Calculus 2

Engr. Luisito Lolong Lacatan, PCpE, PhD

Engr. Miko Anderson P. Yjares

1
 Table of Contents

Module 1: The Integration Process 1

Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
Lesson 1. The Integral of a Function 2
Lesson 2. General Properties of Indefinite Integrals 4
Lesson 3. Integration by General Properties & the Power Formula 5
Assessment Task 1 7
Lesson 4. Integrals Leading to Logarithms 10
Lesson 5. Integration of Exponential Functions 11
Lesson 6. Integration of Trigonometric Functions 12
Lesson 7. Integrals Involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions 13
Assessment Task 2 16
Summary 19
References 23

Module 2: Inverse Functions: Integration by Parts

Introduction 24
Learning Objectives 24
Lesson 1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 25
Lesson 2. Integrals Leading to Logarithmic Functions 26
Lesson 3. Integration by Parts 28
Assessment Task 3 31
Lesson 4. Hyperbolic Functions 34
Summary 36
References 39

Module 3: Integration by Substitution

Introduction 40
Learning Objectives 40
Lesson 1. Algebraic Substitution 41
Summary 43
References 43

2
Course Code: ENGG 302

Course Description: This course introduces the concept of integration and

the application to some physical problems such as evaluation of areas, volumes
of revolution, force and works. The fundamental formulas and various
techniques of integration are taken up and applied to both single variable and
multi-variable functions. The course also includes tracing of functions of two
variables for a better appreciation of the interpretation of the double and triple
integral as volume of a three-dimensional region bounded by two or more
surfaces.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Use integration techniques on single and multi-variable functions.
2. Explain the physical interpretation of the double and triple integral.
3. Evaluate areas, volumes of revolution, force, and work.

Course Requirements:
Major Exams 40%
Class Standing 60%
Quiz 30%
Seatwork 15%
Assignment 10%
Decorum 5%
_________
Periodic Grade 100%

Computation of Grades:

PRELIM GRADE = 60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Prelim Exam)

MIDTERM GRADE = 30%(Prelim Grade) + 70 %[60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Midterm Exam)]

FINAL GRADE = 30%(Midterm Grade) + 70 %[60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Final Exam)]

3
 MODULE 1
THE INTEGRATION PROCESS

Introduction:

Integral Calculus - The branch of mathematics in which the notion of an integral, its
properties and methods of calculation are studied. Integral calculus is intimately related
to differential calculus, and together with it constitutes the foundation of mathematical analysis.
The origin of integral calculus goes back to the early period of development of mathematics and
it is related to the method of exhaustion developed by the mathematicians of Ancient Greece
(cf. Exhaustion, method of). This method arose in the solution of problems on calculating areas
of plane figures and surfaces, volumes of solid bodies, and in the solution of certain problems in
statistics and hydrodynamics. It is based on the approximation of the objects under consideration
by stepped figures or bodies, composed of simplest planar figures or special bodies (rectangles,
parallelopipeds, cylinders, etc.). In this sense, the method of exhaustion can be regarded as an
early method of integration. The greatest development of the method of exhaustion in the early
period was obtained in the works of Eudoxus (4th century B.C.) and especially Archimedes (3rd
century B.C.). Its subsequent application and perfection is associated with the names of several
scholars of the 15th–17th centuries (Smith et. al, 2012).

The fundamental concepts and theory of integral and differential calculus, primarily the
relationship between differentiation and integration, as well as their application to the solution of
applied problems, were developed in the works of P. de Fermat, I. Newton and G. Leibniz at the
end of the 17th century. (Vargerg et. Al, 2007). Their investigations were the beginning of an
intensive development of mathematical analysis. The works of L. Euler, Jacob and Johann
Bernoulli and J.L. Lagrange played an essential role in its creation in the 18th century. In the 19th
century, in connection with the appearance of the notion of a limit, integral calculus achieved a
logically complete form (in the works of A.L. Cauchy, B. Riemann and others). The development
of the theory and methods of integral calculus took place at the end of 19th century and in the
20th century simultaneously with research into measure theory (cf. Measure), which plays an
essential role in integral calculus (Leithold, 2002).

