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- shortened
- lengthened
- copied into new DNA molecules
- modified by the addition or removal of specific chemical groups
♦ Restriction endonucleases
♦ Ligases
Nucleases- degrade DNA molecules by breaking the
phosphodiester bonds that link one nucleotide to the next in a DNA
strand
♦ Exonucleases remove nucleotides one at a time from the end of a
DNA molecule
The enzyme Bal31 from Alteromonas espejiana removes nucleotides from both
strands of a double-stranded molecule
♦ Endonucleases break internal phosphodiester bonds within a
DNA molecule
X
Klenow fragment
Taq polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used in the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR). This enzyme is thermostable, meaning that is
resistant to denaturation by heat treatment
Host-controlled restriction
and modification of phage
l in E. coli strain K, by
efficiency of plating (EOP)
Enzymes for cutting DNA- Restriction endonucleases
♦Purified restriction endonucleases allow to cut DNA molecules in
the precise, reproducible manner required for gene cloning
♦ Ligation is performed at 16 ºC
♦ Ligation of complementary sticky ends is much more
efficient, because the base-paring between the two molecules
is a relatively stable structure for the enzyme to work on
Putting sticky ends onto a blunt-ended molecule
Producing sticky
ends by
homopolymer
tailing
(Cont.)