C1: WHAT CAN BE THE PREMODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE IN

ENGLISH? EX. (TR27-29)

A, Major classes
* Adj
- Central Adjs
+ General: good/ bad/ beautiful
+ Age: old/ new/ young
+ Colour: black/ white/ orange
+ Shape/ size: square/ round/ triangular
- Attributive Adj:
+ Nationality (định ngữ): British/ American radio
+ Denominal (á danh): political consciousness, physical condition
→ E.g.: The pretty old black triangular tower
* Verb
- V-ing participle:
+ temporary: the approaching train (= the train which is approaching)
+ permanent: an interesting book (= a book that interests readers)
- V-ed2 participle:
+ passive: the broken vase (= the vase that was broken)
+ non-passive: a retired teacher (= a teacher who has retired)
* Noun
- N’s (genitive): The boy’s cottage/ The men’s room/ The mother’s letter,.....
- N (common-case): The country cottage/ peace movement/ This lecture hall,....
- A series of N: The black market meat price reduction
B, Minor classes of Pre-modifiers:
- Adv: The then minister, a far-away cottage
- Prep. P: on-the-job classes cottage
- Clause: pop-down-for-the-weekend cottage
C2: WHAT CAN BE THE POSTMODIFIER OF A NOUN PHRASE
IN ENGLISH? EX (tr30-31)
A, Major classes
* Adv/ Prep. P:
- Place: the man in the car/ at the desk/ upstairs/ down there
- Time: the meeting on Tuesday
- Manner: a problem of great importance/ a man of four children
* Non-finite verbs:
- To V:
+ Appositive: their hope to become teachers
+ Descriptive: the last bus to arrive
- V-ing: temporary character: the man standing there
- V-ed2: passive meaning:
+ the vase broken during the row
+ the words underlined
* Relative clause:
- Restrictive: The man who(m) you met......
- Non-restrictive: Mr Jones, whom you met the other day,.......
B, Minor classes:
- Adj: E.g..
+ the man difficult to meet
+ the boys easiest to teach
+ something unclear
C3: STATE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A BASIC AND A
COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE. EX.
- A basic noun phrase and a complex noun phrase differ in that while a basic noun
phrase needs premodifier of closed system items.
+ For example: All the two students/ Both of my brothers/ The first two books,...
(sgk tr20)
- A complex noun phrase needs premodifier of both closed system items and open
class items.
+ For example: The beautiful girl sitting in the corner. (sgk tr26)
The English Grammar book there which I bought two years ago.
(sgk tr32)
- Besides, a complex noun phrase also needs postmodifier.
+ E.g.. The man in the car (hoặc lấy bất kì 1 vd nào từ c2)
C4: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A NOUN PHRASE
IN ENGLISH? E.g. (sgk 23-24)
- As S: The cat chased the mouse./ The birds fly in the sky.
- As Od: They like my toy./ Cong enjoys British music.
- As Oi: I saw the book on the table./ We gave our friend a book.
- As Cs: My Dad is a university lecturer.
- As Co: They elected him their chairman.
- As Cprep: On the way, we looked at it.
- As Cadj: The game isn’t worth the candle.
- As Appositive: My friend, a talented athlete, is coming to visit.
- As Adverbial: Next week, she will go camping./ Last week we telephoned him.
C5: A NOUN PHRASE IN ENGLISH MIGHT CONTAIN MORE
THAN ONE FINITE CLAUSE. T/F? E.g.
- It is true. E.g.: The man who I loved and who I sacrificed my life to is not the
father of my children.
C6: HOW CAN E VERB BE CLASSIFIED? (c18 tr12-13 thầy Hóa)
* According to their functions of these items in the same verb phrase, there are two
kinds of E verbs. (hoa thị 1 chép hết)
- Lexical verbs are those verbs that denote action or state.
E.g..: We speak Vietnamese. (action) (sgk tr35)
She looks tired today. (state)
- Auxiliary verbs are those that help complete the meaning of the verbs phrase.
 You can go there now.
We’re learning a new lesson.
* According to their abilities to be used in the progressive form. Verbs are
classified in 2: stative and dynamic (chỉ chép chỗ bôi vàng)
- Stative verb is one that expresses state, experience, condition .... It has no
continuous forms, expressing:
+ Feelings and emotion: admire, hate, appreciate, desire, like, dislike, mind,....
+ Thinking and believing: argue, mean, realize, see
+ Wants and preferences: prefer, want, wish
+ Perception and senses: perceive, recognize, see, hear, feel, taste
+ Being, seeming, having, owning: be, appear, become, seem, look, own
+ States and conditions: concern, contain, hold, consist, keep,.....
