A THESIS 

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY 

OF THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 12 
MANICAHAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 
MANICAHAN, ZAMBOANGA CITY 

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN  

INQUIRIES INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION 

BY: 
RONLEY R. PANGILINAN 
KRISTEL ANN A. SIASON 
TRISHA MAE L. BAYLEN 
ROVICRIS R. SABANG 
ABDEL SHAFI B. SAPPARI 
IMMAL K. ABDULLA 
LORENZ C. APOLINARIO 
TRISHA FAITH Q. ECHAVEZ 
 
 
GRADE 12 – HUMSS A 
CHAPTER I 
 AGRICULTURE DURING
CLIMATE CHANGE ERA:
PERCEPTIONS OF FARMERS
ON PRESENT DAY FARMING
 INTRODUCTION 
1.1 Background of the Study 

Climate change is one of the major problems that the farmers are facing right now. Rising temperatures, an increase in the frequency of extreme
weather events, changes in rainfall patterns, and other negative effects are all being brought on by it. Farmers are among the groups most impacted
by climate change. These people’s main source of income and source of food production is their farms. Because of how the environment is changing,
it is necessary to look into how farmers are coping. Agriculture is only one of the many economic sectors that are being negatively impacted by
climate change. Because they depend on weather and climate conditions for the production of their crops, farmers are especially exposed to the
effects of climate change. 
Furthermore, Agriculture is anticipated to be significantly negatively impacted by global climate change. Food security and production (IPCC 2014).
The Global South’s smallholder farmers will be most susceptible to these adverse effects (Morton 2007). Building resiliency smallholders are said to
need agricultural systems in order to be able to survive the effects of maintaining agricultural output and combating climate change. Global
development organizations, realizing the significance of encouraging robust systems, have started to more frequently Initiatives that take resilience
into account (Barrett & Constas, 2014). 
Moreover, farmers are experiencing a variety of climate change consequences on their farms, including increased heat, droughts, and floods. These
differences in agricultural outputs have an effect on both their way of life and the productivity of their animals. For instance, prolonged dry spells
can ruin crops and result in significant losses, while floods can also kill crops. A surge in mortality and a slowdown in growth rates are two
additional effects of extreme weather on the output of cattle. As a result, both researchers and farmers are working to mitigate the detrimental effects
of climate change on agriculture. One of the best tactics is to promote sustainable farming methods that improve soil fertility, lower greenhouse gas
emissions, and conserve water. This covers techniques like agroforestry, diversification of the agricultural sector, and conservation agriculture. 
The objectives of this study is to investigate the perception of farmers on present day farming in the face of climate change. The study’s specific
goals are to pinpoint the difficulties farmers have, the coping mechanisms they use to deal with the climate change, and the support and knowledge
that the researchers may provide for farmers to adapt to the changing environment. 
 1.2 Theoretical Framework

Individual Adaptability Theory symbolizes a farmers’ capacity, aptitude, nature, openness, and/or drive to adapt to and suit various work, social, and
environmental elements. This theory means that farmers must adjust to climate change, weather patterns, and environmental factors that will nurture their
livelihood. The farmers on present day farming execute their behavior towards the adaptation to climate change that will extremely influence their knowledge
and skills to adapt. 
For an instance, Chimi, Pierre Marie, et al. (2022) a socio-economic survey and field observations were conducted among 95 Bàkì farmers in the Ntui district
of Central Cameroon, to examine the community’s perception of the changes observed and the adaptation measures undertaken locally. The study found that
the Bàkì community has developed a classification of the climatic seasons through the changes observed over time, namely the increase in temperature, the
decrease in rainfall, and the resurgence of extreme events such as the recurrence of violent winds and drought. The classification confirms the locally important
changes in climate that affect the agricultural calendar and thereby the planning of the community’s socio-economic activities. In response to the effects
observed, the farmers have developed an adaptation strategy that includes reverting This chapter scrutinize the review of related literature following a thorough
evaluation of the researchers. It also provides an analysis so that readers can fully understand the context of the research and the definitions of key terms. 
To more appropriate farming practices and more resistant varieties. Notably, the farmers use a reading grid of climatic and environmental variations as a
reference to decide on adaptive actions and adaptation measures. The study results reconfirm that perception of climate change is strongly influenced by age
and education. 
Since farmers start from different positions and are impacted by global trends in different ways, they require various pathways for adaptation and sustainable
development. Farm size can influence choices and decisions in some circumstances, but in others, potential directions might have negative effects, such
lowering agricultural income relative to other sources of income. Other types of farmers could need to take more drastic measures to solve environmental
issues, and for some farmers, it might be essential to stop farming altogether. 
In conclusion, farmers’ perceptions of present-day farming practices and attitudes towards climate change can significantly influence their ability to adapt to
changing environmental conditions. It is crucial to provide farmers with the necessary resources and support to adapt to climate change to ensure the
sustainability of agriculture in the future.  
 1.3 Statement of the Problem 

