GENERAL BASIS OF PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS

TOPIC 4
01 INFLAMMATION 02 ACUTE AND CHRONIC
INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATION The characteristics of such
- An inflammatory reaction is a acute inflammation include
generalized pathologic process that is heat, redness of skin, swelling,
nonspecific to the agent causing the pain, and some loss of function
as the body tends to protect
injury. The body's purpose in creating
the injured part. If the
an inflammatory reaction is to localize
inflammatory process is
the injurious agent and prepare for significant, systemic effects
subsequent repair and healing of the such as an elevation of body
injured tissues. ACUTE temperature become evident.
VS Chronic inflammation differs
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION CHRONIC from the acute stage in that
VIRUS Viruses consist of a damage caused by an injurious
protein coat agent may not necessarily
surrounding a genome result in tissue death. In fact,
of either ribonucleic necrosis is relatively uncommon
acid (RNA) or DNA, in cases of chronic
without an organized inflammation.
cell structure.
BACTERIA Bacteria are unicellular
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
organisms that lack an
organized nucleus.
Chronic, or prolonged, inflammation
They tend to colonize results when the agent responsible for
on environmental an injury is not removed or something
surfaces and are else interferes with the healing
extremely adaptable. process. Infections of the lungs or
FUNGI Fungi are kidneys usually result in a brief period
microorganisms that of inflammation followed by repair.
can form complex
structures containing
03 ACUTE & CHRONIC TRAUMA
organelles and may
grow as mold or yeast. MAJOR DIFFERENCES:
PROTOZOA Parasites typically do ACUTE This injury occurs spontaneously
not kill their host, are because of a unprecedented
generally much smaller event like a car crash or a
than their host, and will stabbing incident.
often live in or on their These are injuries that occur
host for an extended because of a traumatic event.
period. Examples include dislocations,
AUTOIMMUNE Under normal sprains and strains.
DISEASE conditions, antibodies CHRONIC These happen over the course
are formed in response of a certain time. Constant
to foreign antigens. In damage or trauma in joints,
certain diseases, bones and other areas are
however, they form some of the causes of this
against and injure the injury.
patient's own Chronic trauma include tennis
tissues. elbow and others.
 04 NEOPLASIA
NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
- Neoplastic disease results in new,
abnormal tissue growth. Normally,
growing and maturing cells are
subject to mechanisms that direct cell
proliferation and cell differentiation,
controlling their growth rate.
BENIGN VS MALIGNANT
BENIGN A benign neoplasm is
composed of well-
differentiated cells with
uncontrolled growth. Thus, a
benign neoplasm remains
localized and is
generally noninvasive.
MALIGNANT A malignant neoplasm
exhibits the loss of control of
both cell proliferation and cell
differentiation, which changes
its functional capabilities.
INVASIVENESS
- Invasion refers to the direct extension
and penetration by cancer cells into
neighboring tissues. The proliferation
of transformed cells and the
progressive increase in tumor size
eventually leads to a breach in the
barriers between tissues, leading to
tumor extension into adjacent
tissue.
METASTASIS
Metastasis describes the ability of
cancer cells to penetrate into
lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate
through these systems and invade
normal tissues elsewhere in the body.
05 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
CONGENITAL DISEASE
- Diseases present at
birth and resulting from
genetic or
environmental factors
are termed congenital.
A major category of
congenital diseases is caused by
abnormalities in the number and
distribution of chromosomes.
▪ Many structural
congenital anomalies
can be corrected with
pediatric surgery and
early treatment can be
administered to
children with functional problems.
Physical therapy and medications are
among the other possible treatments
for such malformations.
▪ If not treated,
permanent disability,
possible
complications and
death can occur.
06 NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCE
- A nutritional disease is any of the
nutrient-related disease and condition
that causes illness in humans. They
may include deficiencies or excesses
in the diet, obesity and eating
disorders, and chronic diseases such
as cardiovascular disease,
hypertension, cancer, and diabetes
mellitus.
▪ Malnutrition is the impaired function
that results from a prolonged
deficiency- or excess- of total energy
or specific nutrients such as protein,
essential fatty acids, vitamins, or
minerals.
▪ Undernutrition is a condition in which
there is insufficient food to meet
energy needs; its main characteristics
include weight loss, failure to thrive,
and wasting of body fat and muscle.
 07 INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND FOREIGN BODIES
FOREIGN BODIES
INFECTIOUS DISEASES