minima * $(8) absolute maximum #(-2.179) absolute minimum 49. critical numbers: 2; = ~1.683, x2 = —0.284, 23 = 0.645, xq = 1.760 (1.683), #(0.643) local maxima (0.284), f(0.760) local minima. £(@) absolute maximum J (=a) absolute minimum 50. critical nos: 11 = ~0.684, 22 = 0 J(-0.684) local maximum $(0) local minimum (2) absolute maximum J{-8) absolute minimum SECTION 4.5 1. Set P= zy and y=40—2, We want to maximize P(e) =2(40-2), 0< 2 < 40, Pie) =40-22, P(z)=0 = 0. Since P increases on (0, 20] and decreases on [20, 40), the abs max of P occurs when x = 20. ‘Then, y= 20 and 2y = 400. ‘The maximal value of zy is 400.168 SECTION 4.5 2-2, We want to maximize 2. A(z) = 2(12-z2), O< 912. Allz)=12-22, P(x) = 1=6. Since A increases on (0, 6] and decreases on (6, 12), the abs max of A occurs when x = 6. Then, y = 6. ‘The dimensions of the rectangle having perimeter 24 and maximum area are: 6 x 6 3. Minimize P nwo Pa242y, 200=2y, y=200/2 aR Peart, o 2-8 Since $ increases on [0, 3/2] and decreases on [V3/2,3/2], the abs max of $ occurs when x = V3/2. ‘The dimensions of the strongest beam are: V6 x V3. A(z) = 2 (300-32), 0< 2 < 200, Alla) =300-32, Al2)=0 => 25 00. Since A increases on (0, 100] and decreases on (100, 200), the abs max of A occurs when x = 100 Then, y = 150, ‘The playground of greatest area measures 100 ft by 150 ft, (The fence divider is 100 ft long.) Minimize C 300y + 4002 y A=5000=2y > y= hp (a) = 12900: 008 5 gos, 20; or(a) = ~ BE? + 500; Cz) =0 = 226124 ere) = RAH, 6124) 50 y C has an abs min at = 61.24. The dimensions that will minimize the cost are: 2 = 61.24, y = 81.65,170 SECTION 4.5 9. Maximiz To account for the semi-circular portion admitting less 2 light per square foot, we multiply its area by 1/3. : naan} ( * Ort hear =24, h=}(4-2%-ar) ee (M2REE) he Lip) =r (+3) " ocr yan (v48s)e temo a rege Since L"(r) <0 for all r in the domain of L, the local max at r = 72/(12 +5) is the abs max. For the window that admits the most light, take the radius of the semicircle as =5"*— 22.6 ft and Dtoe 724 2e Re the height of the rectangular portion as 25.92 ft 10. x Maximize A A=ay, 2+ 2y=800 Ay) = (800 ~ 2y)y = 800y ~ 29°, 0 0 for m <0, the local min at m = —5/2 is the abs min. ‘The triangle of minimal area is formed by the line of slope ~5/2. 14, Since lim Am) = +00, n0 minimum exists172 SECTION 4.5 15. Maximize V V=2eh, 2(20? 4+2h+2zh) = vee (SE) 42%, O = BV3 Since V"(2) = 82 <0 on (0,5), the local max at 2 = $V is the abs max. ‘The base of the box of greatest volume measures $V in. by 123 in, 50- 16. With no top, we have 224 +2sh+4zh = 100, or k= = Maximize V(2) = 222 Cs 2 viz) oa —22%, V(z)=0 => 2H 36. 4z <0 on (0,5V3), the local max at z= $6 is the abs max. 28 O59 — 93 ) = 20-2, ocre Since V"(2) = ‘The base of the box of greatest volume measures $V6 in. by !2V6 in. ar. Qetysl2 =e y= 12-20 * “ ‘Pythagorean Theorem: A(z) =(6-2)VTe=W, 3<2<6. Ag) = -Vl~ HE + (6-2) te Atg)=0 => 2=4 Since A increases on (3,4) and decreases on [4,6), the abs max of A occurs at ‘The triangle of maximal area is equilateral with side of length 4.SECTION 4.5 173 18. Its sufficient to minimize the square of the distance: S = (2-0)? + (y— 6)? =8y + (y—6)* since 2? =8y where y>0. SW) = 2-4, Sy=0 => y=? The points on the parabola that are closest to (0,6) are: (4,2) and (—4,2). 