This study aims to investigate the Perceptions of Farmers on Present Day Farming regarding their Agricultural Status
During Climate Change Era.

Research Questions :
This study aims to provide answers to the following questions in order to put up erudition regarding the problem: 
1. How do farmers perceive their own knowledge and capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change, and what
factors influence their ability and willingness to adopt new farming practices? 
2. How do the experiences of extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, shaped farmers’ perceptions of
climate change and its impact on agriculture? 
3. What is the major effect of Climate Change on the Agriculture and to the Farmers on Present Day Farming? 
 1.4 Significance of the Study 

This study would be beneficial for the following; 

Department of Agriculture. The outcome of this study will benefit the department of agriculture and it will help
them in evaluating and keep track on how the Climate Change Era affect the Agriculture of the Farmers. At that point,
they will be able to provide the farmers with guidance and proposition and they can be able to understand their
perception. 
Farmers. The outcome of this study will benefit the farmers and it allows them to share their knowledge regarding
this research. At this point, they will be aware on what might be the major effects of Climate Change towards the
Agriculture of the Farmers. 
Agricultural Crop Production Students. The outcome of this study will benefit the students and it will help them to
understand and gain new knowledge about this study. The students can be informed about potential outcomes of
Agriculture During Climate Change Era. Nonetheless, the study will explain to the students that aside from the effects
of climate change, leaving them unaware will perhaps put themselves in peril. This study will provide students access
to pertinent data on connected issues. 
Researchers. The outcome of this study will benefit both current researchers and future researchers. As a result, they
can look for solid supporting data and feedback from the respondents, gradually honing their research techniques. 
 1.5 Scope and Delimitation 

