Smart Grid protection - III

Dr. Premalata jena

Electrical Engineering Department

1
Conventional protection coordination approach
The maximum PSQ pre-fault current

The Maximum PSQ fault current seen by each relay

The lowest TDS

The coordination time interval

PSQ fault current seen by the backup relay

The TDS for backup relay

nptel online certification course 2

 Proposed Sequence currents based adaptive protection
approach Direction of pre fault power flow
0.14
t cp _ ij  0.02
TMS cpj  f  M pj TMS cpj H
 I1cFij  R 3 F2 R 4 S3
  1
 I cpj  DG2
0.14 E G
TMSbjc  f  M bj  TMSbjc
UL
tbc _ ij  S1 R1 F1 R 2
 I 2Fij
c 
0.02 S
Grid
 c  1 Grid
 I bj  UL
UL
f new  M p /bj  R5
J
R 6 S2
c
TDS new   TDS cp /bj
f  M p /bj 
_ p / bj
DG1
UL
H. Muda and P. Jena, "Sequence Currents based adaptive protection(a)approach for
distribution networks with distributed generation" IET Generation Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 154-165, 2017

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 Fault Direction Estimation Using Superimposed Currents
•Reverse and forward faults
•The prefault power flow at the relay bus-G
E G H
E G H H Z1E Z1EG I1pre Z1GH Z1H
R3 F1 R4 S2
F2 AC
Grid
S DC I1L

Transformer
SBDER
DER
I H0

Distributed
converter
VE I E0 Z1u VH

DC link
Output

resources
G UL

filter
Microgrid

energy
Unbalanced

VSC
control loads
center
(a) The studied system. (b) The PSQ equivalent circuit for prefault situation.
L J
R5 R 6 S3
H. Muda and P. Jena, "Sequence IBDER Currents based adaptive protection approach for
distribution networksUL with distributed generation" IET Generation Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 154-165, 2017

4
 The PSQ Prefault Current at the Relay Bus-G
The voltage equations

VE  I EO (Z1p  Zu )  I HO Zu  0
I HO (Z1q  Zu )  VH  I EO Zu  0
The PSQ Prefault Current at the Relay Bus-G
Z1u Z1p  Z1u
I1pre  VE  VH  I H0
Z1pq Z1pq
 I1E  I1H
I1pre is depended upon Z1u of the DN.

5
 PSQ Fault Current for Fault at F1 Point
• Voltage equations E G H H
R3 F1 R4 S2
F2 AC
VE  I E Z1r  IG ZF  0 Grid
S DC

Transformer
DER
SBDER

converter
Output
 I G  Z1s  Z1U  EI E Z F  I H Z1U  0 G UL

filter
Microgrid
Unbalanced

VSC
S1 R1 R2 control loads
Grid
 I H  Z1U  Z1q   VH  I G Z1U  0 center

E UL UL H
G J
Z1E Z1EF F1 Z1FG I1F1 Z1GH ZR
1H5 R6 S3

IBDER
I1a I1LF UL
VE IE ZF IG Z1U I H VH

The PSQ equivalent circuit for a fault at the F1 side

6
 PSQ Fault Current for Fault at F1 Point
Z1U Z F Z1qrs  Z1U Z1U Z1r
I1F1   VE  VH  I H
Z1qrs Z1qrs (Z1U  Z1q )
 I1EF  I1HF
•The I1EF and -I1HF PSQ fault currents contributed by the grid and DER respectively, at the relay
location during the fault at F1 side.
•PSQ Fault Current for Fault at F2 Point
E G H
Z1E Z1EG I1F2 Z1GF F2 1FH
Z Z1H

'
I1LF I1a'
VE I E' '
Z1U I G' Z F' I H' VH

The PSQ equivalent circuit for a fault at the F2 side.

