24/3 oopul € Dielectne % Feaacele chit & amagne tire Tropeatio Dietechic Papert : » polaaization 2) Dielectric bacak howe a)ahsorpher | EM wwe 4) preze elechouly : Dascceicabion ¢P) aba paskicudon Sthe separation a &f csi choarges distance on the agpliabic 4 electric field is Knowo as polarization \ > Dipole enmnoment per unit yoleme % calleel polarization Cphysrealty - Dipole emoment (p = 4. chasge ” displace rent, pe 47 Ffov Nv changes N Dipole moment pe Ss t, Ch n=1 - Dipole rooment. 6 dive wenal fo dhawcpold : xe and parent b aE | cohen of 1s polarizability. Here polasixa loty xX ts the sam Jone. , elechone and dapolas polarizability . — Polanization iS dependent on : Eledyic field ; — He olechic field on Syslero can be catenegorizedjolo 2° Macroscopic Elechic field Le b> crystal cell : elbts tHe average field over the volume af the ted i te ete ae - ermatnostopic ‘leche field, E mane = Co =H es cohere Ly is Re appdiec| leche field, ard Eis either oa 4 sheng or duv fo Fis - lfamore than one ong qraent , the E, i the | summahien of elecbeS fret T pnoduted by all cheages lf equal ae: e e aesent., Ey is. eq 3 tve & ~~ an ae the avg no- f on / P Ete = fe ; Ve where ecr) ts He mic Suepte ole chic fret - —tnsider a oleelechic slab dae suaface cheeg eee TT woith patarizatten P Ap ir 3 ee 4 ig the anit oormeal fo the ginfon draws outwaad faoro vie cae | aration | mple_fer lant \ r : : . ca. a let plate capaciler ot SEE CEEP the upward oT = ep the cdoronwand ae ee ah at se + " 8a ah ie Ocean ap * Fed stool 5 p.. roatao scaple electvic fred Enaye™ Ere, [Frases Bek This es 2qe fer E macro for. Ai eclectic 4lab Ly Greomebical shapes Loke sphere, lire ele ane, taken in tae} Slab, then cclednie field. | Ey is the depolasi zation elechic fretdt a wohen Eo Is applied it pbote an 2) eg sath” Ea + . + Wrbvinac = Since these shapes, are 3D ewe take: 3 components f Pelaai zation as Px, Py, Pe- E ain Ein = ~ PaNe to Cy = — Ny hy fo Ey + -Nz® fo echere Noa, Ny Nz ax called Pepeta Fader, these anc te constank -G abso: yj zon——— NatNytNz = 1 fox & ellipsoidal shape , then Nx Vs dun FF, = -P 32, t reeee = Eo - eee Emaro geornchiced 2 pClY | Si De %E+P ov De= 25 €yE —— > (» poasizahor Pos 2 XE den D- 2E4RE = Z&(I+ XE oe tempantag a @ (a) Ge ey E -€C14 XE re Ew = Cit LD R= & Ey-! —> clausies clr eee rae it aalo 1s ty applicable tn wf I . Bine thee aelo 16 not applicable in adlid pr Lequid » hence we introduc another olechic fielel called becal elechre feeld. ® lecat elechit field CE peeat sd | bis aut ab the ate of an ator. % local elecdrof can be depined as &y ~ Cot Fit Patt a.wher E : o> applied i ; Ei~ depolarizabirr BR Etocal = Ennar + &2+€3 whe E, > dove nte cauity field: E37 feted | an atoro inside a cout aye property of tei feld 2-0. A Nipsciolal