Geo Minerals

Cabalzarite (ClZ)
Category: arsenate mineral.

Formula:
Ca(Mg,Al,Fe3+)2[AsO4]2•2(H2O,OH)
Color: light brown, brownish pink,

orange brown.
Crystal habit: Aggregates and clusters,

granular.
Fracture: Irregular
Mohs scale: hardness 5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: white
Diaphaneity: transparent
Specific gravity: 3.89
Category: Halide mineral

Formula: KCaCl3
Color: white, tinged violate
Crystal habit: Prismatic or tubular
cube like crystal, pseudo cubic.
Cleavage: Perfect on {001}, good on

{010} and {100}.
Mohs scale: hardness 2.5-3

Diaphaneity: Transparent to semi-
transparent
Density: 2.16
Other: soluble in water, Deliquescent
Chlorocalcite Ccal
Chloroxiphite Cxp
Category: halide mineral
Formula: Pb3CuO2Cl2(OH)2
Color: Dull olive green to pistachio-green
Crystal habit: Elongated, flattened, striated
and often curved crystals and groups.
Cleavage: Perfect on {101}, distinct on {100}

Mohs scale: hardness 2.5
Luster: Adamantine, resinous
Streak: Light green yellow
Diaphaneity: Transparent
Specific gravity: 6.76–6.93
Category: nesosilicates
Formula: Mg5(SiO4)2F2
Color: Yellow, orange, red or brown, rarely
colorless
Crystal habit: Typically anhedral masses or

grains, or as plates flattened on {010}, {001}
or {100}.
Cleavage: Poor to good on (001)

Fracture: Conchoidal to uneven.
Mohs scale: hardness 6 to 6.5
Luster: Vitreous to greasy.
Streak: Grey or yellow.
Diaphaneity: Translucent.
Specific gravity: 3.1 to 3.26
Chondrodite Chn Solubility: Soluble in HCl and H2SO4
Chrisstanleyite Csl
Category: selenide minerals.
Formula: Ag2Pd3Se4.
Color: Grey, silvery grey.
Crystal habit: aggregates and microscopic
crystals.
Cleavage: no prominent cleavage.

Fracture: slight fracture.
Mohs scale: hardness 5.
Luster: metallic.
Streak: black.
Diaphaneity: opaque.
Density: 8.31
Category: oxide minerals, spinal structural

group.
Formula: (Fe, Mg)Cr2O4 .

Color: Black to brownish black; brown to
brownish black on thin edges in transmitted
light.
Crystal habit: Octahedral rare; massive to

granular.
Cleavage: None, parting may develop

along {III}.

Luster: Resinous, Greasy, Metallic, Sub-
Metallic, Dull.
Streak: Brown.
Diaphaneity: Translucent to opaque.
Chromite Chr Other: weakly magnetic, isotropic.
Cafarsite Caf
Category: Arsenites.
Formula: Ca8(Ti,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn)6–
7(AsO3)12·4H2O
Color: Dark brown

Crystal habit: Cubic/octahedral crystals
Fracture: Conchoidal
Mohs scale: hardness 5.5 to 6
Luster: sub-metallic
Streak: Yellow brown
Diaphaneity: Translucent to opaque
Optical property: Isotropic
Category: oxide mineral.

Formula: (Ca,Mg)(Fe,Al)2Ti4O12·4(H2O)
Color: Pale yellow to colorless
Crystal habit: Elongated columnar to
acicular crystals, fibrous aggregates,
pseudo-orthorhombic.
Cleavage: Prismatic
Tenacity: Brittle
Mohs scale: hardness 4-5
Luster: Adamantine
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Semitransparent
Cafetite Cft
Chrysoberyl Cbrl
Category: oxide minerals
Formula: BeAl2O4
Color: Various shades of green, emerald-
green yellow, blue, brownish to greenish
black, may be raspberry-red under
incandescent light when chromian; colorless,
pale shades of yellow, green, or red in
transmitted light.
Crystal habit: Crystals tabular or short
prismatic, prominently striated.
Cleavage: Distinct on {110}, imperfect on
{010}, poor on {001}.
Fracture: Conchoidal to uneven.
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Category: phyllosilicate mineral,

mineraloid.
Formula: Cu2 − xAlx(H2Si2O5)(OH)4·nH2O

(x < 1)
Color: Blue, cyan (blue-green), green, dark

blue to black, brown, rarely yellow.
Crystal habit: Massive, nodular, botryoidal.