19. Minimize_d d=? -0) +(y-3)? ‘The square-root function is increasing; dis minimal when D =? is minimal, Diy) =y*+(y— 3), y real. D'(y) = 4y* + 2y— 3) = (y—1) (Ay? +4y +6), D'{y) =0 at y=1. Since D"(y) = 12y? +2 > 0, the local min at y= 1 is the abs min ‘The point (1,1) is the point on the parabola closest to (0,3) 20. flz)= Az? + Bet, f()=6 = LAV3B=6. B =A B we ro=0 = Fr Bno Solving the two equations gives: A=9, B= 1. a. Maximize A % = Aszy Be, 30=3r+2y, y= 32, v3. A@) =152~ 324+ Bet, oce h=2V3. Q G 4 ‘The depth of the gutter that has maximum carrying capacity is: 2V3 inches. 3B Maximize V {fo . & V = 2(8~22)(15 ~ 22) © z>0 8-2>0) = O0 V@)= 202 ~ 462° +42, O<2 <4. Vi(q) = 120-9224 122" = 4(32—5){r-6), Ve) =0 at Since V increases on (0,$] and decreases on 3,4), the abs max of V occurs when x = §. ‘The box of maximal volume is made by cutting out squares 5/3 inches on a side. 24, Minimize P Patt my 8h y (e-4)(y-6) = 81; y= +6. pe) =22+2(SL 40). 2>4 Plz)= yp > O when 2> 4, x= 19s the abs min ‘The most economical page has dimensions: width 13 om, length 15 cm. 25. length AP = /OF 9 length BP =6-y length CP = yoru?SECTION 4.5 175 Sty) =0-y+2V9FH, O<¥<6 0) ear S90 av Since $0) =12, S(v3)=6+3v3=112, and 5(6) the abs min of $ occurs when y= V5. -1+ ‘To minimize the sum of the distances, take P as the point (0, V3) 26. Refer to Exercise 25. Here we want to minimize SW) =3-y+2V8FR, O3, w) yee 6 v=vi ‘Thus, the minimum must occur at one of the endpoints: $(0) = 15, S(3) = 2V% < S(0). ‘To minimize the sum of the distances, take P = (0,3) m, ini Bayt (et+1)? sins wins 25 = 8, y= Se u By similar triangles =" =F, y= [(@ +). eB e) fen] tetF ern? (g +1) Since Z is minimal when L? is minimal, we consider the function fe)= +1? (G+), 250, (2) = 2241) ( + ) +41? (28) _oe+1 = Ht Since f decreases on (0,4] and increases on [4, 00), the abs min of f occurs when z = 4. ‘The shortest ladder is 5¥5 ft long. feo], f=0 = 2176 28. 29. 30. St. SECTION 4.5 Maximize L = x+y. y 6 By snr twang, Y= ot He)nat lie eos 5 Y@)=1- Gas i“ Lig) =0 = 2= VEG ~ 1081 8 L(10.81) © 19.73; the longest ladder is approximately 19.7 ft Maximize A (We use feet rather than inches to reduce arithmetic.) A=(L-)(W-$ A(L) AL) Since AM(L) = -94/L? <0 for 1< D< 8, the max at b= § § is the abs max. ‘The banner has length 9/2 ft = 54 in, and height 6 ft = 72 in, 1 me V = Sar?h=1, or h= eV = garth=1, oh= = are ar 28 inchee32. 33. 34. SECTION 4.5 177 aianis (tte) osrel Note: the endpoints of the domain correspond to the instances when the string is not cut: when no circle is formed, r = 14/n when no square is formed. Pe Since A"(r) = 2x +22/2 > 0 on (0,14/x), the abs min of A occurs when r = 14/(4+ 7m) and the abs max of A occurs at one of the endpts: A(0) = 49, A(14/x) = 196/x > 49, (a) To maximize the sum of the two areas, use all of the string to form the circle, (b) To minimize the sum of the two areas, use 2ar = 281/(4+ 7) = 12.32 inches of string for the cirele. Maximize V = 2h given that 2? 