poe ee dow ty toside the ellipse - a = Prot leche field | ie)" suaface of eauity a Ea > dowenta a. cantly field : qe hk Pe 2 wo adel ager dus sok Aw > solid angle dw = atarsinodo ten AQ = Pees Aw By Crauss's hoover ers af od. ag Pov @ dw = Pews’e 21a Smbds > fea i. ] > —a itt, | Eadomnesrets : mn Ey = ma (eee 7 "at Oo | pur uu Wose du,= -sinedoFo- £ -u%da = Po u?du 2 % 2% t At oa < Ef #] = £ | ee] 2% 3 j Q% 3 ot BE =f "Ses a Boscov 8 entiaely then JE focad = Eanavro't t different from Ejpea) 3 | - Pe &XE = &(&-E vy WE Meine = Emacro + f (Ex “4 3& [local = Ema + (a -DE 3% = 3< Emap ty Lawt ? ZoE-E€ = SE BE fae i + ee Efoal = Qe + érf SE peep te Ent 26 5 0) TF ma te ia, PNP & b= XE Pa NCE Lcd - . E tocad = ~a448y = &o(e& Ew Net xP, NX & TS -l = Ne 1 elausias Moscokil eqn Eat? 2 to Os Lequiel & Folia and ¢# Hts appucable for has high Fmpovlance J eclidlechies q added: QB{ Nad 5 “the dietechic sonetant Levent = | 0842 3 > Different types bt Polasriceubi lity ‘ 3 dy pes af polarizability ) elechonit 2) tone eo) ol polar - 80 elechonte pofaat ziti ae > “This 44 2 of potasiza bility aouses clue to He displacement of aledvon cloud ef ah abom acledive Jo ile nuckus in the possence oh applied alecbt jely — elevhonste polosizability ‘ele is! ew © Independe at of dempora turea ee ee peer en ee classical theery of electronic petoctaa bility consider an eleclrone bounded heoumontcabley woith facquencey Woe (Aesenanew facqueny ) w ao Sonance frequen can be vorilten as We =] BP a9 hore pe fore constant € ma Mass 4 z= aappose electric fielel = is applied, then & fs obsplaced Wels Ren force Fo= -clyea Pes, MS” oS Ci: dipole momoot p et oe Etycal : -then Xe = Pp Seas E teed E focal Spore 240 a) qf - Foca = DUH =e S de ee + -e = en mu? x 1) 29 > expacnion foo elecbonit pelaaixabilil in Jeams af % = |r aM) Wp : iil Aesonane Jacq uengy: ~Faom this eqn we can't stake the depanda Thoquonuy dle pandenes af de « ~te chtain the tar depandane cA de we tonsidey Ps Varying Elechte fioy Ee Eye Sinwe — Cea) aoe , Xe would ‘be vanningys Hence 40 of mo hier os Sine E i's veagin = ™ d?x +rmwe x eta vein alt = EF ees in wo | ad btn Get displacement 2X can be co riller as , > L =A, Sinwe abe = WY Losw & at E An WX S10 wt ate Ly osin wt = ARe0 0) 2 enn (-w” Xo sink) + mM We | a ~ © Cel Sica on) Xo (-w? +wo') = -2 Lyccal > Etec) = ptm (“Usd wet) -@ Clocad = OMA (ex? ~I*) > eg but ofp = Pp Sita, tae Etec) ron, (ug co”) Xe = et |< ches eqn gives the bas (wet Ww") [ete depandeve + elechonte profes Sitpote. polanixi likey: of} = bys aaises che to displacement 4 chaoyeat exe aclahive fo ofher ions in a Solid. = tppsrdex Yonsider Ax ts the dis placement then forte ‘ © Ax a F =pax =e } Cer we consider only ia loka Bince change can be -ve [ tve] ' E = pax @ cp =P 1 