1
 By means of integral calculus it became possible to solve by a unified method many
theoretical and applied problems, both new ones which earlier had not been amenable to solution,
and old ones that had previously required special artificial techniques. The basic notions of
integral calculus are two closely related notions of the integral, namely the indef inite and the
definite integral (Edwards et.al, 2008).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Familiarize integration concept, integration formulas and to countercheck anti-differentiation

by its inverse problem;
2. Familiarize different integration techniques; and
3. Identify and choose appropriate techniques to find the general anti-derivative of product of
trigonometric functions.

Lesson 1. Integral of a Function

Up to now, we have been concerned principally with finding the derivative and the
differential of a given function Suppose the process is reversed, i.e. the derivative or differential
of a function is given, and we are asked to find the function. Such a function is called an integral
of the given derivative or differential. The process of finding it is called integration. The given
function is called the integrand.

Let f(x) be a given function which is the derivative of a function F(x). We can express
their relation by the equation (Tan, 2012):

𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

2
which is read as “F(x) is equal to the integral of f(x)dx”. The symbol ∫ is called the integral sign.
The equation indicates that we must find a function F(x) whose differential is f(x)dx or whose
derivative is f(x). (Edward et.al, (2008)

As an example, if
dy = 5x4dx

the following are possible solutions:

y = x5; y = x5 + 1; y = x5 – 6; y = x5 + C

where C is any constant. The last solution is the general function whose differential is 5x4dx. It
embraces all other solutions. And written as:

∫ 5𝑥 4 = 𝑥 5 + 𝐶

The above example illustrates the theorem: If F(x) is a function whose differential is f(x)dx,
or whose derivatives is f(x), then F(x) + C is a whole class of functions having the same differential
(or derivative).
One may inquire as to whether F(x) + C is the most general function whose differential is
f(x)dx or whose derivatives is f(x).

F1(x) = F(x) + C

Then let F2(x) be another function whose derivatives is f(x).

𝑑 𝑑
Thus, F1(x) = F2(x) = f(x)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let v = F1(x) – F2(x)

3
 𝑑𝑣
Then =0 , which means that the rate of change of v with respect to x and 0 and,
𝑑𝑥
therefore, v is constant. Since F1(x) = F(x) + C, where C is any constant, we can conclude that
F2(x) is necessarily one of the functions of the class F(x) + C This fact is stated as a

Theorem: If F(x) is a function having f(x)dx as differential of f(x) as derivatives; then F(x)
+ C is the most general function having this differential (or derivative).

Lesson 2. General Properties of Indefinite Integrals

The following are properties of indefinite integrals (Tan, 2012).

I. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝐶

II. ∫(𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤+ . . +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑤+. . + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = v + w + .. + z + C

III. ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶

These properties may be verified by differentiation. In addition to the above mention properties
of the indefinite integral, we shall learn, in this chapter and in the succeeding one to, apply the
following standards integration formulas which will be verified later (Tan, 2012).

𝑣 𝑛+1
IV. ∫ 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑣
V. ∫ = ln 𝑣 + 𝑐
𝑣

VI. ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑣
VII. ∫ 𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶
ln 𝑎

VIII. ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cos 𝑣 + 𝐶

IX. ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑣 + 𝐶

4
 X. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = tan 𝑣 + 𝐶

XI. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑣 + 𝐶

XII. ∫ sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑣 + 𝐶

XIII. ∫ csc 𝑣 cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − csc 𝑣 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
XIV. ∫ 𝑣 2 = arcsin + 𝐶 , (a > 0)
√𝑎 − 𝑣 𝑎

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣
XV. ∫ 2 2 = arctan + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑣 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑣
XVI. ∫ = ln( 𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
√𝑣 2 ±𝑎2

Lesson 3. Integration by General Properties and the Power

Formula
Let us derive and illustrate the first four formulas of integration.
d(v + C) = dv hence we have formula

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝐶

d(v + w + … + z + C) = dv + dw + … + dz thus we have verified formula (Leithold, 2020).

𝐼𝐼. ∫(𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤+ . . +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑤+. . + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = v + w + .. + z + C

d(cv + C) = cdv where c and C are constant s and v is a function of a variable, hence, we have
formula; (Simmons, 1996)

III. ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶

𝑣 𝑛+1
𝑑[ + 𝐶] = 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 , where n and C are constants. v is a function of a variable, and n is not
𝑛+1
equal to -1 hence, we obtain formula; (Larson et al, 2008).