44ch=12 =< = = ve)=2 25") oce 1=2. Since V increases on (0,2) and decreases on [2, 12), 2; the maximum volume is V(2) = 4eu Maximize ¥ : Vanth . By similar triangles ‘ 8 ' 5 t Vir) S26-n, o 0 for 2 > 0, the local min of C at x = 10 is the abs min, ‘The least expensive box is 12.5 ft tall with a square base 10 ft on a side. Maximize A= zy. By similar triangles ' t =k x _ A@)=b26-2), 0 =f ® bx Since A is increasing on (0, /2) and decreasing on (6/2,), A has an abs max at x = 6/2 A(b/2) = 4m 4} area of triangle ABC. Minimize A A= YN) Qe) = he ‘Triangles ADC and ABE are similar: AD _ AB 4B. De = BE 7 Pythagorean Theorem: Se 12+ (AB) = (h- ‘Thus Solving this equation for h we find that38, 39. SECTION 4.5 179 dar (2? =r?) (601) —22%r(22) _ 22% (24 - 31?) Ala) , edn. AQ) =a 7 © (@ - ry (2? 1?) A(a)=0 => v3. Since A decreases on (r, rV3] and increases on (rv, oo), the local min at 2 = rV3 is the abs min of A. When z = rV3, we get h = 3r so that FC = 2rv3 and AF = FC = Vit pa? = 2rV3. ‘The triangle of least area is equilateral with side of length 2rV3. kota Maximize A(2} Since A increases on (0,+/2] and decreases on [r/2,r], A has an abs max at x= 1/2; v5 a Maximize V arth By the Pythagorean Theorem, (2r)? +8? = (2R)? haw, V(r) = 20° VIPoP, RE. Since V increases on (0, $RV6] and decreases on [}RVB, R), the local max at r= 1RV6 is the abs max. 2ar (OR? — Br2) ‘The cylinder of maximal volume has base radius }RV6 and height 2RV3.180 SECTION 4.5 40. Maximize A= anh = dar RE = An(R?= 27) ay, Vi Ar) The curved surface is a maximum when r= 4, h= Rv2 & 4ZTS a Pythagorean Theorem OSrR Case2: AER In both cases 7? = R?~(R—h)? = 2hR—- Ht V(h) = fr (QhR-AY), O< AOR, Vi(h) = fx (UHR 3K"), V'QR) =O at na ik = Since V increases on (0, $A] and decreases on [$F,2R), the local max at h = Ris the abs max ‘The cone of maximal volume has height $2 and radius $RV3, 42. Maximize V th, where 1? +h? V(h) = $a Kb, OSASa, vn) = Maximum volume V (a/V3) = & xaV3. 23h), V(h)=0 > 43, Minimize inland In units of $10,000, cost of cable, cost of cable = underground * under water = 34-2) + SyEF1 Bee Clearly, the cost is unnecessarily high if 2>4 or £<0. O@) =12-32+5vF FI, O O=lnt}a Minimize 1= + ma m a 1@)=-3+ ep reno = re Minimize D = (y~ys)? + (@-a1)*, where y = ~}(az ~ 6) p=2(-Hee-9-m) (-$) +2%-2)=0 pe PR 0e— ab As yy y = SU be— aber Sra SYN Thus d= VD = 4 (© Vere182 49. 50. SECTION 4.5 fest The slope of the line through (a,6) and (2, f(2)) is “)—* Let D(z) = [2 ~ a}? + [b— flz)}?. Then D'(z) =0 => Yo- a] +2- fF = = POT Fay Let P = (1,23) and Q = (22,23). The slope of the line PQ is a =aytay. This is perpendicular to the slope of the tangent to the parabola through point P, which is 221. Thus 1 steep secniagh. Now mnie: D = (ah = 23)? + (01 — 22)? = (ef — 29)7(1 + (21 + 22)") ~(emvek) (ra) L J+ a(en +3) (2- aa) (+23) ° mont) () 20-2) Od) Maximize ® Since the tangent function increases on [0,7/2), we can maximize 9 by maximizing tand. tan = tan(B ~ A) _ tanB~ tana = {4 tanBiand 36/2 ~ 6/2 300 Tx (672)(6/2) — 2+ 216 ‘Thus, we consider 300 fe) = og 720 pq) = A218) 80= 30e(22) _ 30(216 = 24) (2? + 216)” (a? +216)" f(z) = r=6v652. 