1

A GROUNDED THEORY ON THE IMPACT OF LACK OF LAPTOP IN THE

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
OF THE SELECTED GRADE 11-MASIKAP STUDENTS
IN UPLAND INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,
SCHOOL YEAR 2022-2023

_________________________________________________

A Research Paper
Presented to the
Faculty of Senior High School
Upland Integrated National High School
Barangay Lazaan-Malinao
Nagcarlan Laguna

__________________________________________________

In Partial of Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in
Practical Research 1
Grade 11 Information and Communication Technology-Computer
System Technology (Strand)

MIKE RENIER D. MATIENZO

JUSTIN PAUL M. PLANTILLA
JAY-AR S. COMENDADOR
JOHN LAURENCE D. TORRES

Researchers
March 2023
 2

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Laptop is one of the most beneficial equipment in schools nowadays. It

is a hand carry device which is efficient in doing activities at home or in

schools. This research aims to study the impact of lack of laptop in Computer

Systems Servicing Strand. The researchers also wanted to know if lack of

laptop affects the academic performance of Selected Grade 11 Computer

Systems Servicing (CSS) Students.

Among the 14 Upland Integrated National High School Grade 11 CSS

students’, there are 57% out of 100% students don't have laptop. Seeing

those students who are facing problems and challenges because of lack of

laptop encouraged the researchers to study about the impact of lack of laptop

on the academic achievement of the CSS students

Laptops in schools have provided students with new opportunities and

choices, but also restricted others (Students use of one to one Laptop).Not

having a laptop is a disadvantage to students for the reason that some

students who have a laptop can practice and do more task and review other

activities while those who don’t have are having a hard time in the CSS

competencies. Laptop is a needed equipment now by Grade 11 Computer

Systems Servicing students (CSS) in Upland Integrated National High School.

 3

Background of the Study

This section provides an overview of the research topic and its

historical developments in related literature, reasons for conducting this

research study, and the missing gaps in the existing knowledge and literature

that needs to be addressed.

Upland Integrated National High School (UINHS) has never failed to

adhere to Deped Order No.78 s.2010 and is still doing an excellent job in

helping those who cannot afford laptops. However, offering that the students

can borrow school laptops for educational purposes wasn't achieved. The

researchers hoped that through this study, schools and parents would be able

to find ways to provide laptops that can be borrowed to those who are having

a hard time doing CSS competencies.

Cited in (Guidelines on the Implementation of the Deped

Computerization Program (DCP,),2010) Deped Order No.78 s.2010

establishes implementation of a Deped computerization program (DCP) that

will enable to provide learning equipment not only for students but also for

teachers. For instance there is a lack of research that focuses on the impact

of lack of laptop.(Reisdorf,Triwibowo,& Yankelevich,2022),”Based on a large

data set of incoming freshmen at a large public university in the United

States, this article shows that not owning a laptop is negatively associated

with overall college performance, even when controlling for socioeconomic

background”. Also it will affect the skills of a student in their academic

 4

performance. It states that there is a negative effect to students’ mental and

skills development due to lack of laptop even if they were able to borrow

one. .”Although increased student engagement and motivation towards

learning do not necessarily translate into deeper and richer learning

outcomes, the results are heartening, particularly as teachers also

acknowledged the positive impacts that laptops could have on engaging and

motivating students”(Males, 2015).This study provides information that laptop

also has an impact to teachers.This study provides information how it will

affect the students’ future cause of lack of information due to lack of laptop

The CSS strand nowadays were having difficulties in the academic

performance of the students due to the impact of lack of laptop. Some

Research don't clarify the impact of lack of laptop to the academic

performance of the CSS students. Walker (2017) find that 79% of students

use laptops.``In addition, some faculty may be hesitant to use technology due

to lack of technical knowledge and/or skepticism about the efficacy of

technology to improve student learning outcomes” (Ashrafzadeh & Sayadian,

2015; Buchanan, Sainter, & Saunders, 2013; Hauptman, 2015; Johnson,

2013; Kidd, Davis, & Larke, 2016; Kopcha, Rieber, & Walker, 2016; Lawrence

& Lentle-Keenan, 2013; Lewis, Fretwell, Ryan, & Parham, 2013; Reid,

2014).Having hesitation is one of the factors why students’ academic

performance were getting low and unstable due to the teachers who were

also having a hard time using technology. It also states that if teachers don't

have a laptop students weren't able to learn CSS competencies which will
 5

affect their academic performance. “A laptop, or lack thereof, could

significantly impact their performance — and be a factor into whether those

students continue to pursue degrees”(Brereton,2022).Other research’s’ did

not address the information about Laptop which is belong in Technology

group that will also affect the academic performance of a student.”Students

seem to agree, that to some extent, laptop computers in the classroom

enhance the educational experience”(Washington,2017).It states that it is

prior to have a laptop for a better and knowledgeable educational experience.

The CSS strand were mostly focused on hands-on activities that

provided them with other knowledge and to enhance their skills. This study

will give information on the impact of lack of laptop and on the academic

performance of a CSS Student.

Therefore our study will contribute well on determining the impact of

lack of laptop to the CSS students because they are not experiencing

knowledgeable activities due to lack of laptops.

This study was conducted with a purpose of studying the impact of lack

of laptop to the academic performance of CSS students despite learning with

or without a laptop. This research will also help to identify the factors that are

related to the impact of lack of laptops and those difficulties other students

experienced which the researcher believes causes their academic

performance to be affected.
 6

Theoretical Framework

In order to explain why the research problem of this study exists and

provide an evaluation and explanation on the relationship of the concepts in

this research study, the following theories are presented and discussed.

Theory of Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development suggests that intelligence

changes as children grow. A child’s cognitive development is not just about

acquiring knowledge, the child has to develop or construct a mental model of

the world. Cognitive development occurs through the interaction of innate

capacities (nature) and environmental events (nurture), and children pass

through a series of stages. This theory is advocated by Jean Piaget and it

states that child development and knowledge grow and improve as they get

older like in studying with laptops they acquire more knowledge as they grow

up.

There is a big impact of lack of laptops in the improvement and

development of the students in terms of academic performances. Due to lack

of laptop students weren’t able to acquire better knowledge that makes their

intelligence not fully developed and constructed.

There is a big advantage if the students develop their skills and use of

technologies. Though there are a lot of benefits in acquiring knowledge in

 7

reading books. However, laptops are most prioritized now in every life, like

gaining knowledge about things we didn’t know.

We will use this idea in our study to improve student’s skills and

knowledge in different subjects. The idea in this study will help not only us but

also other students who are having a problem with their academic

performance because of lack of laptop.

Theory of Connectivism Learning by George Siemens

George Siemens established this theory to propose that technology is

changing everything. Theory of connectivism states that “people learn and

grow when they form connection,” George Siemens, a professor who

researches networks, analytics and human and artificial cognition in

education, this theory revolve around the person's learnings. (Siemens 2004).

The Siemens conducted Connectivism learning theory for the

Information Stage connection of this theory to our study is when students

connect to technology like laptops, the skills and knowledge will enhance and

improve via the connection of it.

There're a lot of disadvantages of impact of lack of laptop, and having

your own laptop as a student having your own laptop makes a big impact on

your academic performance.

Students nowadays are experiencing a lack of laptops, we will use the

ideas in this theory in connecting themselves as students to technology to

make their skill and knowledge improve and grow.

 8

Theory of ToP by Don Elger

Don Elger Theory of academic performance (ToP) suggests that Students

are capable to perform performance better. “Level of knowledge, levels of

skills, level of identity, personal factors, and fixed factors as their

performance, this framework will be used to explain performance as well as

performance improvements. To perform is to produced valued result, (Elger,

2007).

Elger presented the ToP theory as a theory for the 21st century which we

can relate to since this study is about the impact of laptops on the skills

development or improvement of academic performance as students.

The concept that is not included in this theory is the impact of lack of

laptops on academic performance that will be answered by our research work

when it’s accomplished.

Students who have experienced the impact of lack of laptops

nowadays have affected their knowledge and skill level, so that the idea we

will gain in this theory will provide us that the impact of lack of laptops will

affect the improvement of their skills and these ideas will provide information

about the factors that can affect students' academic performance.