→ E.g..: She knows me/ She is weak (sgk tr36)
- Dynamic verb is one that indicates an action or single event, has continuous form.
→ E.g..: They’re singing/ She learns English
* According to the relationship between the verb element and other elements in the
clause. We classify verb in 5. (chỉ cần chép tên Verb và VD)
- Intensive verbs take Cs or A(obligatory) (sentence types SVC and SVA)
E.g..: He is in the garden.
- Intransitive verbs: with zero complementation (sentence type SV)
E.g..: He arrived.
- Monotransitive verbs: takes one object (sentence pattern: SVO)
E.g..: He wrote a letter
- Ditransitive verbs: take two objects (sentence type S-V-O-O)
E.g..: He gave me his book
- Complex transitive verbs: take Od Co or Od A (sentence types SVOC and
SVOA)
+ With SVOC type
E.g..: I think life to be thus/ I have my hair cut/ I grow my hair long.
+ With SVOA type
E.g..: They put him in a good position./ They hit him on the head.
C7: IN TERMS OF VERB COMPLEMENTATION, WHAT IS THE
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AN INTENSIVE AND INTRANSITIVE
VERB? E.g.
- In terms of verb complementation, an intensive verb often takes subject
complement as its complementation. For example, My brother is a teacher. (sgk
tr23)
- While an intransitive verb takes zero complementation, though sometimes it has a
lot of time or manner its optional complementation. E.g.: The plane took off. (sgk
tr10)
C8: WHAT CAN BE OBJECT COMPLEMENT? E.g.
- Object complementation in E can be:
+ Noun phrase: They elected him their chairman. (sgk tr23)
+ Adj phrase: We found him innocent of all charges. (sgk tr95)
+ Non-finite clause: She wanted me to do these exercises. (tr17)
+ Finite clause: They made me what I wanted. (tr18)
C9: SEMANTICALLY, THE OBJECT CAN WORK AS THE
SUBJECT OF THE OBJECT COMPLEMENT IN THE SVOC
STRUCTURE. T/F? E.g.
It is true. E.g.: I consider him a great friend (SVOCo)
[In this sentence, "him" is the object of the verb "consider" and "a great friend" is
the object complement. "Him" also acts as the subject of the object complement
phrase "a great friend."] (cre: https://poe.com/ChatGPT) (phần giải thích này ko
cần chép cũng đc)
He made me scary (SVOC)
I was scary (SVCs)
We painted the door blue (SVOCo)
C10: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A NON FINITE
VERB PHRASE? E.g. (dựa vào c40 tr34 + 1 số bài thầy Hóa đã chữa +
sgk + sau “/” là vd của th Trung)
- Syntactically, a non finite verb phrase can function as:
+ Subject: To help him is my task (sgk 41)./ To learn E takes us much time.
+ Object: He enjoys watching TV. (sgk 42)/ She enjoyed fooling around at
weekend.
+ Subject complement: All he must do now is repeat what she says (sgk41)./ My
duty was to take him up at 6.
+ Object complement: We wanted the visitor to stay with us.(c8 đề đầu tiên thầy
Hóa)/ She made me work hard all the time.
+ Adverbial: Hearing a noise, he went outside to see what was happening./ To get
more money, he took an extra-job
+ Appositive: Her hobby, listening to music, makes me surprised/curious./ His
dream, to conquer her heart, has never been materialized.
+ Preposition complement: They are thinking of cheating her. (tr34)/ I am fond of
reading science- fiction book.
+ Adjective complement: She was busy making up all days. (tr34)/ It is important
to be there on time.
C11: IN TERMS OF SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS, A NOUN PHRASE
AND A VERB PHRASE MIGHT HAVE SOMETHING IN
COMMON. T/F? E.g. (lấy từ vd đầu ở c4 và vd thầy Trung ở c10 hoặc
sgk nếu ngắn hơn)
It is true. They can both take the syntactic function as:
- Subject:
+ The cat chased the mouse.
+ To learn E takes us much time.
- Object:
+ I saw the book on the table.
+ He enjoys watching TV.
- Appositive:
+ My friend, a talented athlete, is coming to visit.
+ His dream, to conquer her heart, has never been materialized.
- Subject complement:
+ My Dad is a university lecturer.
+ My duty was to take him up at 6.
- Object complement:
+ They elected him their chairman.
+ She made me work hard all the time
- Preposition complement:
+ On the way, we looked at it.
+ I am fond of reading science- fiction book.
- Adjective complement:
+ The game isn’t worth the candle.
+ It is important to be there on time.