7
PSQ Fault Current for Fault at F2 Point
The voltage equations
VE  I E (Z1p  Zu )  I G
 Z1U
 0
 I G  Z1U
  Z1r   I H Z F  I E Z1U
 0
 Z1s
I H   VH  I G
 Z F  0

The PSQ fault current (I1F2) is

Z U Z1s
 Z F ( Z U  Z1p )
I1F2  VE  VH  I G

Z1qrs 
Z1qrs
  I1HF
 I1EF 

A superimposed component
I1F  I1F  I1pre

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 Fault direction estimation using superimposed currents

I1pre 
I1pre
I1F1 I1F2 I1F1 I1F2

I1pre 
I1pre
F 1 I1F1 F1 II1F1 I1F2F 1 I1F1
F 1 I II1F1 1F1 I1F1
I1F2 I
F 1IF
1pre1F1
1 I1F1 VE F1F 2I1F1 F 1 F 1 V
I1pre VE F 2 1F1
I1pre
VH I1F1
F 2 F 2
I1preE V E2 F 2
VH VHV
I1F2 I1pre F
VEV
I1F2 I1F2  I I1F2 I  
 F 2FV21F2 VH V 1pre I E
I1F2  I
I1F2
1F1
E
FH2I1F2
1F1
VH V
I1F2 I(a) I1F2 I1F2
(b) I1F1 
(a) (b) 1F2
I1F2 I1F2
E


(a) (b)
Phasor diagrams (a) (b)
(a) For downstream power flow condition. (b) For upstream power flow condition. (a)

I1F1  I1F1  I1 pre I1F 2  I1F 2  I1 pre

F1  I1F1  I1 pre F 2  I1F 2  I1 pre

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 Rule base for directional element

Power flow Fault Δϕ2 or upstream

Direction of pre fault power flow
Decision downstrea
direction point Δϕ1 H
m R 3 F2 R 4 S3
DG2
Upstream Forward Negative -1
E G UL
S1 R1 F1 R 2
Grid Grid
Upstream Reverse Positive +1
UL UL J
R5 R 6 S2
Downstream Forward Positive +1
DG1
UL
Downstream Reverse Negative -1
(a)

10
 Description of the proposed protection approach
Start

Current samples are sampled at a sampling Computation of

Identification of fault
frequency of 1KHZ superimposed PSQ
type and faulted section
currents

Fault detection using cycle to cycle Calculation of adaptive

comparison technique TDS using stored Computation of angle
Ip,TDS and minimum between superimposed
fault current of grid and pre-fault PSQ currents
Pre-fault and fault current phasor connected mode
estimation using one cycle DFT

Trip time is computed

Calculation of PSQ and NSQ components Applying rule base to
using (1) or (2) to
for pre-fault and fault currents determine the fault
provide a primary or
direction
backup operation

Flow chart of proposed DOCR approach

Decision

11
Simulation results for 4-bus distribution network
H
R3 F2 R4 S3
4.25 km SBDER1
E G ULH
S1 R1 F1 R2
Grid
3.5 km
ULE ULG J
R5 F3 R6 S2
2.2 km SBDER2
ULJ

Schematic diagram of 4-bus distribution network.

12
 Results for Grid-connected mode of operation
Results of the calculation of fault currents, settings and time of operation of
DOCRs for grid connected mode
Adaptive approach Conventional approach
FP
PR/ f  M p / bj 
(j)
BR I cp / bj , I1cF / 2 Fij t1cF / 2 Fij , I cp / bj , I1cFij t1cF / 2 Fij ,
(i) TDS cp / bj CTI TDS cp / bj CTI
A A s A A s
R1 0.636 0.150 6.856 0.431 - 0.049 0.636 0.150 6.856 0.431 -
R2 0.608 0.050 1.842 0.312 - 0.022 0.608 0.050 1.842 0.312 -
F1
R4 0.252 0.142 1.245 0.613 0.301 0.032 0.437 0.142 2.058 0.631 0.319
R6 0.270 0.113 0.954 0.618 0.306 0.023 0.467 0.113 1.493 0.673 0.360
R4 0.437 0.142 2.872 0.518 - 0.038 0.437 0.142 2.872 0.518 -
R3 0.450 0.100 4.077 0.311 - 0.045 0.450 0.100 4.077 0.311 -
F2
R1 0.367 0.150 1.970 0.615 0.304 0.034 0.636 0.150 3.012 0.665 0.354
R6 0.270 0.113 0.959 0.616 0.305 0.026 0.467 0.113 1.466 0.684 0.373
R6 0.467 0.113 3.142 0.407 - 0.039 0.467 0.113 3.142 0.407 -
R5 0.477 0.100 3.952 0.324 - 0.043 0.477 0.100 3.952 0.324 -
F3
R1 0.367 0.150 1.762 0.659 0.335 0.032 0.636 0.150 2.694 0.717 0.393
R4 0.252 0.142 1.214 0.623 0.299 0.032 0.437 0.142 1.854 0.678 0.354