5
 𝑣 𝑛+1
IV. ∫ 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Formula IV is called the power of formula for integration (Smith et. al, 2012).

Example: Evaluate the given integrals.

𝑥5
1. ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
5

2. ∫(4𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4𝑥 5 3𝑥 2
= + + 5𝑥 + 𝐶 Answer
5 2

3.∫(𝑥 2 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 4𝑥 3
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝐶 Answer
5 3

4. ∫(𝑥 2 − 5)3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

This is of the power formula from where:

Let v = 𝑥 2 − 5 dv = d( 𝑥 2 − 5 ) = 2xdx

1
We introduce 2 after the integral sign, and neutralize it by putting its reciprocal before the
2
integral sign.

1
Hence, ∫(𝑥 2 − 5)3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ∫(𝑥 2 − 5)3 (2)𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

(𝑥 2 −5)4
= +𝐶 Answer
8

6
 Assessment Task 1

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫(5 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(𝑥 2 + 5)2 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(8𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫(2 − 𝑥 )(1 + 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

7
 𝑥2
3. ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫(3𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ (3𝑦−5)2 9. ∫ 5⁄
(𝑥+𝑎) 2

8
 1 2 2
5. ∫ (√𝑦 + ) 𝑑𝑦 10. ∫ ( − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑦 𝑥

9
Lesson 4. Integrals Leading to Logarithm
𝒅𝒗
From d(ln v + C) =
𝒗
Therefore, we have

𝒅𝒗
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒗 + 𝑪
𝒗

Example: Evaluate the given integral (Leithold, 2002).

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 3
𝑥 +1

Let v = 𝑥 3 + 1 dv = d(x3 + 1) = 3x2 dx

1
Insert the factor 3 after the integral sign and balance by putting its reciprocal before the
3
sign.

𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 (3)𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Thus, ∫ = ∫
𝑥 3 +1 3 𝑥 3 +1

1
= ln(𝑥 3 + 1) + 𝐶
3

𝑥 3 +𝑥−3
2. 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

𝑥 3 +𝑥−3 1
Dividing the numerator by the denominator we, have = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 −
𝑥−1 𝑥−1

𝑥 3 +𝑥−3 1
Thus, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 − ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥−1

1 1
= 𝑥3 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
3 2

10
In integrating a rational fraction, we must first carry out the indicated division until the numerator
is of lower degree than the denominator. (Larson et al, 2008)

Lesson 5. Integration of Exponential Functions

𝒅 (𝒆𝒗 + 𝑪) = 𝒆𝒗 𝒅𝒗

𝒂𝒗
𝒅( + 𝑪) = 𝒂𝒗 𝒅𝒗 , hence, we have verified (Edwards et al, 2008)
𝒍𝒏 𝒂

VI. ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝐶, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (Vargerg et al, 2007)

𝑎𝑣
VII. ∫ 𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶 (Larson et. al, 2008)
ln 𝑎

Example: Evaluate the given integrals.

1. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let v = 3x and dv = d(3x) = 3dx

1
Insert the factor 3 after the integral sign and neutralize it by putting its reciprocal before the
3
sign.

1 1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (3) ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (3)𝑑𝑥 = 3
𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶

2. ∫ 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let v = tan x and dv = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , thus

∫ 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

11
 3. ∫ 104𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let u = 4x, dx = 4dx, a = 10

Therefore:

1 104𝑥
∫ 104𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
∫ 104𝑥 (4)𝑑𝑥 =
4 ln 10
+𝐶

Lesson 6. Integration of Trigonometric Functions

d(-cos v + C) = sin v dv
d(sin v + C) = cos v dv
d(tan v + C) = sec2 v dv
d(-cot v + C) = csc2 v dv
d(sec v + C) = sec v tan v dv
d(-csc v + C) = csc v cot v dv

from the above differentiation, we have verified the following integration formulas (Leithold, 2002).

a. ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cos 𝑣 + 𝐶
b. ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑣 + 𝐶
c. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = tan 𝑣 + 𝐶
d. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑣 + 𝐶
e. ∫ sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑣 + 𝐶
f. ∫ csc 𝑣 cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − csc 𝑣 + 𝐶

12
Example: Evaluate the given integrals.

1. ∫ sin 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let v = 4x, dv = 4dx (Insert 4 after the integral sign and ¼ before the integral sign). Using Formula
“a”.

