Bond Energies at SATP

Bond kJ/mol Bond kJ/mol Bond kJ/mol Bond kJ/mol Bond kJ/mol Bond kJ/mol
H-H 432 C-N 305 N-H 391 F-F 154 C=C 614 N=O 607
H-F 565 C-O 358 N-N 160 Cl-Cl 239 CC 839 N=N 418
H-Cl 427 C-F 485 N-O 201 Br-Br 193 O=O 495 NN 941
C-H 413 C-Cl 339 O-H 467 I-I 149 C=O 745 CN 891
C-C 347 C-Br 276 O-O 146 S-H 347 CO 1072 C=N 615

Thermodynamic Properties of Organics At SATP

Substance ∆H f° S° Substance ∆H f° S°
(kJ•mol-1) (J•K-1•mol-) (kJ•mol-1) (J•K-1•mol-1)
benzene, C6H6(l) +49.0 172.8 hexane, n-C6H14 (l) -198.6 296.1
bromoethane, CH3CH2Br(g) -90.5 ----- iodoethane, CH3CH2I(g) -40.7 -----
bromomethane, CH3Br (g) -37.2 246.3 iodomethane, CH3I (g) -15.5 163.2
butanal, CH3CH2CH2CHO(l) -241.2 ---- methanal, HCHO(g) -108.7 218.7
butane, n-C4H10 (g) -126.5 310.1 (formaldahyde)
butan-1-ol, C4H9OH(l) -327.4 228.0 methane, CH4 (g) -74.8 186.2
but-1-ene, C4H8 (g) -0.4 305.6 methanoic acid, CH3OH(l) -425.1 129.0
but-1-yne, C4H6 (g) +165.2 ----- (formic)
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 (l) -128.4 216.4 methanol, CH3OH(l) -239.1 239.7
CCl4 (g) -96.0 309.9 methoxymethane, CH3OCH3(g) -184.0 266.7
chloroethene, CH3CH2Cl(g) -136.8 263.9 methylpropane, C4H10 (g) -134.5 294.6
chloromethane, CH3Cl (g) -82.0 234.5 napthalene, C10H8 (s) +77.7 -----
+53.3 ----- octane, n-C8H18 (l) -250.0 361.1
cyclopropane, (CH2)3 (g)
1,2-dichloroethane, (CH2Cl)2(g) -165.0 ----- pentane, n-C5H12 (l) -173.1 262.7
ethanal, CH3CHO(g) -191.5 160.2 phenylethene or styrene +103.8 345.1
phenol, C6H5OH(s) -165.0 ----
ethane, C2H6 (g) -83.8 229.5
propanal, CH3CH2CHO(l) -217.1 ----
ethane-1,2-diol, (CH2OH)2(l) -454.8 166.9
propane, C3H8 (g) -104.5 269.9
ethanoic acid, CH3CO2H(l) -484.5 159.8
propanone(acetone) -248.0 198.8
(acetic)
propan-1-ol, C3H7OH(l) -302.7 196.6
ethanol, C2H5OH(l) -277.1 160.7
propene, C3H6(g) +20.2 266.9
ethene, C2H4 (g) +52.5 219.5
propyne, C3H4 (g) +186.6 248.1
ethoxyethane, (CH3CH2)2O(g) -279.0 251.9
sucrose, C12H22O11(s) -2221.0 360.2
ethyne, C2H2 (g) +228.2 201.0
2,2,4-trimethyl pentane -259.2 328.0
fluoromethane, CH3F (g) -247.0 -----
urea -335.5 104.
glucose, C6H12O6(s) -1260.0 212.1
 Thermodynamic Properties of Inorganics At SATP)
Substance ∆H ° S° ∆G ° Substance ∆H ° S° ∆G °
f f f f
(kJ•mol-1) (J•K-1•mol-1) (kJ•mol-1) (kJ•mol-1) (J•K-1•mol-1) (kJ•mol-1)
Al(s) 0 28.3 0 Pb (s) 0 64.8 0
Al2O3 (s) -1675.7 50.9 -1582.3 PbCl2 (s) -359.4 136.0 -314.1
Al2(SO4)3 (s) -3405.5 50.9 -1582.3 PbO (s) -219.0 66.5 -188.6
BaCO3 (s) -1216.3 112.1 -1142.0 PbO2 (s) -277.4 68.6 -----