13
 Results for Islanded mode of operation
Results of the calculation of fault currents, settings and time of operation of DOCRs
for islanded mode
Adaptive approach Conventional approach
PR/ f new
FP c
I new ,A
BR I1cF /2 Fij t1cF /2 Fij , I cp / bj , I1cFij t1cFij ,
 M p / bj 
c
TDS new
(j) _ p / bj CTI TDS cp / bj CTI
(i) _ p / bj
, A s A A s
R2 0.153 0.085 1.012 0.309 - 0.038 0.608 0.050 1.012 0.683 -
F1 R4 0.158 0.130 0.682 0.613 0.303 0.030 0.437 0.142 1.043 1.133 0.450
R6 0.189 0.119 0.728 0.612 0.302 0.027 0.467 0.113 1.114 0.902 0.219
R4 0.273 0.123 1.405 0.518 - 0.033 0.437 0.142 1.405 0.841 -
F2 R3 0.282 0.050 0.852 0.312 - 0.022 0.450 0.100 0.852 1.090 -
R6 0.189 0.122 0.744 0.616 0.303 0.028 0.467 0.113 1.138 0.880 -0.20
R6 0.328 0.119 2.418 0.407 - 0.041 0.467 0.113 2.418 0.473 -
F3 R5 0.334 0.063 1.278 0.324 - 0.027 0.477 0.100 1.278 0.703 -
R4 0.158 0.130 0.665 0.623 0.299 0.029 0.437 0.142 1.017 1.167 0.437

14
Performance evaluation of the proposed directional components
I1pre I1F ΔI1F

Mode
FP Mag Ang Mag Ang Mag Ang Φ1 D

Fault
(A) (rad) (A) (rad) (A) (rad) H
Results for superimposed F1 0.450 1.59 4.077 -2.28 4.423 -2.21 2.48 +1
R3 F2 R4 S3
M1 4.25km SBDER1
F2 0.450 1.59 1.209 -0.40 1.451 -0.69 -2.28 -1
PSQ directional element F1 0.282 1.53 0.852 1.25 0.586 1.12 -0.41 -1 E
S1 R1 F1 R2
G ULH

AG
M2 Grid
F2 0.282 1.53 0.967 -1.91 1.239 -1.84 2.91 +1 3.5km
at R3 for different Mode of M3
F1 0.527 1.82 4.833 2.89 4.603 2.99 1.17 +1 ULE ULG J
R5 F3 R 6 S2
F2 0.527 1.82 0.765 -1.08 1.282 -1.18 -3.00 -1
system operations M1
F1 0.450 1.59 10.98 -2.84 11.11 -2.80 1.89 +1 2.2 km SBDER2

F2 0.450 1.59 3.249 -1.01 3.642 -1.07 -2.66 -1 ULJ

F1 0.282 1.53 2.799 0.21 2.742 0.11 -1.42 -1

ABC

M2
F2 0.282 1.53 2.153 -2.63 2.313 -2.53 2.23 +1
F1 0.527 1.82 12.99 2.22 12.50 2.24 0.42 +1
M3
F2 0.527 1.82 2.215 0.74 2.020 0.51 -1.31 -1

* M1-Grid connected, M2-Islanded, M3-Disconnection of DERs.

