1. What is the meaning of FPSO?

 Floating Production Storage and Offloading. These are floating vessels

over the sea used for the production, storage, and off-loading of crude oil. FPSOs are very important as it
facilitates the processing and storage of oil and gas. Extensively used by the offshore industry, FPSOs are one
of the primary methods of oil and processing as well as storage. In general, they are leased by oil and gas
companies.

2. Choose one type of the Main Process Equipment. Some examples of process equipment popularly used in
these industries are pumps, valves, vessels, filters, coolers, heat exchangers, pulsation dampeners and
piping s

3. The main condition for the 1st stage of Separator? The liquid is first flashed at an initial pressure and then
flashed at successively lower pressures two times before entering the stock tank.

4. Bubble point curve –

  5. Choose one method of the Artificial Lift. Sucker-rod (beam) pumping
 Electrical submersible pumping (ESP)
 Gas lift and intermittent gas lift
 Reciprocating and jet hydraulic pumping systems
 Plunger lift
 Progressive cavity pumps (PCP)
There are other methods, such as the electrical submersible progressive cavity pump (ESPCP) for
pumping solids and viscous oils, in deviated wells. This system has a PCP with the motor and some
other components similar to an ESP. Other methods include:

 Modifications of beam pump systems

 Various intermittent gas lift methods
 Various combination systems.
 Continuous Belt Transportation

6. What does Bo stand for in the Material Balance equation? Oil Formation Volume Factor. is defined as the
ratio of the volume of oil (plus the gas in solution) at the prevailing reservoir temperature and pressure to
the volume of oil at standard conditions. Bo is always greater than or equal to unity.

7. Choose the correct answer. Based on operating pressure and transportability,

the separators are classified as: A separator is a pressure vessel used to separate well fluids produced
from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components in the oilfield. Hydrocarbon streams are
made up of a mixture of gas, liquid hydrocarbons, and free water at the wellhead. In most cases, it's
best to divide these phases as soon as possible so that the two or three phases can be handled
separately. The liquids are separated from the gas phase by passing the good stream through an oil-
gas water separator.

8. Separator types: Vertical separator Horizontal single tube

separator
Double tube horizontal separator
Spherical separator
Two-phase separator
In the two-phase units, gas is separated from the liquid with the gas and liquid being discharged
separately. A horizontal, vertical, or spherical separator can be used. A level-control or dump valve
allows the liquid (oil, emulsion) to exit the vessel at the bottom. At the top of the vessel, the gas passes
through a mist extractor, which removes any minute liquid droplets in the gas.

Three-phase separator
They are usually designed to separate related gas and oily water from crude oil, after which the oil can
be transferred for further treatment. A horizontal, vertical, or spherical separator can be used. The major
purpose of this type of separator, also known as a free-water knockout (FWKO), is to eliminate any free
water that can create issues like corrosion and the production of hydrates or difficult-to-break tight
emulsions. They are made on the basis of each phase having a varied density. The gas escapes from
the top of the vessel, the crude oil remains in the middle, and the water, along with any entrained solids,
sinks to the bottom (such as slugs, sand or debris). To create two independent layers, the two liquid
phases require a particular retention time.

Cyclone/centrifugal separators
Centrifugal force is used to operate cyclone separators. These designs are best suited for gas streams
that are relatively pure. By centrifugal force, the whirling action of the gas stream as it enters the
scrubber separates the droplets and dust from the gas stream. Although such designs can result in
much smaller sizes, they are not typically utilized in production operations because their design is
sensitive to flow rate and they require more pressure drop than the standard configurations discussed
above.

Filter separators
As the gas flows through the filter tubes in the initial separation step, any liquid mist coalesces into
bigger droplets. These aggregated droplets are removed by a secondary section of vanes or other mist
extractor devices. This vessel can remove all particles larger than 2 microns and 99% of particles less
than 1/2 micron.

Scrubbers
A scrubber is a two-phase separator used when the gas rate to liquid rate ratio is really high to collect
liquids that have spilled over from production separators' gas outputs or to catch liquids that have
condensed due to cooling or pressure drops.

