FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA

NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN FOR FLOOD MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA

MARCH 2023
Table of Contents
1. Background...................................................................................................... iii
2. National Flood Management Council (NFMC) ............................................ v
2.1 Functions of the Council ...................................................................................v
2.2 Composition of the Council.............................................................................v
2.3 State of Emergency Declaration ................................................................ vi
3. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy ............................................................ 7
4. Funding Flood Management Programmes ............................................ 48
4.1 Federal Funding Sources ............................................................................ 50
4.2 State Government Funding Sources ........................................................ 50
4.3 Grants and Loans from international development funds ................. 50
4.4 Climate Funding Schemes ......................................................................... 50
4.5 Flood Risk Insurance ..................................................................................... 51
4.6 Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs) ............................................................. 51
4.7 Banks and Microfinance ............................................................................. 51
4.8 Community Infrastructure Levy .............................................................. 51
5. Key Recommendations ................................................................................. 51
6. Follow-Up Actions ........................................................................................... 53
1. Background
Flood is the most common and recurring disaster in Nigeria with increasing
frequency, severity, and spread. The unfortunate incidents of flooding have
wreaked havoc on several communities in Nigeria. While flooding impacts the
country each year, the damage and losses from the 2012 and 2022 floods were
enormous. More specifically, impacts of flood affect the environmental
characteristics of various areas across the country. It negatively affects the safety
(risk to the socio-economic environment), amenity, accessibility, sociability, and
the aesthetics of affected communities.
According to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA, 2012), 363
lives were lost, 5,851 injured; 3,891,314 affected, and 3,871,530 displaced due to
the resulting floods in 2012. Reports have shown that in 2022 flood, over 1.4 million
people have been displaced, 665 reported dead and thousands injured. The
economic damage to residential and non-residential buildings, infrastructure,
productive sector and farmland in 2012 was US $7.3 billion while the damage in
2022 is estimated to be US $6.68 billion (FMHAD&SD, 2022 and WB, 2022,).
Towards reducing the risks and impacts of subsequent flood disasters and
challenges on the citizenry, a Presidential Committee was set up as directed by
President Muhammadu Buhari and was inaugurated on the 3rd November, 2022
at the Presidential Villa to develop a Comprehensive Plan of Action for Preventing
Flood Disasters in Nigeria.
Disaster prevention means the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards
and related disasters. It expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid
potential adverse impacts through action taken in advance. It is not possible to
prevent flood disaster but the probability of flood hazard developing to flood
disaster can be reduced such that high flow is converted to economic benefit.
This concept is called ‘Disaster Management’ which involves Mitigation,
Preparedness, Response, and Recovery phases.
The Federal Executive Council on September 7th, 2022 approved the National
Flood Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan prepared by Ministry of
Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development for Nigeria.
The objective of the plan is to increase political and stakeholders’ commitment
and participation in the governance of flood risks reduction at all levels. The
emphasis of the strategic plan is on preparedness and response phases of
disaster management.
In the Preparedness phase, the stakeholders will collectively carry out
responsibilities to prepare for any anticipated floods. When the anticipated
floods occur, the Response phase is activated to involve all stakeholders to
provide immediate assistance such as conducting search and rescue,
evacuation of victims to higher and safer grounds, providing relief materials and
any other actions that will save lives and properties. The Recovery phase of the
plan spells out roles and responsibilities for stakeholders to help build resilience of
affected communities and return to normalcy after occurrence of the floods.
This National Strategic Plan for Flood Management in Nigeria has incorporated
the National Flood Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (2022).
Flood management is cross-cutting and multi-sectorial with complimentary roles
and responsibilities. There is the need for highly articulated coordination among
various stakeholders to achieve effective flood management and
implementation of the Plan.
The mitigation and adaptation strategy, in line with the ToR of this assignment, is
presented in detail. Flood mitigation is to prevent hazards from developing into
disasters or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur. The mitigation
phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for
minimising flood risk. The Plan entails the following:
• Strategic Plan for Flood Mitigation;
• Financing Mechanism
• Costing of the Flood Strategic Plan
• Key Recommendations

The Presidential Committee comprises the Presidential Steering Committee (PSC)

and the Technical Working Group (TWG) with membership drawn from relevant
government establishments. Seven (7) Sub-committees were formed from the
TWG. The Sub-Committees are Water Resources and Energy, Environment,
Agriculture and Irrigation Development, Housing and Urban Development, Water
Transportation, Roads and Bridges, and Report Writing.

The TWG identified and reviewed existing Policies, Regulations, Guidelines and
Action Plans on Flood. In addition, the Committee solicited for memoranda from
the public which were reviewed. Subsequently, the TWG visited flood prone hot
spots and affected communities in the country. Based on the information and
data collated from the field, stakeholders’ interaction and desk studies, gaps in
flood policy and enforcement of rules were identified and policy measures and
pragmatic activities were developed.
Finally, a strategic plan integrating structural and non-structural measures,
ecosystem needs, land and water management in a changing climate was
developed. The Plan envisaged the active participation of Governments
(Federal, State and Local), communities and the private sector.

There is at present, no centrally coordinated mechanism in the country as regards

flood mitigation, adaptation, response, and recovery. Consequently, an
Institutional arrangement for the coordination and implementation of the
Strategic Plan is recommended.

2. National Flood Management Council (NFMC)

A National Flood Management Council (NFMC) is recommended to be

established and domiciled in the Office of the Vice President of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria.

2.1 Functions of the Council

The functions of the Council shall include:

1. Advise the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on all issues

pertaining to flood management including declaration of State of
Emergency based on flood categorisation;

2. Coordinate flood management activities in the country;

3. Source and provide adequate funding for all flood related matters;

4. Deal with any other matters related to flood management as may be

directed by the President.

2.2 Composition of the Council

The Council shall consist of the following:

1. Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria Chairman

2. Minister of Water Resources Member
3. Minister of Environment “
4. Minister of Humanitarian Affairs Disaster Management & Social Development “
5. Minister of Agriculture & Rural Development “
6. Minister of Transportation “
7. Minister of Works and Housing “
8. Minister of Power “
 9. Minister of Health “
10. Minister of Aviation “
11. Minister of Defence “
12. Minister of Science, Technology &Innovation “
13. Minister of Information and Culture
14. Minister of Interior “
15. Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning “
16. Minister of Communications and Digital Economy “
17. Representatives of State Governments (1no. per Geopolitical Zone)
18. Council Secretariat (FMWR) Secretary

2.3 State of Emergency Declaration

The President, on the advice of the NFMC, shall declare a State of Emergency
when a Category 4 Flood (Table SP1) occurs. The flood disaster would have
resulted in loss of lives, properties, structures, infrastructure and severe disruption
of socio-economic activities on a regional or national scale, beyond effective
response capacity of the affected state(s) or region of the Federation.
Table SP 1: Nigeria Flood Categorisation
Category Classification Description

1 Imminent Flow in river with the possibility of overflowing its

Flood banks and could be accommodated within the
valley.
2 Minor Flood A flood event that has little negative impact on
the economy and environment. (No loss of life
and minimal property damage). In this category,
the water can be utilised for economic gain.
3 Moderate Lives are lost, economic activities disrupted,
Flood property destroyed, people displaced and limited
disruption of Infrastructure, but is within the
immediate response capacity of the state.
4 Major Flood The flood disaster has resulted in loss of lives,
properties, structures, infrastructure and severe
disruption of socio-economic activities on a
regional or national scale, beyond effective
response capacity of the affected state(s) or
region.
5 Destructive The flood event causes heavy loss of lives,
Flood properties, major displacement of people and
intensive destruction of infrastructure.

3. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategy

Following series of situational studies, analysis, field evaluations and key
stakeholders’ interactions, the Presidential Committee identified ten (10)
key strategies to address the incessant flooding across the country. The key
strategies are as follows:
1) Data Acquisition for Integrated Flood Management
2) Coordinated Multi-Sectorial Flood Early Warning System
3) Development of Capacity on Flood Management
4) Development and Management of Flood Plains
5) Protection of the Environment
6) Protection of Infrastructure
7) Reservoir Operation System for Flood Mitigation
8) Collaboration among relevant Stakeholders
9) Enhancement of Public Awareness and Community Support

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 10) Optimising the Benefits of Flood to the National Economy

The Strategic Plan (Figure SP 1) depicts measures necessary for the

actualization of a comprehensive approach to flood risk management. The
Plan aims at maximizing the net benefits of flood plains, reducing loss of lives
and property and thus, preserving the ecosystems and associated
biodiversity within the framework of Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM).
The approach incorporates risk management principles for flood
management, prevents flood hazards developing into disasters, increases
multidisciplinary measures to flood management and improves information
on integrated flood management. This will enhance community
participation and alleviate flood-induced poverty through preventive and
responsive strategies for vulnerable areas.
The frameworks for the Action Statements are presented in Figures SP 2 - SP
11 while details of the strategies for the key interventions are presented in
Boxes SP 1 – 26.

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 Strategy: 10 Strategy: 1 Strategy: 2
Optimising the Data
Acquisition for Coordinated Pre-Flood
Benefits of Multi-Sectoral
Flood to the Integrated During Flood
Flood Flood Early
National Warning System Post Flood
Strategy: 9 Economy Management
Enhnacement of Strategy: 3
Public
awareness and Development
Community of Capacity on
Support Flood
National Strategic Management
Plan for Flood
Strategy: 4
Strategy: 8
Management
Development
Collaboration and
among Management of
Stakeholders Flood Plains

Strategy: 7 Strategy:5
Reservoir Protection of
Strategy: 6 the
Operation
System Protection of Environment
Infrastructure

Figure SP 1: Strategic Plan

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 Strategy Statement 1: Improving Data Acquisition, Handling and Sharing for Integrated Flood Management

Strategy 1
Data Acquisition for Integrated Flood Management

Goal 1
Improve collection of adequate and reliable data and information for
Integrated Flood Management

Objective 1.1 Objective 1.2

To Increase the density of meteorological and hydrological To develop & Implement data sharing and
stations and upgrade instrumentation for data collection archival arrangement for integrated flood
management

Key Intervention
Increase number of Hydrological stations (Manual and Automatic)
Key Intervention
and meteorological stations for effective coverage and improved
Establish Standard Operating Procedures
accuracy of flood monitoring, forecast and warning system
(SOPs) for flood data sharing amongst agencies

Expected Outcomes
Establish and maintain the minimum density of Expected Outcomes
meteorological & Hydrological stations in the country Functional SOP developed and implemented

Responsible Agencies Responsible Agencies

FMWR, FMEnv., FMA&RD, NIHSA, NiMet, State Water Agencies, RBDAs, FMWR, FMAv, FMEnv., NIHSA, NiMet
NASRDA, FMW&H, FMAv, FMST, Universities, Defence, Development Partners NASRDA, NWRI, Universities

Time Frame
1 – 5 yrs & Continuous

Figure SP 2: Framework for Strategy Statement 1

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 STRATEGY 1: KEY INTERVENTION 1.1

Strategy Statement: Improved Data Acquisition, Handling and Sharing for

Integrated Flood Management
Strategy: Data acquisition for Integrated Flood Management
Goal: Improve collection of adequate and reliable data and information for
Integrated Flood Management
Objective: To Increase the density of meteorological and hydrological
stations and upgrade instrumentation for data collection
Key Intervention: Increase the number of hydrological and meteorological
stations through:
(a) rehabilitation and upgrading of dilapidated observatory stations
(b) acquisition through budgetary provision and
(c) collaboration with Development Partners
Box SP 1: Details of Key Intervention 1.1

STRATEGY 1: KEY INTERVENTION 1.2

Strategy Statement: Improved Data Acquisition, Handling and Sharing for

Integrated Flood Management
Strategy: Data acquisition for Integrated Flood Management
Goal: Improve collection of adequate and reliable data and
information for Integrated Flood Management
Objective: To develop and implement data sharing and archival
arrangement for integrated flood management
Key Intervention: Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
flood data sharing amongst agencies
Box SP 2: Details of Key Intervention 1.2

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Strategy Statement 2: Promote Coordinated Multisectoral Participation in Monitoring, Forecasting, and
Managing Flood Risks through Early Warning System

Strategy 2
Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System

Goal 2
Adopt and sustain Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System (FEWS)

Objective 2.1 Objective 2.2

To Institutionalize a dynamic 5-day Flood Early Warning To Maintain a Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early
System for urban, fluvial and coastal flooding Warning System

Key Interventions Key Interventions

Sustain rainfall, rainfall-runoff, hydraulic and flood Operationalise a National Flood Management
forecasting models for dynamic flood early warning system Council (NFMC) for coordination of integrated flood
and install flood marks management

Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes

Flood forecasting and flood early warning system are Multi-Sectorial Coordination of flood management
enhanced established and operationalised

Responsible Agencies
Responsible Agencies NFMC, FMWR, FMAv, FMEnv., NIHSA
FMWR, FMAv, FMEnv., NIHSA, NiMet, NASRDA, NWRI, Universities NiMet, NASRDA, NWRI, FMHADM&SD, FMA&RD,
Universities

Time Frame:
1 – 5 yrs

Figure SP 3: Framework for Strategy Statement 2

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 STRATEGY 2: KEY INTERVENTION 2.1

Strategy Statement: Promote Coordinated Multisectoral participation in

Monitoring, Forecasting, and Managing Flood risks through Early Warning
System
Strategy: Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System
Goal: Adopt and sustain Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System (FEWS)
Objective: To Institutionalize a dynamic 5-day Flood Early Warning System for urban,
fluvial and coastal flooding
Key Intervention: Sustain a robust Flood Early Warning System (Chart 2.1) that
encompasses the dynamics of rainfall, catchment characteristics and
anthropogenic activities with appropriate lead-times and flood marks installation
(Chart 2.2)

(a) Predicted (b) Actual

Chart 2.1 Predicted and Actual Flooded areas in 2022 (NIHSA, 2022)

(a) Before flood (b) During flood

Chart 2.2 Flood marks at Onitsha before and during flood in 2022

Box SP 3: Details of Key Intervention 2.1

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 STRATEGY 2: KEY INTERVENTION 2.2

Strategy Statement: Promote Coordinated Multisectoral participation in

Monitoring, Forecasting, and Managing Flood risks through Early Warning
System
Strategy: Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System
Goal: Adapt and sustain Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System (FEWS)
Objective: To maintain a coordinated multi-sectoral flood warning System.
Key Intervention: Operationalise a National Flood Management Council
(NFMC) for coordination of Integrated Flood Management
Box SP 4: Details of Key Intervention 2.2

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 Strategy Statement 3: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance Capacity Building at all Levels

