1.

1 NOTING CONTEXT CLUES

Context clues are words that appear in sentences to help understand the meanings of difficult words.

Context clues are of different types:

1. by Definition
 the unfamiliar word is defined in a sentence

Example:
A treasure hunter is a person who searches for treasures from sunken ships and ancient tombs to
obtain valuable relics and artifacts.
(definition: a person who searches for treasures)

2. by Synonym
 a similar word is placed in the same sentence to know the meaning of the unfamiliar word

Example:
It is common for Filipinos to feel compassion or pity for the suffering of their fellowmen.
(synonym: pity)

3. by Antonym
 an opposite word is placed in the same sentence

Example:
Among the siblings of thin body structure, Isabel is the only one who is portly. (antonym:
thin)

4. by Comparison
 a similar word with the same meaning of the unfamiliar word is placed with an object to be
compared

Example:
The stench of the garbage was like the smell of a rotten fish.
(comparison: rotten fish)

5. by Example
 samples are provided in the sentence to understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word

Example:
In ancient times, some of our forefathers believed in amulets, such as pearl of the crocodile,
pearl of the ax, bullet necklace, and bag of herbs to protect them from harm.
(example: pearl of the crocodile, pearl of the ax, bullet necklace, bag of herbs)

6. by Explanation
 a description is given to understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word

Example:
Matthew had few infractions of the house rules that he should have done as part of his
responsibilities.
(explanation: house rules that he should have done)

7. by Cause-Effect
 the meaning of the difficult word depends on the cause-effect relationship of other words as
expressed in the sentence

Example:
Since only a few followed the wearing of face mask, it was made mandatory by the government.
(cause: only a few followed the wearing of face mask)

8. by List or Series of clues

 to understand the meaning of the unknown word, it is included in a series of words given in a
sentence

Example:
 After the program, the rubbish left were souvenir programs, flyers, leaflets plastic
bottles, and food wrappings.
(list: souvenir programs, flyers, leaflets, plastic bottles, food wrappings)

9. by Inference
 to understand the meaning of the unknown word, one has to make a guess based on the
description given in the sentence

Example:
When one shows belligerence, harsh words, disruptive actions, and offensive behaviors can
be observed.
(description: harsh words, disruptive action, offensive behavior)

1.2 WRITING BIBLIOGRAPHY

When you do your research, you need to cite or list your sources. Whenever you take specific facts, ideas, or quotations from a
book, magazine, newspaper, or other sources, you make sure to cite the source.

Here are some important reasons why you need to cite or list the sources:
 It gives credit to the authors.
 It provides you and the reader with more information about the sources.
 It shows the writer’s credibility, referring to whether his/her sources are reliable.
 It prevents plagiarism, an act of stealing someone else’s ideas and presenting them as your own.

Look at the sample text inside the box. How many sources do you see? One way of citing your sources is through listing them on
a separate page of your research paper. This page is what we call a bibliography.

A bibliography is taken from the Greek word ‘biblion’ which means ‘book’ and ‘graphia’ which means ‘to write.’ A bibliography
contains an alphabetical list of sources like books, periodicals, and websites used by the writer or researcher.

A research paper should contain a bibliography written on a separate page and should be located at the end of the paper. Each
entry uses a hanging indention, also known as a second line indention.

There are many styles or formats in citing or listing sources, depending on the subject. The three main citation styles are the
following:

The American Psychological Association (APA) Style which is used in social and behavioral sciences.
The Modern Language Association (MLA) Style which is used for writing papers on literature and related subjects like theater
or film.
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) which is often used in many academic fields, especially in the humanities and social
sciences.
In this module, we will follow the bibliography annotation standard specified in Chicago Manual of Styles 17th Edition.

These are the types or formats of sources of information: print and online.

A. Print Sources. These are sources that have been published in printed format, such as books and periodicals.
1. Books. These are the most common and reliable sources of information. This is the sample format of writing a book
bibliography.

Author’s last name and first name. Title of Book: Subtitle. Place of publication: Name of Publisher. Year of publication.

Books with One Author

Cruz, Lourdes. Language and Literature: Grade 8 Learners’ Textbook.
Quezon City: Cruz Publishing House, Inc., 2016
 Books with Two to Ten Authors
Cruz, Lourdes, Dy, Armando, Perez, Jose and Rubio, Nancy. Language and Literature: Grade 8 Learners’ Textbook.
Quezon City: Cruz Publishing House, Inc., 2015

Chapter in a Book
Cruz, Lourdes. “South-East Asian Literature” In Language and Literature: Grade 8 Learners’ Textbook, 30-47.
Quezon City: Cruz Publishing House, Inc., 2015

Tip: Two or more authors should be listed in the order as they appear as authors, and not necessarily alphabetically. For sources
with more than ten authors, include only the first seven in the bibliography followed by et al. — a Latin phrase which means
‘and others’.

