1

Technical Report Writing

A report on

Navigating The Impact Of Climate

Change on Crop Economies

Group-119

Arjun M 2023AAPS0608G
Suparna Deshmukh 2023AAPS0611G
Vinayak Bhanot 2023AAPS0610G
Ayush Pareek 2023AAPS0609G
Aryan Nahata 2023AAPS0612G
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Contributions

Arjun M:
1. Finding Research Paper
2. Literature Review
3. Forming Title Page
4. Forming Introduction

Ayush Pareek:
1. Finding Research Paper
2. Literature Review
3. Drafting Discussion
4. Drafting References

Suparna Deshmukh:
1. Finding Research Paper
2. Literature Review
3. Drafting Methodology
4. Conclusion Drafting
5. Drafted Abstract

Vinayak Bhanot:
1. Finding Research Paper
2. Literature Review
3. Possible Recommendation
4. Drafting Results

Aryan Nahata:
NO CONTRIBUTION
(Had no contact with the rest of us.)
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Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to the completion of
this project. We want to thank our Instructor In Charge Mr. Mohan Kumar Bera for their
unwavering support, guidance, and invaluable insights throughout the research process. His
expertise and encouragement played a crucial role in shaping the project. This project would not
have been possible without the collective effort and support of our group members.
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Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………5
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….6
Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………7
1. Effects on Individual Crops……………………………………………………………….7
2. Economic Implications……………………………………………………………………7
Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………9
1. Case Study…………………………………………………………………………...……9
2. Data Analysis……………………………………………………………………………...9
3. Adaptive Solutions Framework…………………………………………………………...9
4. Policy Analysis……………………………………………………………………………9
Results……………………………………………………………………………………………10
1. Economic Implication on Climate Change………………………………………………10
2. Soil Health and Climate Change…………………………………………………………10
3. Effect on Individual Crop Yields………………………………………………………...11
Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………..12
1. Case Study of Bangladesh……………………………………………………………….12
2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………12
3. Climate Change Effect on Crops………………………………………………………...12
4. Effects on Economy……………………………………………………………………...13
5. Government Measures and Adaptive Approaches……………………………………….13
6. Obstacle and Future Perspectives………………………………………………………..13
7. Inference…………………………………………………………………………………13
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………….15
Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………..16
1. Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties………………………………………………………...16
2. Water Management Strategies…………………………………………………………...16
3. Crop Diversification……………………………………………………………………..16
4. Policy Interventions……………………………………………………………………...16
References………………………………………………………………………………………..17
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Abstract

This report takes the reader through the complex issues and possible answers that exist in the
contemporary world where people grapple with issues to do with climate change and its effects
on crop economies. Using a case study from Bangladesh and global research, we address impacts
on individual crops, the economy at large, soil quality and the climate itself. Economy is also
taken into consideration in the analysis, discussing the impact on other supply chains as well as
the linkage of climate change with agriculture. For example, the case study on Bangladesh sheds
light on the susceptibility of agrarian economies to environmental changes. The report, therefore,
offers adjusting measures, unifying resistant crop varieties, water management, crop
diversification, integrated soil management and policy intervention, into one package, as an
integral part. In fact, the report functions like a navigational aid to a greener and more flexible
agriculture.
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Introduction

Research Statement: We propose the following research statement for our study: Navigating
The Impact Of Climate Change on Crop Economies.

Dynamics of climate change and its effects on crop economies: A detailed report. In essence, it is
about the impact the changing climate makes on different crops, the larger economy, soil health,
and overall climate in general. Think of it as one piece of the puzzle that all together paints a
bigger environmental picture. Changing climate destroys the traditional order of things and
makes rainfall unpredictable – just like a climatic rollercoaster. The players include floods and
droughts, which become additional factors that adversely affect the agricultural landscapes and
the economy. In order to make this analysis more realistic, we analyze a case in Bangladesh
where increasing water levels and escalated temperature threaten rice-based farming practices
prevalent in rice-dependent territories. However, such an exploration should never forget the
human side – the farmers, markets and communities that are battling with these challenges. In
this case, the objectives are not only to understand the problems but also to shed some light on
some routes towards a resilient, sustainable tomorrow for our crop economies in the face of the
changing climate.
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Literature Review
Analytical research on climate change showing effects on agriculture and economics. Each
aspect of the thorough review provides an insight on how the shifting climate poses problems
and presents possibilities.

Effects on Individual Crops: Rosenzweig et al. (2014) provide some evidence on the degree of
susceptibility of individual crop species towards temperature changes. This has nothing to do
with yields but more so on how the careful cycle order is disrupted even by small temperature
changes. It contradicts the very basis of dependable farming practice, which has been passed
over several generations.