Strategy 3:
Development of Capacity

Goal 3.1 Goal 3.2

Build capacity for better understanding and effective response to Flood Ensure that the communities in any
Disasters region collectively maintain the capacity
to initiate and sustain emergency
operations during and after a flood
Objectives 3.1.1 Objectives 3.1.2
To carry out research in collaboration with To develop and strengthen the capacity of Objectives 3.2.1
higher institutions on flood modeling and vulnerable communities To strengthen capacities of military
Management
and para-military services

Key Interventions: Key Interventions Key Interventions

Carryout joint research on flooding Military and paramilitary to conduct training Develop Standard operational plan.
for vulnerable communities

Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes

Reliable data for flood assessment and More knowledge of flood management acquired.
forecast

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
FMWR, FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMF&NP, FMAv, NASRDA, NWRI, NIHSA, NiMet, Universities, Research Institution, Army Education Resource Centre, MDAs, SGs, LGs

Time Frame: 1 – 5 yrs and continuous

Figure SP 4: Framework for Strategy Statement 3

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 STRATEGY 3: KEY INTERVENTION 3.1
Strategy Statement: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance
Capacity Building at all Levels
Strategy: Development of Capacity
Goal: Build capacity for better understanding and effective response to
Flood Disasters
Objective: To carry out research in collaboration with higher institutions
on flood modeling and Management
Key Intervention:
(a) Carry out joint research on flooding
(b) Develop and implement national research programmes on flood
modeling and management
Box SP 5: Details of Key Intervention 3.1

STRATEGY 3: KEY INTERVENTION 3.2

Strategy Statement: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance
Capacity Building at all Levels
Strategy: Development of Capacity
Goal: Build capacity for better understanding and effective response to
Flood Disasters
Objective: To develop and strengthen the capacity of vulnerable
communities
Key Intervention:
(a) Military and paramilitary to conduct training for vulnerable
communities.
(b) Develop and implement regional based training programmes for
vulnerable communities
Box SP 6: Details of Key Intervention 3.2

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 STRATEGY 3: KEY INTERVENTION 3.3
Strategy Statement: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance
Capacity Building at all Levels
Strategy: Development of Capacity
Goal: Ensure that the communities in the region collectively maintain the
capacity to initiate and sustain emergency
Objective: To strengthen capacities of military and para-military services
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop Standard Operational Plan
(b) Develop and implement flood response training programmes for
military and para-military services
Box SP 7: Details of Key Intervention 3.3

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Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective 4.1.1
To develop storage
facilities for water
retention
Key Interventions
• Construction of dams and
detention basin on Rivers Benue,
Donga, Taraba, Mada, Dep and
Okpokwu.
• Construction of small
dams on tributaries of various
rivers
Expected Outcomes
No. of critical dams
constructed
Responsible Agencies
FMWR, FMEnv,
FMA&RD
SGs, LGs, Private Sector
Time Frame: (1 – 10 yrs & Continuous)
Figure SP 5: Framework for Strategy Statement 4
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Strategy Statement 4: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.
Goal 4.1
Objective 4.1.2
To reduce the risks to public
safety and existing
development of infrastructure in
flood prone areas
Key Interventions
Carry out flood plain
mapping and zoning of
the country
Expected Outcomes
Flood hotspots identified
Responsible Agencies
FMWR, OSGoF,
NASRDA
FMEnv., FMA&RD, SGs,
LGs
Time Frame: (1 – 5 yrs)
Strategy 4
Development and management of flood plains
Maintain, enhance, and restore the resilience of the natural
environment
Objective 4.1.3 Objective 4.2.1
To rehabilitate To restore the
storage facilities natural
for water retention environment in the
main rivers and
inland deltaic
Key Interventions Key Interventions
Rehabilitation of River improvement works
involving dredging and
existing dams Including
bank stabilization of rivers
desilting of reservoirs
Niger, Benue, Hadejia,
Jamaáre, Ogun, Osun,
Anambra, Imo, Orashi,
Nun, Focados, Otamiri,
Expected Outcomes
No. of dams rehabilitated
Expected Outcomes
Length of flood walls
constructed
Responsible Agencies
FMWR, FMEnv,
Responsible Agencies: FMT, FMWR, FMEnv, SGs, LGs, NN (Hydrographic Office), Private
FMA&RD
SGs, LGs, Private Sector
Time Frame (1 – 10 yrs & Continuous)
Goal 4.2
Objective 4.2.2 Objective 4.2.3
To restore the natural To restore the natural
environment in the
environment in the
wetland areas
coastal areas
Key Interventions
Key Interventions
Restoration of wetlands
Desilting and river
(Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu
training including
Yobe, Lake Chad, Sambisa
stabilization of slopes
Forest, Kainji Lake, Lokoja,
in the coastal and
Jebba, Kaduna, Makurdi,
deltaic areas
Imo River, Yewa Creeks,
Owena, Okomu, Oloke
Lagoon, Lekki Peninsula,
Yola and Cross river).
Expected
Outcomes
Expected Outcomes
No. of creeks No. of wetlands restored
de-silted to their near natural
capacity
Sector
 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.1

Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability

Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective: To develop storage facilities for water retention
Key Intervention:
(a) Construct dams and detention basin on Rivers Benue, Donga,
Taraba, Mada, Dep and Okpokwu
(b) Construct small dams on tributaries of various rivers
Box SP 8: Details of Key Intervention 4.1

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 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.2
Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective: To reduce the risks to public safety and existing development
of infrastructure in flood prone areas.
Key Intervention: Carry out flood plain mapping and zoning of the
country to address the problem of encroachment on Rivers Niger and
Benue flood plain (Chart 4.1)

Chart 4.1: Urban development and encroachment on Niger-Benue River flood plain
between 1975 and 2014
Box SP 9: Details of Key Intervention 4.2

STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.3

Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective: To rehabilitate storage facilities for water retention
Key Intervention: Rehabilitation of existing dams including desilting of
reservoirs
Box SP 10: Details of Key Intervention 4.3

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 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.4
Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Maintain, enhance, and restore the resilience of the natural
environment
Objective: To restore the natural environment in the main rivers and inland
deltaic areas
Key Intervention: River improvement works involving dredging and bank
stabilisation of rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia, Jamaáre, Ogun, Oshun,
Anambra, Imo, Orashi, Nun, Forcados, Otamiri, Qua, Anuye (Chart 4.2)

The arrow in this figure is the dredged section in 2009-2012

Chart 4.2: Navigable segments of Rivers Niger and Benue

Box SP 11: Details of Key Intervention 4.4

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 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.5
Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Maintain, enhance, and restore the resilience of the natural
environment
Objective: To restore the natural environment in the Coastal areas
Key Intervention: Desilting and river training including stabilization of
slopes in the Coastal and Deltaic areas.
Box SP 12: Details of Key Intervention 4.5

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 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.6

Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability

Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Maintain, enhance, and restore the natural environment’s resilience
Objective: To restore the natural environment in the Wetland areas
Key Intervention: Restoration of wetlands (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu Yobe,
Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest, Kainji Lake, Lokoja, Jebba, Kaduna, Makurdi, Imo
River, Yewa creeks, Owena, Okomu, Olokola, Lekki peninsula, Yola and Cross
river).

Chart 4.3: Wetland Belts in Nigeria (Elegbede, 2014)

Box SP 13: Details of Key Intervention 4.6

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Strategy Statement 5: Enforcement of Environmental Regulations and Implementation of Nature-based Solutions
in Flood Mitigation.

Strategy 5
Protection of the Environment

Goal 5
Preserve and protect the environment.