2. Periodicals. These are magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers, and newsletters published at regular intervals.
Publication dates are essential when citing periodical sources.
2.1 Journal. It is a scholarly published periodical containing articles written by researchers,
professors, and other experts.

This is the sample format of writing a journal bibliography:

Author’s last name and first name. “Title of Article”. Journal Title,
Issue information.

Martinez, Juana. “Distance Learning Amidst COVID-19.” Journal of Studies in Philippine Education 10, no. 2 (2019): 23-35
 2.2 Magazine. It is a periodical publication that contains stories, essays, pictures, and the like,
usually published every week or month.5

What follows is the sample format of writing a magazine bibliography:

Author’s last name and first name. “Title of Article”. Magazine Title.
Issue Date.

Alisbo, Thea. “Finding New Hobbies in Time of Quarantine”. Young Mind Creatives, June 2020

2.3 Newspaper. T is a periodical that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly containing
news, opinions, features, and advertisements.

This is the sample format of writing a newspaper bibliography:

Author’s last name and first name. “Title of Article”. Newspaper name.
Month, Day, and Year.

Paran, Leonardo. “Filipino student bags trophy in International Quiz Bee.” Caraga Sinag Press, July 17, 2018.

B. Online Sources. These refer to any materials r information taken from the internet. Other terms for online sources are
‘electronic sources’, ‘web sources’, and ‘internet sources.’

1. Website. This refers to the collection of files and related resources accessible through the World Wide Web and
organized under a domain name.

Orculla, Ramon Jr. “Solid Faith” Department of Education Caraga Region, June 2, 2020. hhtp://caraga.deped.gov.ph/solid-faith/
 2. E-Books. These are books that are read on a computer or electronic devices. They are cited exactly as a printed book
with the addition of a format at the end of the citation: Kindle, PDF, EPUB, etc. If books are referred online, include the
URL at the end of the citation.

This is the sample format of writing an e-book bibliography:

Author’s last name and first name. Title of Book. Place of publication:
Name of Publisher. Year of Publication. Format OR URL.

Solis, Anna May, Dela Cruz, Christopher, and Dizon, Jane. How to Improve Your Reading Skills. Manila: TIM’s Publishing
Company, 2018, epub

3. Online Journals. These are journals read from digital libraries or online databases.

This is the sample format of writing an online journal bibliography:

Author’s Surname, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume, no.
Issue (Year): Page range of article. URL of journal article webpage OR Name of
Database.

Soriano, Pamela, Villame, Rovi Gem, Calumba, Kriza Fate, Alviola,

Juma Novie, Delima, Aileen Grace, Alviola, Pedro IV, and Bayoga, Emma
Ruth. “Utilization Of ‘Alugbati’ (Basella Alba L.) Leaves Powder to Increase
Vitamin A Content of Fresh Egg Noodles.” Philippine Journal of Science 149,
no. 2 (2020): 273-281. http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/97-vol-149-no-2-june-
2020/1185-utilization-of-alugbati-basella-alba-l-leaves-powder-to-increase-
vitamin-a-content-of-fresh-egg-noodles
 4. Online Magazine and Online Newspaper. These are the online versions of magazines and newspaper. Both
sources have the same format in writing a bibliography entry.

This is the sample format of writing an online magazine and newspaper bibliography:

Author’s last name, first name. “Article Title.” Newspaper/Magazine

Title, Month Daye, Year. URL

Online Magazine:
Bautista, John Michal. “Homeschooling: How to be the best tutor to your kids.” Filipino Magazine, May 19, 2020.
https://www.filipinomag.com/parenting/homeschooling-how-to-be-the-best-tutor-to-your-kids/

Online Newspaper:
Orcullo, Ramon. “MisOr remains COVID-19 free, DOH.” Sinag Press, June 14, 2020. https://sinagpress/news/2020/6/14/misor-
remains-covid-19-free-doh.html
1.3 USE OF MODAL VERBS, NOUNS, AND ADVERBS

1.3.1 Modal Verbs

Read and examine the sentences below:

1. His 75-year-old mother is too old to ride a horse.
2. His 75-year-old mother might be too old to ride a horse

 The presence of the word ‘might’ in sentence 2 makes the meaning different. The word ‘might ’is an example of a modal
expression that functions as a verb.
 Aside from might, there are other commonly used modal expressions that function as a verb, like may, can, could, shall, should,
will, and would.