CAM oF E pax ~ Nownoally in soltels , Re vahue #6 in excbex O0Nfr P= 20 N[m . , ‘ than ‘ale 36 the. ordey.4 ie io fm? Henw e; "$ conibutd to low f jon obi ° wo Taegu os 3 © Dipolas Polar abil oq’ ~ his oatses due to regenent ‘dipdle moment “the moleurte : Seem in dipole “poolecules , [the molewube — Noro sohith has pleamanent dipole momonls J:ee aah oles. y Ei oa applied Ha prea atypele moment ase “ )p aramdoro oven Jonientalrs, Pre =D 4) .eD applied > the dipole ere aaaanged in order, Hence the polosizobility aan: IO this -ccue te known. as dipole polar 20 Beles = when: £ ts. aP> Se —————$_______— > 4a According to Stabistical ~wechantu —A., P, polential enengy = -PE - —peceap % Over oe, ede , theo no- of dipole . ino this fang. a) 2 N= e ker om ginede& oe than plan! xalion Pen pee : Tt P 5 Paverage’ - penis sing peosods CG v Lt oO get et! ‘aiTsine de poss Ulver . e ov gine de ooSS rr re a be, gubsttute fee PEL & y use ay = -5ing clo then 87° sya tc eet if eeear — 2 P| e4 C-dy)Y = aCe 4 ) dé og Z. feta El 44 E -e-€] -[#] Be fe) - [28 20 fu) 23 1 (eee ey dividk - cae ee bouctpty throughout by ef-e . l J ae P i exre feel < aR e%-e* X PF oe Cothzr ve P Nene! “Are a & Know Langevin Fo __Ltr)= Ltd) ~~ b> cou e Pe wee ZL KaT ee aed tan) nH a > Boe meh shen P = pre - 3 kgt Potayivrahom = = NP an Pe Star =H but Foe tye: ten dye = N pre 3kpt ae > feat Hene 4 rs observed in pesmanent dipcloy awoleutes and has -lempevalu depondan | 2g: Waler «, ep> poo? demperature Kh es too hEmt a aed areas of Ki Xd Xe 1 Vrequeny, 4° -In visible aegion » Xporap 7S Condribuked Py ae ein IR aegion, Xtoras "Ss ton brhuted by Ap & de Fern clechic T > Tt @ rea ele chic oP scwlechit mateval for seme tal , f we | apply maxim rofensi ty of E , there 8 no change in p . But cohen the ‘lemp 2 ig charged vapidly dere will be dep veloped a epentaneous moment. Sach ogstats aye called pyroctecktc matericd 24 '- dctbrucn Li rum ole ats > ferdoelechi'c caystal can be clamc fred as Soo two Nordea disorder clan a) displacive clase: ! Infos Order - disorder Clase Thansthoo is assectatted cvith individual ovelemt fons- “Here, Hae t 4 Hada — bonded) cay Ss: 2, rit joduded ua ch rie a lidlckibee I moken vf protons 's rel Preper trek ‘ °4'- kuyPOy, RbH2 POW_ drsplace class * _ Fesve elechte cyansibon ts assedatd vith the Avsplace ment af a whole sub JaH+rce of ron f one type qelatve fo anolher type: -eq ‘~ BaT2Og Ocerens Joo ro Teno¥ gkib - CPransition Bati 03 —trihial demperatue vf Batidg 's Te = 380k * Suppose T4Te then alvachuae of PaT! O3- _ ete > octahedaah shape * TS Te Bet & api clisplaces apwaad direction § d olivection - oF chee places dpusn wor _ hene octa hedaoo shepe debraheolsor tebrabencd hap % -Jor this -lvansiben , the polaizabilly rs l= ki +%e For aT O3 the