B. Sc.

(Hons) Semester I Open Book Examination, 2 0 2 1 – 2 2

PHYSICS
BPL-101: Physics Practical

Time: Four and half hours Full Marks : 70

Instructions :

Last digit of your roll number is the experiment you need to attempt i.e. if
your roll number is “21220GGR001” then attempt the experiment number
“Experiment 1”.
(i) Attempt all questions of any one experiment from either group I or group II
(according to your allotted group).

(ii) The total duration of the examination will be 4.30 Hours (Four and half Hours), which
includes the time for downloading the question paper, writing the answers by hand and
uploading the hand-written answer sheets on the portal.

(iii) For the students with benchmark disability as per Persons with Disability Act, the total
duration of examination shall be 6 Hours (Six Hours) to complete the examination process,
which includes the time for downloading the question paper from the portal, writing the
answers by hand and uploading the hand-written answer sheets on the portal.

(iv) Answers should be hand-written on plain white A4 size paper using black or blue pen.
Each question can be answered in up to 350 words on 3 (Three) plain A4 size paper (only one
side to be used).

(v) Answers to each question should start from a fresh page. All pages are required to be
numbered. You should write your Course Name, Semester, Examination Roll Number, Paper
Code, Paper Title, Date and Time of Examination on the first sheet used for answers.
 Group –I

Experiment 0 : PN Junction diode and Zener diode characteristics.

What is the objective of the experiment? Draw the circuit diagram of p-n junction diode in
forward and reverse biased conditions and explain the meaning of threshold potential and
peak inverse voltage rating with help of forward and reverse biased characteristics curve of p-
n junction diode. 40

Q1: What are semiconductors? Give examples? Discuss the types of semiconductors. 10

Q2: Define drift current and diffusion current. What is depletion region in PN junction? 10

Q3: Discuss Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown 10

Experiment 1: Determination of modulus of rigidity of a wire using Maxwell’s needle

method
Write the objective of the experiment. What is modulus of rigidity? Write the working
formula and principle of Maxwell’s needle method for the determination of modulus of
rigidity of a metallic wire with the help of the suitable diagram. 40

Q1: Explain the following terms using suitable examples: (i) Systematic and random error
(ii) absolute, relative and percentage error (iii) significant figure. 10

Q2: Do you get the same value of (a) for a thin and a thick wire (b) from statically and
dynamical methods? Explain your answer. 10

Q3: Why does the time period change when the position of the cylinders is interchanged
although the mass of the oscillating system remains unchanged? 10

Experiment 2: Determination of Young’s modulus of metallic bar by bending of beam

method
Write the objective, procedure and working formula for the determination of Young’s
modulus of material of a metallic beam in the laboratory. Why is a screw gauge used to
measure the thickness of a metallic beam? 40
Q1: State Hooke’s law. Define Young's modulus, Shear modulus, and Bulk modulus 10
Q2: Discuss the concept of cantilever and define bending moment. 10
Q3: Define least count and write the value of least count for vernier calipers, screw gauge
and spherometer. 10
Experiment 3: Determination of acceleration due to gravity using compound
pendulum
Describe the objective of the experiment .Write the theory and procedure to determine the
acceleration due to gravity in the laboratory using a compound pendulum. How do you
determine ‘L’ with the help of distance and time measurement in the lab. 40

Q1: Write the difference between a simple and compound pendulum? Why do you typically
prefer compound pendulums for the determination of ‘g’ in the lab? 10

Q2: Define the point of suspension and point of oscillation for the bar pendulum. Discuss
the condition for minimum and maximum time period for the same with help of distance vs.
time period plot. 10
Q3: Discuss the graphical error and instrumental error for the case of determination of
acceleration due to gravity using compound pendulum. 10

Experiment 4: Determination of Stefan’s constant

Write the objective and procedure to determine Stefan’s constant in laboratory. On what
principle the Stefan’s constant is obtained during your lab experiments? Please write in detail,
using the formula (if any) and describe the method properly. 40
Q1:What is a black body? Discuss emissive power and absorptive power for a black body.10
Q2 : What do you understand by steady state? Discuss the heating effect of current. 10
Q3: Using the working formula for Stefan’s constant, write the expression for maximum
probable error. 10

Experiment 5 : PN Junction diode and Zener diode characteristics.