Objective 5.1 Objective 5.2

To encourage tree planting at household, community, and To avoid building on flood plains, reduce paved surfaces and
regional levels deforestation through appropriate regulations

Key Intervention
Key Intervention
Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially economic
Strengthen and implement sensitization and enforcement
trees & other nature-based solutions for flood control
mechanism on flood control in urban areas

Expected Outcomes
Environment protected and preserved.
Flood reduced and delayed.

Responsible Agencies
FMEnv, FMA&RD, FCT, SGs, LGAs and Community

Time Frame
(1 – 10 yrs)

Figure SP 6: Framework for Strategy Statement 5

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STRATEGY 5: KEY INTERVENTION 5.1
Strategy Statement: Enforcement of environmental regulations and
implementation of nature-based solutions in flood mitigation.
Strategy: Protection of the environment
Goal: Preserve and protect the environment.
Objective: To encourage tree planting at household, community, and
regional levels
Key Intervention: Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially
economic trees and other nature-based solutions for flood control.
Box SP 14: Details of Key Intervention 5.1

STRATEGY 5: KEY INTERVENTION 5.2

Strategy Statement: Enforcement of environmental regulations and
implementation of nature-based solutions in flood mitigation.
Strategy: Protection of the environment
Goal: Preserve and protect the environment.
Objective: To avoid building on flood plains, reduce paved surfaces and
deforestation through appropriate regulations
Key Intervention: Implement sensitisation and enforcement mechanism
on the following:
a) all regulations guiding construction of paved surfaces in urban
areas and along flood plains.
b) deforestation activities and enforce all regulations
c) nature-based solutions such as roof top gardens, sponge cities
(urban construction models for flood management at Federal,
States, local and communities levels) etc.
Box SP 15: Details of Key Intervention 5.2

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 Strategy Statement 6: Adapt Technical Standards and Enforce all Regulations

Strategy 6
Protection of Infrastructure

Goal 6
Minimize impact of flood hazard on infrastructure

Objective 6.1 Objective 6.2

To develop and implement codes Objective 6.3
To evaluate and improve resilience of To enforce codes for flood
for flood resilient infrastructure
key infrastructure in flood prone areas resilient infrastructure

Key Intervention
Key Intervention Key Intervention
Provision of flood resilient NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes
Review, upgrade and validate for flood resilient infrastructure
infrastructure (dykes and flood walls) codes for development of
flood resilient infrastructure

Expected Outcomes
• Number of public buildings, roads, water Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes
infrastructures etc. protected Number of codes reviewed Level of compliance enhanced
• Length of dykes and flood walls constructed and operationalised

Responsible Agencies
Responsible Agencies Responsible Agencies FMT, FMWR, FMEnv, SGs, LGs, NN (Hydrographic
FMWR, FMEnv, FMA&RD, SGs, LGs, Private Sector FMWR, OSGoF, NASRDA, FMEnv., Office), Profesional bodies/regulatory agencies
FMA&RD, SGs, LGs

Time Frame: (1 – 10 yrs & Continuous

Time Frame (1 – 5 yrs) Time Frame (1 – 10yrs) & Continuous

Figure SP 7: Framework for Strategy Statement 6

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 STRATEGY 6: KEY INTERVENTION 6.1
Strategy Statement: Adapt technical standards and enforce all
regulations
Strategy: Protection of infrastructure
Goal: Minimize impact of flood hazard on infrastructure
Objective: To evaluate and improve resilience of key infrastructure in
flood prone areas
Key Intervention:
a) Provide flood walls and dykes in vulnerable areas (Chart 6.1) such
as in Makurdi, Nassarawa, Lokoja, Oguta lake, Ibaji, Agenebode,
Onitsha, Asaba, Orashi, Hadejia, Ogbaru, Ogboli, Kotonkarfe,
Anambra-west, Oweto, Anambra-East, Anyamelum, Ohaji
Egbema, Dabi, Ringim, Itobe, Obagana, Idah, Shintaku, etc.
b) Flood protect existing critical structures such as water infrastructure,
Power installations and cultural sites.

Chart 6.1: Feasible dyke locations on River Benue (NWRMP, 2013)

Box SP 16: Details of Key Intervention 6.1

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 STRATEGY 6: KEY INTERVENTION 6.2

Strategy Statement: Adapt technical standards and enforce all

regulations
Strategy: Protection of Infrastructure
Goal: Minimize impact of flood hazard on all infrastructure
Objective: To develop and implement codes for flood resilient
Infrastructure
Key Intervention: Review and validate codes for highway, urban
development, and other critical infrastructure to incorporate climate,
demography, population, and behavioral dynamics for effecting the
development and management of flood resilient infrastructure
Box SP 17: Details of Key Intervention 6.2

STRATEGY 6: KEY INTERVENTION 6.3

Strategy Statement: Adapt technical standards and enforce all

regulations
Strategy: Protection of Infrastructure
Goal: Minimize impact of flood hazard on all infrastructure.
Objective: To enforce the codes for flood resilient infrastructure.
Key Intervention: NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes for flood
resilient infrastructure

Box SP 18: Details of Key Intervention 6.3

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 Strategy Statement 7: Develop Integrated Reservoir Operations Programme and Enforce the Code of Practice
for Dams and Reservoir Operations.

Strategy 7
Reservoir Operations System

Goal 7
Develop operational policy for multiple reservoir systems

Objective 7.1
To develop operational rules and policy for multiple reservoir systems

Key Intervention
Develop operational rules and policies and incorporate into the code of practice for
dams and reservoir operations

Expected Outcome
Operational policy and rules developed.

Responsible Agencies
FMWR, RBDAs, State Governments, Private dam operators

Time Frame
(1 –10 yrs)

Figure SP 8: Framework for Strategy Statement 7

29 | P a g e
 STRATEGY 7: KEY INTERVENTION 7.1

Strategy Statement: Develop Integrated Reservoir Operations programme

and enforce the Code of Practice for Dams and Reservoir Operations.
Strategy: Reservoir operations system
Goal: Develop operational policy for multiple reservoir systems
Objective: To develop operation rules and policy for multiple reservoir
systems
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop operational rules and policies and incorporate into the
Code of Practice for Dams and Reservoir Operation

(b) Operate reservoir to effect changes in the natural stream flow in

terms of flood peak, timing and duration (see Chart 7.1)

Chart 7.1 Flow modification through reservoir operation

Box SP 19: Details of Key Intervention7.1

30 | P a g e
 Strategy Statement: 8 Strengthen Stakeholder’s Collaboration

Strategy 8
Collaboration among stakeholders

Goal 8
Develop synergy amongst stakeholders

Objectives 8.1
To strengthen partnerships among all levels of government, professional bodies and communities to improve
and implement consistent flood management practices

Key Intervention
Establish effective mechanism for communication amongst stakeholders

EXPECTED Outcome
Synergy amongst stakeholders improved

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
NFMC, FMEnv, FMAv, FMHADM&SD, Military, FMA&RD, FMWR, SGs, LGs, Professional bodies

Time frame
Continuous

Figure SP 9: Framework for Strategy Statement 8

31 | P a g e
 STRATEGY 8: KEY INTERVENTION 8.1

Strategy Statement: Strengthen stakeholder’s Collaboration

Strategy: Collaboration among stakeholders
Goal: Develop synergy amongst stakeholders
Objective: To strengthen partnerships among all levels of government,
professional bodies and communities to improve and implement
consistent flood management practices
Key Intervention: Establish effective mechanism for communication
amongst stakeholders.