BaCl2 (s) -860.2 124.1 -813.5 Mg (s) 0 32.7 0
BCl3 (g) -404 291.1 -390.1 MgCO3 (s) -1095.8 65.7 -----
B2O3 (s) -1273 54.18 -1144.1 MgCl2 (s) -641.3 89.63 -591.8
Br2 (l) 0 152 0 Mg(OH)2 (s) -924.5 63.24 -----
Ca(s) 0 41.4 0 MgO (s) -601.6 26.95 -569.4
CaCO3 (s) -1207 92.9 -1128.8 N2 (g) 0 191.6 0
CaBr2 (s) -682.8 130.2 -1352.4 NH3 (g) -45.9 192.78 -16.5
CaCl2 (s) -795.8 104.6 -748.1 N2H4 (l) 50.6 121.2 149.3
CaO(s) -634.9 38.1 -566.5 N2H4 (g) +95.4 237.11 -----
Ca(OH)2 (s) -986.1 83.4 -901.7 NH4Cl (s) -314.4 94.6 -202.9
Ca3(PO4)2 (s) -4119 236.9 -3897.7 NH4NO3 (s) -365.6 151.08 -183.9
CaSO4 (s) -1434.1 108.4 -1326.8 NO (g) 90.2 210.76 86.6
C(s) graphite 0 5.7 0 NO2 (g) 33.2 240.1 51.3
C(s) diamond +1.88 2.38 +2.90 N2O (g) 82.1 219.9 104.2
CO (g) -110.5 197.66 -137.2 N2O4 (g) 9.2 304.3 97.9
CO2 (g) -393.5 213.78 -394.4 O2 (g) 0 205.1 0
Cl2 (g) 0 223.1 0 O3 (g) 142.7 238.9 163.2
Cu (s) 0 +33.2 0 PCl3 (g) -319.7 217.2 -----
CuCl (s) -137.2 86.2 -119.9 PCl5 (g) -443.5 364.6 -----
CuCl2 (s) -220.1 108.1 -175.7 K (s) 0 64.2 0
Cu2O (s) -168.6 93.1 -146.6 KCl (s) -436.7 82.55 -409.1
CuO (s) -157.3 42.6 -129.7 KClO3 (s) -397.7 143.1 -296.3
CuSO4 (s) -771.4 109.2 -663.6 KOH (s) -424.8 78.9 -379.1
CuSO4·5H2O s) -2279 301.6 -1887.1 Ag (s) 0 42.6 0
F2 (g) 0 202.8 0 AgBr (s) -100.4 107.11 -97.4
H2 (g) 0 130.7 0 AgCl (s) -127.0 96.25 -109.8
H2O2 (l) -187.8 109.6 -120.4 AgNO3 (s) -124.4 140.9 -33.4
HBr(g) -36.3 198.7 -53.5 Ag2O (s) -31.1 121.8 -11.3
HCl (g) -92.3 186.9 -95.3 Na (s) 0 51.2 0
HCl (aq) -167.2 56.7 -131.8 NaBr (s) -361.1 86.82 -350.2
HCN(g) +135.1 201.81 +125.2 Na2CO3 (s) -1130.7 135.0 -1044.0
HF (g) -271.1 +173.8 -273.2 NaCl (s) -411.2 115.5 ------
HI (g) +26.5 206.59 +1.75 NaF (s) -571 51.7 -545.6
HNO3 (l) -174.1 155.6 -80.7 NaOH (s) -425.6 64.4 -379.5
HNO3 (aq) -207.0 ----- ----- NaI (s) -287.8 98.50 -287.3
H3PO4 (s) -1279.0 110.5 -1119.1 S8 (s) rhombic 0 31.8 0
H2S (g) -20.6 205.8 -33.6 S (g) 278.8 167.8 283.3
H2SO4 (l) -813.8 156.9 -690.0 SO2 (g) -296.8 248.22 -300.2
H2SO4 (aq) -909.3 20.16 -743.4 SO3 (g) -395.7 256.8 -371.1
I2 (s) 0 116.3 0 SnO (s) -280.7 57.17 -----
I2 (g) +62.4 180.79 ----- SnO2 (s) -577.6 49.04 -----
Fe (s) 0 27.8 0 H2O (l) -285.8 69.95 -237.1
FeO (s) -272.0 57.6 +245.1 H2O (g) -241.8 188.84 -228.6
Fe2O3 (s) -824.2 87.4 -742.2 ZnO (s) -350.5 43.65 -----
FeCl2 (s) -341.8 118.0 -302.8 ZnS (s) -206.0 57.7 -----
FeCl3 (s) -399.5 142.3 -344.0
 Hess’ Law Using Formation Enthalpies Worksheet
Using the Standard values of f , calculate the heats of reaction, rxn, or heats of formation, f