 9

Conceptual Framework

Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Profile of Respondents Academic Performance

-Age (90-100) Outstanding
-Availability of Personal Laptop
-Number of Siblings (85-89) Very Satisfactory
-Monthly Income of Family
(80-84) Satisfactory
-Monthly Family Expenses
Lack of Laptop Related Factors (75-79) Fairly Satisfactory
-Home Factors
(Below 75) Did Not Meet the
Number of
Expectation
working parents
Number of family
members
Number of living
parents
Internet and
Electricity Connectivity
Family Health
Condition
-Personal Development Factors
Work Ethics
Self-Efficacy
Confidence
Communication
 10

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the impact of lack of laptops on the

academic performance of the selected Grade 11 Masikap students in Upland

Integrated National High School during the School Year 2022-2023.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following research questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age

1.2 Availability of Personal Laptop

1.3 No. of Siblings

1.4 Monthly Income of Family

1.5 Monthly Family Expenses

2. Which of the Home factors is/are considered by the respondents as

having the greatest effect in their class performance?

2.1 Number of Working Parents

2.2 Number of Family Member

2.3 Number of Living Parents

2.4 Internet and Electricity Connectivity

2.5 Family Health Condition

3. Which of the Personal Development factors is/are considered by the

respondents as having the greatest effect in their class performance?

 11

3.1 Work Ethics

3.2 Self-Efficacy

3.3 Confidence

3.4 Communication and Personal Skills

3.5 Technical Knowledge

4. Which of the School Curriculum factors is/are considered by the

respondents as having the greatest effect in their class performance?

4.1 Practice CSS Activities at Home

4.2 CSS Core Competencies

4.3 Research for CSS Activities

4.4 CSS Performance Improvement

4.5 Research for CSS NC

5. What is the Academic Performance of the Respondents?

6. What is the overall impact of Lack of Laptop in the Academic Performance

of the selected CSS 11 students?

 12

Significance of the Study

The researchers identified the following people as those who will benefit

from the results and findings of this research undertaking:

Parents. With the conduct of this research study, the parents of the

students who are enrolled in Computer Systems Servicing strand will be able

to have a better understanding of the impacts of lack of laptops on the

academic performance of the students. This study would give them insights

on what is the disadvantages of not having a laptop

School. The school can benefit from this study through the new

knowledge and contributions that the findings can give on results of lack of

laptops so that they can persuade their students’ to have their own laptop to

make their grades higher and advance knowledge in technical aspects. The

results of this study can give them idea on what is the advantage of having

your own laptop that will carry out positive outcomes to the academic

performance of the students.

Students. Students who are about to go to Senior High School can

garner information from this study about the impact of lack of laptop in the

academic performance of a student. This study will help them how to achieve

academic performance and core competency better.

 13

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study has the following scope and delimitation to guide the

readers of this paper on the parameters of this research work:

This study aims to determine the impact of lack of laptops on Grade

11-Masikap students to the academic performance. It covers the following

variables: lack of laptop as our independent variable and academic

performance as our dependent variables). Its respondents are the (selected 5

students from the 13 total number of students from grade 11, Masikap ICT-

CSS) who are selected based on their academic performance and the

difficulties that they are experiencing without a laptop to use.

Upland Integrated National High School is the research locale. The

data in this research will cover Computer Systems Servicing (CSS) students

who have experienced the impact of lack of laptops in the 1st semester of

Academic Year 2022-2023. This research study will be conducted from March

to June 2023.

The research will be conducted using qualitative research design that

is descriptive research, specifically, this is a phenomenological study that will

 14

collect the respondent’s response, tallied and summarized their response in

order to establish the common answer on the impact of lack of laptop to the

selected Grade 11-Masikap students.

This research study has the following delimitations: (1) It will not

include this/these objective/s impact of lack of laptops to the lower grade level

students in terms of academic performance.; (2) The following questions are

not included in this study: A. What is the impact of lack of laptop to the lower

grade level students in terms of academic performance? B. What is the

difference of lack of laptop in lower grade level than in Senior High School

Grade 11 CSS in terms of academic performance?;(3) These variables are

not included in this research work: Productivity in other subjects, Mental

Health, Mandatory School Laptops distribution and (4) this analysis

technique, discourse, will not be used in this research work.

Definition of Terms

In order to assist the readers in understanding the content of this

research work, the definition of the following words is enumerated:

Age. The length of time that a person has lived or a thing has existed.

(Oxford Languages)

Availability of Personal Laptops. Define the personal laptop that is

available in the students’ houses.

 15

Confidence. The feeling or belief that one can rely on someone or

something. (Oxford Languages)

Communication and Personal Skills. Interpersonal skills are the ability to

communicate and interact with the people around you. It includes both

communication and attitude. It focuses on getting with the people personally

and maintaining empathy professionally. On the other hand, communication

skills are people's abilities to communicate with others.

(makingbusinessmatter.co.uk)

CSS Core Competencies. Competencies that need to be accomplished in

the limited time example is Install and Configure Computer Systems.

CSS Performance Improvement. Improves the performance in the CSS

specialization.

Did Not Meet the Expectation. Unwillingness to improve the performance of

the students.

Family Health Condition. It refers to the health problem with certain

characteristics or symptoms that the family is currently experiencing.

Fairly Satisfactory. Poor or quite satisfying performance.

Internet and Electricity Connectivity. The term "Internet connectivity" refers

to the way people are hooked up to the Internet. (ENCYCLOPEDIA.COM).

Electricity connection refers to any structure that allows electricity to flow

through it.
 16

NC. National Certificate

Number of Siblings. An individual’s total number of brothers and sisters.

(NCI Thesaurus)

Number of Working Parents. An individual’s number of parent either mother

or father, is currently working.

Number of Family Members. It refers to the size or number of person’s in

the family. Number of people in the group is called family.

Number of Living Parents. An individual’s count of living parents either

mother,father, grandmother etc. that is standing us their guardian’s.

Monthly Family Expenses. An expense incurred for whatever is used or

kept for use in the family whether necessities or luxuries —used in statutes

making both husband and wife legally liable for such an expense. (Merriam

Webster)

Monthly Income of Family. The primary income and receipts from other

sources received by all family members during the reference period, as

participants in any economic activity or as recipients of transfers, pensions,

grants, interests, food and non-food items received as gifts by the family.

Practice CSS Activities at Home. This defines the activities needed to

practice at home after school hours.

Outstanding. Very good in the specific performance or subject.

 17

Research for CSS Activities. Defines the activities needed to research using

laptops in CSS specialization.

Research for CSS NC. It defines the research about the CSS National

Certificate.

Satisfactory. Defines acceptable achievements.

Self-Efficacy. Refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute

behaviours necessary to produce specific performance attainment. (American

Psychological Association)

Technical Knowledge. Means know-how, processes, methods, techniques,

formulae, algorithms, inventions, plans, architectures, designs, layouts,

structures, sequences, organizations, flow charts, configurations, models,

concepts, specifications, technical data, descriptions, instructions, records,

notes, and other. (Law Insider.com)

Very Satisfactory. More acceptable performance of the students.

Work Ethics. The principle that hard work is intrinsically, virtuous or worthy of

rewards. (enllegal.co.uk)
 18

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the compilation of the related literature and

studies that are collected by the researchers to establish the contributions

that the research topic already had in the past in order to promote its value for

today’s research readers and academic people who are involved in research

studies.

Related Literature

Age

“Although seniors consistently have lower rates of technology adoption

than the general public, this group is more digitally connected than ever. In

fact, some groups of seniors such as those who are younger, more affluent

and more highly educated report owning and using various technologies at

rates similar to adults under age of 65.” (Anderson, Perrin, 2013). A student’s

ability to learn using a laptop and manage their own academic performance is

based on his maturation rhythm. The difference in the biological age of a

student tells the difference of how they can improve their skills in using a

laptop. This makes an impact on their average grade and academic

performance as they will be able to show their capabilities based on their

ability to cope up with academics and skills development of CSS students.