1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 4𝑥 (4)𝑑𝑥 = − cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 4

𝑥
2. ∫ cos 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑥 1
Let v = 3 , dv = 3 𝑑𝑥

Using Formula “b”.

𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥
∫ cos 𝑑𝑥 = (3) ∫ cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 sin + 𝐶
3 3 3 3

3. ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 23𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Let v = 3x2, dv = 6xdx

Using Formula “c”.

1
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
6

1
= tan 3𝑥 2 + 𝐶
6

13
Lesson 7. Integrals involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions

Certain trigonometric integrals may be integrated after transforming the integrand with the use of
some familiar trigonometric identities. Among the most familiar of these identities, the following
may be recalled from plane trigonometry (Edwards et al, 2008).

(A) cos2 𝜃 + sin 2 𝜃 = 1

1
(B) sin 2 𝜃 = 2 (1 – cos 2𝜃)
1
(C) cos2 𝜃 = (1 + cos 2𝜃)
2
1
(D) sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 2 sin 2𝜃
(E) tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec2 𝜃
(F) cot2 𝜃 + 1 = csc2 𝜃

Let us first consider trigonometric integrals involving sines and cosines. Take the type:

Equation (1)
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Where “m” and “n: are positive integers or zero. Two cases will arise: (a) When “m” or “n” or both
are odd, and (b) When both “m” and “n” are even or when one is even and the other is zero.

(a) For definiteness, let n be odd and more than 1. When n is 1, the integral of Equation (1)
may be evaluated by means of the power formula, If n is odd and more than 1, we let
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝜃 cos 𝜃 . By the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃, we can express 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛−1 𝜃 in
terms of sin 𝜃. The integrand may then be written as the product of a polynomial of powers
of sin 𝜃 by cos 𝜃d𝜗. This will give a series of integrals (Leithold, 2002).

14
Example: Evaluate the given integrals.

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= (1 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

Substituting, we have:

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥
= − +𝐶
3 5

(b) When either “m” or “n” is odd, we use the identities:

1
(B) sin 2 𝜃 = 2 (1 – cos 2𝜃)
1
(C) cos2 𝜃 = 2 (1 + cos 2𝜃)
1
(D) sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 2 sin 2𝜃

2. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃𝑑𝜃

Solution: Making use of (D), we shall obtain:

2
1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫(sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
2
1 1
= ∫ ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫(1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2 8
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 4𝜃 + 𝐶
8 32

15
 Assessment Task 2

Evaluate the following integrals.

4𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 3𝑥+2 6. ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦+3 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 3𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2. ∫ 𝑦−1 7. ∫
1−cot 3𝜃

16
 𝑥3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
4. ∫ 𝑑𝜃 9. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

17
 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ √𝑒 𝑥 +4 10. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥

18
 Summary

Recall on the following formulas.

General Properties of Indefinite Integrals

The following are properties of indefinite integrals.

I. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝐶

II. ∫(𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤+ . . +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑤+. . + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = v + w + .. + z + C

III. ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶

These properties may be verified by differentiation. In addition to the above mention properties
of the indefinite integral, we shall learn, in this chapter and in the succeeding one to, apply the
following standards integration formulas which will be verified later. (Tan, 2012)

𝑣 𝑛+1
IV. ∫ 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑣
V. ∫ = ln 𝑣 + 𝑐
𝑣

VI. ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑣
VII. ∫ 𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶
ln 𝑎

VIII. ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cos 𝑣 + 𝐶

IX. ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑣 + 𝐶

X. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = tan 𝑣 + 𝐶

XI. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑣 + 𝐶

19
 XII. ∫ sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑣 + 𝐶

XIII. ∫ csc 𝑣 cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − csc 𝑣 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
XIV. ∫ 𝑣 2 = arcsin + 𝐶 , (a > 0)
√𝑎 − 𝑣 𝑎

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣
XV. ∫ 2 2 = arctan + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑣 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑣
XVI. ∫ = ln( 𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2 ) + 𝐶
√𝑣 2 ±𝑎2

Integration by General Properties and the Power Formula

Let us derive and illustrate the first four formulas of integration.

d(v + C) = dv hence we have formula

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝐶

d(v + w + … + z + C) = dv + dw + … + dz thus we have verified formula. (Leithold, 2020)