C12: ALL ADJ IN E ARE CENTRAL. T/F? E.g. (lý thuyết sgk
tr69+19)
- It is false.
+ Majority of adjectives in E are central.
E.g..: He is tall/ stupid/ clever - He is a tall/ stupid/ clever boy.
A hungry man - The man is hungry (sgk tr69)
+ However, some are attributive only.
E.g.: He is a perfect fool/ She is my old friend.
He’s an out and out scoundrel (tr19)
+ And, some are predicative only.
E.g.: The house is ablaze.
He’s afraid to do it. (sgk tr69)
C13: THE HEAD OF ALL PHRASES BELONG TO OPEN CLASS
ITEM. T/F? E.G.
- It is false. The head of noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase and adverb
phrase belong to open system item. However, the head of prepositional phrase
belongs to closed system item.
E.g.: All these examples are correct./ This book is very interesting. (sgk 20)
Seeing is believing./ They enjoyed watching TV. (sgk 42)
They were expert at grammar. (sgk 95)
This works really well for its size. (cambridge dic)
They were in the car then. (sgk 85)
C14: THE ADJ PHRASE AND NOUN PHRASE HAVE NOTHING IN
COMMON. T/F? E.G.
- It is false. Syntactically, both noun phrase and adj phrase can function as:
+ First, subject.
E.g.: The cat chased the mouse. (c4)
The rich have the own worry. (thầy Trung)
+ Second, subject complement.
E.g.: She is a beautiful girl.
They were expert at grammar. (sgk 95)
+ Third, object.
E.g.: My father gives me a beautiful present.
They will help only the humble poor. (sgk 68)
+ Fourth, object complement.
E.g.: They elected him their chairman. (sgk tr23)
We found him innocent of all charges. (sgk 95)
C15: THE PREPOSITION COMPLEMENT IS REALIZED
DIFFERENTLY. T/F? E.G. (sgk 85)
It is true. It can be realized by:
- Noun phrase: in accordance with the regulations./ with his greatest efforts.
 He was surprised at her remark. (thầy Trung)
- -ing participle clauses: by doing so/ without being accepted/ at his coming late
He was surprised at her saying that.
- Wh-interrogative clauses: in why you want to do that./ on what the Government
will decide
He was surprised at what she said.
- Yes/no interrogative clauses: It depended on whether he would win the match or
not
- Nominal relative clauses:I was interested in whatever he was saying at that time
- Adv: Since then, I’ve been very happy.
C16: A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE MIGHT CONTAIN MORE
THAN ONE FINITE CLAUSE. T/F? E.G.
It is true.
E.g.: It depended on who you were, what you had done.
C17: WHAT CAN BE THE S, O, C, A IN E SENTENCES? E.G.
(LẤY NGẮN GỌN TỪ C30-34, C8)
C18: THE SUBJECT IN E CAN BE MOBILE. T/F? E.G. (sgk 93)
It is true. In English, the subject can appear in different positions within a sentence,
depending on the intended emphasis or tone.
- Initial: Completely before V:
E.g.: They are teacher.
- Medial (after Operator):
E.g.: Where does your poor old mother live?
Only by so doing can we help him successfully.
- Final: with introductory “it”
E.g.: It is my task to help him.
C19: THE SV CONCORD IS REGULATED BY DIFFERENT
PRINCIPLES. T/F? E.G. (sgk 97-98)
It is true. There are 3 principles that decide the SV concord in E.
- Grammatical principle: the V must agree with the S in the terms of tense, person
and number.
E.g.: S singular + V singular: he is a doctor (Verb “be” agrees with the S “she” in
present simple tense, third person, singular)
S plural + V plural: They like football.
- Notional principle: The V agrees with the S in terms of meaning
+ S= nominal relative clause + V singular/ V plural
E.g.: What he says isn’t true.
What they like best are tea and coffee.
+ S= collective + V singular/ V plural
E.g.: Police is a dangerous job/ Police come in 3 cars.
- Principle of proximity: The V agrees with the nearest S
E.g.: Either she or her parents attend the party.
Either her parents or she attends the party.
C20: IN TERMS OF SEMANTIC ROLES, THE SUBJECT AND
OBJECT HAVE NOTHING IN COMMON. T/F? E.G.
It is false. Semantically, they can both be:
affected: The door is opened. - he opens the door.
instrumental: he wrote with a pen. - the pen wrote very well.
recipient: I sent him a letter - he got the letter.
C21: FROM 2 GIVEN CLAUSE, WE CAN COMBINE THEM BOTH
COORDINATELY AND SUBORDINATELY. T/F?
