Section 2 - 1 Periodic Table Secondary three Chemistry

Name: __________________( ) Class: _____ Date: ____________

2.1 Periodic Table

Elements are arranged in ascending order of ____atomic no.

Each vertical column is known as a ___Group .

Each horizontal row is known as a ___Period .

Groups I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and 0 are known as main groups.

The elements found between group II and III are known as

transition elements.

Non-metals are shaded in the periodic table above.

In the periodic table,

Metals are found on the ____left____ hand side;

Non-metals are found on the _____right______ hand side.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 1

Section 2 - 2 Electronic arrangement Secondary three Chemistry

2.1 Electronic arrangement

Study the periodic table below:

Elements in the same group have the same number of

electrons in the ____outermost_____ electronic shell.

➔ They have similar ___chemical________ properties.

Elements in the same period have the same number of

___electron shells_____.

Group I elements are known as ______Alkali metals______;

Group II elements are known as ___Alkaline Earth metals__;
Group VII elements are known as ___The halogens_______;
Group 0 elements are known as ____The noble gases______.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 2

Section 2- 2 Periodicity Secondary three Chemistry

2.2 Periodicity
Period 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

Period 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Period 4 K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Li A white background means the element is a metal.

B A checkered background means the element is a metalloid.

C A gray background means the element is a non-metal.

Across a period, the elements change from metals to

____semi-metals____ to ___non-metals_________________ .

Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Group VI Group VII Group 0

Li Be B C N O F Ne
Period 2
+++ ++ + ++ ++ +++ +++ -
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Period 3
+++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ +++ -

“+++” means the element is very reactive, “++” means reactive,

“+” means less reactive, “-” means unreactive.

Across a period (excluding noble gases), the reactivity of the

elements increases / decreases and then increases / decreases.

The gradual change of properties across a period is known as

periodicity.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 3

Section 2 - 3 Alkali metals Secondary three Chemistry

2.3 Noble gases / Group 0

The following table shows the names, the electronic
configurations, and some properties of noble gases:

Element Electronic configuration Colour m p / oC b p / oC

Helium 2 Colourless - 270 - 269

Neon 2, 8 Colourless - 249 - 246

Argon 2, 8, 8 Colourless - 189 - 186

Krypton 2, 8, 18, 8 Colourless - 157 - 153

Xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 Colourless - 112 - 108

Radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 Colourless - 71 - 62

Except helium, all of them have ______8_______ electrons in

their outermost shell.

Their outermost shells are full; they will not gain or lose
electrons easily. So, they are very stable. This stability is
known as octet stability.

This piece of fact is summarized in octet rule:

Atoms become stable by achieving the same electronic

arrangements as of noble gases.

Other similarities of group 0 elements:

1. All are colourless gases at room temperature.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. All are very unreative. They have little or no reaction with

other elements.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 4

Section 2 - 3 Alkali metals Secondary three Chemistry

2.3 Alkali Metals / Group I

The following table shows the names, the electronic
configurations, and some properties of alkali metals:

Electronic Shiny or Density Melting Boiling

Element
configuration dull? / g cm-3 point / oC point / oC

Lithium 2, 1 Shiny 0.53 180 1330

Sodium 2, 8, 1 Shiny 0.97 98 890

Potassium 2, 8, 8, 1 Shiny 0.86 64 760

Rubidium 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 Shiny 1.53 39 688

Caesium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 Shiny 1.88 28 671

Some similarities among alkali metals:

1. All of them have ____1___ electrons in the outermost shell.

2. All are solft metals.

3. The densities of alkali metals are high / low.

(Compared with: Density of iron = 7.87 g cm-3)

4. The melting points of alkali metals are high / low.

(Compared with: Melting point of iron = 1538 oC)

5. The boiling points of alkali metals are high / low.

(Compared with: Boiling point of iron = 2861 oC)

6. All of them react with water vigorously to form hydrogen

and alkali solutions.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 5

Section 2 - 3 Alkali metals Secondary three Chemistry

2.3 Alkali Metals / Group I

When lithium is placed in water,

When the colourless gas collected is tested with a burning

splint, a “pop” sound is heard.

