Gen Chem 2 q3 Module 1a Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

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Gen Chem 2 Q3 Module 1A

Properties-of-Matter-and-Intermolecular-Forces-of-Attraction
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Quarter 3 - Module 1A
Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
of Attraction
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General Chemistry 2- Grade 11

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Quarter 3 - Module 1A: Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
of Attraction
First Edition, 2020
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General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module 1A:
of Attraction
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About …………………………………………… i
What I Need to Know …………………………………………… i
How to Learn from this Module …………………………………………… i
Icons of this Module …………………………………………… ii
What I know …………………………………………… iii
Lesson 1: Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces of

Attraction
What I Need to Know …………………………………………… 1
What’s In …………………………………………… 1
What’s New …………………………………………… 2
What Is It …………………………………………… 2
What’s More …………………………………………… 7
What I Have Learned …………………………………………… 7
What I Can Do …………………………………………… 8
Appendix A …………………………………………… 9
Summary …………………………………………… 10
Key to Answers …………………………………………… 12
References …………………………………………… 14

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Module 1A
of Attraction
What This Module is About

We will apply the kinetic molecular theory to explain characteristics of liquids
and solids and compare their properties with those of gases. Moreover, we are going
to examine the different types of intermolecular forces between molecules and
between ions and molecules: dispersion forces, dipole–dipole forces, ion–dipole
forces, and hydrogen bonds.
Lesson –Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
WWhat I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and solids
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-99);
2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces
(STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-100).
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

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Icons of this Module
What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.
What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson
What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
ii

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What I Know
Pre-Test
Directions: Read and answer each item carefully and choose the letter
of the best answer.
1. Which of the following properties pertains to solids only?
a. The kinetic energy is enough to overcome the attractive forces.
b. The particles can slide past one another.
c. They expand slightly when heated.
d. They diffuse extremely slow because the particles are tightly packed.
2. Rank the matter based on decreasing relative strength of attractive forces
between particles.
a. liquid, solid, gas c. gas, liquid, solid
b. solid, liquid, gas d. liquid, gas, solid
3. Which among the intermolecular forces is the weakest?
a. hydrogen bond c. dispersion forces
b. ion-dipole forces d. dipole-dipole forces
4. Which of the following is synonymous to dipoles?
a. nonpolar molecules c. charged atoms or group of atoms
b. polar molecules d. molecules with even sharing of electrons
5. Which intermolecular force is present in all molecules?
6. Which of the following intermolecular forces is exhibited by N2 molecules?
b. ion-dipole forces d. pole-dipole forces
7. Which of the following intermolecular forces is present in the molecules of
CH20H?
8. Which of the following is common to both solids and liquids?
a. They have fixed shape and fixed volume.
b. They have a strong intermolecular force of attraction and vibrate in fixed
position because their particles are close to each other.
c. They have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome their attractive forces.
d. They are slightly compressible.
9. Which of the three states of matter has the strongest intermolecular forces?
a. Solid c. Gas
b. Liquid d. gas, solid, liquid
10. Which of the following explains the formation of water droplets on the surface
of a glass of cold water?
a. Water molecules are pushed by air onto the surface of the glass and
form drops.
b. When water molecules in the air move slower, they get attracted to each
other and come together as drops.
c. Water molecules in the air get attracted to the liquid water.
d. Water molecules escape through the porous glass.
iii

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Lesson Properties of Matter and

1on1 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids.

2. Compare the properties of liquids and solids with those of gases.
3. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
What’s In
A. Recall!
Directions: Recall the concepts on Molecular Geometry, Polarity, Bond Dipole and
Dipole Moment. Complete the table below by following these instructions:
1. Draw the Lewis structures of the following molecules with the correct shape
around the central atom.
2. Indicate each bond’s polarity by drawing an arrow to represent the bond
dipole along each bond.
3. Determine the molecule’s polarity and indicate this with an arrow to represent
the dipole.
4. Circle your choice in each box to mark the molecule as polar or nonpolar.
Cl2 NH3 CH3Br CH4
polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar

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What’s New
Before we start, you should be familiar with the following relevant
vocabulary that will be used in the lesson:
Phase
A homogeneous part of a system in interacting with other parts of the
system but separated from these other parts by well-defined boundaries.
Condensed phases
Liquids and solids
Intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules.
Intramolecular forces hold atoms together in a molecule.
What is It
A. Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids and Solids
The experimental findings about the behavior of gases can be explained with a
simple theoretical model known as the kinetic molecular theory. This theory is based
on the following assumptions:
1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