What is the objective of the experiment? Draw the circuit diagram of p-n junction diode in
forward and reverse biased conditions and explain the meaning of threshold potential and
peak inverse voltage rating with help of forward and reverse biased characteristics curve of p-
n junction diode. 40

Q1: What are Semiconductors? Give examples? Discuss the types of Semiconductors. 10

Q2: Define drift current and diffusion current. What is depletion region in PN junction? 10

Q3: Discuss Zener breakdown and avalanche breakdown 10

Experiment 6: Determination of modulus of rigidity of a wire using Maxwell’s needle
method
Write the objective of the experiment. What is modulus of rigidity? Write the working
formula and principle of Maxwell’s needle method for the determination of modulus of
rigidity of a metallic wire with the help of the suitable diagram. 40

Q1: Explain the following terms using suitable examples: (i) Systematic and random error
(ii) absolute, relative and percentage error (iii) significant figure. 10

Q2: Do you get the same value of (a) for a thin and a thick wire (b) from statically and
dynamical methods? Explain your answer. 10

Q3: Why does the time period change when the position of the cylinders is interchanged
although the mass of the oscillating system remains unchanged? 10

Experiment 7: Determination of Young’s modulus of metallic bar by bending of beam

method
Write the objective, procedure and working formula for the determination of Young’s
modulus of material of a metallic beam in the laboratory. Why is a screw gauge used to
measure the thickness of a metallic beam? 40
Q1: State Hooke’s law. Define Young's modulus, Shear modulus, and Bulk modulus 10
Q2: Discuss the concept of cantilever and define bending moment. 10
Q3: Define least count and write the value of least count for vernier calipers, screw gauge
and spherometer. 10

Experiment 8: Determination of acceleration due to gravity using compound

pendulum
Describe the objective of the experiment .Write the theory and procedure to determine the
acceleration due to gravity in the laboratory using a compound pendulum. How do you
determine ‘L’ with the help of distance and time measurement in the lab. 40

Q1: Write the difference between a simple and compound pendulum? Why do you typically
prefer compound pendulums for the determination of ‘g’ in the lab? 10
Q2: Define the point of suspension and point of oscillation for the bar pendulum. Discuss
the condition for minimum and maximum time period for the same with help of distance vs.
time period plot. 10
Q3: Discuss the graphical error and instrumental error for the case of determination of
acceleration due to gravity using compound pendulum. 10
Experiment 9: Determination of Stefan’s constant
Write the objective and procedure to determine Stefan’s constant in laboratory. On what
principle the Stefan’s constant is obtained during your lab experiments? Please write in detail,
using the formula (if any) and describe the method properly. 40
Q1:What is a black body? Discuss emissive power and absorptive power for a black body. 10
Q2 : What do you understand by steady state? Discuss the heating effect of current. 10
Q3: Using the working formula for Stefan’s constant, write the expression for maximum
probable error. 10
 GROUP- II

Experiment 0: Determination of modulus of rigidity using Barton’s apparatus.

Write the objective of the Experiment. Write the formulas used and explain the meaning of
each symbol. Discuss the theory and working principle of Barton’s Apparatus. Describe the
measurement procedure of the experiment. How twisting couple is applied for twisting the
wire? Obtain an expression for couple per unit twist.
40

Q1: Define shearing stress, shearing strain and shear modulus. 10

Q2: Explain how the error in the calculation of modulus of rigidity can be minimized in
this experiment. 10

Q3: For what types of wires, this experimental method is suitable? Why? 10

Experiment 1: Construction of three input ‘OR’, ‘AND’,’NOT, ‘NOR’ and ‘NAND’

gates using diode logic and to verify their truth tables.

Write the objective of the Experiment. Draw the circuit diagram of OR, AND, NOT, NOR
and NAND logic gates using diodes and a transistor and write their truth table? Briefly
describe the measurement procedure of this experiment. What do you learn from this
experiment? Explain in your own words. 40

Q 1: Consider the circuit below:

(a) Create the truth table for the circuit. 10

(b) Write down the corresponding Boolean algebra expression.
(c) Simplify the circuit. Explain which Boolean algebra theorems that are used.

Q2: How will you obtain OR, AND gates from the NAND and NOR gates? Write symbols,
Boolean formula, and truth table. 10

Q3: Explain the universal logic gates? What do you understand by “0” and “1” positive
logic? 10
Experiment: 2. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Poiseuille’s method.

Write the objective of the Experiment. Write the formula used and explains the meaning of
each symbol used. Define the co-efficient of viscosity. Write the working formula and
procedure to determine coefficient of viscosity of water in laboratory with the help of suitable
diagram. 40

Q1: There is a 3 mm thick layer of glycerin between a flat plate and a large plate. If the
viscosity coefficient of glycerin is 2 N s/m2 and the area of the plane plate is 48 cm. How
much force is required to move the plate at a speed of 6 cm/s? 10

Q2: Point out the fluids having viscosity less than and greater than that of water. Comment
the various factors that affect co-efficient of viscosity. 10

Q3: Why is viscous force dissipative? Compare streamline flow with turbulent flow. 10

Experiment 3: Determination of dispersive power of the prism.