Schematics of separators
Some schematics of typical two- and three-phase separators are shown in horizontal and vertical
orientations below.

Horizontal two-phase separator

Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate two types of horizontal separators, as can be seen, a weir plate is installed to
prevent the gas phase being carry-under to the liquid outlet, and well positioned liquid level to prevent
the liquid carry-over from the gas outlet.
 

Fig. 1—Horizontal two-phase separator with inlet diverter, perforated distribution baffle,
and demister (courtesy of CDS Separation Technologies Inc.).
 

Fig. 2—Horizontal two-phase separator enhanced for foam breaking with inlet cyclones,
perforated distribution baffle, and cyclonic demisters (courtesy of CDS Separation
Technologies Inc.).

Horizontal double barrel two-phase separator

Figure 3 illustrates a horizontal double barrel two-phase separator, which is used for low liquid rates. A
better quality of liquid stream can normally be expected, except for more difficulty and higher cost to
build the vessel than the conventional vessel.

Fig. 3—Horizontal double-barrel two-phase separator for low liquid rates (courtesy of CDS
Separation Technologies Inc.).

Horizontal three-phase separator

Figs. 4 through 6 illustrate different configurations of horizontal three-phase separators. Compared to
the two-phase separator above, additional weir is introduced to control the oil/water interface
 

Fig. 4—Horizontal three-phase separator with flooded weir (courtesy of CDS Separation
Technologies Inc.).
 

Fig. 5—Horizontal three-phase separator with oil bucket and water weir, requiring no
active interface control (courtesy of CDS Separation Technologies Inc.).
 

Fig. 6—Horizontal three-phase separator with boot for low water rates (courtesy of CDS
Separation Technologies Inc.).

Vertical two-phase separator

Fig. 7 shows a vertical two-phase separator with inlet diverter and demister. The inlet stream gets into
the vessel from inlet device. After separation, the liquid phase drops down to the vessel bottom while
gas phase floats up to the vessel top
 

Fig. 7—Vertical two-phase separator with inlet diverter and demister (courtesy of CDS
Separation Technologies Inc.).

Vertical three-phase separator

Fig. 8 illustrates a vertical three-phase separator configured with inlet diverter and demister. After the
inlet deverter, the separated gas flows up to the gas outlet, while the liquid phase (oil/water mixture) get
into the liquid space through a down comer, where the oil/water are further separated and collected at
the each outlet.

Fig. 8—Vertical three-phase separator with inlet diverter and demister (courtesy of CDS
Separation Technologies Inc.).

Central inlet separator

Fig. 9a is a schematic of a central inlet and dual outlet separator. This design is equivelent to combine
two identical separators in parallel. Its main feature is to double the overall throughput at a reduced cost
in manufacture, installation, and operation of the vessel.


 Fig. 9a—Two-phase separator with center inlet cyclones and dual outlets for a floating
structure (courtesy of CDS Separation Technologies Inc.).

Dual-inlet, central-outlet separator

Fig. 9b is a dual-inlet, central-outlet separator. The liquid level in the center of the vessel is generally
constant. Hence, the liquid level changes because platform tilt does not really affect the operation of the
devices in the center of the vessel.

Fig. 9b—Two-phase separator with dual inlet cyclones and center demisting cyclones for
a floating structure (courtesy of CDS Separation Technologies Inc.).

Two-stage, vertical scrubber

Fig. 10a shows a two-stage, vertical scrubber with inlet diverter, mesh coalescer, and cyclone
demisters. This unit has a high turndown capacity (that is, the ability to operate effectively at much less
than the design capacity) and a small droplet capture range. The inlet diverter removes bulk liquids. At
low rates, the mesh pad acts as a separator and removes the mist. At higher gas rates, the mesh acts
as an agglomerator, coalescing small drops into larger ones. The larger drops are re-entrained but
caught by the cyclone demisters. Typical turndown is ~8 to 10.

Fig. 10a—Two-stage vertical scrubber with inlet diverter, mesh coalescer, and cyclone
demisters (courtesy of CDS Separation Technologies Inc.).