15
 Results for superimposed directional element
Results for superimposed PSQ directional element at R3 for different Mode of system
operations
/2 /2 /2 /2
2/3 /3 2/3 /3 2/3 /3 2/3 /3
I1F
5/6 /6 /6 5/6 I1pre I1F /6 5/6
I1pre
/6
I1pre 5/6 I1pre 1
 2.28
 1 0 
1 0  1 0
 0  0.41  2.91
 2.48 I1F
-/6 -/6 -5/6 -/6
-5/6 I1F -5/6 I1F -/6 -5/6 I1F
I1F -2/3
I1F -/3
-2/3 -/3 -2/3 -/3 -2/3 -/3 -/2
-/2 -/2 -/2

Phasor diagrams for ag-type fault. (a) For FP F1 during grid connected mode. (b)
For FP F2 during grid connected mode. (c) For FP F1 during islanded mode. (d) For
FP F2 during islanded mode.

16
 Laboratory arrangement

Schematic diagram for the hardware-in-the loop arrangement using real-time

digital simulator and dSPACE for implementation of DOCR technique.

17
 Hardware results
Trip signal Creation of ag type
is at 1.19s fault at t=0.1s
Ia , I b , Ic (2.5A / div) Ia , I b , Ic (2.5A / div)

Trip signal
is at 0.98s

1.090s 0.880s
I1F , 2.5A / div (a) 120ms/div I1F , 2.5A / div (b)
120ms/div

Creation of ag type fault at t=0.1s Creation of ag type fault at t=0.1s

Ia , I b , Ic (2.5A / div) Ia , I b , Ic
(2.5A / div)

Trip signal
Trip signal is at
is at 0.716s
0.412s

0.312s 0.616 s
I1F , 2.5A / div 120ms/div I 2F , 2.5A / div 120ms/div
(c) (d)

Real-time three phase current signals for fault F2 during Islanded mode. (a) For conventional
DOCR R3. (b) For conventional DOCR R6. (c) For adaptive DOCR R3. (d) For adaptive DOCR
R6.

18
 Superimposed adaptive sequence current based protection
technique
E G H H
R3 F1 R 4 F2S2 A
• The NSQ and PSQ based superimposed Grid
S DC

Transformer
components SBDER
DER

Output
E G MicrogridUnbalancedUL

filter

VSC
• The reverse andSforward
1 R1faults R2 control loads
Grid
• The sequence diagram for the prefault situation Singlecenter
line diagram of a three-phase power
system with DERs and unbalanced loads.
UL UL J
R5 R6 S3
H. Muda and P. Jena, "Superimposed adaptive sequence current based microgrid protection:
A new technique" IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 757-767, 2017
IBDER
UL
19
Thank You

20
Superimposed adaptive sequence current based protection technique
Adaptive Technique
• If the fault current seen be the relay is due the contribution of only IBDERs, ΔIF
is expressed as
I1F  I1pre
I F 
I1F

• In case of SBDERs, the ΔIF computed by the relay can be written as

I1F  I1pre
I F 
I1F
• Mathematically, IF is expressed as

I F   I1F  I 2F   I F

21
 Protection Coordination
• IDMT characteristics
0.14
t TDS f  M   TDS
M 0.02
1

• Based on the microgrid mode of operation, TDS of adaptive superimposed sequence

current relay (ASSCR) is computed as
f  Mr 
TDSc  TDSr
f  Mc 
• The lower and upper limits for the TDS are set to 0.05 and 1 respectively.
• The operation time limit of both the PR and BRs within 1 s and the desired CTI of 0.3
s which is being typically used in utility requirements with the relay settings.