For #1-5, the equation: ∆Hrxn° = Σn∆Hf°products − Σn∆Hf°reactants

1. C6H6 (l) + 15/2 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (g)

2. Al2(SO4)3 (s) + 3 H2O (l) → Al2O3 (s) + 3 H2SO4 (aq)

3. Given that ∆H°rxn = - 1196.0 kJ for the following, calculate the ∆H°f for ClF3 (g).

2 ClF3 (g) + 2 NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 6 HF (g) +

Cl2 (g)

4. Given that ∆H°rxn = - 386.2 kJ for the following, calculate the ∆H°f for Fe(CO)5 (g).

Fe2O3 (s) + 13 CO (g) → 2 Fe(CO)5 (g) + 3 CO2 (g)

5. Given that ∆Hrxn = + 47.2 kJ for the following, calculate the ∆H°f for Fe3O4 (s).

2 Fe3O4 (s) + CO2 (g) → 3 Fe2O3 (s) + CO (g)

Video Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJweE3F_mPY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP-VYfTYi8Y
 Hess’ Law with Bond Energies/Enthalpies Worksheet
Hess' Law for bond enthalpies is:
Hrxn = Σ BEreactant bonds broken − Σ BEproduct bonds broken
Use the Bond Energy values from the Reference Sheet
eg. Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds is an important industrial process. Calculate (in kJ) the
standard enthalpy change ΔH for the hydrogenation of ethyne (acetylene) to ethane:

H−C≡C−H (g) + 2 H2 (g) → H3C−CH3 (g)

Hrxn = Σ BEreactant bonds broken − Σ BEproduct bonds broken

= [2 C−H bonds + 1 C≡C bond + 2 H−H bonds] − [6 C−H bonds + 1 C−C bond
= [2mol(413 kJ/mol) + 1mol(839 kJ/mol) + 2mol(432 kJ/mol)] − [6mol(413 kJ/mol) + 1mol(347
kJ/mol)]
= 2529 kJ − 2825 kJ
= -296 kJ

OR = [1 C≡C bond + 2 H−H bonds] − [4 C−H bonds + 1 C−C bond] = -296 kJ

1. Using bond enthalpies, calculate the reaction enthalpy (ΔH) for:

CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g) → CH3Cl (g) + HCl (g)

2. Calculate ΔH for this reaction:

H2C=CH2 (g) + H2O (l) → CH3-CH2-OH (l)

3. Calculate ΔH for this reaction:

2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

4. Calculate the bond energy of the Cl-F bond using the following data:
Cl2 + F2 → 2ClF ΔH rxn = −108 kJ

5. Ammonia reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide and steam, as follows:
4 NH3 (g) + 7 O2 (g) → 4 O−N=O (g) + 6H2O (g)

6. Calculate ΔH for this reaction:

2 CH3CH=CH2 + 9 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

Video Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mLFSDId6pQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Tm6JMeYX5g