Fracture: Irregular/uneven, sub-conchoidal.
Mohs scale: hardness 2.5–3.5 (7 for
chrysocolla chalcedony, high-silica content).
Luster: Vitreous to dull.

Streak: White to a blue-green color.
Diaphaneity: Translucent to opaque.
Chrysocolla Ccl Optical property: Biaxial (−)
Cahnite Cah
Category: borate minerals.
Formula: Ca2B[AsO4](OH)4
Color: Colorless to white Pink
Cleavage: Perfect on {110}
Tenacity: Brittle
Luster: Vitreous
Density: 3.156 g/cm3
Category: phyllosilicates kaolinite-

serpentine group.
Formula: Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4(ideal).
Color: White to greyish green
Crystal habit: Acicular
Fracture: Fibrous
Mohs scale : hardness 2.5–3
Luster: Silky
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Translucent
Density: 2.53 g/ml
Dispersion: Relatively weak
Extinction: parallel
Melting point: 600–850 °C (1,112–
1,562 °F)
Optical property: Biaxial (+)

Solubility: Insoluble in water fibers
Chrysotile Ctl degrade in dilute acid.
Calomel Clo
Formula: (Hg2)2+Cl2
Color: Colorless, white, grayish,
yellowish white, yellowish grey to ash-
grey, brown.
Crystal habit: Crystals commonly

tabular to prismatic, equant pyramidal;
common as drusy crusts, earthy, massive.
Cleavage: Good on {110}, uneven to

imperfect on {011}.
Luster: Adamantine
Diaphaneity: Transparent to
translucent

Optical property: Uniaxial (+); very high
relief
Category: sulfide mineral

Formula: Mercury(II) sulfide, HgS
Color: cochineal-red, towards brownish
red and lead-gray.
Crystal habit: rhombohedral to tabular;

granular to massive and as incrustations.
Cleavage: Prismatic {1010}, perfect.

Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal.
Mohs scale: hardness 2.0–2.5
Luster: Adamantine to dull
Streak: Scarlet
Diaphaneity: Transparent in thin
Cinnabar Cin pieces.

Calcite
Category: carbonate mineral
Formula: CaCO3
Color: Typically, colorless or creamy
white - may have shades of brownish
colors.
Crystal habit: Botryoidal,

concretionary, druse, globular, granular,
massive, rhombohedral, scalenohedral,
stalactite.
Cleavage: Perfect on {1011} three

directions with angle of 74° 55'.
Luster: Vitreous to pearly on cleavage
surfaces.
Streak: White
translucent.

Clausthalite Cth
Category: Selenide mineral
Formula: PbSe
Color: Bluish gray to lead-gray
Crystal habit: Massive to granular with
euhedral crystals.
Cleavage: {001} Perfect, {010} Perfect,

{100} Perfect.

Luster: Metallic
Streak: grayish black
Diaphaneity: opaque
Category: silicate mineral

Formula: CaZn(SiO4)·H2O
Color: Colorless to brown surface
coating, clear to pale pink to amethystine
crystals.
Crystal habit: Thin to thick or platey

surface and fracture coatings, in vugs or
cavities, rarely as crusts of crystals –
prismatic to tabular, may be wedge-
Clinohedrite Cnh
Carpholite Car
Category: inosilicate
Formula: Mn2+Al2Si2O6(OH)4
Color: Yellow
Crystal habit: Prismatic, acicular to
fibrous clusters.

Mohs scale: hardness 5.5-6
Luster: Silky
Specific gravity: 2.935-3.031
Optical property: Biaxial (-)
Tenacity: Brittle
Category: Vanadate mineral

Formula: K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O
Color: Bright yellow to lemon-yellow,
may be greenish yellow.
Crystal habit: Crusts, earthy masses,

foliated and granular aggregates.
Cleavage: Perfect on {001},

micaceous
Fracture: uneven
Luster: Dull, earthy; silky when
crystalline
Streak: yellow
Carnotite Cnt Optical property: Biaxial (−)
Zincite Znc
Category: Oxide mineral
Formula: (Zn,Mn)O
Color: Orange, yellow-orange to deep
red, red, rarely yellow, rarely green
and colorless to white.
Crystal habit: Disseminated – occurs

in small, distinct particles dispersed in
matrix.
Cleavage: On {1010}, perfect; parting

on {0001}.
Fracture: Conchoidal.
Luster: Subadamantine to resinous.
Streak: Yellowish orange
Diaphaneity: Translucent,
transparent in thin fragments.
Category: phosphate mineral