 19

Availability of Personal Laptops

“Past research suggests that compared to their non-laptop

counterparts, students in classrooms that provide all students with their own

laptops spend more time involved in collaborative work, participate in more

project-based instruction, produce writing of higher quality and greater length,

gain increased access to information, improve research analysis skills, and

spend more time doing homework on computers.” (Gulek, 2023). Having

your personal laptops makes your academic performance improved. As a

student they need to have their personal laptop so they are able to produce a

better output and acquire new knowledge. Having your personal laptop, you

were able to do tasks either in your house and classroom.

Number of Siblings

“As a new child in the household will decrease the parents’ ability to

invest resources in any particular child, the larger the sibling size, the fewer

resources are used for one child’s education, resulting in the lower output of

schooling. (Feng 2020).” Sibling size is one of the most visible inputs in the

academic performance of the students. Number of sibling will affect to the

resources that can provide of their parents to them such as laptop.

Sometimes, the support of the parent to the student will half because of the

family size. However, the study only stated the general number of family

sizes, not only in the number of siblings. The researchers aim to study if the

students of UINHS are experiencing the effects of the number of siblings in

 20

their academic performance. Having a lot of siblings interferes in buying your

own laptop.

Monthly Family Income

“Teens from higher income families and households where parents

have higher levels of educational attainment are among the most likely to own

a smartphone. While 77% of teens whose families earn more than $50,000 a

year have a smartphone, two-thirds (64%) of teens from families earning less

than that own one. Those teens with lower incomes are the most likely to

have a basic cell phone — with 39% of teens from households earning less

than $30,000 annually reporting basic cell ownership compared with 28% of

teens from households earning more” (Lenhart,2015). The family income is

one of the things that affects a student’s academic performance. Some

Upland Integrated National High School students can acquire a laptop that is

important to a student's academic level, as it helps the students know if they

improve their skills. The monthly family expenses have an impact on a

student's academic ability as they were able and not to purchase a laptop.

The researchers aim to study family income if it is a factor making an impact

of not having a laptop.

Monthly Family Expenses

“Making expenses and savings forecasts and knowing how to invest is

undoubtedly an essential condition for professional growth and the

achievement of a better quality of life. Knowing about finances can help to

 21

find a better way to fulfill dreams and expectations, because the simple fact of

living inside a house generates consumption, and consequently, expenses.

Water, electricity, telephone, food are goods that you must pay to consume.

Bearing in mind that it is necessary to pay for them, this will directly affect the

families' pockets and what they receive through their work.” (Mohammed,

2021). The family expenses affects once individual to accommodate laptop.

Some UINHS students can’t acquire a laptop that is important to a student's

academic level due to lot of expenses. Laptop availability helps the students

know if they improve their skills. The monthly family expenses have an impact

on a student's academic ability as they were able and not to purchase a

laptop.

Number of Working Parents

Pew Research Center (2015) states that “In economic terms, families

with two full-time working parents are better off than other families. The

median household income for families with two full-time working parents and

at least one child under 18 at home is $102,400, compared with $84,000 for

households where the father works full time and the mother works part time

and $55,000 for households where the father works full time and the mother

is not employed”. The number of working parents is very important because

they are able to provide needs for students. Therefore, it is beneficial if your

parents were able to have a job and to support your needs. Having parents
 22

without a work has a big impact on your academic performance. It will lead to

procrastination that led students to be left out to the activities.

Number of Family Members

“A small family influences academic performance more than a large

family. The findings demonstrate the importance of family size in determining

educational quality and perceived influence on academic performance. The

result revealed a significant influence of family size and family type on academic

performance of secondary school students in Government in Calabar Municipality,

Cross River State, Nigeria. Based on these findings, it was recommended that: parents

should be adequately sensitized on how best they can assist their children irrespective

of the size and type of family among others.” (Odok, 2015) Students that have a

big family size can affect the laptop availability that can cause the academic

performance to become low. The more family members affect the expenses

that causes a student not to have their personal laptop. This would also

make a big impact on the improvement of students' skills development due to

family members affecting their workstation.

Number of Living Parents

“Researchers found a strong correlation between parent involvement

and student achievement. They showed that parental and familial involvement

also improved grades when measured for each subject. Additionally, this

research found that parents’ or family expectations and aspirations for their

students have the most significant impact on academic achievement. Children

 23

whose families take an active role in their children’s education—even if that

merely means communicating that school matters—have better academic

performance than children with less engaged families.” (Sudderth,

2022).Parents have a lot of impact on a student’s academic performance.

Other students were affected by lack of laptop since there is only one parent

supporting them. It can cause a student to inefficient skills and knowledge

due to lack of parents support. This article says that there is a big impact if a

student’s parent both live and has work because they were able to

accomplish task and enhance their skills in CSS competencies.

Internet and Electricity Connectivity

“Direct benefits include improvements in lightning and access to

electricity-dependent appliances or equipment. In schools powered by solar

energy in the Philippines, students report using laptops, projectors and

downloaded music which is incorporated into their lessons. .” (Alampay,

Berse, and Cabotaje, 2016). The Internet is really a great help to students.

They give us information in just a click. Most of the time we use it when we

can't access the school libraries due to the pandemic. Having a fast and

stable internet connection helps students to get better learnings that they

want to know regarding their lessons or topic .Electricity connectivity is

essential when the students are studying their lesson. Electricity has many

factors that can affect such as the students’ academic performance. Some
 24

students are really shy and nervous to ask their teachers, so they'd go to the

internet instead to look for answers to their questions.

Family Health Condition

“Considering that health problems have a significant influence on the

overall performance of students, there is a need to look at the various health

determinants and how they affect students. Identifying health factors that

impact student performance is essential because of the relationship between

health and academic performance.” (Matingwina, 2017). Family health

conditions are one of the factors why students can’t afford their personal

laptops that can affect their academic performance in school. Students who

are at high risk of health problems have a higher probability of low academic

performance and either school failure. The family health conditions have an

impact on the students’ academic performance as they are not able to

purchase their laptop.

Work Ethics

“Meriac (2014) found that the dimensions of work ethics are

significantly related to academic performance, but the relationship is not

strong, this shows that work ethics will not function as a substitute for

traditional test standards as academic performance forecasters.” It is a

behaviour that can affect the students' school performance. Work ethics play

a big role in a student's academic performance, it is demonstrated as a

predictor of students’ academic performance. Students who has work ethic

 25

typically deliver better academic performance either there are experiencing

lack of laptop

Self-Efficacy

“The results of structural equation modelling revealed that the students’

self-efficacy has an impact on their learning-related emotions and

metacognitive learning strategies, and these, in turn, affect the students’

academic performance. Moreover, learning-related emotions influence the

metacognitive learning strategies, which in turn mediate the effect of emotions

on academic performance.”(Hayat, Shateri, Amini, and SHokrpour 2020).

Self-efficacy is behavior that can affect the students’ academic performance.

Learners who have a high attribute their failures to lower attempts rather than

the ability, therefore self-efficacy can influence the choice of task while doing

the tasks.

Confidence

“As a result, in order to support the academic self-confidence of students in the

field of physiotherapy and rehabilitation, the learning environment should be

evaluated regularly and the development of the educational environment should be

provided in the light of the results obtained. In this way, it should be aimed to

increase the academic self-confidence and success of the students and to improve the

learning environment. (Acar, Turan, Deliaby 2023). Confidence takes a big role

in a student' academic performance. When a student doesn’t have the

confidence, it affects their whole capability to learn. Students that have a

 26

confidence will makes their academic performance improve as they develop

their confidence.

Communication and Personal Skills

“At all levels of education, students must be able to communicate

effectively. Without well-developed communication skills, children run the risk

of falling behind their peers or becoming emotionally overwhelmed or

withdrawn at school. Academic success depends on solid communication

skills, beginning with clear oral communication. Students are often called

upon in class to answer questions.” (The importance of communication skills,

2019). Good communication skills lead the student to experience academic

success. Without well-developed communication skills, the students have a

probability of failing. Academic success depends on strong communication

and personal skills, like in not having your laptop, academic performance will

not be successful if you do not have good communication skills.