53, 54. 5B. 56. SECTION 4.5 183 Since f increases on [0,6V6] and decreases on [6V6, 00), the local max at 2 = ‘The observer should sit 66 ft from the screen. iV6 is the abs max, Let 2 be the number of passengers and the revenue in dollars. Re) Biz, 16<2<35 [97 H(@-35)]z, a5<2< 48; aya fg, 3 W m When 2 = 300, y= 800m ~ 8m? +1), Differentiating y with respect tom, y' = 300 ~ 225m =0 4 = ma Deving t= pb tip ite 222 oman ns (24 oot) 2 gat of 5 (on 2g?) 300 45 (200) — p grsn 3090 Thus the expencesare B= 135 (2+ cheat) $00 15 (222) - ore iferentiating, Y= 0675+ 922, which never equals zero. ‘Thus the minimal expenses occur at the endpoints: 35 or x = 55. Evaluating F at these points shows that the mnimal expenses occur when the truck is driven at 55 mph. income 200,000 cost ~ 1,000, 0000 + 100, 000{1 + 2-4 +--+ ~ 1) $8,000,000 _ an an = font Han 50 mn + 100 4 Peet io ** 2? +192 + 100)4— 42(2r + 19) 4(100 - 22) (a? + i924 100) ~ Ge loz + 100" We want to maximize the ratio Let f(z) = 0 ‘Then f(z) = = r=00 Since f(z) >0 forz<0, f'(2)10, f has an absolute maximum at 2 = 10. A ten story building provides the greatest return on investment. PROJECT 4.5 1 2 Distance over water: V35F#?. Distance over land: 12 ‘Total energy: E(x) = W364 = + L(12~ 2). W=15L, s0 E(x) =15LVIFH + L02—2), for0< 2s 12.SECTION 4.6 185 ) and Ba) > 0 on (72,12), $0 B has an absolute minimum a 3. (@) Wb, b> 1, 90 B(x) =kLVIHTH + L2—2), for0< 2 < 12. EX(z) <0 on (0, ) and E'(2) >0 on 2), so E has an absolute minimum at (b) As & increases, « decreases. Ask It, & increases. (r= = k= (@) No SECTION 4.6 1. (a) f is increasing on [a, ], (d,n]; is decreasing on [6,4], [n,pl- (©) The graph of is concave up on (6,), (I,m); The graph of f is concave down on (a,¢), (&,1), (m,p). ‘The x-coordinates of the points of inflection are: 2 =e, 2=k, 2=l, 2=m. 2. (a) gis increasing on (2,8), {ese}, fmsnhi 9 is decreasing on [b,¢}, [e,m]. (b) The graph of 4 is concave up on (a,b), (6,4); ‘The graph of g is concave down on (d,m), (m,n) ‘The x-coordinate of the point of inflection is: 2 = d. 8 f(2)sn27, f"(2) =22°4 concave down on (~co, 0), concave up on (0, co); no pts of inflection 4. f(@)=1-2, f(x) = 22°, concave down on (~00, 0), concave up on (0, 00); no pts of inflection 5. f(z) =327-3, f(z) = 6x; concave down on (—50, 0), concave up on (0, 00}; pt of inflection (0, 2) 6 f(z) = 42-5, f"(2)=45 concave up on (~00, 00)186 10. 13. 14. 15. 16. SECTION 4.6 f@=H-s, fe) =3P-% concave up on (~00, ~}/3) and ($3, oe), concave down on (V8, $v5) pis of inflection (—3V3, ~&) and (}V5. -) f'(@) = 30? — da, f"(2) = 6x — 128? = Ge(1 - 22); concave down on (~o0, 0), and (}, 00), concave up on (0, 3) 5 pis of inflection (0,0), (Bs 4) qa tL pug) 2 2 +9) f@--aap M@= ae ‘concave down on (~90, ~1) and (0, 1), concave up on (—1, 0) and on (1, 00): pt of inflection (0, 0) ‘) = ne) 8 L@= Toa f (=) e-7 concave down on (—00, 2), concave up on (2, 