This study intends to investigate how farmers view modern farming in the perspective of agriculture in the era of climate
change. Understanding farmers’ attitudes and beliefs on climate change and sustainable agricultural practices, as well as
how these factors affect their decision-making processes, will be a focus of this study. Farmers in the barangay
Manicahan, Victoria, and Lamisahan who used agriculture as their primary source of income and as their livelihood will
be the subject of this study. Data will be collected utilizing qualitative research methods like focus groups and interviews
with a sample size of about 8 farmers. The study will not include an analysis of how climate change may affect
agriculture’s economic or environmental components. 
 1.6 Operational Definition of Terms 
The following terms are hereby operationally defined. The terms used in this study are meant to provide a succinct
explanation of the data that is being provided. The terms used and their precise definitions in a reader-friendly manner are
provided below for your convenience. 
Agriculture - In this study, this term refers to the livelihood of the respondents which are the farmers and it also serves as
their source of income. 
Climate Change Era - In this study, this term refers to a phenomenon that the farmers are facing which has caused them to
have a hard time or suffer in their agriculture. 
Perception - In this study, this term refers to the comprehension and insight of the respondents which are the farmers about
the agriculture during climate change era and the circumstances that the researchers have provided. 
Farmers - In this study this term refers to the respondents that the researchers included to conduct this study which what
we call the farmers. 
Present Day - In this study, this term refers to the time that is currently being experienced by the farmers, and also the
moment that is currently taking place. 
Farming - In this study, this term refers to the important aspects of the farmers’ activity, and it has been extremely
important to their lives as if this is the source of their income. 
 CHAPTER II 
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 
Foreign Studies 
According to Liu, Xingcai, et al. (2022) in the study “Global agricultural water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Blue and Green Water
Availability Under Future Climate Change” that climate change was projected to have negative effects on water availability and consequently a
serious constraint to food production in many areas of the world. However, such effects have not been well understood, particularly over rainfed
croplands, partly because of the poor representation of green water in associated assessments. Differences are found between the scenarios in Amazonia,
Southern Africa, and South Asia. The increases in future WSIag are dominated by the decreased water availability in ∼60% of total croplands and
∼24% of which is dominated by the increased crop water requirement. This implies the important role of green water management for agriculture in
these regions. The integrated assessment can help develop effective strategies for agricultural water management under climate change. 
According to Marengo, José A., et al. (2022) in the study “Increased climate pressure on the agricultural frontier in the Eastern Amazonia–
Cerrado transition zone” that several large-scale drivers of both anthropogenic and natural environmental changes are interacting nonlinearly in the
transition zone between eastern Amazonia and the adjacent Cerrado, considered to be another Brazilian agricultural frontier. Land-use change for
agrobusiness expansion together with climate change in the transition zone between eastern Amazonia and the adjacent Cerrado may have induced a
worsening of severe drought conditions over the last decade. Results evidence an increase in temperature, vapor pressure deficit, subsidence, dry-day
frequency, and a decrease in precipitation, humidity, and evaporation, plus a delay in the onset of the wet season, inducing a higher risk of fire during the
dry-to-wet transition season. These findings provide observational evidence of the increasing climatic pressure in this area, which is sensitive for global
food security, and the need to reconcile agricultural expansion and protection of natural tropical biomes. 
According to Chandio, Abbas Ali, et al. (2022) in the study “Assessing the effect of climate change and financial development on agricultural
production in ASEAN-4: the role of renewable energy, institutional quality, and human capital” this paper examines the effect of climate change
and financial development on agricultural production in ASEAN-4, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand from 1990 to 2016.
Further, we explore the role of renewable energy, institutional quality, and human capital on agricultural production. The results from cross-sectionally
augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model reveal that climate change negatively affects agricultural production; on the other hand,
renewable energy, human capital, and institutional quality affect positively agricultural production. Moreover, renewable energy utilization, human
capital, and intuitional quality moderates the effect of carbon emission on agricultural production. Hence, this study suggests that ASEAN-4 countries
must adopt flexible financial and agricultural policies so that farmers would be benefitted and agricultural production can be increased. 
Local Studies 
According to Alejo, L. A., & Alejandro, A. S. (2022) in the study “Changes in irrigation planning and development
parameters due to climate change” that this study demonstrated that changes in dependable flow and diversion water
requirements in the future due to climate change will reduce potential irrigable areas. Climate change were based on the
published projected climate in the study area. Reduction in potential irrigable area was projected during dry and normal
years and may worsen towards the late twenty-first century under the worst-case climate scenario. Swelling of rivers during
wet years will increase stream flows and potential irrigable areas but may also pose a danger of flooding. The development
of water storage structures is necessary to reduce the adverse impacts of too much water during the wet years. Crop
calendars should also be retrofitted to optimize the use of available rainfall during dry and normal years and climate-proof
future irrigation systems. The results showed that it is necessary to incorporate climate change in irrigation planning and
development. 
According to Nor Diana, Mohd Idris, et al. (2022) in the study “Farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change in
Southeast Asia: a systematic literature review” that this systematic review focuses on the relationship between the
factors of adaptation strategies and the impact of climate change among farmers in Southeast Asia. Climate change, a
phenomenon that occurs over many years, has affected the lives of farmers in the agricultural sector. Therefore, it is
essential to analyse the factors that affect farmers’ decisions to determine their ability to adapt to climate change and
maintain their livelihoods. As such, the present study examines farmers’ understanding of climate change and its impact on
adaptation strategies in Southeast Asia. This systematic review study emphasises information accessibility, education,
training, and income as the most important factors for developing adaptation strategies for farmers to deal with climate
change, rather than programme, internet usage, relatives, and the number of workers. Finally, combining the main factors
can promote technological advancement for farmers who rely on agriculture as their main source of income and help
farmers deal with climate variability to sustain their livelihood. 
According to Shaffril, H. A. M., Krauss, S. E., & Samsuddin, S. F. (2018) in the study “A systematic review on Asian’s
farmers’ adaptation practices towards climate change” that climate change in Asia is affecting farmers’ daily routines.
Much of the focus surrounding climate change has targeted the economic and environmental repercussions on farming. Few
systematic reviews have been carried out on the social impacts of climate change among farmers in Asia. The present
article set out to analyse the existing literature on Asian farmers’ adaptation practices towards the impacts of climate
change. Further review of these articles resulted in six main themes – crop management, irrigation and water management,
farm management, financial management, physical infrastructure management and social activities. To have specific and a
standard systematic review method for guide research synthesis in context of climate change adaptation and to practice
complimentary searching techniques such as citation tracking, reference searching, snowballing and contacting experts. 
 References 
• Alejo, L. A., & Alejandro, A. S. (2022). Changes in irrigation planning and development parameters due to climate
change. Water Resources Management, 36(5), 1711-1726. 
• Barrett, C., and Constas, M. (2014). Toward a theory of resilience for international Development applications.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111,14625-14630. 
• Chandio, A. A., Shah, M. I., Sethi, N., & Mushtaq, Z. (2022). Assessing the effect of climate change and financial
development on agricultural production in ASEAN-4: the role of renewable energy, institutional quality, and human
capital as moderators. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15. 
• Liu, X., Liu, W., Tang, Q., Liu, B., Wada, Y., & Yang, H. (2022). Global agricultural water scarcity assessment
incorporating blue and green water availability under future climate change. Earth’s Future, 10(4), e2021EF002567. 
• Marengo, J. A., Jimenez, J. C., Espinoza, J. C., Cunha, A. P., & Aragão, L. E. (2022). Increased climate pressure on the
agricultural frontier in the Eastern Amazonia–Cerrado transition zone. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 457. 
• Nor Diana, M. I., Zulkepli, N. A., Siwar, C., & Zainol, M. R. (2022). Farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change in
Southeast Asia: a systematic literature review. Sustainability, 14(6), 3639. 
• Shaffril, H. A. M., Krauss, S. E., & Samsuddin, S. F. (2018). A systematic review on Asian’s farmers’ adaptation
practices towards climate change. Science of the total Environment, 644, 683-695. 
 CHAPTER III 
METHODOLOGY