Technical Knowledge

“Instructors, especially TLE and Tech-Voc teachers, must encourage

pupils to continue their specialty in Senior High School. This manner, kids

may develop their technical skills and be more successful in school and in

life.” (Agluba, 2021) The study states that if a student continues their specialty

they are able to gain new knowledge. However, having their own laptop

makes them develop more knowledge in technical but also they will also

develop their technical abilities. In addition it will be a cause of acquiring more

 27

knowledge in their specialty and also going to proves if they have interest in

technical competence that will indicate if they gained knowledge.

Practice CSS Activities at Home

These statements suggest that the right amount of activities are to be

given in order to bear an ideally positive impact on the students. Homework

plays a key role in this credentialing system (Kralovec & Buell, 2000 as stated

in Galloway, Conner, and Pope, 2013). Having activities at home will also

help students to improve their prior knowledge about CSS competency. It is

more beneficial if you have your own laptop, since you were able to activities

even you’re not in your home. It is also important to practice CSS activities at

home so when a student go to school they were be able to accomplish a task

better.

CSS Core Competencies

“Tools and equipment are vital for teaching and learning process for

practical courses’’ (Rusiana and Flores, 2019). Lack of laptops can affect the

Computer Systems Servicing core competencies, those competencies will

develop the students skills and knowledge about technology. As having your

own laptop in those competencies this will make the academic performance

successful. Students who have their own laptop will acquire advanced skills

and knowledge.

Research for CSS Activities

 28

“Research helps you expand on any prior knowledge you have of the

subject. The research process creates new opportunities for learning and

progress.(Goodrich,2021).” Researching activities makes us improve our

knowledge in the topic going to be discussed. It will makes us more advanced

in some technology based education. It will also help student to learn some

lesson they couldn't understand well in schools. Having your own laptop and

doing research inside or outside home makes us more confident when you go

to school and start doing the CSS competencies.

CSS Performance Improvement

“Secondary school educators must in addition to general knowledge, orient

the student in the study of technologies and the acquisition of practical skills,

technical knowhow, attitudes and understanding relating to occupations in the

various sectors of economic and social life so that the product can live and

contribute to the development of the society” (Uwameiye, 2016). Students’

academic skills are corrected and improved through the use of their own

laptops. Having your own laptop will lead you to better improvements in terms

of skills and performance as a CSS student. As they do a mistakes while

doing CSS competencies they will learn and improve more via practicing in

their home using their own laptops.

Research for CSS NC

“Information and Technology is one of the fastest growing fields in

regards to career vacancies. One of the courses offered in Senior High

 29

School is Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Information

Technology is an ever changing field and the curricula must address the

needs and required changes in the workplace. One of which is passing the

National Assessment in Computer System Servicing (CSS). One of the

advantages of having National Certificate II (NCII), NC II passers enable them

to be more employable, productive and flexible to the changing requirements

of the industry and the workplace domestic and overseas. In line with this

concern, students are empowered, become self-reliant and capable of

supporting himself and his family. This research aimed to understand the

impact of National Certificate II (NC II) in Computer System Servicing (CSS)

in the Future Career Path of Grade 12 Information and Communication

Technology (ICT) students” (Oña,2019). Having your own laptop is a big

benefit before taking National Certificate II. Having research for NC II with

your own laptop makes them more prepared in the upcoming examination.

Therefore having your own laptop makes students improve their skills and

enhance their knowledge for the examination.

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Awwad, &Ahmad, (2013) states that “the effectiveness of laptop use in

learning was considered, as well as exploring if students perceive that

instructors should have control over the use of laptops in their classes,
 30

students’ IT knowledge and the effect of the use of laptops in class on the

consultation of text books”.

Benjamin Herold (2016) states that laptops are ubiquitous in schools.

In the United States, public schools currently give at least one computer for

every five students. They spend more than $3 billion on digital material each

year. The country is in the middle of a tremendous drive, led by the federal

government, to make inexpensive high-speed internet and free online

teaching resources available to even the most rural and isolated schools. In

2015-16, for the first time, more state standardized examinations for the first

and intermediate grades will be administered by technology rather than paper

and pencil.

The recent research conducted by Bower and Berland, (2013): Tang

and Patrick (2018) “Regarding the attitudes of enjoyment and educational

use of computer, there is no consensus in the literatures .Some researchers

found a positive association between students’ academic achievement and

computer use for integrative social media and video gaming as wells for

educational purposes.” There is no agreement in the literature on the attitudes

of pleasure and educational use of computers. Some researchers discovered

a favourable correlation between students' academic accomplishment and

computer use for integrated social media and video gaming as well as

educational reasons.
 31

Based on the study findings of the research conducted by Chicago

Schools (2013) “Considerable variation in every school in planning and

technology implementation.” This study states that there is significant

variance in planning and laptops implementation across all schools."

.In the analysis of Milani L., Grumi S.,Di Blasio P.(2019),

“Demonstrated that using laptop-computers with moderate levels of video

gaming may improve student achievement because it increases visual-spatial

skills.” The usage of laptops helps to boost student achievement and skills.

This analysis is stating that having your own laptop has a bigger opportunity

to enhance and develop student academic performance.

Nagel (2014), stated that “In addition, recent data shows that access to

technology has become amazingly ubiquitous with 89% of high school

students having access to a laptop and 50% having access to a tablet.” The

study shows that having a high percentage of laptops availability can easily

improve the student academic performance.

Local Studies

This study is supported by the research entitled How Important is

Technology in Education? (2020) where they found out that laptops enable

students to explore new subjects and deepen their understanding of difficult

concepts, particularly in STEM, by providing them with easy access to

information, accelerated learning, and fun opportunities to practice what they

 32

learn. Simply having laptop makes student to explore new things and gain

another knowledge that will accommodate their competencies.

Potoy, Cantina and Banquiao (2023) stated that “schools need laptops,

tablets, and other technical equipment that is cleverly incorporated into the

classroom environment to make the most of Internet-enabled learning. These

require upkeep, upgrades, and cybersecurity. “

Based on the study conducted by Mayol (2020), it stated that the

usage of laptops in education has helped to overcome problems in the

education sector in the Philippines and has enhanced the country's

educational quality.

The study also includes that laptops have also enabled students to

learn at any time and from any location. Students who have access to mobile

phones and laptop computers that are connected to the internet may learn

anything they want, whenever they want. Mayol (2022).

Synthesis

A student’s academic performance is affected when they don’t have

their own laptop. Many variables were connected with this study. In order to

study the variables, the researchers studied and collected some related

literature that are connected to the impact of lack of laptops in students'

academic performance. These are the three related factors that were

connected to our topic: Home Factors (Number of working parents, Number

of family members, Number of living parents, Internet and Electricity

 33

Connectivity, Family Health Condition), Personal Development Factors (Work

Ethics, Self-Efficacy, Confidence, Communication and Personal Skills,

Technical Knowledge), School Curriculum Factors (Practice CSS Activities at

Home, CSS Core Competencies, Research For CSS Activities, CSS

Performance Improvement, Research for CSS NC). These related factors

were giving an impact to a student’s academic performance. This factors

were connected to the related studies the researchers found. The studies that

the researchers acquired stated that lack of laptops has a lot of

disadvantages in the students’ academic performance while having your own

laptop is a helpful device that can improve your academic performance. It was

also said that there are a lot of students who have their own laptop.

This study aims to find out the impact of having and not having a

laptop to the academic performance of students in Grade 11 CSS. This study

will give out the effect of different factors about the impact of lack of laptops

on students in Grade 11 CSS. (Awwad, & Ahmad,2013) states that “the

effectiveness of laptop use in learning was considered, as well as exploring if

students perceive that instructors should have control over the use of laptops

in their classes, students’ IT knowledge and the effect of the use of laptops in

class on the consultation of textbooks”. The researcher finds this study that

were connected to what is the benefits of having your own laptop. It also

states that these days’ laptops are mostly used than print media.

Based on the study conducted by Mayol (2020), it stated that the

usage of laptops in education has helped to overcome problems in the

 34

education sector in the Philippines and has enhanced the country's

educational quality. This study has a lot of connection with our research, the

researchers found it as a helpful study that indicates the overall impact of

students having their own laptop. It states that there is big impact of having

laptop in solving problems that is interrelated with education. This study also

says that using laptops has enhance the efficiency of the educational process

in the Philippines.

Benjamin Herold (2016) states that laptops are ubiquitous in schools.