claumivs s Ny Laat AS gb Ey 42 3€ Alene _— gentdren A) = Ai, +do, Mo, « Merten So ey ree oo fo _ _— Vahey ZNyoj Kohn 274 i ‘ate? MiMi =I | | Enjaj = 3Ko| ~> here we get foite polorizalion. This concolor callec| Polari cater Catash ophe the physreallay means that Local elecrifiebd ie Inqeaies faster than the aus toring force “Phone by leaeling fo an aay mehne shift * se Nis = 1-36 » where S is much Smalley than | (sect Heo €y = 14 21-35) - $2 ia -Ci-38) fr apa Ss Zin teams of temponctun CbR be. faasteny'ats o% SeTHTe See ki » & ee. T-T, es lechix be haviove bx indxat the pos ° eo plotting the ere ts act a stoony Urve Ba Ti 03 a SLonopv Heory Ff pyase TRANSTION > evderdransition g0d ord treuaihen GD -tansiken ows frome ~deansition fro Nowa) wee te Pasa elchre G He Stage fo Super toncuthy Vease Fear <=> Para shot thie dransifion oclunt oF Normal => Phat dransition temperate discontinous — change ~Ps > tHe daansiten *S explaineel by Helmhote tree energy Fa HEP HGpt'/a%e7 +h 34°" 60 vohere J, > temp dependant quan hty . Heae the odd powers ‘doeso't eet hetouse the | centre 4, crystal hae inveasion Syramehy »apis eqn Tails near te hanscition Jempeona kane can be defynead Os Ho nel le). | cohen oT, ST. and Pas a ave aplily - - g can be - ve | te qnhty ifgre —ve it olencs instability - fg rve if clincts Soft equiliterure [neas 46 trslabt] ke ge etc ane neglected oy equal to Zoro: And 4,70 which is atve gphly . i: ) the Fe HEP + ge 4g2P + Ady? Jn equilibaiurs the duvivalive of fora & ano - or OP } ce = EtG. Ps tady ne =O ~E+ Vcr.) Ps + In Pe=0 care Ret applied € =o ; then Lcr-Te) Ps +9, R=0- Ps [v CT-Te) + In P?|=0 & Velie of, Ps =o eeeaee (ah soln y ep leo} ov Py? ce WCT)-T) ——-9 M4 IN" Eo onwhen T 2ST, 9 \ then Pe'> ranlly = -ugntity Ps Ima. inane value: He Since éo 010 ts polasixahion aot be innag inary , Heme we take. Soln as Peso When Ps -0 3; then the madteaial is Pana oleic peskael Case 2 oe cohen TZTo al (To) \" a hen there & Hees a eae Losi xoHon Here Ps +0 Since pelaai zation we a non-ZLre Value! ‘Ther pass Fosac electric omadeatod ovate el PCr Ps Co) qete he —> fa first Dadar doansitien > we becke 54 og -Ve qn kly ; Fy ZO and Je f0- Aken in valbbyiunm & E=o +: V\(T- ToM[9y] Pe + IE =CR Hence adlns i) Peo fee of ———___ a ayq | AIP] oo plotting A Landa Polanixalton) ~ Fearn elechie eneqy = Fasa elechic envy ANTI FERRO ELECTRICITY ~Pheysicet prepealy af catain maberial echich can appeas| olisap é wy tem Ticao irs on okpenctin g por te Pere 1 Pee, exesnol E ev ofher ametin - ~fon such materiel, ipa moments ase orclood NWN ; adjacent clip ote moment cae in oppor Apreshion = not clipote moment & nef polanizakron =o. Cebeonf ait Armpmonium Salt. Ferro ELecteic DOMAIN ae ee ead not allgeresl orclaut — fox Jeane elechi'c, oli pote