This study focuses on the methodology and that includes the techniques will be used by the
researchers to gather the necessary information to solve the study question. This includes the
research, research locale, sample, sampling technique, ethical consideration, and the data
gathering procedure.
 3.1 Research Design 
The researchers conducted Qualitative Research which includes surveys and personal interactions to investigate the
farmers’ perceptions to the agriculture during climate change era. The data collected will be documented and examined.
Because of this, using qualitative research methodologies enables the researchers to probe and question respondents in
greater detail based on their feedback while also attempting to comprehend their purpose and sentiments. In order to
understand how the farmers will interpret and make meaning of their experiences, the researchers will utilize a descriptive
study to describe circumstances that are conveyed in a precise manner. The target respondents which are the farmers’
perception with regards to a specific issue will be revealed by means of qualitative research methodologies. The researchers
will also use qualitative research, which is defined as conducting an inquiry and having respondents participate in
interviews for appraisal. 
Qualitative survey research undoubtedly assisted in assessing the study in which the title was “Agriculture During Climate
Change Era: Perceptions of Farmers on Present Day Farming”. Specifically, the researchers will conduct data collection
interviews with respondents which are the farmers to meet their objectives, investigating the farmers’ Perception towards
the Agriculture During the Climate Change Era. A Qualitative Research is an effective method of gathering information
about the number of farmers. 
 3.2 Research Locale 

