Assignment 2

Siddarth Baruah
February 2024

1 Introduction
1.1 Summary
1. Z
F (x) = f (x) dx (Indefinite Integration)
Z z2
= f (x) dx (Definite Integration)
z1

F ′ (x) = f (x) (Anti-derivation)

2. Integration over a Curve

Continuous Function
C : [a, b] ,→ C This is called a Curve
z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) t ∈ [a, b]
Thus we do paramatrization

3. Z Z
=⇒ f dx = udx − vdy + i(udy + vdx)
C C

C
c1

c2

A c3 B
4. If the function is Analytic,
Z Z Z
f dx = f dx + f dx
c3 c1 c2

Thus it is path independent

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5. Simple Curve

c1 c2
c2

A C

A curve is called a simple curve, if it exist without Self Intersection. In the above picture c1 is a simple curve
whereas c2 is not a simple curve.
Closed curve is where
z(a) = z(b)

6. Simply Connected Domain

A domain is called a simple connected domain, if every single closed curve in D encloses only points of D.

Simple Connected Domain Not Simple Connected Domain

7. A smooth curve
If z(t) is diff and z’(t) ̸= 0∀t ∈ [a, b]
Then we say z is a smooth curve.

8. Theorem
If f is continuous on a Smooth curve C, then
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (z(t))z ′ (t)dt
C a

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 9. Theorem
Let D be a simply connected domain and f be analytic on D. Then
Z
f (z)dz = 0 for any closed curve in D

z2
c1

z1
c∗
Z Z Z
f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz = 0
c1 c∗ c
Z Z
=⇒ f (z)dz = f (z)dz
c1 c2

10. Cauchy Integral Theorem

If we have a simply connected domain and a analytic function then for every simply closed curve C in D
I
f (z)dz = 0

11. Independence of Path Z

f (z)dz Where C1 & C2 are joining z1&z2
Z Z
f (z)dz = f (z)dz
c1 c2
Assumption: D is simply connected, f is analytic on D.

12. Cauchy Integral’s Formulae

If f is a analytic fn on a sample closed curve C and its interior(the region enclosed by the curve C), then

1 f (z)
Z
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi C z − z0

z0

for any z0 lie in the interior of C.

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13. M-L inequality

Let C be a smooth curve & f is continuous on C and —f(z)— ¡ M on C. Then

Z
| f (z)dz| ≤ M L L-length of C
C

14.
1 f (z)
Z
f ′ (z0 ) = dz
2πi c (z − z0 )2
Generalizing,
n! f (z)
Z
n
f (z0 ) = dz
2πi c (z − z0 )n+1

15. Luowille’s Theorem

A bounded entire function is constant.

16. Monera’s Theorem

D is simply connected domain
f is continuous on D
Z
If f (z)dz = 0 ∀ simple closed curve in C in D. Then f is analytic
c