With respect to global crops, Lobell et al. (2009), discuss the changes that have taken place in
their production since 1980. The narration is not only about figures, but about the story that can
be derived by plants adjusting, or attempting to adjust, to changing weather conditions. Such a
clear picture enables people to relate well with numbers on changing cropping areas.

Economic Implications: This story has yet another page, which is an investigation of shock
waves of climate change on poverty conducted by the World Bank (2015). Based on this, the
report states that if a person is having problems as is, there may be more issues due to the
difficulties with the impacts of climate change.

Soil Health and Climate Effects: With this, works of Lal (2015) in efforts of revamping soil
health to mitigate the deteriorating condition further brings our learnings to a next stage. Soil is
not only a crop issue, but even the foundation of agriculture itself. Climate change necessitates
adopting measures that will guarantee agricultural sustainability, specifically regarding the future
condition of soil.

Our literary report comes alive through the case study on Bangladesh. Kabir Humayain, et al.
(2012) on Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh is more than
a case study. It is a moving story on diminishing crop yields and rising poverty
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At the end, our synthesis of information from all these separate sources creates a total image.
This is not only a summary of studies but also an interweaving of narratives—of crops adapting
to climate change, economies tangled up with climate variability, and communities struggling
with the impacts of extreme weather events. Reminding us that behind all statistics are farmers,
vendors and communities fighting against the uncertainty brought by changes in weather
patterns.
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Methodology

This serves as a guide in our pursuit of exploring the disparity between climatic changes and
crop economies.

Case Study: In order to base our research in the real situation we will use case stories such as
how global warming affects output in Bangladesh. Pretend you are stepping in the shoes of local
farmers. This is the pulse of our research with real people’s stories – while statistics may take the
centerpiece, human stories are missed.

Data Analysis: This involves reading journals where various correlations, patterns, as well as
outliers that tell stories are highlighted. With this qualitative and quantitative analysis, it is
possible to trace relationships between climate change and its impact on specific crops,
economical facets of these regions, as well as general agricultural contexts of the mentioned
localities.

Adaptive Solutions Framework: We build an adaptive solutions framework as we pass through a

process of analysis and interpretation of the information gathered. This is as a matter of fact a
“toolbox” consisting of various useful information gained as crops with resilience, water
resource management techniques, crop diversification, integrated soil management, and relevant
policies. The solutions outlined in this text are not in isolation, but rather a unified approach
towards tackling the issues raised in the analysis we carried out.

Policy Analysis: Investigate the current regional, national, and international agricultural as well
as the natural resource-based policy measures. Determine, to what extent, these policies help or
are a response to climate change problems for the agriculture sector. From this analysis, policy
reforms for improvements in integrating climate adaptation programs will be informed.
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Results

Economic Implications of Climate Change:

Climate-change effects are extremely serious for crop economics, and stretch far outside the
sphere of the agricultural economy alone as part of various economic problems. Unreliable crop
yields become more critical with time, leading to higher prices and potential global food
shortage. This applies in many developing economies that are predominantly agrarian and where
their economies are tied in with one kind of crop, exposing them to greater economic
vulnerability. Climate change impacts not just the agricultural economy, but all supply chains as
well, putting more pressures on already fragile life situations and aggravating food insecurity.
However, in order to form probable remedies for these consequences of global warming, we
have to recognize that the mentioned financial problems are interconnected. Assessing Poverty-
Climate Change Nexus With Specific Reference To Vulnerability of Poor Communities (2015
World Bank Evaluation). Marginalized communities are becoming even more deprived due to
price hikes and low crop yields which increase this risk further. This demonstrates why
comprehensive solutions should be considered, rather than only those based on the economics of
the agriculture industry. If, however, the challenges are not addressed completely, this may lead
to increased economic weaknesses which, at the moment, are felt as difficulties by those who
survive in extreme, impoverished situations.

Soil Health Amid Climate Change:

Soil quality is undermined by climate change – a multi-pronged risk to sustainability with food
provision at its core. Soil degradation is influenced by elevated temperatures, changing
precipitation patterns and more frequent droughts that affect nutrient availability in the soil, as
well as microbial activity. Simultaneously, heavy rains compound the situation by washing off
the good cover and depleting the soil of its nutrients thus rendering it less productive again. The
research focuses on the link between healthy soil and climate change that necessitates an
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integrated approach towards soil management. To agricultural ecosystems’ future resilience and
current crop yields, this challenge is significant. Agriculture can respond to climate change and
enhance global food security through the employment of strategies that support microbial
communities and nutrient stability. Taking preventive action allows us to strongly reduce
climate-change damaging effects on soil, keeping agriculture safe and thus world food security.