00); no pts of inflection fie) =42 —4e, fa) = Wee" — 45 concave up on (—c0, ~} V3) and ($3, c0), concave down on (~ $3, £v3); pts of inflection (-23, ) and (V3, 4) vig) = 829) pnggy — 12a? = 3) f@)= Sop "= Gape concave down on (00, — V3) and (0, V3), concave up on (-V3, 0) and (V3, 00) 5 pts of inflection (-V3,- $ V3) , (0,0), (v3, 3 v3) -1 1+3Ve vE(+ vz)" Deva (1+ vz)" concave up on (0, 0c); no pts of inflection fz)= file) = F@) = F(e-3)-, F"(@) concave up on (—o0,3), concave down on (3,00); pt of inflection (3,0) ~f 3 He) = HEP, Ha) = Hee V9} ‘concave down on (—o0, ~2), concave up on {—2, 00); pt of inflection (—2, 0) 4-22? _ 2e(2? - 6) Son eB Note: dom (f) = [-2.2] P@)=7 concave up on (2,0), concave down on (0,2); pt of inflection (0,0) se) =2sinzeosz =sin2z, f"(2) = 2eos2x; concave up on (0, }7) and (J, 2), concave down on (fs, #5);18. 20. 21. 22. SECTION 4.6 187 pis of inflection ( and (3,4) Sl(@) =A cose sinz 22, f"(x) = ~A(cos? x — sin®2) — 2 = -4 cos2e—2; concave down on (0, fx) and (J, 2), concave up on (dr. 3) a . 1 9=2n?! 2 9-8x psctintesion (2,252) ana (2,255) F(z) = 2x4 2oos2z, f"(x) = 2—dsin 2x; concave up on (0, sh) and on (x, m), concave down on (5m, sy) Ren 5 2425? 14a Ba pts of intecton (i, iv f(z) =4sin?x cost, f(z) =4 sin® [3 cos? x ~ sin® 2]; concave up on (0, 32) and (37,2), concave down on ($n, $x); pts of inflection (32, $6) and (2x, &) fo) (a) f(z) = 32? - 9 = 3(2? - 3) £(@) 20> 2S V3 or 22 V3; f@) <0 > -V3<20 S -1<2<1; Se) $0 > eS-Lore>1. ‘Thus, f is increasing on (~1,1]; and decreasing on (~00,-1] U[1, 00). (b) f(-1) = -1 is a local minimum; f(1) = 1 is a local maximum. (g) = #E2VD(e- V9) © f@) = Ie) >0 + 2S -V8 or 22 V3; Ia) <0 > -VB<2< VB ‘The graph of f is concave up on (—V3,0) U(V3,00) and concave down on (~c0, -¥3) U (0, v3) (d) points of inflection: (—-V3,—v3/2), (0,0), (v3, v3/2) 24, f(x) = 2/98(z — 62/8 , 2-2 @ f@= amor fle)>0> 2S2, 270, or 2>6 FSO > 226. ‘Thus, f is increasing on (~o0, 2] [6, 00) and decreasing on [2,6]. (b) £2) = 2(4)*/* is a local maximum; F(6) = is a local minirmum. © 1"@)= ape aRn ‘The graph of f is concave down on (0,00) and concave down up (~00, 0) (d) point of inflection: (0,0)25. 27. SECTION 4.6 189 S(@)=24sinz, ze [-z,2] (®) fe) =14cosz Fe) > 0on (x=) ‘Thus, f is increasing on [—x, x]. + oat (b) No local extrema (ce) f"(z) =—sinz f"(z) >0 for 2 € (=1,0); f"(2) <0 for 2 € (0,7). ‘The graph off is concave up on (1,0) and concave down on (0,2). (@) point of infection: (0,0) S(e)=sinz +0s2, 2 € [0,28] y (@) f(z) = cosa sing 1 S(e)20 % O Insasta ‘Thus, fis increasing on [0,3] U [2,27] > Fis decreasing on [}, $x] (©) S(r/4) = VBis a local maximum; ‘$(6x/4) = -V2 isa local minimum, (©) f"(2) = ~sinz - cose I"@)>0 3 fx O 0.0n (~c0,0) U (0,00) ‘Thus, f is increasing on (90, 00). (b). No local extrema190 SECTION 4.6 ore=(% Sh A") > Ofor x € (0,1); f"(z) <0 for x € (00,0). ‘Thus, the graph of f is concave up on (0,1) and concave down on (00, 0). ‘The graph of f is a straight line for x > 1. (4) point of infiection: (0, 0) m noa{ith 18a 1 wro{, 225 : £2) 2 0 0n (~00,0); f(z) <0 on (0, 00). Thus, f is increasing on (—c0,0] and decreasing on (0,00). (>) f(0) = 3 is a local maximum. © me={% FST) $"(2) <0 for 2 € (1,00). ‘Thus, the graph of f is concave down on (—1, 0). The graph of f is a straight line for x < —1. (@) There are no points of inflection 30. y31. 