Single-stage cyclone scrubber

Fig. 10b is a single-stage cyclone scrubber for low liquid loading. The gas/liquid flows directly at the
cyclones. This type of a scrubber is a compact unit with a three to five reduction in size and weight from
a standard scrubber. Fig. 11 shows a schematic of a Gasunie cyclone separator. The separator is a
stand-alone inlet cyclone in which the vessel shell itself is the outer wall of the cyclone. This separator is
mainly used as a scrubber but can be applied for higher liquid loadings on the order of 10%v.
 

Fig. 10b—One-stage inline scrubber with demisting cyclones (courtesy of CDS Separation
Technologies Inc.).
 

Fig. 11—Gasunie cyclonic scrubber (courtesy of CDS Separation Technologies Inc.).

Gas/liquid cylindrical cyclone

A gas/liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC) is a very simple and inexpensive centrifugal separation device.
(See Fig. 12) Rough separation is achieved under low- g conditions, the swirl being generated by the
sloped tangential inlet. The slope helps keep the level down during small slug occurrence. It is often
used for bulk separation in conjunction with well testing as shown. The streams are temporarily
separated, measured and analyzed, then recombined. With this arrangement, no level control is
necessary because the levels are maintained by hydraulic balance.


 Fig. 12—GLCC separator (courtesy of Natco).

Multitube cyclone inline separator

A multitube cyclone inline separator, shown in Fig. 13, causes a wet gas flowstream to be divided
between a number of cyclone tubes. As the gas stream enters a tube, it encounters a spin generator.
The spin generator is a stationary device consisting of a hollow core and a radial arrangement of curved
blades that divert the gas stream into a rotating flow pattern. In the tube downstream of the spin
generator, liquid is separated from the gas by being slung out against the tube wall by centrifugal force.
Near the end of each tube, the liquid film encounters a peripheral gap in the tube wall. This gap allows
the liquid to be pulled out of the tube into the annular space around the tubes, where it falls to the
bottom and is discharged under level control. The demisted gas stream continues through the tube, then
recombines with that of the other tubes.

Fig. 13—Approximate shell length for vertical vessels (courtesy of CDS Separation
Technologies Inc.).

9. Slug catcher – Slug Catcher is the name of a unit in the gas refinery or petroleum industry in which slugs
at the outlet of pipelines are collected or caught. A slug is a large quantity of gas or liquid that exists in the
pipeline. Pipelines that transport both gas and liquids together, known as two-phase flow, can operate in a
flow regime known as slugging flow or slug flow.

10.Advantages of horizontal separators:

Due to a large, lengthy and baffled gas-separation component, they have a substantially
higher gas/liquid interface.
 The horizontal separator is less expensive than the vertical separator

11.Advantages of spherical separators:

It is cost effective.

It is beneficial for gas-to-oil ratios that are moderate or low.

It is small and simple to transport and setup.

12.Disadvantages of centrifugal separators: One known disadvantage of these separators is that they
tend to have low powered suction. For example, when the pump end is dry and the impeller is rotating at
high speeds, it is simply not powerful enough to lift the oily water mixture into the separator. For this
reason, these separators must always be primed before use.[7]

13.Find the right sequence of the process

14. How many kinds of streams are there? 3

15. Choose from the following one of the types of rotary boring - Rotary boring is a very rapid method of
developing hole in both rocks and soils. A drill bit is attached to the lower end of the drill rods, is revolved
with a appropriate chuck, and is always retained in firm contact with the bottom of the hole. Wash boring,
Percussion boring, Rotary boring,

16.Choose the correct primary cementing process Placement of cement in the annulus between casing and
open hole or previous casing to provide. Hydraulic Isolation

– Support and protect casing

– Support the borehole

17. Remedial cementing operations consist of two broad categories: squeeze and plug

18. Fracking is ... Fracking (also known as hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracturing, or hydrofracking) is a well
stimulation technique involving the fracturing of bedrock formations by a pressurized liquid. The process
involves the high-pressure injection of "fracking fluid" (primarily water, containing sand or other proppants
suspended with the aid of thickening agents) into a wellbore to create cracks in the deep-rock formations
through which natural gas, petroleum, and brine will flow more freely.