This study was carried out in Manicahan, Victoria, and Lamisahan. The full address is Zamboanga City, High School and
the Manicahan is 20.7 kilometers, the Victoria is 23.1 kilometers, and the Lamisahan is 22.8 kilometers away from
Zamboanga City. The researchers conducted the study off campus inclusive on Barangay Manicahan, Victoria, and
Lamisahan. The researchers selected Manicahan, Victoria, and Lamisahan as its locale since the respondents which are the
farmers are nearly living there. 
 3.3 Research Respondents 

The respondents of this study are the farmers of Barangay Manicahan, Victoria, and Lamisahan. The types of farmers that
were included in the study are corn farmers, and vegetables farmers. The farmers will be observed and interviewed, and
will therefore have firsthand knowledge of this occurrence. The researchers will set a predetermined, regular period while
starting at a random point to answer the study instrument to determine the sample size. As a result, 8 farmers will be
included in the said study. 
 3.4 Sampling Design 

A Purposive Sampling technique will be used in this study. Purposive sampling is a category of non-probability sampling
approaches that involves choosing units for our sample based on their presence of certain traits. 
 3.5 Research Instrument 
The researchers will prepare a 15 item open-ended questions survey questionnaire that will be given to the respondents of
this study which are the farmers so that the researchers were be able to gather the necessary information. The title of this
study is “Agriculture During Climate Change Era: Perceptions of Farmers on Present Day Farming”. The research
instrument that will be used in this study are the Research Survey Question and Interviews. The foundation for the
preliminary research survey questionnaire will be premised on the researchers’ understandings, scrutiny, and as well as the
review of related literature. Also, this will be created in accordance with the objectives and research questions described in
Chapter 1 so that every question can directly contribute to the study’s evaluation. There will be two sections to the
background questionnaire for the respondents. The first section will focus on the perceptions and experiences of the
respondents regarding to this particular topic. The second section will include their information and preferred time for the
interview, and the interview will be face to face, one on one. Before entering the actual interview, the researchers will give
the respondents few days to accomplished the circumstances. The researchers will document the interview so that they can
evaluate it later and compile the pertinent observations and points that the responder made all over the conversation. Also,
in order to let the farmers to know that their interview with the researchers will be recorded and that documentation would
be taking place, the researchers will send them a message asking for their authorization. In order to prevent interruptions,
the researchers will utilize the period provided from free vacant time. The researchers will enter the information obtained
after the one on one interviews and then assess the outcomes. 
 3.6 Ethical Consideration 
The researchers will conduct this study. General research ethics will be taken into account. The respondents will be notified
of all the actions performed during this research as a result of this. The respondents’ privacy is safeguarded. It was optional
for participants to take part in the study. The respondents will suffer no harm because the majority of the information will
be gathered through interviews with research survey questions. 
3.7 Data Gathering Procedure 
  

Figure 3.1 Data Gathering Procedure 

The first step in the data gathering is the preparation of the research instrument. Furthermore, presented to the teacher for
the approval and validation. Additionally, the researchers will ask for the authorization of the respondents and they will be
asked personally or through messenger if they are interested in taking part of this study. Also, intelligible respondents.
Moreover, if the respondents gave their agreement, the researchers used Messenger to distribute the research instrument.
The interview will then be conducted using their preferred recording method. Ultimately, the corresponding outcomes of
the respondents’ responses will next be interpreted and described. At that point, the recorded interview will then be used
by the researchers to respond to their study questions. In conclusion, the recorded interview was then edited by the
researchers. 
THANK YOU!!!