electric current flows in two ways: DC or AC.

UNIDRECTIONAL
DC motors use electrical current to produce rotating magnetic fields that, in
turn, generate rotational mechanical force.
1. NO HARMONIC EFFECTS
DC motors generally do not introduce significant harmonic distortion
into the power system.
The presence of harmonics can have adverse effects on
power system equipment. Harmonic currents can lead to
increased heating. Over time, this can reduce the lifespan of
equipment and potentially lead to premature failures.
2. SPEED CONTROL
Another factor that is regularly discussed regarding DC motors is the
ability to monitor and control their speed.
3. INSTALLATION
This simplicity in installation is a notable advantage in certain applications
where efficiency and quick deployment are key considerations.
4. MAINTENANCE
The design of DC motors is simple, which makes them easy to repair or
replace
5. LOW COST
The obvious final reason for using DC motors is their low cost
Types of DC Motors
Brushed DC Motor
-One of the simplest types of DC
motors, it uses brushes to deliver
current to the motor windings
through mechanical
commutation. It is comprises two
essential parts, stator and the
rotor.
Separately Excited
-The supply is given to the
field and armature windings
separately. The main feature of
this type of DC motor is that
the current through the
armature doesn’t flow through
the field windings because the
field winding is energized by a
separate DC source.
Permanent Magnet
-These DC motors are
constructed in a such a way that
the radially magnetized
permanent magnets are
positioned on the inner
periphery of the stator core for
the production of the field
winding. These type of DC
motor offer good starting
torque and good speed
regulation.
Self Excited
-Is a type of DC motor where the field winding is connected either in series or
parallel to the armature winding. It is further divided into three categories
which are,
-Shunt Wound DC Motor
-Series Wound DC Motor
-Compound Wound DC Motor
Shunt Wound DC Motor

-Shunt Wound DC Motors are used in

industrial applications due to their
constant speed and medium starting
torque, making them suitable for
machine tools, winding or unwinding
machines, and tensioners, as they are
connected parallel to the armature
winding.
Series Wound DC Motor

-In the series wound DC motor, the

field winding is connected in series to
the armature winding and the entire
armature current passes through it. A
series DC motor has a strong starting
torque and is frequently used to start
high-inertia loads like trains,
elevators, and hoists.
Compound Wound DC Motor

-The compound wound DC motor is

the compound or the mixture of the
shunt and the series field winding.
This type of DC motor is used when
high-speed torque and good speed
regulation both are needed. Its
subdivided into four groups these are
cumulative compound motor,
differential compound motor, short
shunt DC motor, and lastly long shunt
DC motor.
Brushless
-A brushless DC motor, also known as an
electronically commutated motor or
synchronous DC motor, is a type of electric
motor that uses electronic commutation
instead of a traditional mechanical
commutator and brushes. Brushless DC
motors have gained popularity due to their
efficiency, reliability, and lower maintenance
requirements compared to brushed DC
motors.
Construction
-The construction of brushless DC
motor can be constructed in different
physical configurations. Depending
on the stator windings, these can be
configured as single-phase, two-
phase, or three-phase motors.
However, three-phase BLDC motors
with permanent magnet rotor are
most commonly used.
Basic Brushless DC motor consist of several key component parts which
are:
1. Stator
-The stator is the stationary part of the motor, typically made of laminated steel cores with windings wound
around them.

1. Rotor
-The rotor is the rotating part of the motor and consists of a permanent magnet or multiple magnets
attached to a shaft.