33, 34. 35. 36. 37. SECTION 4.6 191 82, 3.2 Ts 3 Since {"(2) = 6x ~2atb-+c), set d= }(a+b-+0). Note that #"(d) = 0 and that f is concave down on (—c0, d) and concave up on (d, 00}; (d, {(d)) is a point of inflection (a) = 2c 22%, f"(z) =2e+62~*. To have a point of inflection at 1 we need J" =0 => %+6=0 => ec 3 Since (~1,1) lies on the graph, ~atb, Since f(z) exists for all x and there is a pt of inflection at 2 we must have ” (2) ‘Therefore 0=20+20 Solving these two equations, we find a=—} and b=}. Verification: the function s,ly Sa) = — 52° + 5 hhas second derivative (2) =32-4 1, This doos change sign at = } f(z) = Ag? + Br?; fl) = f@= ‘To have a point of inflection at (1,4), we need f"(1)=0 => = ALB= Ar? EBsW2, 5%) =—b Arm? 43 Be fast Solving the two equati ons gives A= 3, B= 1, First, we require that (£25) lie on the curve b= 1AGB, Nove w nu that 2 = —t4csde opine ben ad angi st =e b= 24-98, Solving these two equations, we find A= 18, B= ~4. Verification: the function f(z) = 18cos22 ~ dsin az192 38, 39. 40. 41. 42. SECTION 4.6 hhas second derivative f(z) = —~72cos2z + 36sin3z. This does change sign at z fle) = Aa? +B2+C; f'(2)=2Ar+B; f"(2) =24. (a) Concave up => j"{z)>0 =» A>0; to decrease between A and B we need f(z) <0, for between A and Bo => BS -2A7. (b) Concave down => f"(z)<0 =+ A0 for z between A and B we need 24? + B > 0 and 24B + B > 0, that is, B > -24? and BQA+1) 20. HA>-}, then we need B > 0 (and automatically B > —242). If A < —3, then we need B <0 and B>~2A?, The conditions are: —} f(z) >0. Similarly, f is concave up when f"(z)>0 => f(z) <0 g'(z) = ~sinz and g"(z) cos = ~9(z), 50 g(2) has the same property. (a) pl"(2) = Gr + 2a is negative for x < ~a/3, and positive for x > ~a/3. Therefore, the graph of phes a point of inflection at x= ~a/3. (b) p(x) = 32? + 2az +b has two real zeros iff a? > 30. It is sufficient to show that the x-coordinate of the point of inflection is the x-coordinate of the mid- point ofthe line segment connecting the local extrema [tis easy to show that the x-coordinate of the point of infection is x» = ~ e. Now suppose that p has local extrema at 2 and 22, 21 # 22, Then P(e) =P(e2)=0 > 32h +2az +b- (B23 +2am+8)=0 > m1 +22=-Fa. nin ‘Thus,43. (a) SECTION 4.6 193 (b) No. If f"(z) <0 and f"(2) <0 for all 2, then F(z) < #"(0)x+ f(0) on (0,00), which implies that Fla) + —00 as 2 + 00. Then f(z) = n(n ~ Lanz"? +... + 2ay is a degree n ~ 2 polynomial which can have at most 46. {@) concave up on (~1.077,1.077) concave down on (—7,~1.077)U(L.OTT, =) (©) pts of infection at 2 = -1.077, 1.077 43, 5 4 3 2 a 44, Let ff) = age" + an 2"! + + ane" + a2 + ap n=2roots. Hence f has at most n ~ 2 points of inflection. 