Box SP 20: Details of Key Intervention 8.1

32 | P a g e
 Strategy Statement 9: Sustain Public Awareness on Flood Management

Strategy 9
Enhancement of Public Awareness and Community Support

Goal 9
Improved enlightenment and sensitization

Objectives 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Objectives 9.3

To develop and sustain enlightenment campaigns, To translate and publish information on To engage faith-based organizations and
information dissemination, and sensitization on flood flood management in local languages industries as partners in identifying
management to the general public. opportunities

Key Intervention
Key Intervention Translation and publication of flood Key Intervention
Provide National, States, LGAs and communities with management information in local Strengthen Community Flood
updated information about flood hazards, languages Awareness and Sensitization Group
vulnerabilities, mitigation initiatives and measures. To partner with NGOs

Expected Outcomes
Public awareness enhanced

Responsible Agencies
NFMC, FMHADM & SD, FOI, NOA Military, FMA&RD, FMWR, SGs, LGs, Relevant Stakeholders

Time Frame
1 – 5 yrs and Continuous

Figure SP 10: Framework for Strategy Statement 9

33 | P a g e
 STRATEGY 9: KEY INTERVENTION 9.1
Strategy Statement: Sustain Public Awareness on flood management
Strategy: Enhancement of public awareness and community support
Goal: Improved enlightenment and sensitization
Objective: To develop and sustain enlightenment campaigns,
information dissemination, and sensitization on flood management to the
general public.
Key Intervention:
(a) Provide National, States, LGAs and communities with updated
information about flood hazards, vulnerabilities, mitigation
initiatives and measures
(b) Develop national Information, Education and Communication
(IEC) strategy for improving sensitization and information
dissemination on flood management to the general public
Box SP 21: Details of Key Intervention 9.1

STRATEGY 9: KEY INTERVENTION 9.2

Strategy Statement: Sustain Public Awareness on flood management
Strategy: Enhancement of public awareness and community support
Goal: Improved enlightenment and sensitization
Objective: To translate and publish information on flood management in
local languages
Key Intervention: Translation and publication of flood management
information in local languages
Box SP 22: Details of Key Intervention 9.2
STRATEGY 9: KEY INTERVENTION 9.3
Strategy Statement: Sustain Public Awareness on flood management
Strategy: Enhancement of public awareness and community support
Goal: Improved enlightenment and sensitization
Objective: To engage faith-based organizations and industries as
partners in identifying opportunities
Key Intervention: Partner with NGOs to strengthen Community Flood
Awareness and Sensitization Group
Box SP 23: Details of Key Intervention 9.3

34 | P a g e
Strategy Statement 10: Harnessing Benefits of Flood for National Development

Strategy 10:
Optimising the benefits of flood to the National Economy

Goal 10
Develop strategies for mainstreaming flood benefits into national economic development

Objectives 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Objectives 10.3

To identify and prioritize economic benefits To promote public-private To institutionalise flood
resulting from flood management programmes partnerships on flood management management financing
mechanism

Key Intervention
Key Intervention Key Intervention
Develop framework for PPP
Incorporate flood management benefits into Establish flood management
opportunities
national economic development programmes financing mechanism

Expected Outcome
GDP Improved

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
FMFBNP, ICRC, All Federal and State MDAs, Private Sector

Time frame: 1 – 5 yrs &

Continuous

Figure SP 11: Framework for Strategy Statement 10

35 | P a g e
 STRATEGY 10: KEY INTERVENTION 10.1

Strategy Statement: Harnessing Benefits of Flood for National

Development
Strategy: Optimising the benefits of flood to the national economy
Goal: Develop economic strategies for mainstreaming flood
management into National Economic Development Plan
Objective: To identify and prioritize economic activities resulting from
flood management programmes
Key Intervention:
(a) Incorporate flood management into National Economic
Development Programmes
(b) Identify, prioritize and implement flood mitigation measures with
high economic impact
Box SP 24: Details of Key Intervention 10.1

STRATEGY 10: KEY INTERVENTION 10.2

Strategy Statement: Harnessing Benefits of Flood for National
Development
Strategy: Optimising the benefits of flood to the national economy
Goal: Develop economic strategies for mainstreaming flood
management into National Economic Development Plan
Objective: To promote public-private partnerships on flood
management
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop framework for PPP opportunities
(b) Identify PPP opportunities and develop framework for
implementation
Box SP 25: Details of Key Intervention 10.2

36 | P a g e
 STRATEGY 10: KEY INTERVENTION 10.3
Strategy Statement: Harnessing Benefits of Flood for National
Development
Strategy: Optimising the benefits of flood to the national economy
Goal: Develop economic strategies for mainstreaming flood
management into National Economic Development Plan
Objective: To Institutionalise flood management financing mechanism
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop and establish framework for flood management
financing
(b) Implement flood management financing mechanism

Box SP 26: Details of Key Intervention 10.3

37 | P a g e
 The areas of intervention, indicative cost and time frame for each project are presented in Table SP 2. The estimated cost of implementing
the ten (10) Strategic Plans is 3.460 Trillion Naira (US $7.69 Billion). Table SP 3 shows key interventions and responsible governments
and stakeholders while SP 4 indicates the responsible MDAs at the Federal and State Levels.
Table SP 2: The areas of intervention, indicative cost and time frame for Key Interventions

No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost (N’B) Areas of Intervention

1 Data 1.1 Increase the number of hydrological and meteorological (1-5 yrs) & 4.20 Nationwide
acquisition for stations through: continuous
Integrated (a) rehabilitation and upgrading of dilapidated
Flood observatory stations
Management (b) acquisition through budgetary provision
(c) collaboration with Development Partners
1.2 Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for flood (1-5 yrs) & 0.50 Nationwide
data sharing amongst agencies continuous
Coordinated 2.1 Sustain a robust Flood Early Warning System that (1-5 yrs) 5.70 Nationwide
2 Multi-Sectoral encompasses the dynamics of rainfall, catchment
Flood Early characteristics and anthropogenic activities with appropriate
Warning lead-times and flood marks installation
System 2.2 Operationalise a National Flood Management Council (1-5yrs) NA Nationwide
(NFMC) for coordination of Integrated Flood Management

3.1 (1-5yrs) & 1.50 Flood Vulnerable Areas

(a) Carry out joint research on flooding continuous***
3 Development (b) Develop and implement national research
of Capacity programmes on flood modelling and management
3.2 (1-5yrs) & 1.00 Nationwide
(a) Military and paramilitary to conduct training for continuous***
vulnerable communities.
(b) Develop and implement regional based training
programmes for vulnerable communities
3.3 (1-5yrs) & 1.00 Nationwide
(a) Develop Standard operational plan continuous
(b) Develop and implement flood response training
programmes for military and para-military services

38
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost (N’B) Areas of Intervention
4.1 (1- 10) yrs & 1455.00 River Benue System,
(a) Construct dams and detention basin on Rivers Benue, continuous*** Tributaries of River
Donga, Taraba, Mada, Dep and Okpokwu Niger and Benue
(b) Construct small dams on tributaries of various rivers
4.2 Carry out flood plain mapping and zoning of the country (1-10 yrs) & 1.50 Nationwide
Development to address the problem of encroachment on Rivers Niger and continuous
and Benue flood plain
4
Management 4.3 Rehabilitation of existing dams including desilting of (1-5yrs) 235.00 Coastal and Deltaic
of Flood reservoirs Areas
Plains.
4.4 River improvement works involving dredging and bank (1-10yrs) & 1240.00 Rivers Niger, Benue,
stabilisation of rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia, Jamaáre, Ogun, continuous Hadejia-Jamaáre, Ogun-
Oshun, Anambra, Imo, Orashi, Nun, Forcados, Otamiri, Qua, Oshun, Anambra-Imo
Anuye