𝐼𝐼. ∫(𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤+ . . +𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑤+. . + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = v + w + .. + z + C

d(cv + C) = cdv where c and C are constant s and v is a function of a variable, hence, we have
formula; (Simmons, 1996)

III. ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶

𝑣 𝑛+1
𝑑[ + 𝐶] = 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 , where n and C are constants. v is a function of a variable, and n is not
𝑛+1
equal to -1 hence, we obtain formula; (Larson et al, 2008)

𝑣 𝑛+1
IV. ∫ 𝑣 𝑛 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

Formula IV is called the power of formula for integration. (Smith et. al, 2012)

20
Integrals Leading to Logarithm
𝒅𝒗
From d(ln v + C) =
𝒗
Therefore, we have

𝒅𝒗
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒗 + 𝑪 (Leithold, 2002)
𝒗

Integration of Exponential Functions

𝒅 (𝒆𝒗 + 𝑪) = 𝒆𝒗 𝒅𝒗

𝒂𝒗
𝒅( + 𝑪) = 𝒂𝒗 𝒅𝒗 , hence, we have verified (Edwards et al, 2008)
𝒍𝒏 𝒂

VI. ∫ 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑣 + 𝐶, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (Vargerg et al, 2007)

𝑎𝑣
VII. ∫ 𝑎𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = +𝐶 (Larson et. al, 2008)
ln 𝑎

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

d(-cos v + C) = sin v dv

d(sin v + C) = cos v dv
d(tan v + C) = sec2 v dv
d(-cot v + C) = csc2 v dv
d(sec v + C) = sec v tan v dv
d(-csc v + C) = csc v cot v dv

from the above differentiation, we have verified the following integration formulas. (Leithold, 2002)

g. ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cos 𝑣 + 𝐶
h. ∫ cos 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sin 𝑣 + 𝐶
i. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = tan 𝑣 + 𝐶

21
j. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑣 + 𝐶
k. ∫ sec 𝑣 tan 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑣 + 𝐶
l. ∫ csc 𝑣 cot 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − csc 𝑣 + 𝐶

Integrals involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions

Certain trigonometric integrals may be integrated after transforming the integrand with the use of
some familiar trigonometric identities. Among the most familiar of these identities, the following
may be recalled from plane trigonometry (Edwards et al, 2008).

(A) cos2 𝜃 + sin 2 𝜃 = 1

1
(B) sin 2 𝜃 = 2 (1 – cos 2𝜃)
1
(C) cos2 𝜃 = 2 (1 + cos 2𝜃)
1
(D) sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 2 sin 2𝜃
(E) tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec2 𝜃
(F) cot2 𝜃 + 1 = csc2 𝜃

22
 References

Edwards, C.H. and Penney, D.E. (2008) Calculus: Early Transcendentals (7th ed.) Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Larson, R.E, Hostetler, R. & Edwards, B.H. (2008) Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental
Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Leithold, L. (2002) The Calculus 7 (Low Price Edition) Addison-Wesley
Simmons, G.F. (1996) Calculus with Analytic Geometry (2nd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill
Smith, Robert T., Minton, Roland B. (2012), Calculus , New York : McGraw Hill
Tan, Soo T. (2012) Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences : A Brief
Approach, Australia : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Vargerg, D.E., Purcell, E.J. & Rigdon, S.E. (2007) Calculus (9th ed) Upper Saddle River,
N.J.:Pearson Education International

Online Resources

Free Calculus Tutorials and Problems Access January 15, 2021

http://analyzemath.com/calculus/

Visual Calculus Access January 15, 2021

http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculustutorial.math.lamar.edu

Dawkins, P. (2012) Paul’s Online Math Notes Accessed January 15, 2021 from
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu

23
 MODULE 2
INVERSE FUNCTIONS: INTEGRATION BY PART

Introduction

In calculus, and more generally in mathematical analysis, integration by parts or partial

integration is a process that finds the integral of a product of functions in terms of the integral of
the product of their derivative and antiderivative. It is frequently used to transform the

antiderivative of a product of functions into an antiderivative for which a solution can be more

easily found. The rule can be thought of as an integral version of the product rule of differentiation
(Vargerg et. al, 2007).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. At the end of the course, the students will apply appropriate mathematical concepts,
processes, tools, and technologies in the solution to various conceptual and real-world

problems.;

2. Familiarize different integration techniques; and

3. Apply the formulas for derivatives and integrals of the hyperbolic functions.

4. Apply the formulas for the derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions and their
associated integrals.

