Lesson 2: Defences against diseases

10
Frederick Atienza Andal
Objectives:

1. Describe/define the following 1. Explain how active immunity is gained

terminologies: after an infection or by vaccination

a. Antigen 2. Explain the role of vaccination in

b. Antibody controlling the spread of disease

c. Active immunity 3. Explain the importance of

d. Passive immunity breastfeeding for the development of

passive immunity in infants
e. Vaccination

f. Memory cells

2. Differentiate active immunity from

passive immunity; and
 Definition of Terms
1. Antigen – any substance that causes
the body to make an immune response
against that substance (Ex: toxins,
chemicals, bacteria, virus or other
substance outside the body)
2. Antibody – a protein produced by
immune system in response to
infection; it destroy disease-causing
organisms
3. Active immunity – the defense against
the pathogen by antibody production in
the body
1. Passive immunity – short term
immunity
2. Vaccination – the administration of
vaccine to help the immune system
develop immunity from a disease
3. Vaccine - use to stimulate the body’s
immune response against the
diseases
4. Memory cells – specific antibodies that
stay in the body (lymph nodes); it
causes the immunity to a particular
disease
 BODY DEFENCES
Antibody is

1. Mechanical barriers ⦿ A proteins produced by the

a. Skin - acts as a barrier
b. hair in the nose – filter out
bacteria
2. Chemical barriers
a. mucus – traps bacteria
b. hydrochloric acid in the
stomach – destroy bacteria
in food
3. White blood cells - Phagocytosis and
antibody production
Lymphocytes
⦿ Each type of lymphocytes is able to
produce only one type of antibody
⦿ Each type of antibodies is specific
for attacking certain antigens as it
acts as a lock and the antigen acts
as a key.
⦿ When an antigen enters the body,
the proper type of lymphocytes
recognize it and start to divide to
increase in number and produce
their antibodies to destroy the
antigen.
Antibodies and Immunity
Antibodies and Immunity
 Effect of Antibodies

► the specific antibodies remain in the lymph Active immunity:

nodes for some time and divide rapidly and Advantages – it is long lasting as produces
make more antibodies if the same antigen
gets into the body again. memory cells
Disadvantages – time is needed for
► the body has become immune to the disease
formation of
caused by the antigen (measles or
clones of antibodies and
chickenpox, for example, you are very
memory cells.
unlikely to catch the same disease again)

► This is called active immunity. Passive immunity

Advantage - Immediate effect with no need to
wait the
production of the
persons antibodies.
• Convalescent plasma therapy
uses blood from people who've
recovered from an illness to help
others recover.

Examples:
• a person recovered from
COVID-19
• A person received an anti-
tetanus inoculation

Antibodies are extracted from

the plasma and used to treat
patients who are at risk of
contracting tetanus or COVID-
19.
 Vaccine
▪ contains an agent that resembles a Composition in Vaccination
pathogen

▪ made from weakened or killed forms It’s either:

of the microbe ⦿ A harmless form of the microorganism,
⦿ The killed micro-organism
or
⦿ A toxoid- inactivated toxin from the
bacteria

▪ the white blood cells make antibodies

against it, destroy it, and "remember" it
 Vaccination

▪ Diseases like small pox have been

completely eradicated due to
successful vaccination programs

▪ Vaccines must still be given to

these diseases so as to prevent a
reinfection if the pathogen enters
the body
Vaccination stimulates active immunity against
specific pathogens.

How vaccination stimulates active

immunity?

o Weakened pathogens or their

antigens are put into the body
o The antigens stimulate an
immune response by
lymphocytes which produces
antibodies
o Memory cells are produced that give long term
immunity
Preventing spread of disease through vaccination
• Improved the social condition – whooping cough and diphtheria is
rare
• Smallpox was completely wiped out
• Prevents epidemic of a disease – Ex: MMR (measles, mumps,
rubella)
• COVID – 19 virus that is new to science become pandemic
• Vaccine slowly work to slow down the COVID - 19

Risk of vaccine:
• Small risks of side effects
Prepare the Compiled Book
Sample question
► Heroin abuse may lead to HIV infection. There is currently no approved vaccine that
prevents the spread of HIV. Vaccination stimulates active immunity against specific
pathogens.

(i) Explain how vaccination stimulates active immunity.

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Sample question

► (ii) Explain what is meant by passive immunity

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Sample question
► V. cholerae is the pathogen that causes cholera. Vaccination is used to control the
spread of cholera during an outbreak.

Explain how vaccination can control the spread of diseases.

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