4.5 Desilting and river training including stabilization of (1-10 yrs) & 215.00 Nationwide
slopes in the Coastal and Deltaic areas continuous
4.6 Restoration of wetlands (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu Yobe, (1-10 yrs) & 2.70 Sokoto-Rima,
Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest, Kainji Lake, Lokoja wetlands, continuous Komadugu Yobe, Lake
Jebba wetlands, Kaduna wetlands, Makurdi wetlands, Imo Chad, Sambisa Forest,
River wetlands, Yewa creeks, Owena, Okomu, Olokola, Lekki Kanji Lake, Lokoja
peninsula, Yola and Cross river) wetlands, Jebba
wetlands, Kaduna
wetlands, Makurdi
wetlands, Imo River
wetlands, Yewa creeks,
Owena, Okomu, Oloke
Lagoon, Lekki
peninsula, Yola and
Cross river.
Protection of 5.1 Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially (1-10 yrs) **** 0.84 Nationwide
5 the economic trees and other nature-based solutions for flood
Environment control

39
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost (N’B) Areas of Intervention
5.2 Implement sensitisation and enforcement mechanism on (1-10 yrs **** 0.50 Nationwide
the following:
(a) all regulations guiding construction of paved surfaces
in urban areas and along flood plains.
(b) deforestation activities and enforce all regulations
(c) nature-based solutions such as roof top gardens,
sponge cities (urban construction models for flood
management at Federal, States, Local and
Communities levels) etc.
6.1 (1- 10 yrs) & 290.00 Makurdi, Nassarawa,
(a) Provide flood walls and dykes in vulnerable areas continuous*** Lokoja, Oguta lake,
(Chart 6.1) such as in Makurdi, Nassarawa, Lokoja, Orashi, Ibaji,
6 Protection of Oguta lake, Ibaji, Agenebode, Onitsha, Asaba, Orashi, Agenebode, Onitsha,
Infrastructure Hadejia, Ogbaru, Ogboli, Kotonkarfe, Anambra-west, Asaba, Hadejia,
Oweto, Anambra-East, Anyamelum, Ohaji Egbema, Ayetoro-Okitipupa etc.
Dabi, Ringim, Itobe, Obagana, Idah, Shintaku, etc. to
protect communities and infrastructure from flooding.
(b) Flood proof existing critical structures such as water
infrastructure, Power installations and cultural sites

6.2 Review and validate codes for highway, urban (1-5yrs) 0.85 Nationwide
development, and other critical infrastructure to incorporate
climate, demography, population, and behavioural dynamics
for effecting the development and management of flood
resilient infrastructure
6.3 NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes for flood (1-10 yrs) & NA Nationwide
resilient infrastructure continuous
Reservoir 7.1 0.40 Nationwide
7 Operation (a) Develop operational rules and policies and (1-10 yrs)
System incorporate into the Code of Practice for Dams and
Reservoir Operation
(b) Operate reservoir to effect changes in the natural
stream flow in terms of flood peak, timing and
duration
40
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost (N’B) Areas of Intervention
Collaboration 8.1 Put in place effective mechanism for communication Continuous Nationwide
8 among amongst stakeholders ****
Stakeholders
9.1 (1-5yrs) & 1.20 Nationwide
(a) Provide National, States, LGAs and communities with continuous****
updated information about flood hazards,
9 Enhancement vulnerabilities, mitigation initiatives and measures
of Public (b) Develop national Information, Education and
Awareness Communication (IEC) strategy for improving
and sensitization and information dissemination on flood
Community management to the general public
Support 9.2 Translation and publication of flood management (1-5yrs) & Nationwide
information in local languages continuous***

9.3 Partner with NGOs to strengthen Community Flood (1-5yrs) & Nationwide
Awareness and Sensitization Group continuous***
10.1 (1-5yrs) & 1.35 Nationwide
10 Optimising (a) Incorporate flood management into National continuous
Benefits of Economic Development Programme
flood to the (b) Identify, prioritize and implement flood mitigation
National measures with high economic impact
Economy 10.2 (1-5yrs) & 1.20 Nationwide
(a) Develop framework for PPP opportunities continuous***
(b) Identify PPP opportunities and develop framework for
implementation
10.3 (1-5yrs) & 1.00 Nationwide
(a) Develop and establish framework for flood continuous***
management financing
(b) Implement flood management financing mechanism

Total indicative cost is N 3.460 Trillion (US $7.69 Billion) @ N450 to US $1)
NB: ***** State Counterpart Funding for effective implementation

41
Table SP 3: Key interventions and responsible governments and stakeholders
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Communities/
Other
Stakeholders
1 Data 1.1 Increase the number of hydrological and
acquisition meteorological stations through:
for Integrated
Flood
(a) rehabilitation and upgrading of dilapidated
observatory stations
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Management (b) acquisition through budgetary provision
(c) collaboration with Development Partners
1.2 Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
flood data sharing amongst agencies
✓
Coordinated 2.1 Sustain a robust Flood Early Warning System that
2 Multi-
Sectoral
encompasses the dynamics of rainfall, catchment
characteristics and anthropogenic activities with
✓
Flood Early appropriate lead-times and flood marks installation
Warning 2.2 Operationalise a National Flood Management
System Council (NFMC) for coordination of Integrated Flood
Management
✓ ✓ ✓
3.2
(a) Carry out joint research on flooding ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
3 Development (b) Develop and implement national research
of Capacity programmes on flood modelling and
management
3.2
(a) Military and paramilitary to conduct training for
vulnerable communities.
✓ ✓
(b) Develop and implement regional based training
programmes for vulnerable communities
3.3
(a) Develop Standard operational plan
(b) Develop and implement flood response training
✓ ✓
programmes for military and para-military
services

42
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Communities/
Other
Stakeholders
4.1
(a) Construct dams and detention basin on Rivers
Benue, Donga, Taraba, Mada, Dep and
✓ ✓ ✓
Okpokwu
(b) Construct small dams on tributaries of various
rivers
Development 4.2 Carry out flood plain mapping and zoning of the
4
and country to address the problem of encroachment on
Management Rivers Niger and Benue flood plain
✓ ✓
of Flood
Plains. 4.3 Rehabilitation of existing dams including desilting
of reservoirs ✓ ✓
4.4 River improvement works involving dredging and
bank stabilisation of rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia,
Jamaáre, Ogun, Oshun, Anambra, Imo, Orashi, Nun,
✓ ✓
Forcados, Otamiri, Qua, Anuye

4.5 Desilting and river training including stabilization of

slopes in the Coastal and Deltaic areas ✓ ✓
4.6 Restoration of wetlands (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu
Yobe, Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest, Kainji Lake, Lokoja
wetlands, Jebba wetlands, Kaduna wetlands, Makurdi
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
wetlands, Imo River wetlands, Yewa creeks, Owena,
Okomu, Olokola, Lekki peninsula, Yola and Cross river)
5.1 Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially
5 Protection of
the
economic trees and other nature-based solutions for
flood control
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Environment
5.2 Implement sensitisation and enforcement mechanism
on the following:
(a) all regulations guiding construction of paved
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
surfaces in urban areas and along flood plains.