24
Lesson 1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

In this lesson, we shall learn to apply standards form which were enumerated in the previous
Lessons. Like the other formulas, the integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions may be
verified by differentiation (Edward et al, 2008).

𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 (arcsin + 𝐶) =
𝑎 √𝑎2 − 𝑣 2

1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 ( arctan + 𝐶) = 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑣2

We have thus verified the following formulas (Leithold, 2020):

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
∫ = arcsin + 𝐶 , (𝑎 > 0)
√𝑎2 − 𝑣2 𝑎

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣
∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑣 2 𝑎 𝑎

Example:

𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate ∫
√9− 𝑥 2

Solution:

Let a = 3 and v = x; Hence dv = dx

Therefore:

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ = arcsin + 𝐶
√9 − 𝑥2 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
2. Evaluate ∫
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+3

25
Solution:

Let a = √3 , v = sin𝜃, dv = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Hence,

cos 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃
∫ = arctan +𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 3 √3 √3

(2𝑥+3)𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫ 2
𝑥 +2𝑥+5

Solution:

(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥

∫ = ∫
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5

(2𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 2
+ ∫
𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4

1 𝑥+1
= ln( 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5) + arctan +𝐶
2 2

Lesson 2. Integrals Leading to Logarithmic Function

𝑣
1+
𝑑 √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2
ln(𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2 ) =
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2

1
=
√𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2

Thus, we have verified the formula (Larson et al., 2008):

𝑑𝑣
∫√ = ln(𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2
𝑣 2 ±𝑎2

26
 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣−𝑎
∫ = ln +𝐶
𝑣2 −𝑎 2 2𝑎 𝑣 + 𝑎

Example:

𝑑𝑥
1. Evaluate ∫
√9𝑥 2 +16

Let v2 = 9x2 and a2

𝑑𝑥 1
∫ = ln (3𝑥 + √9𝑥 2 + 16) + 𝐶
√9𝑥 2 + 16 3

𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫ 2
𝑥 −6𝑥+5

We may transform the denominator into the difference of two squares, obtaining

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫ 2
𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 4

𝑑𝑥
= ∫
(𝑥 − 3)2 − 22

Let v2 = (x - 3)2 and a2 = 22

𝑑𝑥 1 (𝑥 − 3) − 2
∫ = ln +𝐶
𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 5 (2)(2) (𝑥 − 3) + 2

1 𝑥−5
= ∫ ln +𝐶
4 𝑥−1

(3𝑥−2)𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ∫ 2
𝑥 +2𝑥−15

Note: This integral cannot be evaluated directly, but could be transformed into two integrals.
Hence,

27
 (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 [3(𝑥 + 1) − 5]𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
= ∫ 2
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15 (𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1) = 16

3(𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ − 5 ∫
(𝑥 + 1)2 − 42 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 42

3 5 𝑥−3
= ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15) − ln +𝐶
2 8 𝑥+5

Lesson 3. Integration by Parts

Sometimes, we come across integrals which could not be evaluated directly by the standard
integration formulas which we have just learned. We now consider an integration procedure which
may use for such integrals.

The formula for the differential of a product is:

d(uv) = udv + vdu

Integrating both sides, we shall obtain the following:

𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Transposing, we get the formula for integration by part. (Vargerg et al, 2007)

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Example 1: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution: There is no set of rule(s) on how to choose u and dv.

Experience and practice will give us the skill to be able to choose correctly. It is important,
however, that “dv” must be chosen that ∫ 𝑑𝑣 can be evaluated.
In the above example:

28
Let: u=x dv = cosx dx
du = dx v = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥
In evaluating dv, it is not necessary to introduce a constant of integration because it will be taken
care of in the final result. Hence,

From:
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 2. Evaluate ∫ arcsin 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let u = arcsin x dv = dx
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = v=x
√1− 𝑥 2

Therefore:

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = arcsin 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 − ∫
√1 − 𝑥 2

= 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

Example 3. Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Let: u = ln x dv = dx
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = v=x
𝑥

29
 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Thus:
𝑑𝑥
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 ∗
𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

30
 Assessment Task 3

Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ arctan 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