19. Overburden pressure what means P(z) ? When the overburden pressure exceeds the fluid pressure in
the pore space, the formation is compacted. The porosity, permeability, and compressibility are reduced.

20. Well-control Well control is the technique used in oil and gas operations such as drilling, well workover
and well completion for maintaining the hydrostatic pressure and formation pressure to prevent the influx
of formation fluids into the wellbore.

21. The last step in completing a well, a wellhead is installed at the ___ of the

well. Many times called a production tree or Christmas tree. surface

22.What is the Primary oil well control? Primary control is the use of drilling fluids of sufficient density to
overbalance formation pore pressure. This is particularly important if well control may be complicated by
logistical constraints, in hydrogen sulphide environments where materials are more susceptible to failure,

23. There are basically three types of oil control which are. Take one of the

wrong variations of these

vertical oil wells – not more than 5 degrees;

– directional inclined oil wells – in excess of 5 degrees;

– horizontal oil wells – comprises about 90 degrees.

24. What else is tertiary control of oil wells?

 Dynamic kill by rapidly pumping of heavy mud to control well with Equivalent
Circulating Density (ECD)
 Pump barite or gunk to plug wellbore to stop flowing
 Pump cement to plug wellbore

o Drill relief wells to hit adjacent well that is flowing and kill the well with
heavy mud.


25. Well completion incorporates the steps taken to transform a drilled well into

a producing one. Choose the most recent process name

casing

26. In this Gravel Pack processing choose from them the initial process
Gravel packing consists of installing a downhole filter in the well to control the entry of formation material
but allow the production of reservoir fluids. The gravel-packed completion is perhaps the most difficult and
complex routine completion operation because it consists of many interrelated completion practices.

27.Permeability theory is…

One prediction of permeability theory is that the more permeable the boundary, the less enclosed the
region within that boundary will seem to be

28. The rock permeability, k, is a very important rock property because…

it controls the directional movement and the flow rate of the reservoir fluids in the formation

29. For the first time, who defined the characteristics of the breed

mathematically? (Permeability)
Non-Darcy flow has been described by Forchheimer, [13] who presented modifications. ... ↑ Klinkenberg, L.
J., 1941, The permeability of porous media to liquid and gases, in Drilling and Production Practices:
Washington, D., C., American Petroleum

30. Who developed the fluid flow equation, which has since become one of the

standard mathematical tool of an oil engineer and find the correct fluid flow

equation
Darcy developed a fluid flow equation that has since become one of the standard mathematical tools of the
petroleum engineer. ... The brine has a viscosity of 1.0 cp and is flowing a constant rate of 0.5 cm3/sec
under a 2.0 atm pressure differential. Calculate the absolute permeability. Solution.
31. In this formula what does q mean?
Volumetric flow rate (debit), m3/s;
32. Absolute permeability of the rock, measured by the permeability to how much is determined and
remember that it is for saturation of one phase.
The absolute permeability is determined by flowing a single fluid of known viscosity through a core sample
at a planned rate and different pressure.
33. Which version does not fit the corresponding average permeability of the equivalent homogeneous system

34. Timur equation

Some observers have found that the Timur relationship: K = 0.136 (F)4.40/Sw2 gives more realistic
estimates in certain cases.
35. These effective permeability for three collector fluids is presented as follows:
Effective permeability of rock to a fluid phase (oil, gas, or water) in porous medium is a measure of the
ability of that phase to flow in the presence of other fluid phases.
36. The total flow rate from the entire system is expressed
Flow rate Q is defined to be the volume V flowing past a point in time t, or Q=Vt where V is volume and t is
time. The SI unit of volume is m3. Flow rate and velocity are related by Q=A¯v where A is the cross-
sectional area of the flow and v is its average velocity.
37. Choose three common examples of equation-of-state

Ideal Gas Equation of State

The best known and the simplest example of an equation of state is the ideal gas equation, expressed

mathematically by the expression:

