Immunity “a truly amazing constellation of responses to attacks from 6 The human lymphoid system has the following Primary

imary Organs:
outside the body” Bone marrow(in the hollow center of bones)the thymus gland (located
A state of resistance to an agent (the pathogen) that normally produces behind the breastbone above the heart)
an infection microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses Parasites
7 Bone Marrow Production site of WBC B lymphocytes (B cells)
fungus Cancer (rids body of altered cells)Also recognizes self from
generated from stem cells (Undifferentiated cells)B lymphocytes (B
non-self Cells Tissue Organs
cells)Mature in bone marrow Enter Circulation (“B” “Blood”)10%-
3 Self/non-self recognition 20%T lymphocytes Move from bone marrow to (t)hymus (“tissue”) to
Achieved by having every cell display a marker based on the major mature into several kinds of cells capable of different functions60%-
histocompatibility complex (MHC).Any cell not displaying this 70%
marker is treated as non-self and attacked. The process is so effective
8 White Blood Cell Action
that undigested proteins are treated as antigens.
Participate in both natural and acquired Granulocytes (granular
4 Normal Immune Response leukocytes)Fight invasion by mediator release that engulfs foreign
Three functions Defense Specialized cells and structures against bodies and toxins Histamine BradykininProstaglandins
invasions by microorganisms. Prevents development of infection by
9 Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils and Basophils
attacking foreign antigens and pathogens. Homeostasis Maintains
First to arrive at the scene of inflammation. Eosinophils and Basophils
healthy internal environment. Damaged or old cellular substances are
increase in number during allergic reactions and stress response.
digested and removed primarily by the spleen. Surveillance Identifies
Monocytes and macrophages Engulfs, ingests, destroys Lymphocytes
mutations that continually arise in body but are normally recognized as
B cells and T cells .Plays major roles in humoral and cell medicated
foreign cell and destroyed
immune responses
5 Anatomy of the Immune System Immunity is responsiveness to
10 Lymphoid Organs Central (primary) Thymus gland
foreign substances
Differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes .Essential for cell-
Comprised of cells and molecules with specialized roles Defends
mediated immune response .Gland is large in childhood .Shrinks to be
against invasion and infection Major components Bone marrow
collection of reticular fibers
(WBCs leukocytes)Lymphoid tissue (nodes)Thymus Spleen Tonsils
11 The human lymphoid system has the following Secondary Organs:
Peripheral (lymph nodes)at or near possible portals of entry for
pathogens:adenoids, tonsils, spleen (located at the upper left of the
abdomen),lymph nodes (along the lymphatic vessels with
concentrations in the neck, armpits, abdomen, and groin)Peyer's
patches (within the intestines)The appendix.
12 Lymphoid Organs Tonsils (adenoids)- Associated lymphoid tissues
Gut- Associated lymphoid tissues .Genital- Associated lymphoid
tissues. Bronchial- Associated lymphoid tissues. Skin-Associated
lymphoid tissues
13 Lymphoid Tissues Lymph nodes distributed throughout body
Connected by lymph channels and capillaries. Removes foreign
material before entering bloodstream. Lymph nodes serve as immune
cell proliferation
14 Lymphoid Organs Spleen (composed of red & white pulp)
Red-destruction / recycling material. White-T and B lymphocytes.
Filters foreign substances from blood. Red pulp-erythrocytes.
Macrophages line pulp and sinuses .Major site of blood-borne
antigens. If removed, can predispose to life-threatening septicemia
15 Types of Immunity Classified as: Natural (innate) Acquired
Non-specific response to foreign invasion. Not produced by an
immune response. Exists in a person without prior contact with an
antigen. Usually species specific Acquired Active Passive
16 Physical and Chemical Barriers
Human body protects itself from invasion by foreign substances
(microorganisms)Complex defense system. Nonspecific protection
mechanisms Skin Cilia Coughing and Sneezing
17 Physical and Chemical Barriers
Enzymes in tearsSaliva enzymesGastric acid
secretionsMucusSebaceous and sweatPhagocytosis by some WBCs
18 Inflammatory Response
Major function of the natural (non-specific or innate) immune
systemChemical mediators assist to:minimize blood losswall off
invading organismActivate phagocytesPromote formation of fibrous
scar tissueRegenerate injured tissue
19 Inflammatory Response
Dysfunction when immune component are inactivated or when they
remain active long after their effects are beneficial
20 Immunodeficiencies Immune components
InactivationImpairmentDisorders of inflammatory
componentAsthma“Allergies”ArthritisPersistent inflammatory
responses“foreign rather than self”
21 Types of Immunity Active Acquired Results from invasion
Development of subsequent antibodies and sensitized
lymphocytesWith each reinvasion, response to fight off invader is
more rapid and vigorousResults from disease or through inoculation of
less virulent antigenTakes time to develop but long-lasting
22 Types of Immunity Passive Acquired
Implies the host receives antibodies to an antigen rather than
synthesizing themMay take place naturally through transfer of
immunoglobulins (mommy-baby)Artificial occurs through injection
with gamma-globulinShort lived (host didn’t make it)Does not retain
memory cells for the antigen
23 Humoral Immunity Immunoglobulins Composed of amino acids
Essential component in humoral responseIgG- only one that crosses
placenta, secondary immunityIgA- lines Mucous membranes, protects
body surfacesIgM- primary immune response, antibodies to ABO
blood antigensIgD- plasma, assists in differentiation of B-
lymphocytesIgE- plasma, causes symptoms of allergic reactions,