In the United States, public schools currently give at least one computer for

every five students. They spend more than $3 billion on digital material each

year. The country is in the middle of a tremendous drive, led by the federal

government, to make inexpensive high-speed internet and free online

teaching resources available to even the most rural and isolated schools. In

2015-16, for the first time, more state standardized examinations for the first

and intermediate grades will be administered by technology rather than paper

and pencil. This study says that a student must have their own laptop since

laptops provide a lot of information that makes students achieve more

competencies. It also states that some schools can provide laptops that make

an impact on students’ academic performance. The researchers also find that

this study was interconnected in academic performance of students due to

laptops that were able to be borrowed from school. Having a laptop makes a

student's competencies lead to the ideal academic performance that the

student will achieve.

 35

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the Research Designs, Respondents of the

Study, Sample Size and Sampling Techniques, Research Instruments,

Research Procedures, and Data Analysis to be used in this study.

Research Designs

The research designs that will be used in this study are as follows:

descriptive research, qualitative research and ethnography approach of

treating the data.

“A Descriptive Research design can use a wide variety of research

methods to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental

 36

research, the researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables,

but only observes and measures them.Descriptive research aims to

accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or

phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not

why questions.” (McCombes, 2019)

Pritha Bandhari (2020) states that “Qualitative research involves

collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to

understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-

depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.

Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves

collecting and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis. Qualitative

research is used to understand how people experience the world. While there

are many approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be flexible and

focus on retaining rich meaning when interpreting data.”

“Grounded theory (GT) is a research method concerned

with the generation of theory, which is ‘grounded’ in data that

has been systematically collected and analysed. It is used to

uncover such things as social relationships and behaviours of

groups, known as social processes.” (Altmetric.com, 2016).

“The grounded theory approach is a qualitative research methodology that attempts to

 37

unravel the meanings of people's interactions, social actions, and experiences. In other

words, these explanations are grounded in the participants' own interpretations or

explanations.”

“Grounded theory is an inductive approach in which a theory is developed

based on the data. This is the opposite of the traditional hypothesis-deductive research

approaches, where hypotheses are formulated and are then tried to be proved or

disproved. In grounded theory, the process of collecting data, analyzing data, and

developing theory is a continuous one. The process of collecting and analyzing data is

repeated until theoretical saturation is reached or no new insights will be gained from

additional data.” Using grounded theory, you can examine a specific process or

phenomenon and develop new theories derived from the collected real-world data and

their analysis.

The grounded theory method will be used since this study aims to

determine the impact of lack of laptops on the academic performance of the

selected Grade 11-Masikap students. Qualitative research will be applied in

the type of research instrument that will be used as well as the kind of data to

be collected.

Respondents of the Study

The Respondents of the study are the five (5) students from Grade 11

Computer Systems Servicing (CSS) that are chosen based on the purposeful

random sampling procedure. They are under the supervision of their class

adviser Mrs. Nena A. Urriza. The total population of Grade 11 CSS is 12 but
 38

only five (5) are chosen as respondents of this research study. These

students are enrolled in Upland Integrated National High School for the

School Year 2021-2022 Second Semester.

Population Sampling

Purposeful-Random sampling is used as the sampling technique since

the students need to be chosen purposefully because the researchers need

to choose respondents who have intensive knowledge on the topic of this

research; and who are exposed to the problem at hand. Then the identified

students are randomly selected since they are more than the required number

of sample size which is only five (5).

Research Instrument

In order to gather all the pertinent data, the researcher will conduct an

interview with the five (5) subjects – respondents.

Interview

The Interview Form that will be used as a data gathering tool for the

four (4) Grade 11 Computer Systems Servicing students on April 24-27 2023
 39

is composed of three parts labeled as Part I Respondents Profile; Part II Lack

of Laptop Related Factors; and Part III Academic Performance

Part I. Respondents’ Profile has five (5) items:

Age, Availability of Personal Laptop, Number of Siblings, Monthly

Income of Family, Monthly Family Expenses

Part II. Lack of Laptop Related Factors has three factors being

assessed:

Home Factors

o Number of Working Parents

o Number of Family members

o Number of living parents

o Internet and Electricity Connectivity

o Family Health Condition

Personal Development Factors

o Work Ethics

o Self -Efficacy

o Confidence

o Communication and Personal Skills

o Technical knowledge

School Curriculum Factors

o Practice CSS Activities at Home

 40

o CSS Core Competencies

o Research for CSS Activities

o CSS Performance Improvement

o Research for CSS NC

Part III. Academic Performance

Research Procedures

This study went through a series of processes in order to ensure very

thematic and conceptualized research documentation.

a. Title/ Topic of the Study

The researchers did a series of consultation with their research teacher

and fellow researchers who have knowledge in their target topic for a couple

of days. They surveyed the available references and studies previously

published to ensure its feasibility and timeliness. With their significant reviews

of related literatures, they are able to establish the worth of the study during

the title defense on March 1, 2023.

b. Background of the Study

In order to further strengthen the community value associated with the

study, the researchers conducted an in-depth inquiry on the setting of the

study and its target clientele.

c. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

 41

The availability of the theories both local and foreign added value on

the foundation of this study. The researched materials set the background

and established the guiding principles to continue the discovery of new

concepts on the topic of this stage.

On the other hand, the listing and identification of variables led the way

in forming the structure of this research report. It used the correlation between

the Independent and Dependent Variables.

d. Review and Related Literature

Literature Review of the related materials from all sources in the fields

of library and digital library development were carried out. The extensive

reading and reviews of the materials helped the researchers to consolidate

the overview of the topic for study. Both local and foreign literature reviews

were included.

e. Research Design

After identifying the goals of the study, the designs to be used in the

study are identified. The researchers chose a phenomenology method

because this kind of research is easier because it is a survey and interview

only.

f. Population Sampling

The purposeful random sampling is used in identifying the sample size

since the respondents need to be selected purposely and then randomly.

g. Research Instruments
 42

The research instruments to be used in the study were conceived and

crafted. The proposed materials were conceptualized during class periods.

Structured questionnaires were developed according to the variables listed in

the Conceptual Framework.

The conduct of the interview will be done on April 24-27 2023.

h. Data Analysis

In analyzing the data collected through interview, thematic narrative analysis

will be used. However, in tabulating the results of profile of respondents,

percentage distribution will be used.

Data Analysis

Interview

For the interpretation of the result of the focus group discussion,

narrative analysis will be used. It will be done through this process:

1. The answers of the five (5) interviewees for each question will be

classified accordingly as the researcher will sum up the classified statements

under remarks into a general conclusion in each question.

The overall conclusion will be written in a narrative statement of two to

three short paragraphs each.

 43

Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the presentation of the data gathered through

interview as well as the analysis and interpretation of the results.

Interview Results

Part I. Profile of Respondents

Age
 44

Fig.2 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Age

The figure shows that 80% of the respondents have an age of 17;20%

of them have age of 16; 0% of the respondents have age of 18. It is cited in

Anderson, Perrin (2013), “Although seniors consistently have lower rates of

technology adoption than the general public, this group is more digitally

connected than ever. In fact, some groups of seniors such as those who are

younger, more affluent and more highly educated report owning and using

various technologies at rates similar to adults under age of 65.” The result of

the interview indicates that there are more respondents who are aged 17

which means that the result of the interview conducted is based on the

perspective of the respondents who are aged 17. Since there are more 17

years old respondents, the researchers believe that the selected respondents

might have been using laptops often which can have an impact on the goal of

this research, therefore; they intend to add few respondents who are 16 years

old on this study in order to ensure that the impact of lack of laptop that can
 45

be listed in this research will be enough to give knowledge on impact of lack

of laptop.

Availability of Personal Laptop

Fig.3 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Availability of

Personal Laptop

This figure shows that 60% of the respondents don’t have a laptop;

40% have their own laptop. It is cited in Gutek (2023) “Past research

suggests that compared to their non-laptop counterparts, students in

classrooms that provide all students with their own laptops spend more time

involved in collaborative work, participate in more project-based instruction,

produce writing of higher quality and greater length, gain increased access to

information, improve research analysis skills, and spend more time doing

homework on computers.”. The result of the interview indicates that there are

more respondents without laptop than those who have which means that the
 46

result of the interview conducted is based on the perspective of those who

don’t have a laptop.