Formula: Bi(Fe3+,Al)3[(OH)6|(PO4)2]
Color: Greenish, greenish white,
yellow green.
Fracture: Irregular, uneven

Tenacity: Brittle
Luster: Vitreous, resinous
Streak: White
translucent.
Zaïrite Zaï Other: Occurrence: Rare mineral in

the weathering zone of quartz
wolframite deposits
Zinnwaldite Znw
Category: Phyllosilicate mineral
Formula: KLiFeAl(AlSi3)O10(OH,F)2
Color: Gray-brown, yellow-brown,
pale violet, dark green, color zoning
common.
Crystal habit: Well-formed short

prismatic or tabular crystals,
pseudohexagonal, in rosettes or fan-
shaped groups; lamellar or scaly
aggregates; disseminated.
Cleavage: Perfect basal {001}

Mohs scale: hardness 3.5 - 4.0
Luster: Pearly to vitreous
Strek: White
translucent
Specific gravity: 2.9 - 3.1
Category: mineral
Formula: Ca(UO2)(CO3)2 · 5H2O
Color: White yellow, light lemon-
yellow, lemon.
Crystal habit: Acicular

Cleavage: One
Luster: Dull
Streak: white
Diaphaneity: Transparent,
translucent

Density: 3.25
Zellerite Zel Optical properties: Biaxial (+)
Zemannite Zem
Category: Oxide mineral
Formula: Mg0.5ZnFe3+
[TeO3]3·4.5H2O
Color: Brown
Crystal habit: Hexagonal, prismatic
Luster: Vitreous – adamantine
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Subtransparent
Cleavage: none
Optical property: Uniaxial
Other: Not radioactive, not
fluorescent.
Category: nesosilicates
Formula: (ZrSiO4)
Color: Reddish brown, yellow,
green, blue, gray, colorless; in thin
section, colorless to pale brown.
Crystal habit: tabular to prismatic

crystals, irregular grains, massive.
Cleavage: {110} and {111}

Fracture: Conchoidal to uneven
Luster: vitreous to adamantine;
greasy when metamict.
Streak: White
opaque
Zircon Zrn Other: fluorescent and radioactive,

May form pleochroic halos, Relief:
high
Zoisite Zo
Category: sorosilicate-epidote
group
Formula: Ca2Al3(SiO4)
(Si2O7)O(OH)
Color: White, gray, greenish

brown, greenish gray, pink, blue,
purple.
Crystal habit: Prismatic crystals

with striations; massive to columnar.
Cleavage: Perfect {010} imperfect

{100}
Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal

Mohs scale: hardness 6 to 7
Luster: Vitreous, pearly on
cleavage surfaces.
Streak: White or colorless

translucent
Category: mineral
Formula: Fe3+4(AsO4)3(SO4)
(OH)·15(H2O)
Color: Grey-white
Mohs scale: 2
Luster: Dull
Zykaite
Zunyite Znu
Category: sorosilicate
Formula: Al13Si5O20(OH,F)18Cl
Color: Grayish white, flesh-red;
colorless in thin section.
Crystal habit: Crystalline - occurs as

well-formed fine sized crystals.
Cleavage: Good on {111}

Fracture: Uneven
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
translucent with inclusions
Specific gravity: 2.874(5) (meas.) 2.87

- 2.90 (calc.)

Formula: Zn(Fe3+)2(PO4)2(OH)2
Formula mass: 386.04 g/mol
Color: Dark green to brown
Cleavage: None
Fracture: Brittle
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: Light green to tan
Zinclipscombite Zlcb Optical property: Uniaxial
Yingjiangite Yin
Category: Mineral
Formula: K2Ca(UO2)7(PO4)4(OH)6 ·
6H2O
Color: Yellow, golden yellow

Mohs scale: hardness 3 – 4
Luster: Subadamantine, subvitreous,
resinous
Streak: Yellow to pale yellow

Density: 4.15
Optical properties: Biaxial (-)
Pleochroism: Visible
Ultraviolet fluorescent: Fluorescent
Category: inosilicates
Formula:
K4(Ca,Na)14Sr2Mn(Ti,Nb)4(O,OH)4(Si6O
17)2(Si2O7)3(H2O,OH)3
Color: Brownish pink to rose-red to

straw-yellow.
Crystal habit: Fibrous, scaly or

lamellar
Mohs scale: hardness 4.5to 5

Luster: Vitreous, silky
Streak: Nearly white to white
Optical properties: Biaxial
Pleochroism: X pale rose-yellow, Y, Z
rose-yellow
Yuksporite Yks
Other: Barely detectable radioactivity
Xenotime Xtm
Formula: YPO4
Color: Brown, brownish yellow, gray
Crystal habit: Prismatic, radial
aggregates, granular.
Cleavage: Perfect [100]

Fracture: Uneven to splintery
Luster: Vitreous to resinous
Streak: Pale brown, yellowish or
reddish, to white.