➔ The colourless gas is ___hydrogen_ .

When red litmus paper is dipped into the water, it turns blue.

➔ The resulting solution is acidic / alkaline

When sodium is placed in water,

➢ Melts to form a silvery ball

➢ Silvery ball moves quickly on the water surface

➢ Hydrogen gas produced

When potassium is placed in water,

➢ Melts to form a silvery ball

➢ Silvery ball moves quickly on the water surface

➢ Hydrogen gas produced, which catches fire by itself

The reactivity of alkali metals increases / decreases down the group.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 6

Section 2 - 3 Alkaline Earth Metals Secondary three Chemistry

2.3 Alkaline Earth Metals / Group II

The following table shows the names, the electronic
configurations, and some properties of alkaline earth metals:

Electronic Density Melting Boiling

Element Reactivity
configuration / g cm-3 point / oC point / oC

Magnesium 2, 8, 2 1.75 650 1120 +

Calcium 2, 8, 8, 2 1.55 838 1440 ++

Strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 2.63 777 1382 +++

Barium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 3.51 127 1870 +++

The more “+” an element has, the more reactive it is.

Similarities of alkaline earth metals:

1. All have low densities, but are denser than Group I metals
of the same period.

2. All are less reactive than alkali metals.

3. All, except beryllium, react with water less vigorously than

Group I metals.

4. All react readily with dilute hydrochloric acid to form

hydrogen.

Trend in reactivity:
The reactivity of the alkaline earth metals increase / decrease down
the group.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 7

 Section 2 - 3 Halogens Secondary Three Chemistry

2.3 Halogens / Group VII

The following table shows the names, the electronic

configurations, and some properties of halogens:

Electronic Melting Boiling

Element Colour Reactivity
configuration point / oC point / oC

Fluorine 2, 7 Pale Yellow - 220 - 190 ++++

Chlorine 2, 8, 7 Yellowish green - 101 - 34 +++

Bromine 2, 8, 18, 7 Reddish brown -7 58 ++

Iodine 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 Black 113 184 +

The more “+” an element has, the more reactive it is.

Similarities of halogens:

1. All have colours. The elements become darker in colour

down the group.

2. All are reactive.

3. All react with metals to form ionic compounds,

4. All react with non-metals to form covalent compounds.

Trend in reactivity:

The reactivity of the halogens increases / decreases down the group.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 8

Section 1 Summary Secondary three Chemistry

Summary

1. In the Periodic Table, elements are arranged in the

ascending order of atomic number.

2. Each vertical column in the Periodic table is known as a

group. Elements in the same group have the same
number of electrons in the outermost electronic shell.
As a result, they have similar chemical properties.

3. Each horizontal row in the Periodic table is known as a

period. Elements in the same period have the same
number of occupied electronic shells.

4. The gradual change of properties across a period is

known as periodicity.

5. The collective names for the groups of elements:

➢ Group I Alkali metals
➢ Group II Alkaline earth metals
➢ Group VII Halogens
➢ Group 0 Noble gases

6. Except helium, all atoms of noble gases have 8 electrons

in their outermost shells. Their outermost shells are full;
they do not gain or lose electrons easily. So, they are
very stable. This stability is known as octet stability.

7. Similarities of noble gases (Group 0):

➢ Unreactive
➢ Colourless gas
➢ Low melting and boiling points

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 9

Section 1 Summary Secondary three Chemistry

8. Similarities of alkali metals (Group I) and/or alkaline earth

metals (Group II):
➢ Shiny appearance
➢ Low density
➢ Low melting and boiling points

9. The reactivity of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals

increases down the group.

10. Similarities of halogens (Group VII):

➢ Coloured
➢ Low melting and boiling points

11. The reactivity of halogens decreases down the group.

Unit Two The Periodic Table Page 10