assists in defense of parasitic infections
24 Cell- mediated Immunity
CytokinesImmune response involves complex interactions of T-cells,
B-cells, monocytes, and neutrophils - depends on CytokinesActs as
messenger between the cell typesInstruct cells to alter their
proliferation, differentiation, secretion, or activity60 different onesCan
have detrimental effects in inflammation, autoimmunity, and infection
25 Cell- mediated Immunity
MacrophagesCytokines attract and activate macrophages in area for
immune responseMacrophages secrete cytokines which modulate
responseThey release lysosomal enzymes that damage surrounding
tissue
26 Haptenslow molecular weight substances that by themselves are
harmless, however, they can form complexes with larger molecules
called carriers that are antigenicOnce antibodies produced, future
exposure to hapten alone can elicit immune responseCommon
HaptensDustDanderDrugsIndustrial chemicalsImmune responses to
haptens are basis for many common allergies
27 Cell- mediated Immunity
Immune responses that are initiated through specific antigen
recognition by T cellsT lymphocytesT-cytotoxicAttacks antigen on
cell membrane and “pours” cytolytic substance on itT-helperPositive
signal, humoral antibody response, cell-mediated immunityT-
suppressorDecreases amount of T-helper cells
28 T helper Cells Maximizes capabilities of immune system
They have NO cytotoxic or phagocytic activity, they do not killMake
the antibodies recognize the antigen by tagging them (cytokines) and
get T cells and B cells activated to attack antigen and or initiate
inflammatory responsehelps signal other cells (like phagocytes) to do
their jobs.
29 T-killer cell (cytoxic T cells)
Differentiated T cellsDestroys target cells only when specifically
activated by helper T cells.Recognize and lyse target cells bearing a
specific foreign antigen, usually by infection with a virusAlso function
in defense against cancer cells. Also called cytotoxic T cell, killer T
cell.
30 Cell- mediated Immunity
MacrophagesNatural killer cells (NK)Not T and not BLarge
lymphocytesDo not require prior sensitization for their
generationInvolved in the recognition and killing of virus-infected
cells, tumor cells, and transplanted graftsHas significant role in
immune surveillance for malignant cells
31 Cellular Responses (T Cells)
Transplant rejectionDelayed hypersensitivity (tuberculin
reaction)Graft vs. host diseaseTumor surveillance or
destructionIntracellular infectionsViral, fungal and parasitic infections
32 Humoral Responses (B cells)
Bacterial phagocytosis and lysisAnaphylaxisAllergy hay fever and
asthmaImmune complex diseaseBacterial and some viral infections
33 Complement SystemCirculating plasma proteins (made in liver,
activated when antibody couples with its antigenInteract sequentially
with one anotherCascade of eventsAlters cell membranes on which
antigen-antibody complex formsPermits fluid to enter cellCell lysis
and deathAttracts macrophages and granulocytes to areas of antigen-
antibody reactionsDevours antibody-coated microbes and releases
bacterial agents
34 Complement SystemActivation of complement has 3 major
physiologic functionsDefending body against bacterial
infectionBridging natural and acquired immunityDisposing of immune
complexes and byproducts of inflammation
35 Complement-mediated Immune Responses
CytolysisLysis and destruction of cell membranes of body cells or
pathogensIosonizationTargeting of antigen to be easily engulfed and
digested by macrophages, etc.ChemotaxisChemical attraction of
neutrophils and phagocytic cells to the antigenAnaphylaxisActivation
of mast cells and basophils with inflammatory mediator release smooth
muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability
36 Genetic Engineering Evolving technology
Involves use of recombinant DNACombine genes of a second
organismAllows for cells and microorganisms to manufacture proteins,
monokines and lymphkinesCan alter and enhance immune
functionGene therapy –replace missing or damaged gene
37 Stem CellsPrecursor cell that continually replenishes red and white
cellsImmune system restored with implanted refurbished stem cells
38 ImmunoregulationEliminating the inciting antigen that has
stimulated the immune responseWhen eliminated (as cascade cools
down) the response goes back to normal levelCan better control
disease by suppressing areas of immune system that are
overactiveBoosting those areas that are under-active
39 Immunity Affected by: Age Predisposition CNS function
Emotional status, StressMedicationsTraumaSurgeryIllness
40 Stress and the Immune System
Stress of any type and duration will effect the immune systemStress
causes increased CORTISOL productionCortisol decreases production
of ANTIBODIES and other substances released by leukocytes that
stimulate other cells of the immune system

41 Stress and the Immune System

Cortisol production occurs when norepinephrine and epinephrine are
released by the SNS (FIGHT or FLIGHT)The combined effect of these
three hormones increases the total number of neutrophils in the
circulation

42 Stress and the Immune System

Lymphocyte maturation in the lymph nodes stops because epinephrine
decreases blood flow to the lymph nodes as it increases blood flow to
the heart, lungs, brain and musclesThese changes in the immune
response brought on by stress leave the body less capable of fighting
off the effects of injury, disease, and other stress causes

43 Stress Response

44 Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism

45 Things That Can Go Wrong With the Immune System

Disorders of the immune system can be broken down into four main
categories:immunodeficiency disorders (primary or
acquired)autoimmune disorders (in which the body's own immune
system attacks its own tissue as foreign matter)allergic disorders (in
which the immune system overreacts in response to an antigen)cancers
of the immune system