Number of Siblings

Fig.4 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Number of Siblings

This figure shows that 60% of the respondents only have 1 sibling;

20% have 2 siblings; 20% also have 4 siblings. It is cited in Feng (2020) “As a

new child in the household will decrease the parents’ ability to invest

resources in any particular child, the larger the sibling size, the fewer

resources are used for one child’s education, resulting in the lower output of

schooling .The result of the interview indicates that there are more

respondents who have 1 siblings than those who have more which means

that the result of the interview conducted is based on the perspective of

having fewer siblings.

Monthly Income of Family

 47

Fig.5 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Monthly Income of

Family

This figure shows that 60% of the respondents have a family income

that ranging to 1000-10000;20% of the respondents have a family income that

ranging to 21000-30000; 20% of the respondents have a family income that

71000-80000. It is cited in Lenhart, (2015) “Teens from higher income families

and households where parents have higher levels of educational attainment

are among the most likely to own a smartphone. While 77% of teens whose

families earn more than $50,000 a year have a smartphone, two-thirds (64%)

of teens from families earning less than that own one. Those teens with lower

incomes are the most likely to have a basic cell phone — with 39% of teens

from households earning less than $30,000 annually reporting basic cell

ownership compared with 28% of teens from households earning more”. The

result of the interview indicates that there are more respondents who have

1000-10000 monthly family income than those who have more which means
 48

that the result of the interview conducted is based on the perspective of low

monthly family income.

Monthly Family Expenses

Fig.6 Percentage of Distribution of the Respondents as to Monthly Family

Expenses

This figure shows that 60% of the respondents have a range of 1000-

10000 monthly family expenses and 20% have a range of 11000-20000; 20%

41000-51000. It is cited in Mohammed (2021) “Making expenses and savings

forecasts and knowing how to invest is undoubtedly an essential condition for

professional growth and the achievement of a better quality of life. Knowing

about finances can help to find a better way to fulfill dreams and expectations,

because the simple fact of living inside a house generates consumption, and

consequently, expenses. Water, electricity, telephone, food are goods that

you must pay to consume. Bearing in mind that it is necessary to pay for

them, this will directly affect the families' pockets and what they receive
through their work.” The result of the interview indicates that there are more
respondents who have a lower monthly family expenses than those who have
more which means that the result of the interview conducted is based on the
perspective of lower family expenses.
Part II. Modular Distance Learning Related Factors
Table 1 Thematic Analysis of Home Factors
Variables Questions
1. Number of working How does the number
parents of working parents in
your home affect you
in having your own
laptop?
2. Number of family How does the number
members of family members in
your home affect your
laptop availability?
3. Number of living How does the number
parents of living parents in
your home affect your
availability of own
laptop?
4. Internet and How internet and
Electricity Connectivity electricity connectivity in
your home make an
impact in having your
own laptop?
49
Responses
The respondents
believed that when there
are 2 parents working
there are more chance
of accommodating a
laptop since there is
more income.
The Respondents
believed that there is
more chance of not
having a laptop when
you are part of a big
family since the income
was insufficient.
Four of the respondent
agreed that there is an
impact cause if one
parent is willing and the
other is not it affects
possibilities to
accommodate a laptop
The respondents states
that if there is no internet
and electricity
connectivity the usage of
laptop is
unnecessary,while
having electricity and
internet laptop become
more useful compared to
 50

others without
connection
5. Family Health What is the effect of Three of the
Condition your family health’s respondents’ states that
condition to the the family would
availability of having prioritize the health first
your own laptop? than the gadgets since
life is more important
than devices

How does the number of working parents in your home affect you in having

your own laptop?

As stated in Pew Research Center (2015) states that “In economic

terms, families with two full-time working parents are better off than other

families”. This quoted line from a related literature supports the idea that the

Number of parents would make a big benefit to a student’s life. Since the

parents were the one who were able to accommodate a laptop. Having

parents that are both working makes an advantage on accommodating a

laptop since there is enough income. While having only one parents is

working it’s hard to accommodate a laptop. It can be interpreted that when the

respondents have an both parents working, they can easily buy a laptop and

by that they can easily understand the lesson, therefore, having parents that

is working makes an impact on accommodating a laptop that can improves

their self-study because with the use of laptop they can learn more with the

help of their parents at home.

 51

How does the number of family members in your home affect your laptop

availability?

As stated in Odok (2015) “A small family influences academic

performance more than a large family. The findings demonstrate the

importance of family size in determining educational quality and perceived

influence on academic performance. This quoted line from a related literature

supports the idea of number of family members. Having a larger family has a

negative impact on accommodating a laptop, while having smaller one it is

more chance to have your own laptop since the income of the family are just

right for their needs. It was stated by the respondents that being part of a big

family makes a difference on students’ chance to have a laptop. Big family

have more needs and by that accommodating a laptop is not on the focus due

they invest more on the prior needs of the family. The respondents stated that

there are more chance of having a laptop in smaller family since the income

was sufficient. It can be interpreted that when the respondents have a big

family it is hard to accommodate a laptop and not having laptop affects the

child’s academic performance.

How does the number of living parents in your home affect your

availability of own laptop?

As stated in Sudderth (2022) states that “Researchers found a strong

correlation between parent involvement and student achievement. They

showed that parental and familial involvement also improved grades when

measured for each subject”. This quoted line from a related literature supports
 52

the idea of number of living parents which is true and valid since it can make

a great difference in students’ academic performance. Having two parents

that are living makes a great role on student’s school life. The respondents

stated that living with two parents it is easier to accommodate a laptop since

there are sufficient support. While living with one parent makes a different

impact since they can have a shortage in accommodating a laptop. In addition

having both parents alive it can make the tendency of students in learning to

be easier since there are parents to support them. While having one parent

living makes a negative impact to students’ academic performance since they

can’t give a full support to a student. Having living parent’s means more

support and can gave you deeper understanding on the topics you can’t

understand which can cause your academic performance to increase. It can

be interpreted that living with two parents can make a big difference on

students’ academic performance.

How internet and electricity connectivity in your home make an impact

in having your own laptop?

As stated in Alampay, Berse & Cabotaje (2016) states that “Direct benefits

include improvements in lightning and access to electricity-dependent

appliances or equipment. In schools powered by solar energy in the

Philippines, students report using laptops, projectors and downloaded music

which is incorporated into their lessons.” This quoted line from a related

literature supports the idea of Electricity and Internet Connectivity since it is

one of the needs on accommodating a laptop. The respondents stated that

 53

not having connection on internet and electricity laptops would be

unnecessary. This also proves that not having connections can affect the

academic performance of the students. It can be interpreted that having

electricity and internet would make a student’s understanding to deepen with

the usage of laptop.

What is the effect of your family health’s condition to the availability of

having your own laptop?

As stated in Matingwina (2017) states that “Considering that health problems

have a significant influence on the overall performance of students, there is a

need to look at the various health determinants and how they affect students.

This quoted line from a related literature supports the idea of family health

conditions that is true and valid since it is one of the main reason why

students weren’t able to accommodate a laptop. The respondents agreed that

laptops can be unnecessary when there is one in the family who have a

family condition. They would prioritize the health of a person than buying a

tool which is necessary in school. The respondents also agreed that laptops

would not be valued when there is someone who have a family health

condition. Low chance of accommodating a laptop since they would care for

the life of a person. It can be interpreted that having someone in the family

who have family condition would be a reason of loss in interest on buying a

laptop and by that it can be a source why students are failing and the

academic performance is decreasing.

 54

Table 2 Thematic Analysis of Personal Development Factors

Variables Questions Responses

Work Ethics What is the impact of Two of the
work ethics in your respondents’ states
personal development? that when there is a
good work ethics the
development of one’s
life become quickly
Self-Efficacy What is the impact of The respondents
self-efficacy in your believed that the work,
personal development? understanding and
activities would be
done faster and better
Confidence Why confidence is Four of the
affected by your respondents believed
personal development? that confidence makes
our lives stronger since
we can develop
ourselves and be good
in task when you have
positive thinking
Communication and How communication The respondents
Personal Skills and personal skills believed that
affect your personal communication skills
development? are important since by
that they're difficulties
in doing task can be
asked to teachers and
classmates which can
be a cause of
developing a new
social relationship
Technical Knowledge Why does technical Two of the respondents
knowledge affecting believed that having
your personal technical knowledge
development? makes you enter the
field you want without
hesitation
 55

What is the impact of work ethics in your personal development?