The Van der Waals Equation of State In developing the ideal gas EOS (Equation 15-44), two assumptions
were made: • First assumption: The volume of the gas molecules is insignificant compared to the volume of
the container and distance between the molecules. • Second assumption: There are no attractive or repulsive
forces between the molecules or the walls of the container

Peng–Robinson Equation of State and Its Modifications Peng and Robinson (1976a) conducted a
comprehensive study to evaluate the use of the SRK equation of state for predicting the behavior of naturally

occurring hydrocarbon systems

38. What is the unit of Water Formation Volume Factor, Bw?
bbls/STB
The water (or more correctly, the brine) Formation Volume Factor, Bw, (sometimes referred to as the FVF) is
a pressure and temperature dependent property that relates the volume of 1.0 stock tank barrel, STB, of water
to its volume in barrels, bbl, at another pressure. It has the units of bbls/STB.
39. What device is typically used to determine the bulk properties of the crude oil and natural gas?
These properties are typically measured in the laboratory PVT cell. A PVT cell is essentially a piston which
allows the volume to be either increased or decreased.
40. What is the relationship between density and API gravity of crude oils
Higher API indicates a lighter (lower density) crude. Lower API indicates a heavier (more dense) crude.
Generally, lighter (high API) crudes are more valuable because they yield more high-value light products
when run through a refinery.
41. In what interval is the value of API gravity of intermediate crude oils
A crude oil will typically have an API between 15 and 45 degrees. Higher API indicates a lighter (lower
density) crude. Lower API indicates a heavier (more dense) crude.
42. What is the Bubble-Point Pressure of the Crude Oil
The bubble point is relatively low for heavy oil. The bubble point pressure in conventional oil reservoirs
ranges between 1800 psi and 2600 psi in typical cases.
Bubble point pressure (Pb) is one of the critical reservoir fluid pressure–volume–temperature (PVT)
properties. It is the pressure at which the first bubble of the gas comes out of the oil solution.
43. When measured data are not available, what can be used to estimate the bubble-point pressure?
The reservoir bubble point pressure can be measured either empirically or experimentally. In case where the
experimental results are not available, correlation are used to estimate reservoir fluid properties.
44. What happens to the oil formation volume factor (Bo), as the pressure depletes from the initial pressure to
the bubble-point pressure?
As the pressure depletes from the initial pressure to the bubble-point pressure, the formation volume factor
increases.
45. By definition, what should be the total sum of phase saturations

46. Why does crude oil have higher compressibility values above the bubblepoint pressure?

47. What is the unit of solution gas - oil ratio of the crude oil (Rso)?
The solution gas ratio is defined as the number of standard cubic feet of gas which will dissolve in one stock
tank barrel of oil when both are taken down to reservoir pressure. It has units of scf/STB.
48. The maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless of pressure on Pressure-
Temperature diagram is called
The critical temperature of a substance is the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot
be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.
49. The region enclosed by the bubble-point curve and the dew-point curve (line BCA), wherein gas and
liquid coexist in equilibrium on PressureTemperature diagram is called
Phase envelope (two-phase region): The region enclosed by the bubble- point curve and the dew-point curve
(line BCA), wherein gas and liquid. coexist in equilibrium, is identified as the phase envelope of the
hydrocarbon.
50. If the reservoir temperature is greater than the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the reservoir
is classified as
natural gas reservoir If the reservoir temperature exceeds the critical temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, it
is regarded as a natural gas reservoir. Gas reservoirs are separated into three groups: (i) dry gas, (ii) wet gas,
and (iii) retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs.
51. What of the following is true about wet-gas reservoirs:
A wet-gas reservoir is defined as producing a single gas composition to the producing well perforations
throughout its life. Condensate will form either while flowing to the surface or in lease-separation equipment.
52. Wettability is __________
Wettability is the measurement of liquids' ability of interaction with other fluids and/or solid surface.
53. Complete nonwetting would be evidenced by a contact angle of ____
In the case of complete wetting (spreading), the contact angle is 0°. Between 0° and 90°, the solid is wettable
and above 90° it is not wettable. between 90º and 180º with the solid
54. When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in pressure exists between the two fluids,
which depends upon the curvature of the interface separating the fluids. We call this pressure difference the
___________
capillary pressure When two immiscible fluids are in contact, a discontinuity in pressure exists between the
two fluids, which depend upon the curvature of the interface separating the fluids. This difference existing
across the interface is referred to as the capillary pressure
55. What are the values of reference pressure and temperature (standard conditions) used in natural gas
engineering calculations?
NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi, 1
atm). The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas and similar fluids is 288.15 K and 101.325
kPa.29 февр. 2012 г.
56. What does Ma stand for in the formula of the density of an ideal gas mixture: ρ = (P*Ma)/R*T
Molar mass
57. Fill in the gap. The specific gravity of gas is defined as the ratio of ______
The specific gravity of a gas, γ, is the ratio of the density of the gas at standard pressure and temperature to
the density of air at the same standard pressure and temperature.
58. Choose the correct answer