Describe the aim of the aim of the experiment and major component of the experiment. In
brief give theory and experimental procedure with the suitable diagram and describe the
result of the experiment. 40

Q1: Define the refractive index of the material of the prism. What is meant by minimum
deviation? 10

Q2: What is a spectrometer and why are the two readings of the spectrometer taken? What is
the function of a collimator? 10

Q3: What is Schuster's Method? Why it is important. 10

Experiment 4: Determination of thermal conductivity of bad conductor using Lee’s disc

method.

Write down the objective of the experiment. Define the term thermal conductivity. Write the
procedure to determine thermal conductivity of a bad conductor in laboratory using Lee’s
Disc method with the help of the diagram. 40

Q1: Explain the concept of temperature gradient in Lee’s Disc experiment and how one can
estimate steady state temperature from the temperature vs. time plot. 10
Q2: Define the Newton’s laws of cooling and write it significance. 10
Q3: Why can't lee's disc method be used for good conductors? 10

Experiment 5: Determination of modulus of rigidity using Barton’s apparatus.

Write the objective of the Experiment. Write the formulas used and explain the meaning of
each symbol. Discuss the theory and working principle of Barton’s Apparatus. Describe the
measurement procedure of the experiment. How twisting couple is applied for twisting the
wire? Obtain an expression for couple per unit twist.
40

Q1: Define shearing stress, shearing strain and shear modulus. 10

Q2: Explain how the error in the calculation of modulus of rigidity can be minimized in
this experiment. 10

Q3: For what types of wires, this experimental method is suitable? Why? 10

Experiment 6: Construction of three input ‘OR’, ‘AND’,’NOT, ‘NOR’ and ‘NAND’

gates using diode logic and to verify their truth tables.

Write the objective of the Experiment. Draw the circuit diagram of OR, AND, NOT, NOR
and NAND logic gates using diodes and a transistor and write their truth table? Briefly
describe the measurement procedure of this experiment. What do you learn from this
experiment? Explain in your own words. 40

Q 1: Consider the circuit below:

(a) Create the truth table for the circuit. 10

(b) Write down the corresponding Boolean algebra expression.
(c) Simplify the circuit. Explain which Boolean algebra theorems that are used.

Q2: How will you obtain OR, AND gates from the NAND and NOR gates? Write symbols,
Boolean formula, and truth table. 10

Q3: Explain the universal logic gates? What do you understand by “0” and “1” positive
logic? 10
Experiment: 7. Determination of viscosity of liquid using Poiseuille’s method.

Write the objective of the Experiment. Write the formula used and explains the meaning of
each symbol used. Define the co-efficient of viscosity. Write the working formula and
procedure to determine coefficient of viscosity of water in laboratory with the help of suitable
diagram. 40

Q1: There is a 3 mm thick layer of glycerin between a flat plate and a large plate. If the
viscosity coefficient of glycerin is 2 N s/m2 and the area of the plane plate is 48 cm. How
much force is required to move the plate at a speed of 6 cm/s? 10

Q2: Point out the fluids having viscosity less than and greater than that of water. Comment
the various factors that affect co-efficient of viscosity. 10

Q3: Why is viscous force dissipative? Compare streamline flow with turbulent flow. 10

Experiment 8: Determination of dispersive power of the prism.

Describe the aim of the aim of the experiment and major component of the experiment. In
brief give theory and experimental procedure with the suitable diagram and describe the
result of the experiment. 40

Q1: Define the refractive index of the material of the prism. What is meant by minimum
deviation? 10

Q2: What is a spectrometer and why are the two readings of the spectrometer taken? What is
the function of a collimator? 10

Q3: What is Schuster's Method? Why it is important. 10

Experiment 9: Determination of thermal conductivity of bad conductor using Lee’s disc

method.

Write down the objective of the experiment. Define the term thermal conductivity. Write the
procedure to determine thermal conductivity of a bad conductor in laboratory using Lee’s
Disc method with the help of the diagram. 40

Q1: Explain the concept of temperature gradient in Lee’s Disc experiment and how one can
estimate steady state temperature from the temperature vs. time plot. 10
Q2: Define the Newton’s laws of cooling and write it significance. 10
Q3: Why can't lee's disc method be used for good conductors? 10