31
 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫
√16𝑥 2 + 25

𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫
√3𝑥 2 + 7

32
 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 2
𝑥 +3𝑥+1

Lesson 4. Hyperbolic Functions

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ℎ2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = tan ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ cos ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sin ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ sin h 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = cos ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ tan ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ln cos ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ sec ℎ v tan ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − sec 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ cot ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ln sin ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ csc ℎ 𝑣 cot ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − csc ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

33
Example: Evaluate the given integrals.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫ sinh 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

1
∫ sin ℎ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ∫ sin ℎ 4𝑥 (4)𝑑𝑥
4
1
= cos ℎ 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4

sec ℎ √𝑥 tan ℎ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 2. Evaluate ∫
√𝑥

Solution:

sec ℎ √𝑥 tan ℎ √𝑥 sec ℎ √𝑥 tan ℎ √𝑥

∫ = (2) ∫
√𝑥 (2)√𝑥

= −2 sec ℎ √𝑥 + 𝐶
3 4
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 cot ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

1
∫ 𝑥 3 cot ℎ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ( ) ∫ cot ℎ 𝑥 4 (4)𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
1
= ln sin ℎ 𝑥 4 + 𝐶
4

34
 Summary

Recall on all of the formulas:

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

In this lesson, we shall learn to apply standards form which were enumerated in the previous
Lessons. Like the other formulas, the integrals leading to inverse trigonometric functions may be
verified by differentiation (Edward et al, 2008).

𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 (arcsin + 𝐶) =
𝑎 √𝑎 − 𝑣 2
2

1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 ( arctan + 𝐶) = 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑣2

We have thus verified the following formulas (Leithold, 2020):

𝑑𝑣 𝑣
∫ = arcsin + 𝐶 , (𝑎 > 0)
√𝑎2 − 𝑣 2 𝑎

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣
∫ = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑣 2 𝑎 𝑎

Integrals Leading to Logarithmic Function

𝑣
1+
𝑑 √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2
ln(𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2 ) =
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2

1
=
√𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2

Thus, we have verified the formula (Larson et al, 2008):

35
 𝑑𝑣
∫√ = ln(𝑣 + √𝑣 2 ± 𝑎2
𝑣 2 ±𝑎2

𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣−𝑎
∫ = ln +𝐶
𝑣 2 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑣 + 𝑎

Integration by Parts

Sometimes, we come across integrals which could not be evaluated directly by the standard
integration formulas which we have just learned. We now consider an integration procedure which
may use for such integrals.

The formula for the differential of a product is:

d(uv) = udv + vdu

Integrating both sides, we shall obtain the following:

𝑢𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Transposing, we get the formula for integration by part (Vargerg et al., 2007).

∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Hyperbolic Functions

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ℎ2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = tan ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ cos ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = sin ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ sin h 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = cos ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ tan ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ln cos ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

36
∫ sec ℎ v tan ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − sec 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ cot ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ln sin ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

∫ csc ℎ 𝑣 cot ℎ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − csc ℎ 𝑣 + 𝐶

37
 References

Edwards, C.H. and Penney, D.E. (2008) Calculus: Early Transcendentals (7th ed.) Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Larson, R.E, Hostetler, R. & Edwards, B.H. (2008) Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental
Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Leithold, L. (2002) The Calculus 7 (Low Price Edition) Addison-Wesley
Simmons, G.F. (1996) Calculus with Analytic Geometry (2nd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill
Smith, Robert T., Minton, Roland B. (2012), Calculus , New York : McGraw Hill
Tan, Soo T. (2012) Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences : A Brief
Approach, Australia : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Vargerg, D.E., Purcell, E.J. & Rigdon, S.E. (2007) Calculus (9th ed) Upper Saddle River,
N.J.:Pearson Education International

Online Resources

Free Calculus Tutorials and Problems Access January 15, 2021

http://analyzemath.com/calculus/

Visual Calculus Access January 15, 2021

http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculustutorial.math.lamar.edu

Dawkins, P. (2012) Paul’s Online Math Notes Accessed January 15, 2021 from
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu

38
 MODULE 3
INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Introduction

Many types of integrals may certain transformations have been made, be evaluated by the
standard integration formulas. This is especially true if the integral is irrational. We will discuss in

this module, one such method of transformation, which is by substitution. This consist of replacing

the variable of integration by a function of a new variable. There are two common types of

substitution: algebraic and trigonometric (Tan, 2012).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. At the end of the course, the students will apply appropriate mathematical concepts,

processes, tools, and technologies in the solution to various conceptual and real-world

problems.;