moment Oat 8 Pdo- When we g } Heo a —; ee same 7 moments , this x! known as pote i Ferro elechte domain - (wD q And tHe wells xf domains is known a8 olomairng wall Feso Electritity When we apply a alrain to @ eystal 5 tere coill be an€ paded within the ty lar. Even though the shai, is foo Small, the clechie field Atrength Ases/ abrory eg? Bheain ¥ ic? Hun we shan qr te Ee 1000 Vere 2 tt us comider a caystal outs sy romebie hist bub, where we apply shaip Became af ahrain , the Asshibutien — Wbecomes disorcker- Foy Peso cleckie mater a gelovizalion) P = 24 + EX] zs stres o> Pere elechie ghaln condant E> olbectic Feld me > drelectstc seapeh biky & pele = 74d) fer ce > clash tlyain , §—> clashe compliont constant + dl5{? netic toatenta} che roaterieal avhech expertences ene fietcl- Aecd this prwpeaty ts Known as a : ee pebi cahion pebizalion 2 mmagnelte chopely reornent Per ani volume spate seca XM pis the aakio. a, orn. g nels Keck ome te aete piel iolensily - The magrekiza len precuced fox grew of sulbsbane ss Knteon as ommolas sacceptibiliry - B=HeCH4+M) whee B 16 magrehe field flex clonsity >T flo fs peameahility n free cpau- Ho = ADAIe” H[m° Hr anand fretel mlema'hy Hone Be pol (L4+M ) Tt Be pon (14%) ——> (A) In tie 4 absolute eubslance B= HH = flop ———> C8) Hor = (147 )pett Ha = (14x)] — Ths ts aclobne pormvahility g, aroagashe a suseaphbity.for free space *, Mee, Heo @[pr=!] iq hoo B = pfepeH [B= vet ] > fo Peeps “Tre OF MAGWIETEM Theae aae © types af 7 ~ Accorelong Je amedtean theevy 4 physres ‘due fo 3 Aacarem - nckhs- roagneh zak AAvses @ ovbital amokoo of, }™ (majo tonbdtbuben ae) Ci) Spin metten i é meh on EA nuclees Cia) Spin — the fow cA ef equivalent te cusaent produces he omagnehe chet eohen magnelre field ws apptd red’ Es precited , the cuteamesl % un = omaforly >| , ore 7 rhtect: Henee there they produced a en Ww nagne He monunt: Anel shes -< magnrehe moment #8 not ordealy cxvranged - Ms And hence 0 <—_ ws M+#o: vA — cdepandi nq oe “anatldas as nos’ | oh magnet aro Ci) Ferner nbkisre | ¢v) Resimagnahtetien nth gzalion malerial can cw) para meg nebisoroo civ) Antferre magreleDIAMAGNETISM / it tsa week effect =H cant} conten - theae exisk a non-Reao Small due fo orbital metren a |e Fray Kthe magneke moment os allaqned eppesdt bo the BedY Magneht ftela: g Cee 4 ) - meu nae Flrx density Beo a i = -ve 4 meh ausbtanes cae tompenatuae - Piam permanent Ree be moment : magnets moments odkepenebect egi Ags May 20 bu Hg faye ragnehsre ted. -H ts a weak epbect omements aae unkke Diamagre he 5 = magnche aligned eppent be the appiedt Mag nek feeld tve volure “Xt fows buf =H lemperatere aiepenkent te ft et OY [ca 4 4B Feaao magnehsny etfoct clue te a rbial endron — Magnehe ano ment aac acllegred [lel to expplicel C Maagnehe freld . : ~The magqnetre moment ase peuunt even if ay - Hts ashoSe eee eee Year f no omag nel freed. tt obeys custels fow Ng th = Pe > T — 2" Fe, Ni, Co 5 Anti ferve noaq nobrno the adjacent mag nebe moment hes samuanyiitah and oppor ees MN wT — Hence Magnebisakion = =O 2 yt =O Feo ai magnetism — the achpecer ot maanelic monn? have cli fhe vent ) cumpli Frccle but © pos clivech er 4vety Hence Mfo &fialar = Alomic theory 4 Maanebisi Consider @ % ALVO luin in Ren magnetic amome At Hao = 0A S > cuneot padecd & A> Avea: Rel Te act af ahaage (28 time -then Tals = At, as civudaa roduc %¥ Con oe eee dt qT ov- de—ev Ins 76 civeatlan molten, theo velocity in Site E 1g levers a angalar veloc Fy Nis uoy te Os -ewF ~-ew QTD an roulkiply & civicle by wo T= -ewo a a0 ae bal Hoo = —LW Wy ory 109% oat | an, Bul Ls moe? —> thus de magnelte soaqent & anktpascllel to ts angplos momentur -~thes 1s Atornre theeay , rong nite shen | pos >GQuartuno Numbers ~ perteipal quanhars no Cn! [4 determines enagy levels kKOoMN t 234 ~ Orbital eprankin non. £20, -- . Ct Wo deleansines de shape % slak a encrgy level aSpadf.- oO, 23. = magnebe cacy fan No Cor, ) tM ie used be Fred “ftetd clevection wy = -l tw Ot Tt! nee value = Ete 4 [tL = My, | Cs) © 4 Y, } = Spo qauanken Do WM a lb => Opigio of per manent a Seorbeal ameten aj = By alom theory we have nebic amoment Mao = 22&_& am & L =omgh also he ah jthen Le ony h at rT then Heo = -e mph Qm all How = Heh Mm : Ans Lastly a in Ha > Bele rragnito = 724 KIO A iC ) Heo = ~He me |> épia_moction xf © we have [ig og 2 neh] coheare g> Landay g - k f me > spin angelan monn ms = +!h [Yo @ gq= te Tore + se) LD avctT+) » Ts dotal angalas momentum = Le Ls obifal S=> Spice => Spio_emebion af nucleus Ho = eh this & Known as nucltag an ™p m agne ben how Hen = Hp My TS —. aelated fo nucle vs Ho= 5-@5 XI0 A Joo é P2bonds Rule 6 Refer) - ~Ihis wed te find the J nounel state nag ~ ured to deleamtns alas momentum J Ye gpto S$ is max & Orbital ang: ws LIS mave han () Jelt +5 | ‘4 orbital move than eS eeci) T= ro) Sys prFeoiecra—E- Celiem te outer mest ai if desovbital len than half fillet if oy bitol *% hath filled. yw Afi es? Epe ss Mlecl in f. last @ tun £= Bo eo ole 2 fi LJ L= 3xle= oe no-ge S= —> Sine it & lew than ball ee | L#s/ = [3% ,[= a cn) fe cules mest ad* h=2- Di oO ace [eitilals| 1x [472%] L= ZAxdt txt +oxlt Ss= =a = 4 AN $0 4-2 a iy th) + (15) #00)* CHD *" Je [rts| =[or2[-4ca war Af oceley mest L= 2a 2) Ofer fat tT CPT. L-= But + 24! = 842 =5 $= Yt, =) Je [es | = 4 Lardae Land even's theory of chearnagnebis [ eteruiee | theory J consider E SS amnoving in apes wilh (4 waciys: eo here fonee id fF = mw this force due fo ovbital moken fA = sthys fowce cap be incudedt toy conhepetral ce force and if mag netre Frelel is applied