It is true. E.g.: Man proposes but god disposes. (coord)
Although man proposes, god disposes. (subord)
He is old but he is still active.
He is still active though he is old.
C22: CAN ELLIPSIS BE APPLIED TO ALL SENTENCE
ELEMENTS? JUSTIFY YOUR ANSWER WITH EXAMPLES? (sgk
125)
Yes, it can.
E.g.: Ellipsis of subject: Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (he) drank a glass of beer.
Ellipsis of auxiliary only: John should clean the shed and Peter (should) mow
the lawn.
Ellipsis of predicate or predication: I work in a factory and my wife (works)
on a farm./John was the winner in 1971 and Bob (was the winner) 10 years later.
Ellipsis of Od or Cs only: John likes (Marry) and Peter hates, Marry./Bob
seemed angry, and George certainly was (angry).
Ellipsis of A: To my surprise, they didn’t appoint him, and they (to my
surprise) didn’t even interview him.
Ellipsis of head noun or of C prep: We wanted fried fish, but they gave us
boiled (fish).
C23: SYNTACTICALLY, WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
A FINITE CLAUSE AND A NON FINITE CLAUSE? E.G.
Syntactically, a finite clause differs from a non finite one in that there is SV
concord in a finite clause but a non finite clause doesn’t have.
E.g.: She went to school on foot. - when going to school, she bumped into an old
friend.
C24: STRUCTURALLY , WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
A FINITE CLAUSE AND A NON FINITE CLAUSE? E.G.
Structurally, a finite clause differs from a non finite one in that a finite clause
always goes with its own subject but a non finite one doesn’t.
E.g.: To improve her E, she took on intensive course at the language link.
C25: A NON FINITE CLAUSE NEVER GOES WITH ITS OWN
SUBJECT. T/F? E.G.
- It is false. A non finite clause sometimes goes with its own subject.
For example: With her aunt going out, Mary turned on the TV.
It is necessary for her to try hard to pass the exams.
C26: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A NOMINAL
CLAUSE AND AN ADVERBIAL CLAUSE? E.G. (sgk 136+th trung)
- A nominal clause functions as a noun within a sentence, while an adverbial
clause functions as an adverb.
+ A nominal clause can act as a subject, object, complement or appositive in a
sentence.
For example: That he is a doctor is obvious.
I believe that he is a doctor.
The problem is that we don’t have enough resources.
My goal, that I become a doctor, is still a long way off.
+ An adverbial clause, on the other hand, functions as an adverb.
For instance:
- An adjunct: As all of you know, this story is a legend.
- A disjunct: To be honest, he is very stingy.
- A conjunct: What’s more important, you have to go out.
C27: WHAT ARE THE MAIN FORMS OF E VERBS? E.G. (c8 tr6)
a, Base form:
- Imperative form: Be quiet./ Give me your book./ Go away.
- All the present tense except the third person singular: They work hard.
- After modal auxiliary verb: I can cook.
- As object complement: He made me cry.
S V O Co
- In subjunctive sentences: He orders that we be here at 7./ it’s necessary that he
get married.
b, -s form with the third person singular present tense: He goes to work every day.
c, -ing participle form:
Progressive form or perfect progressive aspect: He is reading my letter.
-Ing participle clause: Going home, I did some shopping.
d, Past formularized : used in the past tense: She phoned me yesterday.
e, -ed/-en participle form (P2):
- Perfective aspect: I have finished my work.
- Passive voice: He’s called John.
- -Ed participle clause: Given a present, she was happy.
C28: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A ADJ.P? (c14)
- As subject: The rich have the own worry. (thầy Trung)
- As subject complement: They were expert at grammar. (sgk 95)
- As object: They will help only the humble poor. (sgk 68)
- As object complement: We found him innocent of all charges. (sgk 95)
C29: WHAT ARE SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS OF A PREP.P? (sgk 85-
86)
a, Adverbial:
- Within the clause structure, prepositional phrase may function as follows:
* Adjunct:
- Obligatory: The meeting will be on Monday./ They were in the car then.
- Optional: In 1945, two million people died of hunger./ In the car the fought
fiercely.
* Disjunct: In general, this is a difficult matter.
To my surprise, the doctor phoned.
* Conjunct: In addition, doing exercise can help us reduce stress.
On the other hand, they made no attempt to the the victors.
b, Other functions:
* Post-modifier in a noun phrase:
E.g.: The people on the bus were dancing.
This is a problem of great significance.
* Complementation of a verb:
E.g.: We depend on you.
We’re looking for the little boy.
I am looking after an adorable cat.
* Complementation of an adjective.
E.g.: I am sorry for his parents.
