HumanHealth

Introduction of Diseases

A disease is an abnormmal
condition of body or mind that
cause discomfort,difficulty to
function or stress to an
individual

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Disease can be classified into
two group

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Infectious disease

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 Global Problem
Historically
Leading cause of death
Small pox ,TB, Syphilis,
Cholera, Plague 2019 covid
Pandemic

Millions of deaths
1918 pandemic
（ Spanish flu ）
~40 million death
（ United States recorded
550,000 deaths (five times its
total military fatalities in the
war) while European deaths
totaled over two million ） 5
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Pathogen are microorganisms that cause
diseases.EX:bacteria,virus,protozoa,fungi

***but not all the microorganisms are pathogens that

are harmful.Ex

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How are infectiouse diseases spred

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waterborne

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Airborne diseases

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Infection of disease through contact

ringworm tinea

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Infection of diseases through vectors

Leptospira sp.bacteria
Dengue virus, zika virus
Salmonella typhi

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How do
Vectors
Spread
Diseases

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 Big thinking
1.Dengue fever
2. Tuberculosis (TB)
3. Hand, foot and
mouth disease

What are the Top 3 infectious disease in Malaysia?

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The pandemic what time will be end ？

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 Body defence
Immunity is the body’s ability to fight pathogen infection
through specific attacks on the pathogen

• The body’s defence system identifies pathogens as a foreign

substance called antigen
• Antigen are complex protein molecules which are present on
the outer surface of microorganisms infecting the body
• Antigens from pathogens are toxic and harmful to the
human body.
.

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Antibodies
1.Antigen stimulate the lymphocytes to release
antibodies into the bloodstream to destroy the antigen.
2.Antibodies are protein found on the surface of
lymphocytes, or protein released by lymphocytes.
3.Function to destroy or weaken pathogen and
neutralize its toxins

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 Body defence system

First line of Second line of Third line of

defence defence defence

Physical Chemical • Fever • Antibody

• Skin • Mucus • Inflammation • Memory cell
• Blood clotting • Lysozyme • Phagocytosis
• Mucous • Acid
membrane • Sweat
• Cilia • Sebum

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 Body defence machanism
Specific defence mechanism The entrance of pathogen is prevent by the skin and mucuos
membrane,whereas pathogen entered the body are destroyed
through phagocytosis
The process of
Non-Specific defence mechanism Pathogen are destroyed by phagocytes through phagocytosis trapping and
ingesting of
microorganisms
or other
Specific defence Non-specific defence particles such
as dead cell
Similarity Both mechanisms function to prevent infection of diseases

Difference Attacks certain pathogen Attacks all pathogen

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All of that are White blood cells.
Function: It fight disease in the human
body 22
 White blood cells can divide two group

Not containing
granules

Monocyte-The largest leucocytes and Engulf and digest bacteria and dead
cells or tissue by phagocytosis.(monocytes grow become macrophages)

Lymphocyte-produce antibodies to destroy bacteria

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What should you know about Vaccine.

◎ Vaccine contain antigens obtained from a part or the whole structure of

a weakened or dead virus or bacterium

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An other way
unforgettable
memory in
school

What is the booster ?Think about it.

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 Type of Immunity
Active Immunity
• The body’s immune system
produce its own antibodies
in response to the
stimulation by antigen
• Active immunity lasts for a
long period.
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Passive Immunity
• The body received
antibodies from an outside
source.
• Passive immunity doesn’t
last long and only provides
immediate short term, and
temporary protection
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 Active Immunity Passive Immunity

1. Produce by body’s own Received passive by host no

immune system in response to involvement of immune system
antigen
2. Antibodies are produced by the Antibodies are present in
body antiserum
3. Latent period from 7days to10 Immediately
days
4. Secondary response is more No immunological memory
enhanced
5. Active immunity is long lasting Passive immunity is short lasting

6. Obtained through vaccine Obtained through antiserum

injection injection
7. Offer better protection Inferior Protection

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 Thanks!

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