As stated in Meriac (2014) found that the dimensions of work ethics are

significantly related to academic performance, but the relationship is not

strong, this shows that work ethics will not function as a substitute for

traditional test standards as academic performance forecasters.” This quoted

line from a related literature supports the idea of work ethics that is true and

valid since it has a big impact on academic performance. The respondents

described that work ethics can make a development to an individual which

can improved their academic performance.

What is the impact of self-efficacy in your personal development?

As stated in Hayat, Shateri, Amini, and SHokrpour (2020) states that “The

results of structural equation modelling revealed that the students’ self-

efficacy has an impact on their learning-related emotions and metacognitive

learning strategies, and these, in turn, affect the students’ academic

performance. This quoted line from a related literature supports the idea that

self-efficacy is true and valid since it has connectivity to students’ academic

performance. The respondents described that having self-efficacy makes a

work to be done quicker and nicer and through that students were able to

increase their academic performance.

Why confidence is affected by your personal development?

As stated in Acar, Turan, Deliaby (2023) states that “As a result, in order to

support the academic self-confidence of students in the field of physiotherapy

and rehabilitation, the learning environment should be evaluated regularly and

 56

the development of the educational environment should be provided in the

light of the results obtained. This quoted line from a related literature supports

the idea of confidence as true and valid since confidence is needed to

improve your academic performance. The respondents described that

confidence makes our lives stronger. Having a confidence can help to

increase academic performance and to be able to accommodate a laptop.

How communication and personal skills affect your personal

development?

As stated in the importance of communication skills (2019) states that “At all

levels of education, students must be able to communicate effectively.

Without well-developed communication skills, children run the risk of falling

behind their peers or becoming emotionally overwhelmed or withdrawn at

school. This quoted line from a related literature supports the idea that

personal and communication skills are true and valid since it is needed when

learning. The respondents agreed that personal and communication skills are

prior on one’s life. Having those can make a great difference not only in your

development also you were able to gain more knowledge which can be a

cause of higher academic performance.

Why does technical knowledge affecting your personal development?

As states in Agluba (2021) states that “Instructors, especially TLE and Tech-

Voc teachers, must encourage pupils to continue their specialty in Senior

High School. This manner, kids may develop their technical skills and be

more successful in school and in life.” This quoted line from a related
 57

literature supports the idea of technical knowledge since technical knowledge

is one of the factors that can make a big difference in students life. The

respondents described that technical knowledge can help you choosing your

track without hesitation. Technical knowledge also can be a great cause of

having a laptop since you were knowledgeable about technology. It can also

make an increase on your academic performance..

Table 3 Thematic Analysis of Student Attitude Factors

Variables Questions Responses

Practice CSS Activities How does practicing The respondents
at Home CSS activities at home believed that practicing
affects your school at home their task in
performance? schools to finish easily
and it motivates them
to have a high grade
CSS Core How does the CSS The respondents
Competencies competencies affect believed that CSS
your academic competencies makes a
performance? difference on their lives.
They gain new
knowledge that they
can also apply to other
activities they are
doing.
Research for CSS How does researching The respondents
Activities CSS activities affect agreed that research
your academic for CSS activities
performance? makes them to be
advanced in the lesson
and they're knowledge
about CSS is
expanding
CSS Performance How does CSS The respondents all
Improvement performance agreed that there is a
improvement affect positive impact on their
your academic grades when they do
performance? CSs performance
improvement. They
state that they become
 58

more motivated and

finish activities better.
Research for CSS NC What is the impact of Three of the
Researching CSS NC respondents’ states
in your academic that by researching for
performance? CSS NC they are
becoming more
prepared in entering
college. While the two
they both state that by
researching for CSS
NC they're becoming
hesitated if they are
going to take it.

How does practicing CSS activities at home affects your school

performance?
As stated in Galloway, Conner, and Pope, (2013) states that “These

statements suggest that the right amount of activities are to be given in order

to bear an ideally positive impact on the students. Homework plays a key role

in this credentialing system.” This quoted line from a related literature support

the idea of practicing css activities at home is true and valid since through

that students were able to gain knowledge even they are not in school. The

respondents described that practicing css activities may improve their

knowledge and help them to become more efficient on doing task and through

that students were able to have higher grades.

How does the CSS competencies affect your academic performance?

As stated in Rusiana and Flores (2019) states that “Tools and equipment are

vital for teaching and learning process for practical courses’’. This quoted line

from a related literature is true and valid because the respondents all agree
 59

that css competencies improve their knowledge and skills at the topics they

don’t understand at first.

How does researching CSS activities affect your academic

performance?

As stated in Goodrich (2021) states that “Research helps you expand on any

prior knowledge you have of the subject. The research process creates new

opportunities for learning and progress”. This quoted line from a related

literature is true and valid since the respondents explained that researching

makes them to be advanced on the lesson and have prior knowledge.

How does CSS performance improvement affect your academic

performance?

As stated in Uwameiye, (2016). “Secondary school educators must in addition

to general knowledge, orient the student in the study of technologies and the

acquisition of practical skills, technical knowhow, attitudes and understanding

relating to occupations in the various sectors of economic and social life so

that the product can live and contribute to the development of the society”.

This quoted line from a related literature is true and valid since the

respondents believed that they become more motivated to get a higher grade

because teachers complimented them that they improved. That can cause a

better academic performance in one single student.

What is the impact of Researching CSS NC in your academic

performance?
 60

As stated in Oña (2019) states that “One of the advantages of having

National Certificate II (NCII), NC II passers enable them to be more

employable, productive and flexible to the changing requirements of the

industry and the workplace domestic and overseas”. This quoted line from a

related literature is true and valid since the respondents agreed that

researching for css activities help them since it enables them to be more

prepared in taking NCII and also it gives them motivation that they can do

better once they enter college or next chapter of their lives.

Explanation on how the copied part of the related literature proves that

the responses of the respondents is TRUE and VALID.

Part III. A. Academic Performance

Fig. 7 Percentage Distribution of the Respondents as to Academic

Performance
 61

This figure presents that 60%of the respondents have grades ranging

from 90-100; 20% of them also have grades ranging from 85-89; 20% of the

respondents have grades ranging from 80-84; and 0% of them were found to

have grades lower than 80. As stated in Masud et.al. (2019) states that

Academic performance is among the several components of academic

success. Many factors, including socioeconomic status, student temperament

and motivation, peer, and parental support influence academic performance.

Academic Performance now plays a vital role in every students since it

become their standards to enter famous college school or better jobs.

Part III. B Online Platforms in Distance Learning VS Academic

Performance

Table 4 Study Habit Related Factors

Related Factors Questions Responses

Home Factor How does home factors The respondents’

make an impact on states that home
your Academic factors make a big
Performance? impact on having a
laptop. They said that
when you have a laptop
you were able to
practice more and
home factors gave you
moral support with a
negative impact that
you are being
pressured. Which
causes to have a
problem in their
academic performance
 62

Personal Development How does personal The Respondents

Factor development states that by personal
factors affect your development factors
Academic gave you a benefit
Performance? since you can apply it
to your daily basis.
Also, the personal
development makes an
impact on the academic
performance of a
student. The skills and
learning development
will improved when
they applied those
factors as a student.

The respondents have

different choice on the
School Factor What school curriculum school curriculum
factors factors. They state that
makes an impact on CSS competencies
your Academic makes them learning
Performance?" capabilities become
stronger. Other states
that practicing CSS
activities at home
helped them to sharpen
their skills and ability. In
addition, they state that
Researching for CSS
NC makes a big impact
since they were able to
be ready and prepared
once they go on higher
level. Two of them says
that hands on training
since they can see their
self-development and
they and their
capabilities grow more
and more.
 63

What is the overall impact of Lack of Laptop in the Academic

Performance of the selected CSS 11 students?