Modal Verbs are auxiliary or helping verbs which modify or change the meaning of the main verbs. You use modal verbs in
giving advice or suggestions, in making requests, or in giving predictions and prohibitions. To show more of the other uses of
modal verbs, here is a list with sample sentences:
1.3.2 Modal Nouns

Read and study the sentences below.

A. If Carl campaigns hard, his win is a certainty.
B. Carl’s friends expressed their willingness to help Carl in his campaign.
C. There is likelihood that the students will vote for Carl.

 The three underlined words may mean the same because they are all qualities or states. However, each is unique. ‘Certainty’ is a
quality or state of being certain or sure. ‘Willingness’ is a quality or state of being ready to do something. Furthermore,
‘likelihood’ is a quality or state of something having the chance to happen.

 Specifically, ‘certainty’ in Sentence 1 expresses that Carl’s win is for sure. The word ‘willingness’ in Sentence 2 expresses that
Carl’s friends are ready to help him. In addition, ‘likelihood’ in Sentence 3 expresses that there is a chance that the students will
vote for Carl.

 These words are used as nouns that express modality. These nouns, that express modality, are called modal nouns. Just like the
modal verbs, modal nouns also express the quality or state in some manner other than as a simple fact.

 The modal nouns are mostly names of qualities or states. They are similar to modal verbs in a way that they also express modal
meaning. However, they are different from modal verbs in the way they are used in a sentence. Modal verbs are used to add
information to the main verb while modal nouns name a quality, state, or condition that state modality.

1.3.3 Modal Adverbs

Read and study the sentences below.

A. If Carl campaigns hard, he shall surely win.
B. Carl’s friends are willingly happy to help him in his campaign.
C. The students will likely vote for Carl.

 You probably remember that the underlined words are called adverbs that are used to describe or give more information about
verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Unlike other adverbs, these ones are unique because they help express modality and that is
why they are called modal adverbs.

 The modal adverbs used in the given sentences describe the adjective and modal verbs or expressions found in each sentence. In
Sentence A, the modal adverb ‘surely’ describes the modal expression ‘shall win’. It adds the information that without a doubt,
Carl will win. The modal adverb ‘willingly’ in Sentence B describes the adjective ‘happy’. It helps to express that the students are
ready to help Carl. Furthermore, the modal adverb ‘likely’ describes the modal expression ‘will vote’. It gives more information
that there is a chance that the students will vote for Carl.

 In the given sample sentences, the underlined words are the modal adverbs and the italicized words are the words they describe.
Most of the modal adverbs describe how something is done and how someone feels about something.

 They are similar to modal verbs and modal nouns because they express modality. However, they differ in form and the way they
are used in sentences. Modal verbs are used to add information to the main verb. On the other hand, modal nouns name a quality,
state, or condition that state modality while modal adverbs describe or give more meaning or information to verbs and adjectives.

 Noticeably, most modal adverbs have equivalent modal noun forms. Some of the examples are possibly and possibility,
necessarily and necessity, certainly and certainty, etc.

1.4 USING TRANSITION SIGNALS

1. Threats and trials were rough.

2. Life is full of challenges but meant to be well.

In sentence number one, the transition signal ‘and’ is used to connect two incidents equally.

While in sentence number two, the transition signal ‘but’ introduces the opposite ideas.

Take note that simple conjunctions serve different purposes. Conjunctions that join words, phrases, or clauses together are the
most basic transition signals.

The words ‘and’ and ‘but’ are examples of transition signals.

Transition signals are words and phrases that connect ideas of sentences and paragraphs for coherence. They also indicate
building up new idea or thought or compare ideas or draw conclusions.

Transition signals are of different types and each type helps to make certain connections.

Common Types and Functions of Transition Words:

1. Comparison/Contrast points out alternatives or differences:

Example:
My mom loves pasta, but she dislikes spaghetti. Similarly, she did not like lasagna. On the contrary, she loves macaroni.
Likewise, she loves pancit guisado, pancit bihon, sotanghon, and palabok.

2. Chronology helps define time:

Example:
Before you go to the stadium to watch your favorite basketball game, make sure that you have your snacks and video
camera that you will use during the game. Later, you will find it enjoyable when you can simultaneously eat while videotaping.

3. Cause/Effect - shows the consequences of an action:

Example:
Since you have been a consistent honor student and a skillful one, therefore, there would be a possibility that you would
graduate cum laude or be cited with technical skills award in college. As a result, you would have a better chance to find a job or
be an entrepreneur, because some companies would prefer those applicants with impressive school records or those with technical
skills.

