NURSING FOUNATION

UNIT - 1 PART - 2
PREPARED BY
MRS. M. SARANYA,
NURSING TUTOR,
SACRED HEART COLLEGE OF NURSING, KUM.
BODY DEFENCES:

❖ INTRODUCTION
❖ IMMUNITY
❖ IMMUNIZATION
❖ IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
 Every human being has its immune system t
defend it against the pathogens.

IMMUNITY:
It is the ability of the body to defend itself against
the specific invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses..
TYPES OF IMMUNITY:
1. INNATE IMMUNITY
2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

INNATE IMMUNITY
a. specific defences
b. Non specific defences

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
a. Active immunity
b. passive immunity
NON SPECIFIC DEFENCES:

❑ It is the general response against invasion by wide range of

pathogens.
❑ It includes anatomic and physiologic barriers and
inflammatory response.
❑ It involves – FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE [ mechanical and
chemical barriers]
SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE [ Inflammation response
and phagocytosis]
THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE [Natural Killer cells ]
FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
Includes Mechanical and chemical barriers.
It involves skin and mucus membrane.
Substances like sebum , mucus , saliva, tears
acts as a non-specific defences which inhibits the growth of
micro organisms.
SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE:
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE:
The inflammatory mediators like histamine,
and prostaglandin when released
Attract WBCs

Chemotaxis
causes
Redness, pain , swelling
leads to
Increased flow and vascular permeability in affected region

Phagocytic WBCs reach general area

Enter the affected tissue
PHAGOCYTOSIS :
It involves ingestion and destruction of micro organisms .
there are two types of phagocytes

Neutrophils Macrophages

Granular leukocytes Phagocytic-monocyte

macrophages

First to arrive at the scene of Get enlarged to form giant

inflammation. phagocytic cells after migrating out
of blood.
May be present outside the surface of They use lysis and breaking
some mucus membranes
Method by killing Damaging plasma membranes for the
cells
THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE

 Killer T cells (lymphocytes) recognize surface

markers on other cells labeled for destruction . Killer
T cells kill many types of tumor cells and cells
infected by different kind of viruses.
SPECIFIC DEFENCES:
It involves the production of specific antibodies or
activation of T cells against the particular pathogens or
other foreign substances.

TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES:

a. Anitbody mediated defences
b. Cell mediated defences
 1. Antibody mediated immune response: IN this alpha cells
transform in to plasma cells, which synthesize and secrete specific
glycoprotein called antibodies or immunoglobulin, that binds
specifically the antigen and initiates a variety of elimination
responses.
 5 classes of immunoglobulins designated by letters and usually
written as IgM, Ig G , Ig A ,
Ig D and Ig E.
Formation of T cells and B cells: both the T cells and a cells
develop from the stem cells in the bone marrow into thymus.
 2. Cell mediated defences or cellular immunity :
Cellular immunity occurs
through the T cell system.
 It is effective against intracellular pathogens,
cancer cells and foreign tissue transplant.
 ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:
The resistance that an individual acquires during life.
a . Active immunity
b. Passive immunity

ACTIVE IMMUNITY: - is the resistance developed by an

individual .
It is long lasting immunity.
PASSIVE IMMUNITY:
The resistance that is transmitted to a recipient
in a “ready made” form. There is no antigenic stimulus;
instead performed antibodies are administered.
IMMUNIZATION:

It is the act of creating

immunity artificially by giving
vaccines against a particular
disease.
 PURPOSE OF IMMUNIZATION:

To provide protection against infectious

diseases in children by routine immunization of
children.
To provide protection in selected groups or
individuals having risk of particular infection by
immunizing them against particular infection.
TYPES OF VACCINES :
LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES:
BACTERIAL – BCG
- Typhoid oral
- Plague
VIRAL – Oral polio
- Yellow fever
- Measles
- Rubella
- Mumps
- Influenza
- Egypt typhus
KILLED OR INACTIVATED VACCINES:
BACTERIAL – Typhoid
- Cholera
- Pertusis
- Meningitis
- Plague
VIRAL - Rabies
- Polio (salk)
- Influenza
- Hepatitis `B`
- Japanese Encephalitis
TOXOIDS –
BACTERIAL – Diphtheria
_ Tetanus

IMMUNOGLOBULINS
HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN NON HUMAN ANTISERA
HUMAN NORMAL Ig HUMAN SPECIFIC Ig BACTERIAL VIRAL
> Hepatitis A > Hepatitis B Diphtheria Boutlism
> Measles > Varicella Tetanus Rabies
> Rabies > Diphtheria
> Tetanus
> Mumps
IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE:
THANK YOU