59. hich of the following does not affect the ultimate recovery from gravitydrainage reservoirs?

60. What does We stand for in the material balance equation?

Aquifer influx volume (rb) = We. Water injection volume (rb) = Wi×Bw. Gas injection volume (rb) = Gi×Bg.
All relationships can be put in a material balance equation based on the following concept: The equation
above is simplified by using an expansion term.
1. Three pounds of n-butane are placed in a vessel at 120°F and 60 psia. Calculate the
volume of the gas assuming an ideal gas behavior.

2. A gas well is producing gas with a specific gravity of 0.65 at a rate of 1.1
MMscf/day. The
average reservoir pressure and temperature are 1,500 psi and 150°F.
Calculate:
a. Apparent molecular weight of the gas
b. Gas density at reservoir conditions
c. Flow rate in lb/day
3. A gas well is producing a natural gas with the following composition:
Assuming an ideal gas behavior, calculate:
a. Apparent molecular weight
b. Specific gravity
c. Gas density at 2000 psia and 150°F
d. Specific volume at 2000 psia and 150°FC

4. A sour natural gas has a specific gravity of 0.7. The compositional analysis of the
gas shows that it contains 5 percent CO2 and 10 percent H2S. Calculate the density
of the gas at 3500 psia and 160°F.
5. A hydrocarbon gas system has the following composition:

The heptanes-plus fraction is characterized by a molecular weight and specific

gravity of 161 and 0.81, respectively.

a. Using Sutton’s methodology, calculate the density of the gas 2000 psi and 150°F.

b. Recalculate the gas density without adjusting the pseudo-critical properties.

6. The composition of a crude oil and the associated equilibrium gas is given below.
The reservoir pressure and temperature are 4,000 psia and 160°F, respectively.
The following additional PVT data are available:
Oil density = 46.23 lb/ft3
Gas density = 18.21 lb/ft3
Molecular weight of C7+ = 215
Calculate the surface tension
7. A gas well is producing at a rate of 15,000 ft3/day from a gas reservoir at an
average pressure of 2,000 psia and a temperature of 120°F. The specific gravity is
0.72. Calculate the gas flow rate in scf/day
8. The permeability of a core plug is measured by air. Only one measurement is
made at a mean pressure of 2.152 psi. The air permeability is 46.6 md. Estimate the
absolute permeability of the core sample. Compare the result with the actual
absolute permeability of 23.66 md.

9. A hydrocarbon reservoir is characterized by five distinct formation segments that are connected in series.
Each segment has the same formation thickness. The length and permeability of each section of the fivebed
reservoir are given below:
10. Given the following core data, calculate the geometric average permeability:

11. Figure 1 shows a schematic illustration of the locations of four wells and
distances between the wells and point x. The average permeability in each well
location is given below:
12. The laboratory capillary pressure curve for a water-oil system between the connate water saturation
and a water saturation of 100% is represented by the following linear equation:

