Ikimbayev Yelnur

1.

a) Extract the raw dataset

The study involved over a hundred soil samples from diverse locations, offering a representative
cross-section of the state. These samples were categorized into four main soil classes: peat, clay,
sandy clay, and sand. Two graphs were generated, illustrating apparent resistivity at 5 ft. and 80
ft. electrode separations for each soil class. Equations were then derived to predict apparent
resistance, specifying values for each soil type.
The derived equations were as follows:
Apparent resistance (5 ft.): Peat, Clay, Sandy clay, Sand
Apparent resistance (80 ft.): Peat, Clay, Sandy clay, Sand
The accuracy of these predictions was evaluated using the standard deviation of residuals.
Remarkably, the study revealed a notable uniformity in resistivity profiles across fields, ensuring
consistent results despite variations in individual resistance measurements.
b) Recreate the plots in the paper
Gathering of Data:
For every soil class, collect the resistivity data at electrode separations of 5 and 80 feet. Make
sure you have the appropriate amounts of sand, peat, clay, and sandy clay.
Graph Creation:
Utilize any other graphing tool or program such as Microsoft Excel or Python with libraries like
Matplotlib.
For every soil class, make a scatter plot with the apparent resistivity shown on the y-axis and the
specific resistances shown on the x-axis.
Plot two distinct plots for the electrode separations of 5 and 80 feet.
Equation Overlay:
On each graph, place the resulting equations over one another. To graphically show the expected
apparent resistance for each unique resistance value, the equations are plotted as lines on the
graphs.
Labeling and Legend:
Verify that each graph's axes and title are properly labeled. Add a legend indicating which soil
class each line belongs to.
Examine the graphs to see how closely the real data points and the projected seeming resistances
match up. As stated in the study, you may also compute the residuals' standard deviation to
evaluate how accurate the predictions were.
c) Report your values of a, m and n
It's crucial to remember that A, m, and n are frequently ascertained empirically through calibration of
field data and laboratory experiments. They may differ based on the reservoir's unique properties and
the geological formation.

d) Derive your version of Archie’s equation

To derive this equation, we start with the relationship between resistivity, porosity and water
saturation.

In this case, A is an amalgam of the constants from the earlier adjustments.

2.

The image appears to show two plots of gamma ray (GR) data from different sources: an openhole (OH)
log and a core (CGR) log. These logs are used in geophysical exploration to measure the radioactivity of
rocks, which is related to the concentration of radioactive elements such as potassium, uranium, and
thorium.

From the plots, it's clear that there is a mismatch between the two datasets. The OH GR log shows a
more pronounced peak than the CGR log. This discrepancy could be due to several factors:

Instrumentation Differences: The instruments used to measure the gamma rays in the openhole and
core logs might have different sensitivities or calibration, leading to differences in the recorded values.

Rock Type Variation: The rocks in the core and the openhole might not be exactly the same, leading to
variations in the gamma ray response. For example, the core might have a higher concentration of
radioactive minerals, or it might be affected by alteration processes that affect the gamma ray response.

Measurement Conditions: The conditions under which the measurements were taken might be
different. For example, the core might have been exposed to different environmental conditions, such as
temperature or humidity, which could affect the gamma ray response.

Data Processing: The data processing methods used for the openhole and core logs might be different,
leading to variations in the recorded values.

To align the two curves, a shift must be applied to one of the curves. The shift should be applied to the
curve that shows the lower peak, which in this case is the CGR log. The shift should be in the direction of
increasing the gamma ray value, so that the peak of the CGR log matches the peak of the OH log.
The exact amount of the shift would depend on the specific circumstances of the data collection and
processing, and would likely require a detailed analysis by a geophysicist or geologist familiar with the
data and the conditions under which it was collected.

3.

Bad points:

Depth at: 8674, 8774, 8858 and 8953. At these points there are very large jumps or decreases in values.
Of course, there are some changes in the graph, but it is at these points that the big changes are visible.
Basically it's a big drop in the values in both graphs.

Rock Type:

RhoB Log: Different rock types affect bulk density measurements.

RhoB Core: Different rock types in the Earth's core zone have varying density values.

Pressure:

RhoB Log: Changes in pressure with depth can impact mineralogy and compaction, influencing bulk
density.

RhoB Core: The level of pressure within the Earth affects the density of rocks in the core zone.

Temperature:

RhoB Log: Changes in temperature with depth can influence mineral properties and bulk density.

RhoB Core: Thermal conditions within the Earth affect the physical properties and density of rocks in the
core zone.

Rock Composition:

RhoB Log: The mineral composition of rocks affects bulk density.

RhoB Core: The chemical composition of rocks in the Earth's core zone influences their density.

Humidity/Fluid Content:

RhoB Log: Presence or absence of fluids in rocks affects bulk density.

RhoB Core: The presence of water in rocks within the Earth's core can change their density.

Geological Structures:

RhoB Log: Geological structures like fractures can introduce changes in bulk density.

RhoB Core: Various geological structures, such as fractures, folds, and faults, can introduce changes in
the density of rocks in the Earth's core.

Porosity:

RhoB Log: Porosity influences bulk density measurements in borehole logs.

RhoB Core: Porosity, determined by factors like sorting, packing, and compaction, affects the density of
rocks in the Earth's core.
Tool Calibration and Environmental Corrections:

RhoB Log: Calibration and corrections for environmental conditions are essential for accurate bulk
density measurements.

RhoB Core: Instrument calibration and corrections for environmental conditions are crucial for obtaining
accurate density data from core samples.

4.

ILD = Induction Laterolog Deep

ILM = Induction Laterolog Medium

SFL = Spontaneous Potential (SP) Laterolog

Main zone = 14550-14560 14600-14630 14640-14650

Permeability based on porosity and resistivity logging. High porosity and high resistivity may indicate
good permeability.

Presence of zones with significant changes in resistivity that may indicate the presence of fluids.