4. Illustration/Example add emphasis or introduce evidence:

Example:
Mateo loves vegetables. Truly, he is happy to eat those every day - specifically, ‘pinakbet’, ‘chopsuey’, and vegetable
salads. To demonstrate his love for vegetables, Mateo is planning a vegetable socials for all his friends.

5. Addition adds information or reinforces ideas:

Example:
Gabriel loves, respects, and obeys his parents. Moreover, he helps in the household chores if he is not studying.
Furthermore, he is grateful that his parents are very supportive in every task he does.

6. Clarification shows support:

Example:
I love going to school; that is, I like it very much. In other words, I want to learn more. To put it another way, a school
is one of the best places I need to go for me to learn better.

7. Qualification presents conditions or intentions:

Example:
With what was possibly the greatest fight of all times, the Filipino in the front lines faced the pandemic with bravery.
They almost gave up but recovered. With this in mind, Filipinos have proven time and again to be resilient.

8. Summary/Conclusion restates ideas:

Example:
All the documents have been presented and, as can be seen, the facts are clear. Given this point, it's time to correct the
practices that do not conform to the policies. In the long run, the nation and its people will benefit from this change.

Transition signals can be used within a single sentence, between two different sentences, paragraphs, or even between paragraphs
to achieve coherence or unity of ideas.

1.5 EXPRESSING EMOTIONAL RESPONSES USING A RANGE OF VERBS, ADJECTIVES, AND ADVERBS

1.5.1 Using Verbs to Express Emotional Responses

The underlined words are used to highlight emotions and opinions. These words are called verbs. There are different types of
verbs that can be used in expressing opinions and emotions to persuade or convince. They are classified as follows:

A. LINKING VERBS

Sample Sentences Taken from the Dialogue:

1. I am afraid that you will get sick. Besides that, we are still under ECQ.
(In the first sentence, the verb am is used to tell that the speaker is afraid on the possibility of the person getting sick. Stating a
feeling helps in persuading someone.)

B. MODALS

These are verbs that express suggestion or recommendation which is an effective way to convince or persuade. To further clarify
the difference of each modal, they are arranged from weakest to strongest in terms of expressing a suggestion or recommendation.
Further, the table below shows their functions and examples.
1.5.2 Using Adjectives to Express Emotional Responses

1. As your friend, I will be delighted if you share your problems to me.

(In this sentence, the word delighted describes the positive feeling of the person about being able to listen to his or her friend’s
problems.)

2. Some teenagers are regretful that they were not able to spend time with their friends before the Enhanced Community
Quarantine (ECQ).
(The word regretful emphasizes the teenagers’ negative emotion on not being able to be with their friends before the ECQ.)

In the 1st sentence, the adjectives best and worst are used to describe the positive and negative circumstances that a person could
experience in a day.

In the 3rd sentence, the word embarrassed is used to describe the feelings of young people towards sharing their thoughts to their
parents.
In the 4th sentence, the word guilty is used to describe the feeling of parents in being too busy at work even when at home.

In the last sentence, the words better and stronger are used to motivate the reader to create a bond with their parents rather than
spending time with technology.

1.5.3 Using Adverbs to Express Emotional Responses

ADVERBS OF OPINION

This type of adverbs emphasizes the intensity of your stand or opinion. They help clarify your belief about a certain issue.

1. Honestly, my eyes hurt from watching TV. I should take a break.

(The word honestly emphasizes the truthfulness of the emotion of the speaker that his or her eyes hurt. The adverb is placed at the
beginning of the sentence. This means that they can be placed at the beginning of sentences and are followed with a comma.)

2. We definitely need to follow the rules implemented during the pandemic.

(The word definitely emphasizes the stand of the speaker that he or she is certain that the rules must be followed. The adverb
definitely is placed before the verb need. This means that they can also be placed before the main verb.)

3. Various organizations are evidently doing their best to help the frontliners.
(The word evidently emphasizes the observation of the speaker that organizations are helping the frontliners. The adverb is placed
in between the word are and doing. This means that they can be placed between an auxiliary verb and a main verb.)

Furthermore, adverbs of opinion can also be in a form of phrases. The table below shows some of the commonly used phrases that
function as an adverb of opinion

Juan is kind and helpful to his classmates. Without a doubt, all of them like him.
(The phrase without a doubt shows the firm feelings of the speaker that the classmates of Juan like him. The phrase is placed at
the beginning of the sentence. This means that they are usually placed at the beginning of a sentence and followed by a comma.)

This time observe how these adverbs are used in a paragraph. Notice how the writer used them to convince the reader about the
importance of sharing ideas with other people.
Rhianna A. Lopez