2. Compute by hand the integrals of a wide variety of functions by using the technique of

substitution; and

3. Apply the substitution technique to definite integrals

4. Apply the substitution techniques to trigonometric functions.

39
Lesson 1. Algebraic Substitution

A new variable say “z” , may be introduced in placed of the original variable x, where the two
variables have a specific relation. Care must be taken that not only x but also dx be replaced by
the proper equivalent in the new variable. There are no general rules by which substitutions may
be made. Sometime, an integral may be evaluated by several different substitution. After the
integral in the new variable has been integrated, the solution should be transformed back into the
original variable (Simmons, 1996).

𝑑𝑥
Example 1: Evaluate ∫ 1+
√𝑥

Solution:

Let: z = √𝑥, x = 𝑧 2 , dx = 2z dz

𝑑𝑥 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1
∫ = ∫ = 2 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑧
1 + √𝑥 1+𝑧 1+𝑧

= 2 [𝑧 − ln(1 + 𝑧)] + 𝐶

= 2 √𝑥 − 2 ln( 1 + √𝑥) + 𝐶

Alternate Solution:
Let: y = 1 + √𝑥 ; x = ( 𝑦 − 1)2 ; √𝑥 = 𝑦 − 1 ; dx = 2 (y - 1) dy

Therefore:
𝑑𝑥 2 (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫
1 + √𝑥 𝑦

1
= 2 ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2 (𝑦 − ln 𝑦) + 𝐶
𝑦

= 2 [ (1 + √𝑥) − ln(1 + √𝑥)] + 𝐶

40
 = 2 + 2 √𝑥 − 2 ln( 1 + √𝑥) + 𝐶
1
Example 2: Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 (5 − 2𝑥 ) ⁄4 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

5− 𝑧 4
; 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑧 3 𝑑𝑧
1
Let: z = (5 − 2𝑥 )4 ; 𝑧 = 5 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 =
4
2

2
2
1 5 − 𝑧4
∫ 𝑥 (5 − 2𝑥 )4 = ∫( ) (2) (−2𝑧 3 ) 𝑑𝑧
2

1
= ∫(5 − 𝑧 4)2 (2)(−2 𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑧
4

1
= ∫(25 − 10𝑧 4 + 𝑧 8 )(𝑧)(−2𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑧
4

1
= ∫(−25𝑧 4 + 10𝑧 8 − 𝑧 12) 𝑑𝑧
2

5𝑧 5 5𝑧 9 1𝑧 13
= − + − +𝐶
5 9 26

5 1 5 9 1 13
= − (5 − 2𝑥 )4 + (5. 2𝑥 )4 − (5 − 2𝑥 ) 4 + 𝐶
2 9 26

41
 Summary

A new variable say “z” , may be introduced in placed of the original variable x, where the two
variables have a specific relation. Care must be taken that not only x but also dx be replaced by
the proper equivalent in the new variable. There are no general rules by which substitutions may
be made. Sometime, an integral may be evaluated by several different substitution. After the
integral in the new variable has been integrated, the solution should be transformed back into the
original variable. (Simmons, 1996)

References

Edwards, C.H. and Penney, D.E. (2008) Calculus: Early Transcendentals (7th ed.) Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Larson, R.E, Hostetler, R. & Edwards, B.H. (2008) Essential Calculus: Early Transcendental
Functions. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Leithold, L. (2002) The Calculus 7 (Low Price Edition) Addison-Wesley
Simmons, G.F. (1996) Calculus with Analytic Geometry (2nd ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill
Smith, Robert T., Minton, Roland B. (2012), Calculus , New York : McGraw Hill
Tan, Soo T. (2012) Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences : A Brief
Approach, Australia : Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning
Vargerg, D.E., Purcell, E.J. & Rigdon, S.E. (2007) Calculus (9th ed) Upper Saddle River,
N.J.:Pearson Education International

42
Online Resources

Free Calculus Tutorials and Problems Access January 15, 2021

http://analyzemath.com/calculus/

Visual Calculus Access January 15, 2021

http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculustutorial.math.lamar.edu

Dawkins, P. (2012) Paul’s Online Math Notes Accessed January 15, 2021 from
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu

43