45. £ 3 {a) concave up on (—4, ~0.913) U (0.913, 4) concave down on (0.913, 0.913) (b) pts of inflection at x = -0.913, 0.913 ar. le 4 -3 1 1203 (2) concave up on: (-,=1.996) u (~.0345, 2.550) concave down on: (1.996, -0.345)u (2.550, =) () pis of inflection at: == 1.996, 0.345, 2,550 (a) concave up on (—5,5) (b) no pts of inflection194 SECTION 4.7 49. y (@) concave up on: (-2.726,0.402) U (1.823,2.5) concave down on: (3, -2.726) U (0.402, 1.823) (b) pts of inflection at: =2.726, 0.402, 1.823. SECTION 4.7 1 @o (b) -00 0 @2=-12=1 2 (ad we @y=d Pp 3. vertical: 4) horizontal: y vertical: x= 2; horizontal: none 7. vertical: z= 43; horizontal: y= 0 5 Rocizontal: y= $ 9. vertical: 11. vertical: ¢ = §; horizontal: y = 0 13. vertical none;_horizontali y = 4$ 15. vertical: « horizontal: y= 0 17. vertical: none; horizontal: y= 0 19, vertical: 2 = (2n-+ 3); horizontal: none 21. #2) = 443)"; neither 23. f(z) = 42-2); cusp 25, f(a) = $2°2!9 (1— 29/8); tangent 27. f(-2) undefined; neither 50. (@) concave up on: (2.748, -1.091) U (1.091, 2.743) concave down on: (-#,—2.743) U (1.091, 1.091) U (2.743, x) (b) pts of inflection at: z= ~2.742, -1,091, 1.091, 2.743 (x (ghy=Qy=1 (ay. © a 4. vertical: 2 = —2; horizontal: none az=b 6. vertical: none; horizontal: y = 8. vertical: 16; horizontal: y = 0 J horizontals y = § 5 horizontal: y 10. vertical: 2 412, vertical: 2 horizontal: y= 0 16. vertical: r= +1; horizontal: y = +2 18. vertical: none; horizontal: y = 0 20, vertical: x =2nn; horizontal: none 22, file) = 32-9; cusp 24, neither; f(-1) is not defined 26. f(a) = Fe 5)"; neither 28. f(z) = $22); tangent29, 30. 31. 32. 37, 39, 40. SECTION 4.7 195 zo pe, OP r= { f(z) = (4¢ ~3)(@— 1/8; tangent gyal He*8®, 2>-8 rea={ ian neg OP f is not defined for x > 2; neither 33. f not continuous at 0; neither J is not continuous at 0; neither F(z) =2—S2¥4 1 2 (a) f'(z) £ is increasing on (—c0, ~1] U[1,00) f is decreasing on [~1,1 (b) f"(@) = Ba concave up on (0,0); concave down on (~c0,0) vertical tangent at (0,0) fle) = 22/9 — hl @ £2 J is increasing on (4,00) {is decreasing on (00, }]196 al. 42. 43. SECTION 4.7 2) (0) F@) =~ 52 4 Ga = Oe concave up on (0, 1) concave down on (~20,0)U (1,60) ‘vertical tangent at (0,0) s/8 — 3a2/8 (a) (@) = 27/9 22-18 f 38 increasing on (—00,0] [2, 00) { is decreasing on [0,2] ) s"(2) ay concave up on (~1,00); concave down on (00,1) aay vertical cusp at (0,0) 12) = Vel { 8, 220 Cay 2 co. 7 vn 20 wra={ a Ban 225, , f is increasing on [0, 00) x f is decreasing on (—00, 0] 7 x ) fa) = pet?, 2>0 &) s"2) { Hes?) aco; concave down on (0,0) U (0,20) vertical cusp at (0,0) vertical asymptote: x =1 vertical asymptotes: == 1, horizontal asymptotes: y=0, y =2 horizontal asymptote: y no vertical tangents or cusps no vertical tangents or cusps45. 46. no asymptotes vertical cusp at (0,1) 47. 48. horizontal asymptotes: vertical tangent at (0,0) 49. (a) podd; (b) peven 50. (a) Follow the hint. Qe) (0) fe) - (ar +9) = SS 51. 52. vertical asymptote: x= 0 oblique asymptote: y SECTION 4.7 197 horizontal asymptote: y= 4 vertical tangent at (0, 1) no asymptotes vertical tangent at (0,1) Ct) 9 as 2+ £00, since deg [Q(a)] < deg ale) e=-l vertical asymptote: oblique asymptote: y= 22+3