22
 Prefault NSQ and PSQ Currents
E G H H S1F1 S1F2 Z1L I1L
R3 F1 R4 F2S2 AC E I1a G I1a' H
Grid Z1E Z1EF Z1FG Z1GF Z1FH Z1H
S DC F2

Transformer
F1
SBDER
DER VE VH

Distributed
converter
I1pre / I1F1 / I1F2

DC link
Output

resources
G MicrogridUnbalancedUL

filter
S 2F1

energy
S 2F2

VSC
R2 control loads
3RF Z 2L I 2L
I 2a G '
I 2a
E H
center Z 2E Z 2EF Z 2FG Z 2GF Z 2FH Z 2H

UL J I 2pre / I 2F1 / I 2F2

R5 R6 S3 S0F1 S0F2
Z 0L I 0L
Symmetrical E I 0a G '
I 0a H
IBDER Z 0E Z 0EF Z 0FG Z 0GF Z 0FH Z 0H
component
UL
representation
Z 0N

23
Superimposed adaptive sequence current based protection
technique
• Superimposed NSQ directional element I 2F1  I 2F1  I 2pre
The NSQ superimposed current (ΔI2F) F1  I 2F1  I 2pre
I 2pre VE I 2pre VE
F1

I 2E
F2
I 2F2 I 2F2  I 2F2  I 2pre
I 2E
I 2F2
F2  I 2F2  I 2pre
I 2F1
I 2EF 
VH I 2HF VH
I 2H 
I 2H
I 2F1 I 2HF 
I 2EF
(a) (b)

Phasor diagrams showing superimposed NSQ current

phasors. (a) For fault at F1 side. (b) For fault at F2 side.
24
Superimposed adaptive sequence current based
protection technique

Flow chart of the proposed ASSCR technique.

25
Simulation Results for IEEE 34-Bus Microgrid
848
SG1 846 PV1
844 DC
T1 R12 AC
F12 T4
Exciter PV2
F11
R11
842
R10 DC
864 F10 AC
F9
R9
822 858 F3 F4 F5 F6 860 F7 F8 T3 840
R3 R4 834 R5 R6 R7 R8 836
820 R2
F2 SG2 T5 862
818 F1
Grid R1
802 806 808 812 814 850 824 826 832 838
888 890 Exciter
816
Switch
800 T1
852 DC AC
810
AC DC DFIG

828 830 854 856

Schematic diagram of the standard IEEE-34 bus microgrid

26
Results for the Islanded Mode of Operation having
IBDERs

27
 Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Directional
Elements (NSQ Directional Relaying Technique)
Superimposed NSQ Directional Relaying Technique
• The selectivity property
• The F3 and F5 fault points
• The NSQ prefault and fault current
angle data
Results for superimposed NSQ
directional element at R5 for ag-type fault
and microgrid operation.

28
 Superimposed PSQ Directional Relaying Technique
Results for superimposed PSQ directional element at R5 for abcg-type
fault and microgrid operation.

29
 Hardware Results

Laboratory setup for ASSCR technique in the Hardwar-in loop (HIL) test using
real-time digital simulator and dSPACE.
30
 Hardware test results
Ia , I b , Ic Ia , I b , Ic DOCR
DOCRR6 trip R8 trip

ag fault at ag fault at
F6 point F6 point
Iphase Iphase

t1=0.24 s t2=0.62 s (a) 100ms/div (b) 100ms/div

Ia , I b , Ic ASSCR-R6 trip Ia , I b , Ic ASSCR-R8 trip

ag fault at ag fault at
F6 point F6 point
IF IF

(c) 100ms/div (d) 100ms/div

t1=0.2 s t2=0.58 s

Three current and observed relay current signals for fault F6 during Islanded mode
(a) For traditional OC primary relay R6, (b) For traditional OC backup relay R8, (c)
For primary ASSCR R6 (d) For backup ASSCR R6

31
 Hardware test results

Three current and observed relay currents for fault F6 during Island (IBDERs)
mode: (a) For traditional primary overcurrent relay R6; (b) For traditional backup
overcurrent relay R8; (c) For primary ASSCR R6; (d) For backup ASSCR R6

32
THANK YOU

33