along x thon there emist Lowentz- magnetic forte Hene Fe centrpetal Fore + levente woagnahe fore Se O mnustee = empey—- 2 eee Moy = Tote ewr7B > aww omwerr t ews =oaivick thaoughout by ~w f » toty - wet 4 2B ut =? ~m w? — wor + eB w =o m™ eo? + eB ey wer =O rm The quadacti ep of 9 m™m ao ling Hy. weeget : we —-6 2 B +] By t tmae ie Lae ee ee a nian = ao & ra £6) | eo)” + Uo” am ard, uo) = e+ ooo ee arm Row consider we >> eB , Hene we neqlect any q v “Re valut Gfanden square aout Hhu,-) 09, = we 728 am: (eb w= - iE fanmour frequency | Hon [oo = tu 09 09 a she ch dndieh: ndecaks that Re Bias mie eta Mel or antillet te fieldtet tpn Re aackus as beh vadius, then when wo apply field , there occurs @ aetation | pre asion about ancl thus 4 flex variation occu: This OCU © ppesite fo magnelie flux vartation moment. Thus opaque zalien cuurr Vand henee Current Ours * Fae! | (stuck neled me = — 200, ow DEE eat in ferms of laamous prequency BP=TA -then P= ew. WaeeX” Csfiak> Dated amr Ze» —> mean aquane aadw us: we Know thal Pa dF zy rit ceo Suppee xa Y=K- ten Zur = Z¥> > i 3 But

* = Zot ey >? wage then 2 ps? so 2ey> Hen 4 H= -euwr W f2Zzrs QT 3bis -euwr evs 3 we Koow hat Wre /e8& ) om : 2 p= -228 27> BeIm oes aS ee Suppese fo on atom there are X ref Ss he re amomerd 1S i = ~ze&B ey . 6m acd if there ‘pl po +a aloms . -thas ee mmoment ee p= ~Nze28 av = M ™m 60 - ee ) then seceplebely B= Melt H=B Ho hen aes yi Mt :. -Nie*B <*>" YW6 6m -B ) = —Nxe2 Mo Ler >* 6% this & aelo for Susuph bility -ous KF ts-ve and i indepenclent of, demp | 62 3, 2 an kero theory of Diamagnebrero tap bamelfentian the sum of unpetunbect # perleshed hamilfonta® Hou +H! His sie fyaaaav) t 27 42 230 Go ee wha. A smoagnetie vector potential A = 1 BKY al &B=vxAa let aoagnee iar is, along x devectien - ao B= Bzx , Bx ro, Byrne Hon Oxe= NO fF Ql 2 Pee oe By x ye = 1 (Bay) -S (- Bex) +tCo) = —Bry t + Bg ef. thnA = 1 ayy 7 4 4 = C71 bey + fbx) “atng comperente of Wea ft a Yee Ye Bry Aye Wp Bx Ax = a °Bret VA = DAn 4 BAY, DAZ ce —@ Dx ay 32° But AV = “tekenayrkt y40Cd 3; ae AW = 4%8(~ 3, - y 2g ——>@ pat e940 @) % Cb) in ego [A > fs le ee -4 25)| 1 (alibgtig nt =eh [of -yd]] + ger. > we awe have dhe angular moraeAtung operator L --ih ve latcg = 1048-4) lets] ERA & L=-i[* (4% -«3,) 44 [x a-* 2 +k feds -y - 4 8 the & oe >} a amamentun zo th[73; ya] —-@ exis Faoro a CD R02) ythe the first Ferma Rus at's propos Herat to oe ef eqn (2) - eHow) we coretden. Nb pa. of atoms have "¢ n0: of es, then berond fear of RHS of eqn C1) =>= NZ..e7 RB? B2 (xy?) Lee oD ‘ "gan, Bis lero is aelaled fo te enenge raucecaked eoith deamagnekie emmalevial- BEvegy of dearmognale material i oe hy 2 Ap eat ae 3 oo ea Loch eye >> iy Peoce) 86x a esBteerage) 2 Oe See) Bro ees €O& Ch) the aim 90 ye =-NX Mo €?