Other: Not radioactive or luminescent
Category: inosilicate
Formula: Ca6Si6O17(OH)2
Color: White, grey, pale pink, lemon
white, colorless.
Cleavage: Perfect, Good

Fracture: Splintery, tough
Luster: Vitreous, silky, pearly
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Transparent,
translucent
Specific gravity: 2.70 – 2.72

Density: 2.71
Optical properties: Biaxial (+)
Xonotlite Xon Common impurities: Fe, Mn, H2O
Xocomecatlite Xco
Category: Tellurate mineral
Formula: Cu3(TeO4)(OH)4
Color: Green, emerald green
Crystal habit: Aggregates of radial to
spherulitic or botryoidal acicular crystals.

Streak: light green
Density: 4.42 g/cm3
Optical property: Biaxial (−)
Pleochroism: Rich bluish greens
Category: sulfate mineral

Formula: Ca2Mn4+2(Te6+O6)2 · H2O
Color: chocolate brown
Crystal habit: Encrustations; Micaceous
Fracture: conchoidal
Luster: vitreous
Streak: Copper brown
Density: 4.1
Xocolatlite Xoc
Wagnerite Wag
Formula: (Mg,Fe2+)2PO4F
Color: Yellow, grayish, red, reddish brown,
brown, green.
Crystal habit: Elongate and striated

prisms, tabular, massive.
Cleavage: {100} imperfect, {120} imperfect.

Fracture: Sub-conchoidal, splintery
Mohs scale: hardness 5–5.5
Diaphaneity: Translucent, nearly opaque
Density: 3.15
Category: Phosphate minerals

Formula: NaAl3(PO4)2(OH)4·2(H2O)
Color: White, colorless, pale green, blue-
green, yellow-green, pale yellow, yellow
pink.
Crystal habit: Dipyramidal pseudo-

octahedral crystals, striated; radial, fibrous,
encrustations.

Luster: Vitreous
Diaphaneity: Transparent to opaque.
Optical properties: Uniaxial (+)
Wardite Wd
Warwickite Wwk
Category: borate mineral
Formula: (Mg,Fe2+)3Ti[O,BO3]
Color: dark brown, grey to black
Cleavage: perfect on {100}
Fracture: irregular/uneven
Luster: sub-Vitreous, pearly, sub-metallic,
dull
Streak: bluish black

Category: phosphate minerals

Formula: Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3·5H2O
Color: Green to yellowish-green and
greenish blue and blue. and yellow, brown,
white and colorless.
Crystal habit: Spherical, radial

aggregates; striated prisms; crusty to
stalactite.
Cleavage: [110] perfect, [101] good, [010]

distinct
Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal

Mohs scale: hardness 3.5 – 4
Luster: Vitreous to resinous, pearly
Streak: White
Optical properties: Biaxial (+)
Wavellite Wav
Wurtzite Wur
Category: sulfide minerals
Formula: (Zn,Fe)S
Color: Brownish black, orange brown,
reddish brown, black.
Crystal habit: Radial clusters and

colloform crusts and masses. Also as
tabular crystals.
Cleavage: [1120] and [0001]

Fracture: Uneven – irregular
Mohs scale: 3.5–4
Luster: Resinous, brilliant submetallic
on crystal faces.
Streak: light brown

Specific gravity: 4.09 measured, 4.10

calculated
Category: molybdate mineral

Formula: PbMoO4
Color: Orange-yellow, yellow, honey-
yellow, reddish-orange, rarely colorless,
grey, brown, olive-green and even black.
Crystal habit: Thin tabular to

pyramidal
Cleavage: On {011}, distinct; on {001},

{013}, indistinct
Fracture: Irregular to sub-conchoidal

Luster: Adamantine, resinous
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: White
Wulfenite Wul Specific gravity: 6.5–7.0
Wöhlerite Wöh
Category: mineral
Formula: NaCa2(Zr,Nb)(Si2O7)(O,OH,F) 2
Color: Honey yellow, wine yellow to sulfur
yellow, light to dark yellow, brown, gray.
Cleavage: Distinct on {010} Poor on {100},