1. Permanent Magnet
-Permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor to generate a magnetic field.

1. Electro Controller
-The electronic controller, also known as the motor drive or motor controller, is responsible for controlling
the commutation of the windings based on rotor position feedback.
Benefits of Brushless DC motor:
-Brushless DC motors do not have brushes
-Long life
-Low noise
-More reliable speed control
-Low electromagnetic noise
-Potential of energy saving
-Wide range of variations available to suit different product designs
Servo DC motor
-A servo DC motor, often referred to
as a servo motor or just a servo, is a
type of rotary or linear actuator that
uses a closed-loop control system to
achieve precise position, speed, and
torque control. Servo motors are
commonly used in various
applications where accurate and
controlled motion is required, such
as robotics, CNC machinery,
industrial automation, and radio-
controlled vehicles.
HOW DC MOTOR WORKS
 YOKE
Yoke is an iron frame as a protective cover for both rotor and
stator. This part protects everything inside it, supports the armature,
and the house of the magnetic poles, field windings, and the pole to
provide magnetic fields for the rotor.
 STATOR
Stator is the unmoving main body of the motor, and it provides
support and protection for the motor.
 SHAFT
The windings and the commutator rotate the shaft, which is at
the center of the motor and made of a hardened metal, usually
steel, to withstand the loads of the application
 ROTOR
The rotor or armature is made of multiple disks that are
insulated from each other by laminated sheets.
 COIL WINDINGS
The coil windings are wrapped around the rotor. The coiling of
the wire creates a strong and powerful magnetic field.
 COMMUTATOR
The commutator is an essential component found in DC motors.
Its main purpose is to facilitate the flow of electrical current between
the power source and the armature windings of the motor.
 BRUSH
Brushes are important components in DC motors that play a key
role in establishing electrical contact between the stationary part of the
motor, known as the stator, and the rotating part, which includes the
commutator and armature.
 TERMINALS
A DC motor has two terminals: positive and negative. The
terminals provide the power supply for the motor and are connected to
the brushes and brush arms inside the back cover.
Uses for DC Motors
 DC motors are used in any number of applications since
they have a high starting torque compared to induction
motors. Brushed DC motors are easy to miniaturize, and
they provide good rotational control as well as high
efficiency. Brushless DC motors have a long life due to
their lack of wear from brushes, are easy to maintain, and
are noiseless.

It is easy to find DC motors since they are all around us in

multiple applications and processes. DC motors have been
used as a mechanical power source for over 130 years. The
variations in their use run from providing power to a
ceiling fan in a bedroom to supplying mechanical energy
to a large printing press.
 Diesel Electric Locomotives

In a diesel-electric locomotive, combustion

from the diesel engine is converted into
rotational energy by the diesel engine,
which is coupled with a generator that
converts it to electrical energy. The
converted electrical energy is fed to DC
motors that are coupled with the wheels on
the engine.
 Electric Vehicles

Brushed DC motors are used in electric

vehicles for retracting and positioning
electrically powered windows. Since
brushed motors tend to wear out rapidly,
many electric vehicle applications
use brushless motors due to their long life
span and noiselessness. Brushless DC
motors are used for windshield wipers
and CD players. All of the recent hybrid
electric vehicles depend on brushless DC
motors.
 Cranes

In applications with overhauling loads, it is

important for the motor to have the ability
to hold a full load at zero speed where
mechanical brakes may not be required. In
those situations, DC motors are the most
cost-effective and safest option. A major
benefit of their use is their size and weight.
 Conveyor Systems

Conveyor systems require constant speed and

high torque, which makes DC motors an ideal
option. As has been found with other
applications, DC motors have high torque at
start up and even consistent speed. Brushless
DC motors are the most commonly used for
conveyor applications. They are noiseless and
can be easily controlled, a major requirement
for conveying systems.
 Ceiling Fans
Ceiling fans made with DC motors
have become extremely popular. They
use less power and have a rapid start
up torque. The alternating current in a
home or office is easily converted to
DC power by a transformer, an effect
that decreases the amount of power
required by the fan. As with other DC
motor applications, brushless DC
motors are most commonly used in
ceiling fans.
 Pump Drives

DC motors have been the main driving force

behind pumps for several decades because of
their variable speed control, simple control
system, high starting torque, and good
transient response. For many years, pumping
systems depended on brushed DC motors as
their primary source of energy. The
development of permanent magnet DC
motors and brushless DC motors have
offered a more beneficial option for pump
system operations.
 Elevators

In high speed elevators, AC motors are

impractical due to their difficulty
decelerating and accurately leveling with
the floor. These problems are overcome
with DC motors because they allow for
infinite control of their speed by varying
the current supplied to the armature. As
with ceiling fans, the operation of a DC
motor for elevators depends on changing
the incoming AC current to DC current
through the use of a transformer.