 Vietnam is famous for food, natural beauty and culture.
C30: WHAT CAN BE THE S? (sgk 93+c40)
- NP: My brother is a teacher of E./ Where does your poor old mother live?
- Nominal clause:
+ Non-finite: It is easy to learn grammar.
Run away was that we can do then.
It is no use crying over the milk spilt.
+ Finite: That he is the best student of this group is widely accepted.
Who will go there is a question.
Whoever went there was given a small book.
Whether he’ll help us or not is not certain yet.
- Adj.P (dựa vào c14 th trung): The rich have the own worry.
C31: WHAT CAN BE THE OD? (sgk 94+ c40)
- NP: We know this man./ She asked some interesting questions.
- Nominal clause:
+) Non-finite:
+ “To” infinitive: She likes to dance then.
+ -Ing participle: We like singing the song in the group.
+) Finite:
+ “That” clause: We know that you are rich.
+ “Wh-” clause: I didn’t know why you didn’t love me.
+ Nominal rel.cl: I can’t understand whatever he says.
+ Yes/no interrogative: Do you know if he can swim?
C32: WHAT CAN BE THE OI?
- NP: We gave our friend a book.
- Nominal rel.cl: They gave whoever went there a present.
C33: WHAT CAN BE THE CS? (sgk 95+ c40)
- NP: He is my brother.
- Adj.P: They were expert at grammar.
- Nominal clause: The question is that he is still single.
The question is where we will go after the class.
What he likes is not whatever I like.
The question is if he can cope with the situation.
My job was to remind him of his duty.
What we ought to do is repeat what he says.
Her dream was becoming a good translator.
- Adj.Cl: They were busy attending the course.
I’m sure that they will succeed.
C34: WHAT CAN BE THE ADVERBIAL? (sgk 95-96)
- Adv: He went there yesterday./ She’s now upstairs.
- Prep.P/ NP: They were in the car then.
Next week, she will go camping./ Last week we telephoned him.
(c4)
- Finite clause: You can hang it wherever you like.
- Non finite clause: He’s nowhere to be seen.
- Verbless clause: When in Rome do as Rome does.
C35: HOW ARE CLAUSES IN E CLASSIFIED?
1, According to usages: 2 kinds
- Main clause (superordinate clause/independent clause)
- Sub-clause (subordinate clause/dependent clause)
E.g.: I know that you’re honest. (2 gạch là sub, 1 gạch là main; sgk tr11 để rõ hơn)
What he likes isn’t what I likes
2, Structural classification: 3 kinds (sgk 135+ppt thầy Trung)
a, Finite clause: a clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase
- That clauses: It’s obvious that he’s honest.
- Wh-interrogative clauses: I don’t know who he is.
- Adverbial clauses: When I have time, I’ll go there.
- Relative clauses: The man who went there didn’t know this.
b, Non-finite clause: a clause whose verb element is a non-finite verb phrase
(vd 1 là WITHOUT S, vd 2 là WITH S)
- Infinitive:
+ “To” infinitive NFCl: To learn E is difficult.
It’s difficult for us to learn English.
+ Bare infinitive NFCl: Run away is what I could do then.
He made me cry.
- Participle:
+ V-ing: Going home, I did some shopping
The teacher being ill, we missed our lesson.
+ V-ed: Given a beautiful present, she was very happy.
The letter written by my friend is difficult to read.
c, Verbless clause: a clause whose verb element is absent
E.g.: Tired of the lecture, he fell fast asleep./ She stayed at home jobless./ He went
to bed angry.
3, According to the syntactic function of subclause: 4 kinds (sgk 136-142 + c40)
a, Nominal clause: is a clause that performs nominal function as S, O, C
- “That” clause: That he is the best student of this group is widely accepted.
- “Wh-” clause: Who will go there is a question.
- Nominal rel.cl: Whoever went there was given a small book.
- Yes/no interr: Do you know if he can swim? (Od)
- “To” infinitive: It is easy to learn grammar.
- Bare infinitive: Run away was what we could do then.
-Ing participle: It is no use crying over the milk spilt.
b, Relative clause:
- Restrictive clause: The man who was standing at the door is my brother.
- Non-restrictive clause: I gave my book to John, who you met yesterday.
- Connective-relative clause: He failed the exam, which made his parent unhappy.
c, Comment clause:
- An adjunct: As all of you know, this story is a legend.
- A disjunct: To be honest, he is very stingy.
- A conjunct: What’s more important, you have to go out.
d, Adverbial clause: (tr 25+30)
- After having breakfast, he went to school.
- They went wherever they could find work
- If he comes, I’ll kiss him.