{110}
Fracture: Irregular, uneven, splintery

Mohs scale: 5.5 – 6
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: Pale yellow
Diaphaneity: Pale yellow
Pleochroism: Weak

Formula: CaAl3(SO4)(PO4)(OH)6
Color: White, flesh-pink or colorless
Crystal habit: Crystals small, pseudocubic
rhombohedral {1012}; tabular at times
{0001}, with curved and striated faces.
Cleavage: Excellent on {0001}

Mohs scale: 4.5
Luster: Vitreous, pearly on {0001}
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Transparent to translucent
Solubility: Soluble in acids only after
driving off the water in a closed tube.
Optical property: Uniaxial (+), 2V = 0° to

Woodhouseite Wdh 20°
Vanadinite Vna
Category: vanadate mineral apatite
group
Formula: Pb5(VO4)3Cl
Color: Bright red, orange-red, red-brown,
brown, yellow, whitish, grey or colorless or
weakly tinted in transmitted light; pale
straw-yellow;. may be concentrically
zoned.
Crystal habit: Prismatic or nodular; may

be acicular, hairlike, fibrous; rarely
rounded, globular.

Mohs scale: hardness 3–4
Luster: Resinous to sub-adamantine
Streak: brownish yellow
Diaphaneity: Transparent, translucent
or opaque.
Category: oxide mineral

Formula: Sb2O3
Color: Colorless, snow-white, pale yellow,
pink, gray to brownish.
Crystal habit: Prismatic crystals,

sometimes flattened, fan-shaped or stellate
aggregates of crystals; lamellar, columnar,
granular, massive.
Cleavage: {110}, perfect; {010}, imperfect.

Mohs scale: hardness 2.5–3
Luster: Adamantine, pearly on cleavages.
Streak: White
Valentinite Vln Specific gravity: 5.76
Optical properties: Biaxial (−)
Villiaumite
Formula: NaF
Color: Carmine-red, lavender-pink to
light orange.
Crystal habit: Cubic crystals rare,

commonly granular, massive.
Cleavage: {001}, perfect

Mohs scale: hardness 2 – 2.5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Optical properties: Isotropic; weak
anomalous anisotropism, then uniaxial (–)
Category: Phosphate mineral Vivianite

group
Formula: Fe2+3(PO4)2·8H2O
Color: Colorless, very pale green, becoming
dark blue, dark greenish blue, indigo-blue,
then black with oxidation.
Crystal habit: Flattened, elongated

prismatic crystals, may be rounded or
corroded; as stellate groups, incrustations,
concretionary, earthy or powdery.

Fracture: Fibrous
Mohs scale: hardness 1.5–2
Luster: Vitreous, pearly on the cleavage,
dull when earthy.
Streak: White, altering to dark blue, brown
Vivianite Viv Diaphaneity: Transparent to translucent

Volborthite
Vbo Category: Polyvanadate minerals
Formula: Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O
Color: Olive-green, yellow-green; green
to yellow-green in transmitted light.
Crystal habit: Aggregates of scaly

crystals, rosettes.
Cleavage: Perfect
Luster: Vitreous, waxy, greasy, pearly
Streak: light green
Solubility: Soluble in acids
Optical properties: Biaxial (+/-)
Category: Silicate mineral

Formula: Na2ZrSi4O11
Color: Usually colorless or brownish
Crystal habit: Crystals rare; usually
grains and aggregates.
Cleavage: Distinct on {010}

Fracture: Irregular to conchoidal.
Luster: Greasy; vitreous to pearly on
cleavage.
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Transparent to translucent.
Vlasovite Vsv Optical properties: Biaxial (−)
Other: Non-fluorescent, but altered
material fluoresces yellow-orange.
Abelsonite
Category: organic mineral.
Formula: C31H32N4Ni
Color: Pink-purple, dark greyish
purple, pale purplish red, reddish
brown
Crystal habit: Triclinic
Cleavage: probable on {111}
Fracture: Fragile
Mohs scale: 2 - 3
Luster: Adamantine, sub-metallic
Streak: Pink
Category: Silicate, cyclosilicate
Formula:
Na26Ce6(SiO3)6(PO4)6(CO3)6(S4+O2)O
Color: Pale brown
Crystal habit: Trigonal
Cleavage: {0001}, poor
Mohs scale: 4 - 5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Abenakiite-(Ce)
Abernathyite
Category: Arsenate
Formula: K(UO2)(AsO4)·3H2O.
Color: transparent, yellow
Crystal habit: Tabular
Fracture: brittle
Mohs scale: 2.5 - 3
Luster: Sub-Vitreous, resinous,
waxy, greasy
Streak: Pale yellow