Effect on Individual Crop Yields:

Today’s evolving climatic conditions undermine a precarious balance needed for crop sustenance
and expose each plant to unprecedented dangers. For instance, temperature fluctuations, erratic
rains, and other extreme weather elements affect rice, wheat, and maize, which are considered
staple crops. Acute sensitivity of crops to variations in temperatures, even slightly may cause
delay or alter growth cycle and thus reduce yields on crops. These consequences follow with
change in rainfall pattern and add an extra dimension to crop problems. The sudden rainfall
interferes with planting and harvesting season thus a mismatch with the conventional farming
calendar. The worsening climatic conditions are also associated with a high rate of occurrence of
pests and diseases, which are also among some of the other threats on crop health and
production. These effects emphasize the critical necessity of flexible strategies to reduce losses
in different field crops with regard to world hunger and altering climatic conditions.
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Discussion
Case study of Bangladesh:

Impacts on the Economy: Climate-Induced Crop Damage in Bangladesh

Introduction:

One of such nations vulnerable to climatic changes is Bangladesh that is suffering from an
economic crisis triggered by an anomalous meteorological pattern on its farming industry. The
study of economics associated with the destruction of crops following the onset of climate
changes. Agricultural sector forms the backbone of the economy of Bangladesh and a large part
of its population comprises farmers. Nevertheless, the recurrent magnitude and severity of
natural calamities like floods, cyclones, and irregular rains poses serious risk to cultivation.

Climate Change Effects on Crops:

The above factors, which include increased temperatures, changed precipitation patterns and
high rates of extreme weather events have resulted in significant damage to the production
process of major crops such as rice, wheat, and jute. Monsoon floods and long-term droughts in
the dry season are increasingly common, greatly reducing agricultural output.

Effects on Economy:-

1. Diminished Crop Yield: The harm inflicted on major crops has resulted in a substantial
reduction in overall yield, leading to economic setbacks for farmers.

2. Financial Insecurity: Farmers, particularly those dependent solely on agriculture, face

financial insecurity due to crop failures, affecting their capacity to fulfill basic needs and invest
in future farming endeavors.

3. Rising Poverty Level:- The economic challenges encountered by farmers contribute to an

escalation in rural poverty rates, with implications for overall economic stability.

4. Inflation in Food Prices: Decreased agricultural output has prompted an upswing in food
prices, impacting both rural and urban populations and posing broader concerns for food security
and inflation rates.

Government Measures and Adaptive Approaches:

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The Bangladesh government has acknowledged the severity of the situation and implemented
diverse strategies to alleviate the impact on the economy:

1. Crop Diversification Initiatives: Encouraging farmers to diversify crops to those more

resilient to evolving climate conditions.

2. Investment in Climate-Resilient Agriculture: Allocating resources for the research and

development of crop varieties and farming techniques resilient to climate changes.

3. Strengthening Early Warning Systems: Enhancing early warning systems to assist farmers
in preparing for and responding to extreme weather events.

Obstacles and Future Perspectives:

Despite efforts to adapt to the changing climate, challenges persist:

1. Resource Limitations: Limited resources impede the widespread adoption of climate-resilient

farming practices.

2. Vulnerability of Agricultural Infrastructure: The susceptibility of agricultural

infrastructure, such as irrigation systems, to extreme weather events poses challenges for long-
term adaptation.

Inference:

Climate change as well as the crop economies are too complex to be tackled individually hence
there is a need for collaboration. Looking at the case of Bangladesh and drawing conclusions on
previous studies, clearly demonstrate that integrated intervention should be adopted in this
manner. Multiple approaches, such as adopting resilient crop varieties, strategic water
management, crop diversification, integrated soil management, and targeted policy interventions
will be required to cope with the impact of climate change on agriculture.