2. These particles are in constant motion.
3. The speed of particles is proportional to temperature. Increased temperature
means greater speed.
4. Solids, liquids, and gases differ in distances between particles, in the freedom
of motion of particles, and in the extent to which the particles interact.
*For an animation showing the motion of particles in a solid, liquid or gas, the lesson below may be viewed. At
http://preparatorychemistry.com/KMT_flash.html
Liquids and solids differ from gases in that their particles are much closer
together. They are collectively called as condensed phases because their particles are
in virtual contact. To fully understand their properties, examine their kinetic molecular
models as shown in Figure 1 below.
The Condensed State: Liquids and Solids
• In liquids, the molecules are so close
together that there is very little empty
space between them. Liquids are much
more difficult to compress and they are
much denser at normal conditions.
• Molecules in a liquid are held together

by one or more types of attractive forces.
However, the molecules can move past
one another freely. Liquids can flow, can
be poured and assumes the shape of its
container.
• In a solid, molecules are held tightly in

position with virtually no freedom of
motion. There is even less empty space
Figure 1: Molecular or particle level view of a solid, liquid and a gas. in a solid than in a liquid.
1Image obtained from https://www.slideserve.com/tate/solids-liquids-gases-and-solutions
• Solids are almost incompressible and
possess definite shape and volume.

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Table 1. Properties of Gas, Liquid and Solid
Molecular
Properties of Behavior
Matter
Gas Liquid Solid
Volume/Shape Assumes the volume Assumes the Has a definite shape
and shape of its shape of its and volume
container container and
has a definite
volume
Density Low High High
Compressibility Very compressible Slightly Virtually
compressible incompressible
Motion of Vibrate and move Vibrate, move Vibrate but generally do
Molecules freely at high about and slide not move from one place
speeds past each other to another
Table 1 shows the summary and comparison of the properties of gas, liquid
and solid.
B. Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that act between molecules or particles in
the liquid or solid states. These attractive forces are generally much weaker than
bonding forces.
The strength of intermolecular forces operating in solids and liquids can be
indicated by their melting and boiling points. Particles move away from each other
when a solid melts, or a liquid boils. As particles move away, intermolecular forces of
attraction are broken. Larger amount of energy is needed when the intermolecular
forces to be broken are stronger, hence, the higher the melting and boiling points.
The different types of intermolecular forces are the following:
1. Dispersion forces- when temporary dipole moment is induced in ordinarily

nonpolar molecule, dispersion forces result. These forces are present among all types
of molecules because of the movement of electrons. An uneven distribution causes
momentary charge separations as electrons move around the nucleus. Slightly
negative sides of a molecule are attracted to the slightly positive sides of the adjacent
molecule.
* If there is an internet connection, the

video on factors affecting solubility can
be used for demonstration:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpFW7V_GiUQ

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Figure 2. (a) Spherical charge distribution in a helium atom.

(b) Distortion caused by the approach of a cation.
(c) Distortion caused by the approach of a dipole.
Image obtained from http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.html
What attractive interaction occurs in nonpolar substances? As being shown in

Figure 2, if we place charged (ion) or a polar molecule near an atom (or a nonpolar
molecule), the electron distribution of the atom (or molecule) is distorted by the force
exerted by the ion or polar molecule, resulting to a kind of dipole.
The dipole in the atom (or nonpolar molecule) is said to be an induced dipole
because the separation of positive and negative charges in the atom (or nonpolar
molecule) is due to the proximity of an ion or a polar molecule. The attractive
interaction between a polar molecule and the induced dipole is called dipole-induced
dipole interaction and the attractive interaction between an ion and the induced dipole
is called ion-induced dipole interaction.
The ease with the electron distribution in the atom (or molecule) can be
distorted or polarizability of an atom can also influence dipole moments. Generally,
the more diffused the electron cloud in the atom or molecule and the larger the number
of electrons, the greater is its polarizability. Diffuse cloud is an electron cloud that is
spread over an appreciable volume, so that the electrons are not held tightly by the
nucleus.
Dispersion forces may be the weakest of intermolecular forces that can exist
between two molecules, but the larger the atoms present, the stronger are the
dispersion forces. For example, F2, the lightest halogen, is a gas, Br2 is a liquid, and
the heavier I2, is a solid at room conditions. Further, the more atoms that make up the
molecules, the stronger are the dispersion forces. Methane, CH4, is gaseous, but
larger hydrocarbons like butane, C4H10 is liquid, and those with larger number of
carbon atoms, like the waxes, are solids at room temperature.