Formula: Sn3O(OH)2Cl2
Color: Colorless
Crystal habit: Platy, thin crystals,
cryptocrystalline crusts
Cleavage: non observed
Fracture: Hackly
Mohs scale: 2
Luster: Chatoyant
Streak: White
Optical properties: Uniaxial
Abhurite
Abramovite
Category: organic mineral
Formula: Pb2SnInBiS7
Color: Silver gray
Crystal habit: Encrustations
Fracture: Tenacity
Mohs scale: 2.5
Luster: Metallic
Streak: black
Specific gravity: 9
Optical properties: opaque
Category: Nesosilicate
Formula: (Cu,Mn2+)Mn3+6O8SiO4
Color: black
Crystal habit: tetragonal
Cleavage: none
Mohs scale: 6.5
Luster: metallic
Streak: brownish black
Abswurmbachite
Acanthite
Category: Sulfide mineral
Formula: Ag2S
Color: Iron-black
Crystal habit: Primary crystals
rare
Cleavage: Indistinct
Fracture: Uneven
Mohs scale: 2 – 2.5
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Black
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Formula: (Fe,Cu)Se
Color: Dark grey
Crystal habit: Hexagonal
Cleavage: -
Fracture: -
Mohs scale: 2.5
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Grey-black
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Achávalite
Actinolite
Category: Inosilicates
Formula: Ca2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe2+0.5-2.5)
Si8O22(OH)2
Color: pale to dark green,
yellowish green, blue and black.
White or grey when in asbestos
Crystal habit: bladed, fibrous,
radial
Cleavage: perfect along {110}.
Mohs scale: 5–6
Luster: vitreous to dull
Streak: white
Specific gravity: 3
Optical properties: biaxial
Formula: SrAlF4OH·(H2O)
Color: White
Crystal habit: Clusters of acute
dipyramidal Spearhead shaped
crystals
Mohs scale: 3.5
Luster: vitreous
Optical properties: biaxial Acuminite
Edenite
Category: Amphibole mineral
Formula: NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2
Color: pale to dark green
Crystal habit: Prismatic crystals,
fibrous, as reaction rims on pyroxenes
Mohs scale: 5 - 6
Luster: vitreous
Streak: White
Category: Sulfate minerals
Formula: (NH4)2Mg2(SO4)3
Color: White to gray
Crystal habit: Equant grains and
crusts
Fracture: Uneven
Mohs scale: 2
Luster: vitreous
Optical properties: Isotropic
Diaphaneity: Transparent to nearly
opaque

Efremovite
Ekanite
Formula: Ca2ThSi8O20
Color: Green, yellow, dark red
Crystal habit: Tetragonal
Fracture: Brittle, uneven
Mohs scale: 4.5
Luster: vitreous
Streak: White
Optical properties: unaxial
Category: Tellurite mineral
Formula: Fe2(TeO3)3·2(H2O)
Color: Yellowish green
Crystal system: Triclinic
Mohs scale: 5
Luster: vitreous
Streak: pale green
Diaphaneity: Opaque to translucent
Emmonsite
Enargite
Category: Sulfosalt mineral
Formula: Cu3AsS4
Color: Grayish black to iron black
Crystal system: Orthorhombic
Fracture: Uneven
Mohs scale: 3
Luster: Metallic to dull
Streak: black
Diaphaneity: opaque
Category: Telluride mineral
Formula: AgTe
Color: Pale bronze
Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal
Mohs scale: 3.5
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Gray-black to black
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Empressite
Eosphorite
Category: Phosphate mineral
Formula: MnAl(PO4)(OH)2·H2O
Color: usually pale brown, golden brown
Fracture: Subconchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale: 5
Streak: White
Category: Phyllosilicate
Formula: NaLiAl2(Al2Si2)O10(OH)2
Color: Brownish pink, pearl gray.
Crystal system: Monoclinic
Mohs scale: 3.5 - 4
Luster: Vitreous, pearly on cleavage
Ephesite
Euclase
Category: Nesosilicate
Formula: BeAlSiO4(OH)
Color: Colorless, white, pale green
Mohs scale: 7.5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
translucent

Formula: PbCa3Zn4(SiO4)4
Color: White
Fracture: Conchoidal, brittle
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Subtranslucent to
opaque
Esperite
Farneseite
Category: Tectosilicate
Formula:
(Na,Ca,K)56(Al6Si6O24)7(SO4)12·6H2O
Color: Colorless
Crystal system: Hexagonal
Mohs scale: 5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Formula: FeSe2
Color: Steel-gray to tin-white with a
rose tint, brass yellow