Based on the result of the interview conducted on May 2-3, 2023 with

the five (5) respondents, the following are the greatest variables of lack of

laptop that affect the academic performance of the interviewees. For Home

Factors, the respondent’s states that home factors makes an impact on their

academic performance because home factors were the one who is able to

make laptop availability. They state that due to home factors they weren’t able

or they were able to have a laptop. For Personal Development Factors,

personal development factors provided to the respondents makes impact on

their grades because they were able to improve their skills and develop more

knowledge that they can apply on their daily lives. Which can cause of not

buying a laptop due of not having a personal development .For School

Factors, the CSS competencies makes impact on their grades because their

learning capabilities and their skills improved due to practicing CSS activities

at home and researching for CSS activities. Not being able to make school

factors can cause delay of accommodating a laptop which causes lower

academic performance
 64

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations formulated after the analysis and interpretations of data.

Summary

This study entitled “A Grounded Theory on the Impact of lack of laptop

to the Academic Performance of the Selected Grade 11 Masikap Students”

used a qualitative research design that is descriptive in nature. It is also a

Grounded Theory that gathered the responses of the respondents, who are

considered as respondents, through conducted an interview. The

respondents were chosen using the purposeful random sampling technique

since this is allowed for a face-to-face data collection method. The research

instrument used is an interview questionnaire conducted through a face to

face interview. Thematic analysis is used as the data analysis tool to analyze

and interpret the result.

 65

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following research

questions: What is the profile of respondents? Which of the Home factors

is/are considered by the respondents as having the greatest effect in their

class performance? Which of the Personal Development factors is/are

considered by the respondents as having the greatest effect in their class

performance? Which of the School Curriculum factors is/are considered by

the respondents as having the greatest effect in their class performance?

What is the Academic Performance of the Respondents? What is the overall

impact of Lack of Laptop in the Academic Performance of the selected CSS

11 students?

Findings

The following are the findings gathered from the narrative analysis of

the interview results:

1. The profile of the respondents is described as follows: 80% are aged 18,

20% are aged 16 and 0% are aged 18; 60% are without laptop and 40% are

with laptop ; 60% have 1 siblings, 20% have 2 siblings, 20% have 4 siblings,

0% have 0 siblings and 0% have 3 siblings; 60% has 1000-10000 family

income, 20% has 21000-30000, 20% has 71000-80000,0% has 11000-

20000,0% has 31000 to 40000, 0% has 41000- 51000, 0% has 61000-70000

0% has 81000 to 90000 and 0% has 91000-100000; 60% has a monthly

family expenses of 1000-10000, 20% has a monthly family expenses of

11000-20000, 20% has a monthly family expenses of 41000-51000, 0% has a

monthly family expenses of 11000-20000, 0% has a monthly family expenses

 66

of 21000-30000, 0% has a monthly family expenses of 31000-40000, 0% has

a monthly family expenses of 61000-70000, 0% has a monthly family

expenses of 71000-80000, 0% has a monthly family expenses of 81000-

90000 and 0% for the monthly family expenses of 91000-100000.

2. The variables under Home Factors that are found to have greater impact

on the respondents are as follows: (1) Number of Working Parents. The

respondents believe that their Number of Working Parents is important

because they were the one who’s able to accommodate laptop for their

children and having parents that is both working is a cause of a higher

income.; (2) Number of Family Members. The respondents believed that

being part of a big family there are more chance of not having a laptop cause

of insufficient income.; (3) Internet and Electricity Connectivity. The

respondents believed that internet and electricity is important since it is an

essential to a laptop to function. The respondents states that having

connection makes a laptop more useful that can cause students’ Academic

Performance to improve.

3. The variables under Personal Development Factors that are found to have

greater impact on the respondents are as follows: (1) Confidence- The

respondents believed that confidence makes students’ lives to become more

stronger since they can develop themselves and having positive thinking

about their tasks. (2) Communication and Personal Skills. The respondents

believed that communication and personal skills deepens their understanding

on some tasks because they were able to ask some questions to the things
 67

they’re having difficulties.; (3) Technical Knowledge – The respondents

believed that having technical knowledge they don’t hesitate on choosing their

track on doing tasks.

4. The variables under School Curriculum Factors that are found to have

greater impact on the respondents are as follows: (1) Practice CSS Activities

at home- The respondents believed that through that they were able to finish

school tasks easily and nicely. It also motivates them to get a higher grade.;

(2) CSS Core Competencies- The respondents believed that CSS Core

Competencies makes a difference in their lives since they were able to gain

new knowledge that they can apply in their lives.; (3) CSS Performance

Improvement.- The respondents believed that there is a positive impact on

their grades. They also stated that through that they can finish tasks better

and makes them motivated.

5. The academic performance of the respondents in the first semester is as

follows: 60% of the respondents have grades ranging from 90-100; 20% of

them also have grades ranging from 85-89; 20% of the respondents have

grades ranging from 80-84; and 0% of them were found to have grades lower

than 80. The respondent’s Academic performance is affected by following:

Number of family members, Confidence and CSS Core Competencies. The

respondent’s availability of laptop affects their academic performance in the

following ways: they weren’t able to finish task early due to lack of laptop to

use which affects their academic performance.

 68

6. Based on the result of the interview conducted on May 2-4, 2023 with the

five (5) respondents, the following are the greatest variables of using online

platforms in distance learning that affect the academic performance of the

interviewees. For Home Factors, the Number of Family Members affects the

respondent’s academic performance because the more family members

lesser space in the household to do activities. It also implies the family

expenses that’s why there are more chances of not having a laptop due of

insufficient income. For Personal Development Factors, the respondents’

states that confidence affect their grades because having lack of confidence

makes them unfulfilled their tasks. While having confidence makes them

stronger and have positive thinking in doing task. For School Curriculum

Factors, the CSS Core Competencies affects their grades because it makes

them to gain new knowledge that they can apply in their lives. Through that

they were able to live in a society without having hesitation about some

technical thingy that makes them to improve their academic performance.

Conclusions

The following are the conclusions formulated from the given findings of

this research study:

1. The profile of the respondents is described as follows: 60% are aged 17;

60% are those who don’t have a laptop; 60% have 1 siblings; 60% has a

family income of 1000-10000; 60% has a family expenses of 1000-10000.

2. The variable under Home Factors that is found to have greater impact on

the respondents is number of family members because the respondents

 69

believe that the number of family members has the greatest affect because

they can have difficulties on doing task through lack of laptop cause of

insufficient income. Also being part of the big family, they are having

difficulties on studying cause of less space.

3. The variable under Personal Development Factors that is found to have

greater impact on the respondents is Confidence because they can develop

themselves and also have a positive thinking on doing task. They can also

finish tasks easily because they have a full confidence.

4. The variable under School Curriculum Factors that is found to have greater

impact on the respondents is CSS Core Competencies because they can

easily understand the lesson and apply it on their daily lives.CSS Core

Competencies also makes their grade to get higher as they gain new

knowledge.

5. The academic performance of the respondents in the first semester

Quarter 2 is as follows: 60% of the respondents have grades ranging from 90-

100.

6. Based on the result of the interview conducted on May 2-4, 2023 with the

five (5) respondents, the greatest variable of using online platforms in

distance learning that affect the academic performance of the interviewees is

Home Factors which features number of family members provided to the

respondents which affect their grades because it is one of the factors why

students were unable to have a laptop cause of insufficient income since they
 70

are part of the big family. It causes them to get lower academic performance

cause they don’t have school necessary equipment’s to use.

Recommendations

The following are the recommendations of the researchers considering

the findings and conclusions:

1. This study used grounded theory as the research design, the future

researchers can replicate this study by using a different type of qualitative

research design to validate our findings.

2. The researchers are able to have five (5) respondents only, the future

researchers can use larger sample to further investigate this research

problem: impact of lack of laptop to the students’ academic performance.

3. Based on the findings, the cause of lack of laptop of the respondents is

affected by having lesser amount of family income so if this continues, the

researchers recommend that having a Calendar of schedule on using the

school computer laboratory will help them to improve not only their grades but

also their skills and knowledge. They can use systematic devices like showing

qr code that will specify that they use the school computer laboratory.
71