? AT: But ep ste Zaw>* thin [Fo NK 7 K Hoe® Z20>2 7° ae This 36 . same c expacnion. for = . em ov Sucgeph bility ta as clasércal theory { a Rirala PE gen _csheovy of Ponarnag nebisem [' nebisnn [etanseal - Heo] dakine “Far, “Thre wos Introduced by even . Largawer anumed , trod Poranagneh matentol has Nar 2 ms per Unit volume and each having peamanent "aanehe momenk and Inlercetton blo the sroog neheMomenk are negleded: [ voben we we ME, -the eongnebie moment aa. alliqoed Ye) “ede dixveckion - d then polental energy , De —-H'B =-HB loo . who pH > roca nah: anormnent pootrentan. 0 ange vw RaS - Accorching te Manwell clretat bubtor law - eet preese Fer K e = &@ = @ conetder io the ronge © to Ofde caoe Fcted= k- oer then voverage value oH Zpr- [fede PF poierpece [Fee do = freccesysere LB toa _ >

= | Heote er fad 2v sine do Bose : i ese ow sine dd Qt + = Ge 3 dh= -sinede - en ies, “B= 8-4 at, eo +t! andr alse -, ict = HS “wrTe > 4prary at bt Hv | Je = [ tolegration by paak | ent dk: “4 [+ ol [ah ee] oo ie ey) 2 =p [es ] : pete] > ee ee %, divide tRaoughout by exe” “= cre [Gah =p? =p{tet hx 24] LS Tengeves fr a=y> = pL). but Co : N

= N-pl® Gaye if wee) Lowds, Ys 7 \ sei __theo x Maqrstval M =iWl prge oe Mo Np pe "he x HE/ygr | Skgt woe know tat Be adh thon Me Np? HoH Skat a Miagashe a iby : ae H ak oe ae Wenn : pal y dt shed for Maske m make Tins Aepadtet fea tohae C= Nip? pe ake Pig constant ie. Cusiels constant alle Ce Contes Laws dus thie iS Ae sheow { of “e_ Poa roag nthens According fo Quan furs theory , opagrabie momoee Vie —B i= ~ HB Les : : —_ O = 4pem) Bere thee energy levele , “det rhe no: of esi fovcon Level be N, Hiapper fove) the’ n0- mf &S be No- amj= V2 No eo te/est He Megha omj =o NeW +No tien No = ete cre) { By alio Ni cite /cee! N 0 8/, LHe®/rer , Phas ee e Pea pow put 2 = Hee bet cthen Ni &@ No betomes N OY tya a ere Ouse M = (Nn, - aa ne =) ettex "8 tanh ° @M=Ny tanhx > or high clemparatine Hee | ctanhe sy x Hence M=> Nye M= Nu-He BS: kKgT For single eleekron’ «\ ye Hl He. : then roagnetisation, M = Npe 8 & alte ie B ker pe Hence emagnelte suceph bility oe ™ = Npe 8 + B ye kg? B ry) Jen Nee Ke aes = Np? Ho kerfaom This we can andestand that fhe chusicod theory is Aw 4 quankare theory: Hera we amedify quantum Reng by waing Curiel Bailleeuio fow \ Aciording fe Cuniels Brilloures lows ; rmagrakcalt on M = NqTpe By (x) fore Bj 0x) x called Brillouin function and if rs defined as BR: — OO = 2T+! ceth (ar+1 oe Lt % 7 ar 7 co 5 aad (%) Heve 5% ~ aT Hey for high temperabuac pee ee wthbyayl 4 & me 3 Hos Bex) = 2741 ' + Cet). ar fozat = + Ca Cay = S74} 270 6+ Ol am ar | CatH)x \ *| —L{ 20+ =] AT}. de 6S, = AG OTA. Fe late iy =we NN ee F Aephe') iu Peeled Ton om CF BjOO'= x a BaF Pin MET 2, (TP Jig? oo lay? av? Bits) = GH x 37 on 4 hid : ed oTkee 7 5e0.- q(oe) ae La(a Ete) dee Tair dhus M = NqTHe Bim) on subskhuking wee get | Mo gear Nigh (+ He? B &kgT dheo er ee seucesphhifity f= EM M_ where’ Hl = BR to ie, ¥ Any: T(T+0 He? B __ Skotos) ite ie pe - 3 kel € & Hae Je wer) P Hgts ket a *Hee -Sacred J Pe ele ae ene z x nse? pa HeNHelt | nog aie POA 7 3 ker T nabie_ oma level = ferro They pordue spedianton! eroag nels: = Even though oma nebre frelal i abserd, cmag nebe thus oraegratrzalin #0 ' menacnt not equal fo Kero / Boo, mater Ne ~ adjacot ormanelye moments have same Lenpe adlagrmet wfer allegr tm same direchior - fear magnette cubctanas aae gensilve fe dempes cc ie Te Te Cumelemperakos D u amateacor f . Hoon moagrebicaley 6 cooly ponibl if we apply a field - |