Luster: Metallic
Streak: Black
Solubility: insoluble in water
Ferroselite
Fluckite
Category: Arsenate minerals
Formula: CaMnH2(AsO4)2·2(H2O)
Color: Colorless, Light to Dark Pink
Mohs scale: 3.5-4
Luster: Subvitreous, waxy
Streak: White
Category: Sulfosalt mineral

Formula: (Pb,Sn2+)6Fe2+Sn2Sb2S14
Color: Grayish black
Fracture: Flexible
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Grayish black
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Franckeite
Fluorite
Formula: CaF2
Color: Colorless
Crystal system: Isometric
Fracture: Subconchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale: 4
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
translucent

Category: Phyllosilicate
Formula: (Zn,Al)3(Si,Al)2O5(OH)4
Color: Blueish, yellow white light green
Luster: Silky
Streak: White to pale green
Diaphaneity: Opaque to translucent
Fraipontite
Fluorcaphite
Category: Mineral
Formula: SrCaCa3(PO4)3F
Color: Light to bright yellow
Fracture: Sub-conchoidal
Mohs scale: 5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Category: Cyclosilicate Formula:

CaMg3(Al5Mg)(Si6O18)(BO3)3(OH)3F
Color: greenish-black
Crystal system: Trigonal
Fracture: Irregular/Uneven
Mohs scale: 7.5
Luster: Vitreous, Resinous
Streak: Light-brown, light-green
Diaphaneity: Transparent, Translucent
Fluor-uvite
Frankhawthorneite
Category: Tellurate mineral
Formula: Cu2Te6+O4(OH)2
Color: Medium leaf-green
Fracture: Uneven
Mohs scale: 3–4
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: Pale leaf-green
Formula: BaF2
Color: Colorless
Mohs scale: 2.5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Frankdicksonite
Gabrielite
Formula: Tl6Ag3Cu6(As,Sb)9S21
Color: Grey to black
Fracture: uneven
Mohs scale: 1.5 - 2
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Blackish red
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Category: Oxide minerals
Formula: ZnAl2O4
Color: Dark green, bluish green, blue to
indigo, yellow to brown
Crystal system: Cubic

Fracture: Conchoidal, uneven
Mohs scale: 7.5–8.0
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: Grey
Diaphaneity: Translucent to nearly
opaque
Gahnite
Galaxite
Category: Oxide minerals
Formula: MnAl2O4
Color: Black, red-brown, red to yellow
Fracture: Conchoidal to irregular

Mohs scale: 7.5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: Red-brown
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Formula: PbS
Color: Lead gray and silvery
Fracture: Subconchoidal
Luster: Metallic on cleavage planes
Streak: Lead gray
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Galena
Gananite
Formula: BiF3
Color: Brown to black, greenish black
Fracture: Uneven
Mohs scale: 3.5
Luster: Resinous to semimetallic
Streak: Dark grey
Diaphaneity: Subtranslucent to Opaque
Category: Carbonate mineral
Formula: Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O
Color: Colorless, white, yellow, and grey
Fracture: Conchoidal, brittle
Mohs scale: 2.5
Luster: vitreous
Streak: white
Gaylussite
Geerite
Formula: Cu8S5
Color: Bluish white in reflected light
Mohs scale: 3.5-4
Luster: Metallic
Diaphaneity: Opaque

Formula: Cu26Ge4Fe4S32
Color: Reddish grey tarnishing to
dark brown

Cleavage: None
Mohs scale: 4
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Dark grey to black
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Germanite
Goldmanite
Category: Nesosilicates, garnet
Formula: Ca3(V3+Al,Fe3+)2(SiO4)3
Color: Green, brownish–green
Mohs scale: 6 - 7
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Transparent to sub-opaque
Category: Native mineral

Formula: C
Color: Iron-black to steel-gray; deep
blue in transmitted light

cleavage: basal – perfect on {0001}
Mohs scale: 1 - 2
Luster: Metallic, earthy
Streak: black
Diaphaneity: Opaque, transparent
only in extremely thin flakes
Graphite
Labradorite
Category: Adularescence, tectosilicate
Formula: (Ca,Na)(Al,Si)4O8
Color: Gray, gray-white, brown, greenish, pale green, blue, yellow, colorless
Mohs scale: 6–6.5
Luster: Vitreous to pearly on cleavages
Streak: White
Diaphaneity: Translucent to transparent
Category: Copper minerals
Formula: Cu4(SO4)(OH)6·2H2O
Color: Greenish blue, sky-blue to bluish
green