43
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Communities/
Other
Stakeholders
(b) deforestation activities and enforce all
regulations
(c) nature-based solutions such as roof top gardens,
sponge cities (urban construction models for
flood management at Federal, States, Local and
Communities levels) etc.
6.1
(a) Provide flood walls and dykes in vulnerable
areas (Chart 6.1) such as in Makurdi, Nassarawa, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
6 Protection of Lokoja, Oguta lake, Ibaji, Agenebode, Onitsha,
Infrastructure Asaba, Orashi, Hadejia, Ogbaru, Ogboli,
Kotonkarfe, Anambra-west, Oweto, Anambra-
East, Anyamelum, Ohaji Egbema, Dabi, Ringim,
Itobe, Obagana, Idah, Shintaku, etc. to protect
communities and infrastructure from flooding.
(b) Flood proof existing critical structures such as
water infrastructure, Power installations and
cultural sites
6.2 Review and validate codes for highway, urban
development, and other critical infrastructure to
incorporate climate, demography, population, and
✓ ✓
behavioural dynamics for effecting the development and
management of flood resilient infrastructure
6.3 NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes for flood
resilient infrastructure
✓ ✓
Reservoir 7.2
7 Operation
System
(a) Develop operational rules and policies and
incorporate into the Code of Practice for Dams
✓ ✓
and Reservoir Operation
(b) Operate reservoir to effect changes in the natural
stream flow in terms of flood peak, timing and
duration

44
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Communities/
Other
Stakeholders
Collaboration 8.1 Put in place effective mechanism for communication ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
8 among amongst stakeholders
Stakeholders
9.2
(a) Provide National, States, LGAs
communities with updated information about
and ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
9 Enhancement flood hazards, vulnerabilities, mitigation
of Public initiatives and measures
Awareness (b) Develop national Information, Education and
and Communication (IEC) strategy for improving
Community sensitization and information dissemination on
Support flood management to the general public
9.2 Translation and publication of flood management
information in local languages
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
9.3 Partner with NGOs to strengthen Community Flood
Awareness and Sensitization Group
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
10.1
10 Optimising
Benefits of
(a) Incorporate flood management into National
Economic Development Programme
✓ ✓
flood to the (b) Identify, prioritize and implement flood
National mitigation measures with high economic impact
Economy 10.2
(a) Develop framework for PPP opportunities
(b) Identify PPP opportunities and develop
✓ ✓ ✓
framework for implementation
10.3
(a) Develop and establish framework for flood
management financing
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
(b) Implement flood management financing
mechanism

45
 Table SP 4: Activities and Roles of MDAs at Federal and State Level in Flood Management

S/N Activity Responsible MDAs Implementation Phase

NiMet, FMEnv, FMWR, RBDAs, SWAs. Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood
NIHSA, RBDAs, SMWRs, SWBs, Dam Operators. Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood
Meteorological and hydrological Data
Collection and Collation FMEnv, NARSDA, OSGoF, Pre-Flood, During and
I Post-Flood
FMWR (DRO) / Dams Operators, SWAs, RBDAs, NIWRMC Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood

NASRDA Pre-Flood, During and

Post-Flood
2 Flood Forecasting NIHSA, FMEnv. Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood
NiMet Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood

NASRDA, FMEnv, FMWR, FMAv, FMHADM&SD, FMH, Pre-Flood, During and

FMW&H Post-Flood
3 Early Warning System and NiMet, NIHSA, NOA Pre-Flood
Communication
NEMA, FMI&C During Flood
FMEnv., FMH, SG, LG

46
S/N Activity Responsible MDAs Implementation Phase
4 Research Development and Capacity NWRI, Universities, MDAs, Research Institutes, Army Resource Pre-Flood, During and
Building Centres, State and Local Governments Post-Flood

5 Review of Legislations, Regulations FMWR, FMJ, FMEnv, FMA&RD, RBDAs, NWRI, FMW&H, FMT, Pre-Flood
and Codes SGs
Post-Flood

6 Tree Planting and Nature based FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMWA, FMWR, State and Local Governments, Pre-Flood
Solution Communities, Private Sector
Post - Flood

7 Construction of Dams, levees, flood FMWR, FMP, FMT, FMA&RD, FMEnv, FMW&H, State and Local Pre-Flood and Post-
walls, river improvement works, Governments Flood
desilting of reservoirs
8 Preparedness FMHADMSD, FMW&H, FMEnv., NEMA, FMARD, FME, FMH, Pre-Flood and During
FMIC, FMWR, Military –response Unit, Paramilitary, NIWA, State Flood
and Local Governments

9 Emergency Declaration FG During Flood

10 Recovery and Reconstruction FMHADMSD, FMWH, FMEnv, FMWR, FMH, FME, Military During Flood
FMP, FMT Post Flood

47
4. Funding Flood Management Programmes
Flooding is the most common and expensive natural disaster in the world.
Mitigation projects, which encompass a range of preventive solutions, are the
most cost-effective strategy for decreasing flood risk. For every amount spent on
flood mitigation, a higher amount of such spending is saved in avoided costs if a
flood were to occur. The largest opportunity of funding should be redirected from
post-disaster recovery funds to pre-disaster investments in risk reduction.
According to the FMHADM&SD and World Bank report on the 2022 flood, the total
direct economic damage in Nigeria as at 25th November 2022 range from US
$3.79 billion to US $9.12 billion with the best average of US $6.68 billion. This is about
N5 Trillion, equivalent to 25% of the 2023 National Budget.
Federal, State and Local Governments have not invested adequately in flood
management infrastructure; instead, they invest on post-disaster projects.
The large amount of financial investment required to implement flood
management schemes is often regarded as a major constraint. Decisions about
the source of financial support for flood management need to be based on the
distribution of costs and benefits arising from such investment and the capacity
of individuals, governments, and other stakeholders to contribute.
The framework for investment analysis for flood risk reduction should go beyond
traditional cost benefit analysis of specific measures but provide a decision
support tool to evaluate possible investment strategies using different criteria for
optimality. Figure SP 1 presents general schematic approach applicable for flood
mitigation in Nigeria. This entails the engineering, environment, and socio-
economic appraisal as well as damage analysis for investment optimization.

48
Figure SP 1: Schematic of Investment Analysis Framework for Flood Risk Reduction
(Adapted from IDB (2016 and 2019)

Sustainable Funding Strategy for flood mitigation and management is very

important. Successful funding strategies for management projects must have
long-term funding mechanism from variety of sources which include the
following:
(a) Annual budget (Federal, State and Local Government)
(b) Ecological Fund (Federal and State)
(c) Natural Resources Development Funds (NRDF)
(d) Special Intervention Funds (Disaster and Emergencies)
(e) Climate sensitive budget approach e.g. Green Bond, Blue Bond
(f) PPP approach
(g) Flood Risk Insurance
(h) Penalty from violation of environmental rules and laws e.g. on paved
land area beyond approved limit, blocking of drainage or water
courses, etc.
(i) Grants, Aids
(j) Community Infrastructure levy
(k) External supporting Agencies (ESAs)

49
4.1 Federal Funding Sources
Larger projects, particularly those with highly engineered solutions would usually
require a mix of Federal and/or State credit assistance. Federal and State grants
or loan can provide significant up-front money for flood management projects,
though quite competitive. At the national level, a pool of fund can be established
and designated as Flood Management Fund and domiciled in the National Flood
Management Council (NFMC), Office of the Vice President, Federal Republic of
Nigeria. The Fund should cover all flood management activities (mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery). Such fund can be used to address flood
problems in communities requiring Inter-ministerial, Inter-agency and Inter-
sectorial response. The fund could be sourced through:

1. National Budget (a proportion to be dedicated to flood management)

2. Ecological Fund
3. Natural Resources Development Fund
4. Carbon Tax
5. Special Intervention Fund
6. TetFund for Research & Development
7. Lottery Funds
8. Special Taxes and Levies

4.2 State Government Funding Sources

State Governments are advised to contribute via:
1. Annual Budgetary Provision
2. State Ecological Fund
3. Counterpart Fund in a Dedicated Account

4.3 Grants and Loans from international development funds

The provision of development funding grants from international donor
organizations towards flood management programs has been significant over
decades; hence the flood management schemes can tap into such funds as
Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and Reconstruction (GFDRR).