Bangladesh is a good case on how vulnerable it is to climate conditions and therefore needs
customized solutions. The development of resistant crops via improved scientific methods is also
a promising option in improving adaptability. At the same time, water strategic management as
well as crop diversification lower the risk arising out of changing rainfall patterns. Sustainable
agricultural systems are also enhanced by integrated soil management strategies.
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However, it is important to note that the success of such approaches depends on the integration
of scientific knowledge with appropriate policy measures and actual practice on the ground.
Improvement in research, good policy formulation, and grassroot implementations are the pillars
for resilient and sustainable agriculture with new climatic challenges. These strategies must be
made collaborative on a global level to guarantee their longevity, as well as to ensure that the
crops will remain sustainable globally.
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Conclusion
Our exploration unveils the consequences of climate change on the food economy, shedding light
on the complexities and real-world challenges it brings forth. However, changing climate is not
only about modifying the weather; it has changed the way we produce agricultural output. Crops’
resilience together with a stable economy has been put to test by changes such as swings in
temperatures, uncertain rains causing floods and droughts. This case study in Bangladesh vividly
demonstrates how pressing the crisis is. It shows that these effects of climate change are not
some far-fetched futuristic scenarios; instead they directly strike the lives of actual living people.
In the middle of all this complexity is the unmistakable human factor – the farmers changing, the
market responding, and the community showing incredible strength. This report goes beyond just
an analysis and becomes a message for action. Through enhancing resilient crop types,
appropriate water administration, diverse cultivars plus embracing integrated soil governance,
provide the basis for a durable agricultural framework fit for climatic changes. Sustainable
Agriculture; an ideal vision of growing the future crop while our farming practices meet up with
changing climate for conservation.
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Recommendations
In the face of climate change threats to crop economies, there is a need for prompt responses.
Implementation of resilient agriculture depends on these practical ways that can lead to
sustainable food production under changing climatic situations.

Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties:

Adaptability in agriculture involves the development and promotion of crop varieties that can
withstand changing climate conditions. In a way, breeding climate-resistant crops and ensuring
availability of food become vital. This method tries to strengthen plants against the changing and
typically uncertain effects of the climate. These changes include shifts in temperature and
patterns of precipitation. In doing so, this technique focuses on ensuring that the plants have
enough genetic diversities as well as necessary adaptive features.

Water Management Strategies:

There are practical ways whereby the effects of uncertain rains and shortages of water can be
curbed, which include efficient water management practices like rain water harvesting and better
irrigation systems. These measures improve water supply for crop production in areas
experiencing varied precipitations and hence, promote climate resilience in agriculture.

Crop Diversification:
A forward strategy is to promote more diversity in crops by encouraging farmers, thus enhancing
resilience to the challenge of climate change. Ongoing research suggests that crop diversification
is a practical risk management solution that promotes biodiversity. It promotes adaptability and
minimizes damage from crop failure due to unfavorable weather conditions for some farms.

Policy Interventions:
Furthermore, governments can aid in adapting to climate change through the enactment of and
enforcement for environmental friendly farming techniques. Policy actions in this case help
develop a resilient environment that supports climate-sensitive foods. Land use, water
management, research finance can greatly contribute towards the big picture of making
agriculture more resilient to the challenges presented by climate change, thus policymakers could
play a significant part in this exercise.These actions are essential parts of the strategy required to
deal with the effects of climate change and provide a sustainable supply of food for all.

References
1)Cynthia Rosenzweig, Joshua Elliott, Delphine Deryng, and James W. Jones(2014)
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Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model
intercomparison, available at: https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1222463110

2)David B. Lobell, Kenneth G. Cassman, and Christopher B. Field (2009), Crop Yield Gaps:
Their Importance, Magnitudes, and Causes, available at:
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.environ.041008.093740

3)IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land(2019), available at:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep22279.pdf

4)Sawon Istiak Anik, Md. Humayain Kabir and Swadhin Ray(2012), Climate Change and Food
Security, available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Kabir-34/publication/312130247_Climate_Change_and
_Food_Security/links/61f7bec2007fb50447291d7b/Climate-Change-and-Food-Security.pdf

5) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015), Climate change and food
security: risks and responses, available at: https://www.fao.org/3/i5188e/I5188E.pdf

6)S. Chakraborty and A. C. Newton(2011), Climate change, plant diseases and food security: an
overview, available at: https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-
3059.2010.02411.x

7)Climate change and its impact on food security, Pretty Rani and R Geetha Reddy, available at:
https://journalijecc.com/index.php/IJECC/article/view/1687/335

8)Vincent Gitz and Alexandre Meybeckm (2016), Climate change and food security: risks and
responses, available at:
https://www.iamm.ciheam.org/uploads/attachments/250/06_Meybeck_WL_37.pdf

9)Stephen Devereux and Jenny Edwards, Climate Change and Food Security, available at:
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https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/8545/IDSB_35_3_10.1111-
j.1759-5436.2004.tb00130.x.pdf?sequence=1

10)Global food security under climate change (2007), Josef Schmidhuber*† and Francesco N
Tubiello, available at: https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0701976104

11) Md Saidul Islam * and Andrea Ting Wong (2007), Climate Change and Food In/Security: A
Critical Nexus, available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/4/2/38