Q2

2.1: Induction involves making observations and then forming generalizations or

conclusions based on those observations. For example, we can observe that temperature of
water increases as it is heated, then we may form the generalization that all liquids (since water
is a liquid) increases in temperature when heated. This generalization can then be tested
through further experiments. Francis Bacon defined induction as the process of reaching
general conclusions from specific instances. Bacon argued that the best way to gain knowledge
about natural world is through observation and induction. Bacon`s ideas about induction were
very influential and helped to shape the modern scientific method. Aristotle defined induction
as ``proceeding from particulars to a universal ``. Aristotle believed that induction was a key
part of the scientific method, and he even described it as the ``origin of our knowledge``. He
believed that by carefully observing the world around us, we can gain knowledge about its
underlying causes and principles.

2.2: One of the most famous examples of Bacon`s use of induction is his ``Sylva Sylvarum``, or
The Natural History``. In this work, Bacon compiled a collection of observations and
experiments that he had made about the natural. From these observations, he drew general
conclusions about underlying principles of nature. For example, he observed that water freezes
at a lower temperature than other liquids, and he used this observation to draw the general
conclusion that the density of water decreases as it gets colder.

One of Aristotle`s most famous uses of induction is his four-causes argument. In this argument,
Aristotle identified four causes of things in the natural world: material, formal, efficient, and
final causes. He argued that by identifying these causes, we can understand the nature of things
more deeply. For example, he used induction to argue that all living things have a material
cause ( they are made of matter), a formal cause (they have a specific form or structure), an
efficient cause (they are caused by something else), and a final cause (they serve some purpose
or function)

References
Francis Bacon, Novum Organum (London: 1620). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2000)
Bain, Alexander. Logic, Deductive and Inductive. New York: American Book Co., 1870.
Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences. London and Cambridge: 1840. Excerpts reprinted in William
Whewell. Theory of Scientific Method. Edited by Robert E. Butts.Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989.
Stephen R.L.C.(2015) Changing Kinds: Aristotle and the Aristotelians.