4.4 Climate Funding Schemes

Another source of flood management funding could be from specific
commitments to climate mitigation and adaptation as well as Loss and Damage
Funds. The International community have committed a significant proportion of
50
funds to address Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and Recovery
Schemes.

4.5 Flood Risk Insurance

Flood Risk Insurance can be a mechanism for providing cash in the aftermath of
a disaster. This cash can be used to finance reconstruction in a flood resilient
manner, the communities affected by flood impact and public Infrastructure.
Taking up insurance policy for infrastructure, agriculture, industrial and
households in flood prone areas would provide cover to mitigate the risk of losses
from flood episodes. A National Flood Management Insurance Fund is highly
recommended for public and private insurance policies to key into and manage
flood disasters.
4.6 Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs)
This aspect of funding, using the ‘win-win’ approach may benefit stakeholders
across the country. Private Sector should contribute towards Research and
Development in Projects involving flood management activities, such as
Electricity generation, Agriculture, Tourism, Navigation, etc.

4.7 Banks and Microfinance

Banks have the potential to empower individuals and communities to implement
flood risk management solutions through their Corporate Social Responsibility
Programmes. They can form a vital part of the flood management strategy as
they provide a broad range of financial products.
4.8 Community Levy
Community Levy may be charged by local communities and can be spent
on a range of infrastructure projects including transport, flood defences,
schools, hospitals, recreation and open spaces, as well as post-flood relief
efforts.

5. Key Recommendations

The key recommendations for effective implementation of this Strategic Plan

cover the following five (5) specific areas:
5.1 Administration and Legislation
• Establish a National Flood Management Council (NFMC) and a
sustainable funding mechanism – Flood Management Fund

51
 • Adopt a National Flood Categorisation Scale for effective monitoring,
coordination and management of flood events in the country
• Review all legislations and enforce regulations, gudelines and codes
guiding construction along flood plains considering climate dynamics,
indiscriminate dumping of waste in the environment and management
of flood resilient infrastructure
• Develop flood risk insurance policy and scheme to minimize risks
associated with flood impacts

5.2 Data Management and Flood Early Warning System

• Increase the density of meteorological and hydrological stations,
upgrade existing instrumentation stations for data collection and
promote collaboration for the development of a robust Multi-sectoral
Flood Early Warning System

5.3 Structural Solutions

• Carry out flood mapping and bathymetric studies, rehabilitation of
existing dams and reservoirs, river improvement works and construct new
dams, flood walls and detention basins

5.4 Nature-based Solutions

• Promote and sustain tree planting and other nature-based solutions such
as green roofs/rooftop gardens, sponge city (urban construction model
for flood management) at Federal, State and Local levels
5.5 Public Awareness and Capacity Building

• Strengthen and sustain public awareness programmes and build

capacity of stakeholders at all levels of government including military
and paramilitary for effective flood management

52
6. Follow-Up Actions
S/N ACTIVITY RESPONSIBILITY TIME
1. Approval of the National Mr. President To be
Strategic Plan for Flood determined
Management in Nigeria. by Mr.
President
2. Establishment of National Flood Mr. President
Management Council (NFMC)
for coordination of Integrated Within 3
Flood Management in Nigeria. months after
3. Establish flood management State Governments Presidential
Committee at State level. Approval
4. Institutionalise funding National Flood
mechanism at Federal and Management Council
State levels. (NFMC)
5. Flood Mapping, bathymetric MDAs at Federal and Start 3months
study, flood management State level after
scoping studies. Presidential
Approval
6. Construction of new dams, river Federal and State Start 6
improvement works, dykes, Governments months after
flood walls, detention ponds, Presidential
desilting of reservoirs, removal Approval
Typha grass and other invasive
aquatic Plants and
rehabilitation of existing dams.
7. Tree planting, wetland Federal, State & Local Start 3
improvement, Governments, Private months after
Sectors and Presidential
Communities Approval
8. Review, upgrade and validate National Flood Start 3
regulations, Codes and Management Council months after
Frameworks for the (NFMC) Presidential
development and Approval
management of flood resilient
infrastructure
9. Development of Multi-Sectoral MDAs under the Start and
Flood Early Warning System leadership of the publish 1st
and publish early warning Council.
53
S/N ACTIVITY RESPONSIBILITY TIME
reports by first quarter of each quarter of
year. every year.
10. Increase number of MDAs at Federal and Start 6
hydrological stations and State levels months after
meteorological stations for Presidential
effective coverage and Approval
improved accuracy of flood
monitoring, forecast and
warning system.
11. Carryout joint research on flood NWRI, Universities and Continuous
modelling, capacity building other research institutes
and management.
12. Public Awareness, Publications MDAs at Federal, State Start 3
and Community Support. and Local Governments months after
levels. Presidential
Approval
13. Flood Preparedness and FMHADM&SD, State and Based on
Response activities. Local Governments Early warning
reports

54
Acronyms
CBOs - Community Based Organisations
COMEG - Council of Nigerian Mining Engineers and Geoscientists
COREN - Council for the Regulation of Engineering
CSO - Civil Society Organization
EF&CZM - Erosion, Flood & Coastal Zone Management
EPO - Ecological Project Office
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
ESA - External Support Agencies
FBO - Faith Based Organization
FG - Federal Government
FMA&RD - Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
FMAv - Federal Ministry of Aviation
FME - Federal Ministry of Education
FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment
FMFBNP - Federal Ministry of Finance, Budget and National Planning
FMH - Federal Ministry of Health
FMHADM&SD - Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management & Social Development
FMI - Federal Ministry of Information
FMJ - Federal Ministry of Justice
FMP - Federal Ministry of Power
FMST - Federal Ministry of Science and Technology
FMT - Federal Ministry of Transport
FMWH - Federal Ministry of Works and Housing
FMWR - Federal Ministry of Water Resources
FUTM - Federal University of Technology Minna
HA - Hydrological Area
LG - Local Government
LGA - Local Government Area
MAP - Mitigation and Adaptation Plan
MPAC - Ministerial Policy Advisory Committee
M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation
NASRDA - National Space Research and Development Agency
NBS - National Bureau of Statistics
NEMA - National Emergency Management Agency
NFMC - National Flood Management Council
NFMF - National Flood Management Fund
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
NIHSA - Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency
NiMet - Nigerian Meteorological Agency
NIOMR - Nigerian Institute for Oceanography & Marine Research
NIWA - National Inland Waterways Authority
NSE - Nigerian Society of Engineers
NWRI - National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna
NWRMP - National Water Resources Master Plan
OSGoF - Office of the Surveyor General of the Federation
PPP - Public Private Partnership
PSC - Presidential Steering Committee
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SG - State Government
RBDA - River Basin Development Authority
TWG - Technical Working Group
UNIV - Universities
WB - World Bank

56