Fracture: Uneven
Mohs scale: 2.5 to 3
Luster: Vitreous, crusts silky
Streak: Blue green
Langite
Larnite
Category: Nesosilicates
Formula: Ca2SiO4
Color: White to gray
Mohs scale: 6
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Category: Halide minerals

Formula: PbCl(OH)
Color: Colorless, white
Cleavage: distinct on {101}
Mohs scale: 3–3.5
Luster: Adamantine, pearly
Streak: White
Laurionite
Lawsonite
Category: Sorosilicate
Formula: CaAl2Si2O7(OH)2·H2O
Color: Colorless, white, pale blue to
grayish blue

Mohs scale: 7.5
Luster: Vitreous, greasy
Streak: White
Category: Tectosilicate
Formula: (Na,Ca)8[(S,Cl,SO4,OH)2|
(Al6Si6O24)
Color: Deep blue

Fracture: Uneven
Luster: Vitreous
Lazurite
Legrandite
Category: Arsenate minerals
Formula: Zn2(AsO4)(OH)·(H2O)
Color: Bright yellow, wax-yellow,
colorless

Mohs scale: 4.5–5
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White
Formula: Na2(Si; Al; Be)7(O; OH; F)14
Color: white, colourless to pale violet
Fracture: Uneven to splintery
Mohs scale: 6
Luster: Silky to vitreous
Streak: White
translucent

Leifite
Leucite
Category: tectosilicates
Formula: KAlSi2O6
Color: White to grey
Crystal system: Tetragonal
Mohs scale: 5.5–6
Luster: Vitreous
Streak: White

Formula: Co+2Co+32S4
Color: Steel gray to gray violet
Fracture: Subconchoidal
Luster: Metallic
Streak: Grayish-black
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Linnaeite

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Cabalzarite (ClZ)

Category: arsenate mineral.

Color: light brown, brownish pink,

Crystal habit: Aggregates and clusters,

Category: Halide mineral

Cleavage: Perfect on {001}, good on

Mohs scale: hardness 2.5-3

Cleavage: Perfect on {101}, distinct on {100}

Crystal habit: Typically anhedral masses or

Cleavage: Poor to good on (001)

Cleavage: no prominent cleavage.

Category: oxide minerals, spinal structural

Formula: (Fe, Mg)Cr2O4 .

Crystal habit: Octahedral rare; massive to

Cleavage: None, parting may develop

Mohs scale: hardness 5.5

Color: Dark brown

Category: oxide mineral.

Category: phyllosilicate mineral,

Formula: Cu2 − xAlx(H2Si2O5)(OH)4·nH2O

Color: Blue, cyan (blue-green), green, dark

Crystal habit: Massive, nodular, botryoidal.

Luster: Vitreous to dull.

Category: phyllosilicates kaolinite-

Optical property: Biaxial (+)

Crystal habit: Crystals commonly

Cleavage: Good on {110}, uneven to

Specific gravity: 7.5

Category: sulfide mineral

Crystal habit: rhombohedral to tabular;

Cleavage: Prismatic {1010}, perfect.

Specific gravity: 8.176

Crystal habit: Botryoidal,

Cleavage: Perfect on {1011} three

Specific gravity: 2.71

Cleavage: {001} Perfect, {010} Perfect,

Mohs scale: hardness 2.5

Category: silicate mineral

Crystal habit: Thin to thick or platey

Cleavage: Perfect on {010}

Category: Vanadate mineral

Crystal habit: Crusts, earthy masses,

Cleavage: Perfect on {001},

Crystal habit: Disseminated – occurs

Cleavage: On {1010}, perfect; parting

Specific gravity: 5.64–5.68

Category: phosphate mineral

Fracture: Irregular, uneven

Specific gravity: 4.37

Zaïrite Zaï Other: Occurrence: Rare mineral in

Crystal habit: Well-formed short

Cleavage: Perfect basal {001}

Specific gravity: 2.9 - 3.1

Crystal habit: Acicular

Specific gravity: 3.25

Crystal habit: tabular to prismatic

Cleavage: {110} and {111}

Zircon Zrn Other: fluorescent and radioactive,

Color: White, gray, greenish

Crystal habit: Prismatic crystals

Cleavage: Perfect {010} imperfect

Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal

Streak: White or colorless