Pc = 22 - 20 Sw

The connate water saturation is 30%. Using Wyllie and Gardner methods, generate the relative
13. Two-phase relative permeability tests were conducted on core sample to generate the

permeability data for oil-water and oil-gas systems. The following information is obtained from

the test:
14. An incompressible fluid flows in a linear porous media with the following properties:
Calculate:

a. Flow rate in bbl/day

b. Apparent fluid velocity in ft/day

c. Actual fluid velocity in ft/day

15.A linear porous media is flowing a 0.72 specific gravity gas at 120°F. The upstream and downstream
pressures are 2100 psi and 1894.73 psi, respectively. The cross_sectional area is constant at 4500 ft2. The
total length is 2500 feet with an absolute permeability of 60 md. Calculate the gas flow rate in scf/day (psc =
14.7 psia, Tsc = 520°R).
16. A productivity test was conducted on a well. The test results indicate that the well is capable of
producing at a stabilized flow rate of 110 STB/day and a bottom-hole flowing pressure of 900 psi. After
shutting the well for 24 hours, the bottom-hole pressure reached a static value of 1300 psi.Calculate:

17. A well is producing from a saturated reservoir with an average reservoir pressure of 2500 psig. Stabilized
production test data indicated that the stabilized rate and wellbore pressure are 350 STB/day and 2000 psig,
respectively.
18. An oil well is producing from an undersaturated reservoir that is characterized by a bubble-point
pressure of 2130 psig. The current average reservoir pressure is 3000 psig. Available flow test data shows
that the well produced 250 STB/day at a stabilized pwf of 2500 psig. Construct the IPR data.
19. A well is producing from a saturated oil reservoir that exists at its saturation pressure of 4000 psig. The
well is flowing at a stabilized rate of 600 STB/day and a pwf of 3200 psig. Material balance calculations
provide the following current and future predictions for oil saturation and PVT properties.
20. A combination-drive reservoir contains 10 MMSTB of oil initially in place. The ratio of the original gas-
cap volume to the original oil volume, i.e., m, is estimated as 0.25. The initial reservoir pressure is 3000 psia
at 150°F. The reservoir produced 1 MMSTB of oil, 1100 MMscf of 0.8 specific gravity gas, and 50,000 STB of
water by the time the reservoir pressure dropped to 2800 psi. The following PVT is available:
21. The production history and the PVT data of a gas-cap-drive reservoir are given below:

The initial gas solubility Rsi is 975 scf/STB. Estimate the initial oil and gas in place.
22. An undersaturated oil reservoir is initially at a pressure of 482.8 bar. Oil is produced until the pressure
falls to the bubble point (241.4 bar) and the total oil produced is 4.77 *106 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 . Assuming no water
influx find the STOIIP.
23. From the following data from a combination drive reservoir calculate the STOIIP.
Volume of bulk oil zone = 1.3815 *108 𝑚𝑚3

Volume of bulk gas zone = 24.176 *106 𝑚𝑚3

24. The following production data are available on a depletion-drive reservoir:

Calculate cumulative gas produced Gp and cumulative gas-oil ratio at each pressure.
25. For undersaturated reservoir above the bubble point, Pb, show that the overall
compressibility of the formation, connate water and oil is:
26. An oil reservoir exists at its bubble-point pressure of 3000 psia and temperature of 160°F. The
oil has an API gravity of 42° and gas-oil ratio of 600 scf/STB. The specific gravity of the solution

gas is 0.65. The following additional data are also available:

• Reservoir area = 640 acres

• Average thickness = 10 ft

• Connate water saturation = 0.25

• Effective porosity = 15%

Calculate the initial oil in place in STB

27. Calculate average oil and connate water saturation from the following measurements:
28. Calculate the pressure difference, i.e., capillary pressure, and capillary rise in an oil-water system from
the following data:

29. The reservoir capillary pressure-saturation data of the Big Butte Oil reservoir is shown graphically in
Figure 1. Geophysical log interpretations and core analysis establish the WOC at 5023 ft. The following
additional data are available:

• Oil density = 43.5 lb/ft3

• Water density = 64.1 lb/ft3

• Interfacial tension = 50 dynes/cm

30. A laboratory capillary pressure test was conducted on a core sample taken from the Nameless
Field. The core has a porosity and permeability of 16% and 80 md, respectively. The capillary

pressure-saturation data are given as follows: