Generalphysics 12 q3 Ver4 Mod6 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces v4 Compress

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General Physics 2
Quarter 3 - Module 6
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
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General Physics 2 - Grade 12

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Quarter 3 - Module 6: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
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Senior High School
General Physics 2
Quarter 3 - Module 6
Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know.................................................................................................................................. i
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... ii
What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii
THIRD QUARTER
Lesson 1: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
What Is It: Magnetism ................ 1
What Is It: Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces................................................... 2
What Is It: Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux ........................................... 4
What I Have Learned ................................................................................................... 7
Lesson 2: Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field

What Is It: Motion of charged particles in Electric and Magnetic Field ….. 8
What Is It: Applications of Motion of Charged Particles .................................... 10
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................................... .. 13
Lesson 3: Magnetic force on current-carrying conductors

What Is It: Magnetic force on current-carrying conductors ............................ . 14
What I Have Learned: ............................................................................................... . 16
Summary .................................................................................................................................................... . 17
Assessment: (Post-Test) ...................................................................................................................... . 18
Key to Answers......................................................................................................................................... . 20
References................................................................................................................................................. . 21

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What This Module is About

This module demonstrates your understanding on the concepts of Magnetic
Field and Magnetic Forces. It specifically discusses about Magnetic Field and
Magnetic Forces, Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field, and Magnetic Force
on Current-carrying Conductors.
This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you
answer the questions pertaining to magnetic field and magnetic forces.
This module has three (3) lessons:

• Lesson 1 – Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
• Lesson 2 – Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field
• Lesson 3 – Magnetic Force on Current-carrying Conductors
What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Differentiate electric interactions from magnetic interactions STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-54;
2. Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surface STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-55;
3. Describe the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field in terms of its speed,
acceleration, cyclotron radius, cyclotron frequency, and kinetic energy
STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-58;
4. Evaluate the magnetic force on an arbitrary wire segment placed in a uniform magnetic
field STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-59;
5. Evaluate the magnetic field vector at a given point in space due to a moving point charge,
an infinitesimal current element, or a straight current-carrying conductor
STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-60;
6. Calculate the magnetic field due to one or more straight wire conductors using the
superposition principle STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-62;
7. Calculate the force per unit length on a current carrying wire due to the magnetic field
produced by other current-carrying wires STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-63;
8. Evaluate the magnetic field vector at any point along the axis of a circular current loop
STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-64;
9. Solve problems involving magnetic fields, forces due to magnetic fields and the motion of
charges and current-carrying wires in contexts such as, but not limited to, determining the
strength of Earth’s magnetic field, mass spectrometers, and solenoids.
STEM_GP12EM-IIIi-66

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How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.
What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson
What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
ii

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What I Know
.
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. A magnet attracts ______________.

A) all metals B) iron, zinc, and tin
C) iron, cobalt, and nickel D) paper, wood, cork
2. The strength of a magnet is _____________.

A) greatest in the middle B) greatest at the poles
C) the same all over D) greatest at only one end
3. A magnet can be made by _______________.

A) heating an iron nail B) rubbing an iron nail with a magnet
C) placing an iron nail in the earth D) striking an iron nail
4. When a bar magnet is broken in half, _____________.

A) it loses its magnetism
B) both halves are magnets
C) one half has one pole and the other half has another pole
D) one half has two south poles and the other half has two north poles
5. Magnets lose their magnetism when they are ____________.

A) heated B) cooled C) put in water D) broken into pieces
6. All magnets are characterized with _____________.

A) two south poles B) a shape like a bar
C) permanent magnetism D) a magnetic field around them
7. The total magnetic flux through a closed surface is _____________.

A) always maximum B) dependent on the size of the closed surface
C) infinite D) zero
8. A compass points to _____________.

A) magnetic north B) geographic east C) geographic north D) magnetic east
9. The motion of a charged particle under the action of a magnetic field alone is always motion
with ______________.
A) constant force B) constant speed C) constant velocity D) constant acceleration
10. The magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor depends on the following EXCEPT
A) current flowing in the conductor B) length of the conductor
C) mass of the conductor D) magnetic field
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11. Magnetic fields do not interact with

A) moving electric charges B) moving permanent magnet
C) stationary electric charges. D) stationary permanent magnet
12. A charge particle initially moving north in a vertically downward magnetic field is deflected
toward the east. What is the sign of the charged particle?
A) positive B) negative
C) neutral D) cannot be determined
13. A long straight wire is placed in a region of uniform magnetic field. What should be its
angle with respect to the magnetic field lines so that it will experience maximum magnetic
force?
A) 00 B) 450
0
C) 90 D) 1200
14. A Gaussian surface enclosing an electromagnet will always have a magnetic flux which is
A) maximum B) minimum
C) zero D) insufficient information
15. Which of the following is an accurate statement?

A) A current-carrying loop of wire tends to line up with its plane parallel to an external field.
B) Magnetic field lines have as their sources north and south poles.
C) The magnetic force on a current-carrying wire is greatest when the wire is parallel to the
magnetic field.
D) The magnetic force on a moving charge does not change its energy.
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Lesson Magnetic Field and Magnetic

1 Forces
What is it
I. Magnetism
Magnetic phenomena were first observed at least 2500 years ago in fragments of
magnetized iron ore near the ancient city of Magnesia (now Manisa, in Western Turkey).
Figure 1. (a) Two bar magnets attract when opposite poles are next to each other.
(b) Two bar magnets repel when like poles are next to each other.
Source: Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update by Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, 12 th edition
When an iron rod is brought in contact with a natural magnet, the rod also becomes
magnetized. When such a rod is floated on water or suspended by a string from its center, it
tends to line up in a north-south direction. The needle of an ordinary compass is just such a
piece of magnetized iron.
Before the relation of magnetic interactions to moving charges was understood, the
interactions of permanent magnets and compass needle were described by magnetic poles.
If a bar magnet is free to rotate, one end points north. This end is called a north pole or N-
pole; the other is a south pole or S-pole. Opposite poles attract each other, and like poles
repel each other.

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Figure 2. A sketch of the earth’s magnetic field.

Source: Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update by Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, 12th edition
The Earth itself is a magnet. Its north geographic pole is close to a magnetic south pole, which
is why the north pole of a compass needle points north. The Earth’s magnetic axis is not quite
parallel to its geographic axis, so a compass reading deviates somewhat from geographic
north. This deviation is called magnetic declination or magnetic variation. Also, the
magnetic field is not horizontal at most point on the earth’s surface; its angle up or down is
called magnetic inclination. At the magnetic poles the magnetic field is vertical.
II. Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces
Magnetic Field
To introduce the concept of magnetic field properly, let’s review our formulation of
electric field in the previous module, where we introduced the concept of electric field. We
represented electric interactions in two steps:
1. A distribution of electric charge at rest creates an electric field 𝐸⃑ in the surrounding
space.
2. The electric field exerts a force 𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸⃑ on any other charge q that is present in the
field.
We can describe magnetic interactions in a similar way:

1. A moving charge of a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space (in
addition to its electric field).

2. The magnetic field exerts a force F on any other moving charge or current that is
present in the field.

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
Like electric field, magnetic field, B , is a vector field, that is, a vector quantity

associated with each point in space. At any position, the direction of B is defined as that in
which the north pole of a compass needle tends to point.
Magnetic Forces on a Moving Charges
Four key characteristics of the magnetic force on a moving charge
1. Its magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

2. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the magnitude, or “strength”, of the field; if we
double the magnitude of the field (for example, by using two identical bar magnets instead
of one) without changing the charge or its velocity, the force doubles.
3. It depends on the particle’s velocity. A charged particle at rest experiences no magnetic
force.
4. It is found by experiment that magnetic force does not have the same direction as the
 
magnetic field B but instead is always perpendicular to both B and the velocity 𝑣 .
  
Magnetic Force: F = qv xB Eqn. 6.1.1
Magnitude of Magnetic Force: F = qvB sin  Eqn. 6.1.2
 
where:  is the angle between v and B
 N
SI Unit of B : Tesla, T =
A• m

CGS Unit of B : Gauss, G
Conversion Factor: 1G = 10-4 T
When a charged particle moves through a region of space where both electric and

magnetic fields are present,
 both fields exert forces on the particle. The total force F is the
vector sum of FE and FB .
   
F = q( E + v  B) Eqn. 6.1.3
Direction of Magnetic Force:
Figure 3. Finding the direction of the magnetic force on a moving charged particle.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A beam of proton (q = 1.6 x 10-19 C) moves at 3.0 x 105 m/s through a uniform magnetic field
with magnitude 2.0 T that is directed along the positive z-axis. The velocity of each proton lies
in the xz-plane at an angle of 300 to the +z-axis. Find the force on a proton.
Solution:
This problem uses the expression for the magnetic force on a moving charged particle. The
charge is positive, so the force is in the same direction as the vector product 𝑣 𝑥𝐵 ⃑ . From the
right-hand rule, this direction is along the negative y-axis or -𝑗̂. The magnitude of the force is
F = qvB sin  = (1.6 x 10-19 C)(3.0 x 105 m/s)(2.0 T)(sin 300) = 4.8 x 10-14 N
Incorporating the direction, the magnetic force is 𝐹 = 4.8 x 10-14 N, -𝑗̂.
We can check our result by evaluating the force using the vector language. We have
𝑚 𝑚
𝑣 = (3.0 𝑥 105 𝑠 ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 )𝑖̂ + (3.0 𝑥 105 𝑠 ) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 )𝑘̂
⃑ = (2.0 𝑇)𝑘̂
𝐵
⃑ = (1.6 x 10-19 C)(3.0 x 105 m/s)(2.0 T){[(𝑠𝑖𝑛 300 )𝑖̂ + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 300 )𝑘̂ ] × 𝑘̂}
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
𝐹 = 4.8 x 10-14 N, -𝑗̂.
If the beam consists of electrons rather than

protons, the charge is negative (q = - 1.6 x 10-19 C)
and the direction of the force is reversed. The force
is now directed along the positive y-axis, but the
magnitude is the same.
III. Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Field Lines
One can represent any magnetic field by magnetic field lines. We draw lines so that

the line through any point is tangent to the magnetic field vector B at that point. Just as with
electric field lines, we draw only a few representative lines; otherwise, the lines would fill up
all of space. Where adjacent field lines are close together, the field magnitude is large; where

these field lines are far apart, the field magnitude is small. Also, because the direction of B
at each point is unique, field lines never intersect.

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Figure 4. The magnetic field lines of a permanent magnet.

Figure 5. Magnetic field lines produced by several common sources of magnetic field.
Magnetic Flux
Generally, flux is defined as the flow of vector field lines through a cross-section.
Mathematically, it is defined as
  
d =  • dA where  is any vector field
Now for a magnetic field,

 
d B = B • dA

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The magnetic flux through a surface is
⃑ ⊥ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝐵
ΦB = ∫ 𝐵 ⃑ • 𝑑𝐴 Eqn. 6.1.4
 
where:  is the angle between v and B

Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. In the special case in which B is uniform over a plane
⃑ ⊥ and  are the same at all points on the surface, and
surface with total area A, 𝐵
ΦB = 𝐵⊥ 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 Eqn. 6.1.5
The SI unit of magnetic flux is equal to weber (Wb), in honor of the German physicist
Wilhelm Weber (1804-1891).
1 Weber, Wb = (1 T)(1 m2) = 1 N∙m/A
Gauss’ Law for Magnetism
In Gauss’s law the total electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total
electric charge enclosed by the surface. By analogy, if there were such a thing as a single
magnetic charge (magnetic monopole), the total magnetic flux through a closed surface would
be proportional to the total magnetic charge enclosed. But no magnetic monopole has ever
been observed despite intensive searches. We conclude:
The total magnetic flux  B through any closed surface is always zero.
 
 B • dA =0 Eqn. 6.1.6
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Figure (a) shows a perspective view of a flat surface with area 3.0 cm 2 in a uniform magnetic
field. If the magnetic flux through this area is 0.90 mWb, calculate the magnitude of the
magnetic field and find the direction of the area vector.
Solution:
In this problem we are given the flux, the area, and the direction of the magnetic field. Our
target variables are the field magnitude and the direction of the area vector.
⃑ ⊥ and
Because the magnetic field is uniform, 𝐵  are the same at all points on the surface.
Hence, we can use Eqn. 6.1.5.
ΦB = 𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙
ΦB 0.90 × 10−3 Wb
𝐵= = = 6.0 T
A cos ϕ (3.0 × 10−4 m2 )(cos600 )
The area vector 𝐴 is perpendicular to the area in the direction shown in Figure (b).

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What I Have Learned
Instruction:
Solve the following problems neatly and completely in a one (1) whole sheet of
intermediate or yellow paper.
1. A particle with a charge of –1.24 x 10-8 C is moving with instantaneous velocity 𝑣 =

𝑚 𝑚
(1.49 × 104 𝑠 ) 𝑖̂ + (−3.85 × 104 𝑠 )𝑗̂. What is the force exerted on this particle by a magnetic
⃑ = (1.40 𝑇)𝑖̂ + (−2.30 𝑇)𝑘̂ and (b) 𝐵
field (a) 𝐵 ⃑ = (−1.25 𝑇)𝑖̂ + (2.00 𝑇)𝑗̂ + (−3.50 𝑇)𝑘̂?
2. A particle with mass 1.81 x 10-3 kg and a charge of 1.22 x 10-8 C has, at a given instant, a
𝑚
velocity 𝑣 = (3.00 × 104 𝑠 )𝑗̂ . What are the magnitude and direction of the particle’s
acceleration produced by a uniform magnetic field 𝐵⃑ = (1.63 𝑇)𝑖̂ + (0.980 𝑇)𝑗̂̂?
3. A circular area with a radius of 6.50 cm lies in the xy-plane. What is the magnitude of the
magnetic flux through this circle due to a uniform magnetic field B = 0.230 T (a) in the +z-
direction; (b) at an angle of 53.10 from the +z-direction; (c) in the +y-direction?
4. The magnetic field in the certain region is 0.128 T, and its direction is that of the +z-axis in
the figure below. (a) What is the magnetic flux across the surface abcd in the figure? (b) What
is the magnetic flux across the surface befc? (c) What is the magnetic flux across the surface
aefd? (d) What is the net flux through all five surfaces that enclose the shaded volume?

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Lesson Motion of Charged Particles in

2 Magnetic Field
What is it
I. Motion of charged particles in magnetic field
When a charged particle moves in a magnetic field, it is acted on by the magnetic force
and the motion is determined by Newton’s Laws. In a
uniform magnetic field, a charged particle whose velocity is
perpendicular to the field direction will follow a circular path.
In figure 6, a particle with charge +q is at point O,

 
moving with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field B
 
directed into the plane. The vectors v and B are
perpendicular, so the magnetic force has magnitude
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 and the direction is shown in the figure. The force

is always perpendicular to v , so it cannot change the
magnitude of the velocity, only its direction. The magnetic
force can never do work on the particle. This is true even if
the magnetic field is not uniform.
Figure 6
Source: Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics
with Modern Physics Technology Update by Hugh D.
Young and Roger A. Freedman, 12th edition
Motion of a charged particle under the action of a magnetic field alone is always motion
with constant speed.

This principle tells us that the magnitudes of both 𝐹 and v are constant. At points such
as P and S in the figure the directions of force and velocity have changed but their magnitudes
are the same. The particle therefore moves under the influence of a constant-magnitude force
that is always at right angles to the velocity of the particle. The particle’s path is a circle, traced
out with constant speed. The centripetal acceleration is v2/R and the only force acting is the
magnetic force, so from Newton’s Second Law
mv 2
F = qvB = Eqn. 6.2.1
R
The radius of a circular orbit in a magnetic field is
mv
R= Eqn. 6.2.2
qB

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2R
Recalling = where v = r and manipulating this with Eqn. 6.2.1, we have the
v
cyclotron period as
2m
 = Eqn. 6.2.3
qB
The cyclotron angular speed is given by

qB
= Eqn. 6.2.4
m
and the cyclotron frequency is

f = Eqn. 6.2.5
2
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
Suppose a cyclotron is operated at an oscillator frequency of 12 MHz and has a radius

of 53 cm. (a) What is the magnitude of the magnetic field needed for deuterons to be
accelerated in the cyclotron? The deuteron’s mass is 3.34 x 10-27kg. (b) What is the resulting
kinetic energy of the deuterons?
Solution:
A deuteron is a stable particle composed of one proton and one neutron.
(a) From Eqn. 6.2.4 and Eqn. 6.2.5 we have,
2𝜋𝑚𝑓
𝐵=
|𝑞|
(2)(𝜋)(3.34 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔)(12 × 106 𝑠 −1 )
𝐵=
1.60 × 10−19 𝐶
𝐵 = 1.57𝑇
(b) From Eqn. 6.2.2, the linear speed is
𝑅|𝑞|𝐵 (0.53𝑚)(1.60 × 10−19 𝐶)(1.57𝑇) 𝑚

𝑣= = −27
= 3.99 × 107
𝑚 3.34 × 10 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
Thus, the resulting kinetic energy of the deuterons is
1 1 𝑚 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = (3.34 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔) (3.99 × 107 )
2 2 𝑠
𝐾𝐸 = 2.66 × 10−12 𝐽

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II. Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
Velocity Selector
In a beam of charged particles produced by a heated cathode or a radioactive material,

not all particles move with the same speed. Many applications, however, require a beam in
which all the particle speeds are the same. Particles of a specific speed can be selected from
the beam using an arrangement of electric and magnetic fields called a velocity selector. In
figure 7(a) a charged particle with mass m, charge q, and speed v enters a region of space
where the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to the particle’s velocity and to each
other. The electric field is to the left, and the magnetic field is into the plane of the figure. If q
is positive, the electric force is to the left, with magnitude qE, and the magnetic force is to the
right, with magnitude qvB. For given field magnitudes E and B, for a particular value of v the
electric and magnetic forces will be equal in magnitude; the total force is then zero, and the
particle travels in a straight line with constant velocity. The speed for which there is no
deflection is determined in the following manner:
Figure 7. Velocity selector

∑ 𝐹𝑦 = −𝑞𝐸 + 𝑞𝑣𝐵 = 0
𝑣 = 𝐸/𝐵 Eqn. 6.2.6
10

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Thomson’s e/m experiment
In one of the landmark experiments in physics at the end of the 19th century, J.J.
Thomson (1856-1940) used the idea just described to measure the ratio of charge to mass for
the electron. For this experiment, carried out in 1897 at the Cavendish Laboratory in
Cambridge, England, Thomson used the apparatus in the figure below.
Figure 8. Thomson’s apparatus for measuring the ration e/m for the electron.
In a highly evacuated glass container, electrons from the hot cathode are accelerated
and formed into a beam by a potential difference V between the two anodes A and A’. The
speed v of the electrons is determined by the accelerating potential V. The kinetic energy
equals the loss of electric potential energy eV, where e is the magnitude of the electron charge:
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉
2
2𝑒𝑉
𝑣= √ 𝑚
Eqn. 6.2.7
The electrons pass between the plates P and P’ and strike the screen at the end of the
tube, which is coated with a material that fluoresces at the point of impact. The electrons pass
straight through the plates when Eqn. 7.2.6 is satisfied; combining this with Eqn. 7.2.7, we get
𝐸 2𝑒𝑉
= √
𝐵 𝑚
𝑒 𝐸2
So, = Eqn. 6.2.8
𝑚 2𝑉𝐵2
The most significant aspect of Thomson’s e/m measurements was that he found a
single value for this quantity. The most precise value of e/m available as of this writing is
𝑒⁄ = 1.75882012(15) × 1011 𝐶/𝑘𝑔
𝑚
The most precise value of the mass of electron available at present is
m = 9.1093826(16) x 10-31 kg
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Mass Spectrometers
Techniques similar to Thomson’s e/m experiment can be used to measure masses of

ions and thus measure atomic and molecular masses. In 1919, Francis Aston (1877-1945), a
student of Thomson’s, built the first of a family of instruments called mass spectrometers. The
figure shows a variation built by Bainbridge. Positive ions from a source pass through the slits
S1 and S2, forming a narrow beam. Then the ions pass through a velocity selector with crossed
electric and magnetic fields to block all ions except those with speed v equal to E/B. Finally,
the ions pass into the a region with a magnetic field B’ perpendicular to the figure, where they
𝑚𝑣
move in circular arcs with radius 𝑅 = . Ions with different masses strike the detector at
𝑞𝐵′
different points, and the values of R can be measured. We assume that each ion has lost one
electron, so the net charge of each ion is just +e. With everything known in this equation except
m, we can compute the mass m of the ion.
One of the earliest results from this work was the discovery that neon has two species
of atoms, with atomic masses 20 and 22 g/mol. We now call these species isotopes of the
element.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. You set out to reproduce Thomson’s e/m experiment with an accelerating potential of 150
V and a deflecting electric field of magnitude 6.0 x 106 N/C. (a) At what fraction of the speed
of light do the electrons move? (b) What magnitude of magnetic field will you need? (c) With
this magnetic field, what will happen to the electron beam if you increase the accelerating
potential above 150 V?
Solution:
We use Eqn. 6.2.7 to determine the speed of the electrons and Eqn. 6.2.6 to determine the
requisite magnetic field.
(a) From Eqn. 6.2.7,
𝑒 𝐶
𝑣 = √2( )𝑉 = √2(1.76 × 1011 )(150 𝑉) = 7.27 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 7.27 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
= = 0.024
𝑐 3.00 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
The electrons are traveling at 2.4% of the speed of light.
(b) From Eqn. 6.2.6,
𝐸 6.00 × 106 𝑁/𝐶

𝐵= = = 0.83 𝑇
𝑣 7.27 × 106 𝑚/𝑠
(c) Increasing the accelerating potential V increases the electron speed v. This doesn’t change
the upward electric for eE, but it increases the downward magnetic force evB. Therefore the
electron beam will be bent downward and will hit the end of the tube below the undeflected
position.
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2. There is almost no helium in ordinary air, so helium sprayed near a leak in a vacuum system
will quickly show up in the output of a vacuum pump connected to such a system. You are
designing a leak detector that uses a mass spectrometer to detect He+ ions (charge +e = +1.60
x 10-19 C, mass 6.65 x 10-27 kg). The ions emerge from the velocity selector with a speed of
1.00 x 105 m/s. They are curved in semicircular path by a magnetic field B’ and are detected
at a distance of 10.16 cm from the slit S3 in the Bainbridge’s mass spectrometer. Calculate the
magnitude of the magnetic field B’.
Solution:
The motion of the ion after it passes through the slit S1 in the Bainbridge’s mass spectrometer
is just motion in a circular path. We use Eqn. 6.2.2 to relate the magnetic field strength B’ to
the radius of curvature of the path and to the mass, charge, and speed of the ion.
The distance given is the diameter of the semicircular path, so the radius is 5.08 x 10-2 m.
Using Eqn. 6.2.2,
−27 5𝑚
′
𝑚𝑣 (6.65 × 10 𝑘𝑔)(1.00 × 10 𝑠 )
𝐵 = = = 0.0817
𝑞𝑅 (1.60 × 10−19 𝐶)(5.08 × 10−2 𝑚)
What I Have Learned
Solve completely and neatly each problem. Write your solution in a clean sheet of
1. A particle with charge 6.40 x 10-19 C travels in a circular orbit with radius 4.68 mm due to
the force exerted on it by a magnetic field with magnitude 1.65 T and perpendicular to the
orbit. (a) What is the magnitude of the linear momentum 𝑝 of the particle? (b) What is the
magnitude of the angular momentum 𝐿⃑ of the particle?
2. An electron at point A in the figure has a speed v0 of 1.41 x 106

m/s. Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that
will cause the electron to follow the semicircular path from A to B,
and (b) the time required for the electron to move from A to B.
3. A singly charged ion of 7Li (an isotope of Lithium) has a mass of 1.16 x 10-26 kg. It is
accelerated through a potential difference of 220 V and then enters a magnetic field with
magnitude 0.723 T perpendicular to the path of the ion. What is the radius of the ion’s path in
the magnetic field?
4. A 150-V battery is connected across two parallel metal plates of area 28.5 cm2 and
separation 8.20 mm. A beam of alpha particles (charge +2e, mass 6.64 x 10-27 kg) is
accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 1.75 kV and enters the region between
the plates perpendicular to the electric field. What magnitude and direction of magnetic field
are needed so that the alpha particles emerge undeflected from between the plates?
5. In the Bainbridge mass spectrometer, the magnetic-field magnitude in the velocity selector
is 0.650 T, and ions having a speed of 1.82 x 106 m/s pass through undeflected. (a) What is
the electric-field magnitude in the velocity selector? (b) If the separation of the plates is 5.20
mm, what is the potential difference between plates P and P’?
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Lesson Magnetic Force on Current-

3 carrying Conductors
What is it
What makes an electric motor work? The forces that make it turn are forces that a
magnetic field exerts on a conductor carrying a current. The magnetic forces on the moving
charges within the conductor are transmitted to the material of the conductor, and the
conductor, as a whole, experiences a force distributed along its length.
We can compute the force on a current-carrying conductor starting with the magnetic force
⃑ ) on a single moving charge.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
Figure 9 shows a straight segment of a conducting wire, with length l and cross-

sectional area A; the current is from bottom to top. The wire is in a uniform magnetic field B
, perpendicular to the plane of the diagram and directed into the plane. Assume that the
moving charges are positive.
Figure 9. Forces on a moving positive charge in a current-carrying conductor.

The drift velocity is upward and perpendicular to the magnetic field. The average force
on each charge is
𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣𝑑 × 𝐵
⃑ and
⃑ are perpendicular.
𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐵 since 𝑣⃗𝑑 and 𝐵
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To derive an expression for the total force on all the moving charges in a length l of
conductor with cross-sectional area A, we have the following working relations:
Total number of charges: 𝑛𝐴𝑙

where: n is the number of charges per unit volume
l is the length of the conductor and
A is the area of the conductor

The total force F on all the moving charges in this segment has magnitude
𝐹 = (𝑛𝐴𝑙)(𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐵) = (𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 𝐴)(𝑙𝐵) Eqn. 6.3.1
Using the equations for current density, 𝐽 = 𝑛𝑞𝑣𝑑 and current, I = JA we now have
𝐹 = (𝐽𝐴)𝑙𝐵 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 Eqn. 6.3.2

If the B is not perpendicular to the wire but makes an angle  with it, then
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵⊥ = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 Eqn. 6.3.3
The force is always perpendicular to both the conductor and the field, with the direction
determined by the same right-hand rule we used for a moving positive charge. Hence this
force can be expressed as a vector product. We represent the segment of wire with a vector
𝑙 along the wire in the direction of the current; then the force 𝐹 on this segment is
⃑
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙 × 𝐵 Eqn. 6.3.4

If the conductor is not straight, we can divide it into infinitesimal segments dl . The magnetic
force on an infinitesimal wire section is expressed as
⃑
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵 Eqn. 6.3.5
Then we can integrate this expression along the wire to find the total force on a conductor of
any shape.
What happens when the moving charges are negative, such as electrons in metal? For this
case, the upward current in the figure in the previous page corresponds to a downward drift
velocity. Because q is negative, the direction of the force 𝐹 is now reversed but the magnitude
is the same. Thus Eqns. 6.3.1 through 6.3.5 are valid for both positive and negative charges
and even when both signs of charge are present at once. This happens in some
semiconductor materials and in ionic solutions.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM:
A straight horizontal copper rod carries a

current of 50.0A from west to east in a region
between the poles of a large electromagnet. In this
region there is a horizontal magnetic field toward the
north-east (that is, 45o north of east) with magnitude
1.20T. (a) Find the force on a 1.00-m section of rod.
(b) While keeping the rod horizontal, how should it be
oriented to maximize the magnitude of the force? What is the force magnitude in this case?
Solution:
 
The expressions for l and B are:
𝑙 = (1.00𝑚)𝑖̂
⃑𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗̂ = 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 5𝑜 𝑖̂ + 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 5𝑜 𝑗̂ = (1.20𝑇)[(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 5𝑜 )𝑖̂ + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 5𝑜 )𝑗̂]
(a) From Eqn. 6.3.4,

𝐹 ⃑
= 𝐼𝑙 × 𝐵
𝐹 = (50.0𝐴)(1.00𝑚)𝑖̂ × (1.20𝑇)[(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 5𝑜 )𝑖̂ + (𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 5𝑜 )𝑗̂]
𝐹 = (42.43𝑁)[(𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂) + (𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂)]
𝐹 = (42.43𝑁)𝑘̂
 
(b) The magnitude of the force is maximum if the l and B are perpendicular. To have the
force still be upward, we rotate the rod clockwise by 45o from its orientation as shown in the
figure above so that the current runs toward the southeast. Then the magnetic force has
magnitude
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙𝐵 = (50.0𝐴)(1.00𝑚)(1.20𝑇)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 9 0𝑜 ) = 60.0𝑁
What I Have Learned
Solve the following problems completely and neatly. Show your solution in a clean sheet of
1. A straight, vertical wire carries a current of 1.20 A downward in a region between the poles
of a large superconducting electromagnet, where the magnetic field has magnitude 0.588 T
and is horizontal. What are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on a 1.00-cm
section of the wire that is in this uniform magnetic field, if the magnetic field direction is (a)
east; (b) south; (c) 30.00 S of W?
2. A horizontal rod 0.20 m long is mounted on a balance and carries a current. At the location
of the rod a uniform horizontal magnetic field has magnitude 0.067 T and direction
perpendicular to the rod. The magnetic force on the rod is measured by the balance and is
found to be 0.13 N. What is the current?
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Summary
Magnetic forces:
Magnetic interactions are fundamentally interactions between moving charged particles.

These interactions are described by the vector magnetic field. A particle with charge q moving

with velocity 𝑣 in a magnetic field B experiences a force 𝐹 that is perpendicular to both 𝑣 and
⃑ . The SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (1 T = 1 N/A∙m).
𝐵
⃑
𝐹⃗ = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
Magnetic field and flux:
A magnetic field can be represented graphically by magnetic field lines. At each point a
magnetic field line is tangent to the direction of the magnetic field at that point. Where the field
lines are close together the field magnitude is large, and vice versa. Magnetic flux through an
area is defined in an analogous way to electric flux. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber
(1 Wb = 1 T∙m2).
⃑ ⊥ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜙 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝐵
ΦB = ∫ 𝐵 ⃑ • 𝑑𝐴
The total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero.

⃑ • 𝑑𝐴 = 0
∮𝐵
Motion in a magnetic field:
The magnetic force is always perpendicular to 𝑣 ; a particle moving under the action of a
magnetic field alone moves with constant speed. In a uniform magnetic field, a particle with
initial velocity perpendicular to the field moves in a circle with radius R that depends on the
magnetic field strength 𝐵 ⃑ and the mass m, speed v, and charge q.
mv
R=
qB
Magnetic force on a conductor:
A straight segment of a conductor carrying current I in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵⃑ experiences

⃑ and the vector length 𝑙 , which points in the direction
a force 𝐹 that is perpendicular to both 𝐵
of the current and has magnitude equal to the length of the segment. A similar relationship
gives the force 𝑑𝐹 on an infinitesimal current-carrying segment 𝑑𝑙 .
⃑
𝐹 = 𝐼𝑙 × 𝐵
⃑
𝑑𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑𝑙 × 𝐵
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Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. The relationship between electricity and magnetism can be seen in all of the following
EXCEPT:
A) a battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

B) a magnet pushed inside a loop of wire produces current in the wire
C) a compass needle is deflected when placed near a current carrying wire
D) electric current set up in a coil of wire affects another coil placed near the first one
2. The strength of a magnet is _____________.

A) greatest in the middle B) the same all over
C) greatest at the poles D) greatest at only one end
3. A magnet can be made by _______________.

A) heating an iron nail B) rubbing an iron nail with a magnet
C) placing an iron nail in the earth D) striking an iron nail
4. When a bar magnet is broken in half, _____________.

A) it loses its magnetism
B) both halves are magnets
C) one half has one pole and the other half has another pole
D) one half has two south poles and the other half has two north poles
5. Which determines the direction of the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field?
I. direction of current in the wire
II. amount of current in the wire
III. direction of magnetic field
A) I only D) II and III only
B) I and II only E) I, II, and III
C) I and III only
6. All magnets are characterized with _____________.

A) two south poles B) a shape like a bar
C) permanent magnetism D) a magnetic field around them
7. The total magnetic flux through a closed surface is _____________.

A) always maximum B) dependent on the size of the closed surface
C) zero D) infinite
8. A compass points to _____________.

A) geographic north B) geographic east C) magnetic north D) magnetic east
9. The motion of a charged particle under the action of a magnetic field alone is always motion
with ______________.
A) constant force B) constant speed C) constant velocity D) constant acceleration
10. The magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor depends on the following EXCEPT
A) current flowing in the conductor B) mass of the conductor
C) length of the conductor D) magnetic field
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11. A current is flowing west along a power line. If we neglect the earth’s field, the direction of
the magnetic field below it is
A) East . B) North
C) South . D) West
12. The magnetic field of a bar magnet most closely resembles of a

A) current carrying wire loop
B) horseshoe magnet
C) straight current carrying wire
D) stream of electrons moving parallel to one another
13. What angle should a current-carrying wire make an angle with the magnetic field for the
force to be maximum?
A) 00 B) 450
C) 900 D) 1200
14. When a current-carrying wire is in uniform magnetic field with the direction of current the
same as that of the field,
A) there is a force on the wire that tends to move it parallel to the magnetic field
B) there is a force on the wire that tends to move it perpendicular to the magnetic field
C) there is a torque on the wire that tends to rotate it until the plane is perpendicular to the
field
D) there is neither a force nor a torque on the wire
15. The field/s surrounding a moving electric charge

A) depends on the space where the charge is moving
B) electric field
C) magnetic field
D) both electric and magnetic fields
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Key to Answers
Pre-Test
1A 6D 11. C
2B 7D 12. B
3B 8C 13. C
4B 9B 14. C
5A 10 C 15. A
Post-Test
1A 6D 11.C
2C 7C 12. C
3B 8A 13. C
4B 9B 14. D
5C 10 B 15. D
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Reference:
Canva. Accessed December 24, 2020. https://www.canva.com/education

Sears and Zemansky’s University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update by Hugh
D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, 12th edition, pp. 916 – 956
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

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E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
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What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i

What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 2: Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field

Lesson 3: Magnetic force on current-carrying conductors

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What This Module is About

This module has three (3) lessons:

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

2. Evaluate the total magnetic flux through an open surface STEM_GP12EM-IIIh-55;

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How to Learn from this Module

Icons of this Module

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

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1. A magnet attracts ______________.

2. The strength of a magnet is _____________.

3. A magnet can be made by _______________.

4. When a bar magnet is broken in half, _____________.

5. Magnets lose their magnetism when they are ____________.

6. All magnets are characterized with _____________.

7. The total magnetic flux through a closed surface is _____________.

8. A compass points to _____________.

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11. Magnetic fields do not interact with

15. Which of the following is an accurate statement?

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Lesson Magnetic Field and Magnetic

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Figure 2. A sketch of the earth’s magnetic field.

II. Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces

We can describe magnetic interactions in a similar way:

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Magnetic Forces on a Moving Charges

Four key characteristics of the magnetic force on a moving charge

1. Its magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.

Conversion Factor: 1G = 10-4 T