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2. Dipole-dipole forces
Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces between polar molecules (molecules that
possess dipole moments). In polar molecules, the electrons are unequally distributed
due to the difference of the electronegativities of the atoms. The partial positive side
of one molecule is attracted to the partial negative side of another molecule. Dipole-
dipole forces are stronger than the dispersion forces because polar molecules have a
permanent unequal spread of electrons. The nature of attraction is electrostatic and
can be explained in terms of Coulomb’s law: the larger the dipole moment, the
stronger the attraction.
Figure 3. Attractive Dipole-Dipole Interactions. Image obtained from

http://www.mikeblaber.org/oldwine/chm1045/notes/Forces/Intermol/Forces02.htm
3. Ion-Dipole Forces
Ion-dipole forces attract an ion (either a cation or an anion) and a polar

molecule to each other (Figure 4). These types of forces can also be explained by
Coulomb’s law. The charge and size of the ion, the magnitude of the dipole moment
and size of the molecule greatly influence the strength of this interaction. A cation
interacts more strongly with dipoles than does an anion having a charge of the same
magnitude because the charges on cations are generally more concentrated, for the
reason that cations are usually smaller than anions.
Figure 4.(a) Interaction of a water molecule with a Na+ ion and a Mg2+ ion.
(b) In aqueous solutions, metal ions are usually surrounded by
six water molecules in an octahedral arrangement.
Image obtained from https://www.slideshare.net/Mr-Midgley/intermolecular-forces-15275077

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Figure 4 shows the ion-dipole interaction between the sodium and magnesium
ions with a water molecule, which has a large dipole moment. Because the Mg2+ ion
has a smaller ionic radius (78 pm) and a higher charge than that of the Na+ ion (98
pm), it interacts more strongly with water molecules. (In reality, each ion is enclosed
by a number of water molecules in solution.) Similar differences exist for anions of
different charges and sizes.
4. Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond is a generally strong force of attraction. It is a special type of dipole-
dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond, such as N‒H, O‒H, or
F‒H, and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water
molecules are particularly strong.
The interaction is written as:
A ‒ H ••• B or A ‒ H ••• A
A and B represent O, N, or F; A ‒ H is one molecule or part of a molecule and A or B

is a part of another molecule; the dotted line represents the hydrogen bond.
Examples of hydrogen bonding are demonstrated in the molecules of water (H2O),
ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen fluoride (HF):
Figure 5.Hydrogen bonds in H2O, NH3 and HF. Image obtained from
http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/3082/3156196/blb1102.html

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What’s More
Activity 3. Let’s Test Your Understanding!

Directions: Read and answer each question carefully. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. (a) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates between all molecules?
(b) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates only between polar
molecules?
(c) Which type of intermolecular attractive force operates only between the
hydrogen atom of a polar bond and a nearby small electronegative atom?
2. (a) What is meant by the term polarizability?

(b) Which of the following atoms would you expect to be most polarizable: N, P,
As, Sb? Explain.
(c) List the following molecules in order of increasing polarizability: GeCl4, CH4,
SiCl4, SiH4,and GeBr4.
(d) Arrange the boiling points of the substances in part (c) in increasing order.
3. Which of the following can form hydrogen bonds with water?

CH3OCH3, CH4, F-, HCOOH, Na+.
4. As a metal such as lead melts, what happens to

(a) the average kinetic energy of the atoms?
(b) the average distance between the atoms?
What I Have Learned
Activity 4. Analyze!
Directions: Read and answer each question carefully. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. (a) Does the diagram best describe a crystalline solid, a liquid, or a gas?
(b) Explain.
Brown, 2015

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2. List the three states of matter in their order of

(a) increasing molecular disorder and
(b) increasing intermolecular attraction.
(c) Which state of matter is most easily compressed?
What I Can Do
Activity 5. Comical sketch
Directions: Make a comical sketch using three heroes as particles (or molecules) and
present their behavior and positions relative to each other in the solid, liquid and
gaseous state. Assign one hero as the solid, the second as liquid and the third one as
gas. Explain the part of each hero and put your output on a separate sheet of paper.

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Appendix A. Notes on Molecular Polarity
To determine the polarity of a molecule, both the overall shape of the molecule and
the bonds present should be considered. Two or more polar bonds may cancel each
other out leading to a nonpolar molecule.
A molecule will be nonpolar if:

• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are the same
• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are symmetrically designated around the
central atom
• The terminal atoms (or groups) have equal or the same charges
• Example: CO2
A molecule will be polar if:

• One or more terminal atoms differ from each other.
• At least one polar bond is present.
• The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged
• The molecule has one slightly positive end and one slightly negative end.
• Example: H2O
Summary:
All substances exist in one of three states: gas, liquid, or solid. The major
difference between the condensed state and the gaseous state is the distance
separating their molecules. Substances that are gases or liquids at room temperature
are usually composed of molecules. In gases the intermolecular attractive forces are
negligible compared to the kinetic energies of the molecules; thus, the molecules are
widely separated and undergo constant, chaotic motion. In liquids the intermolecular
forces are strong enough to keep the molecules in close proximity; nevertheless, the
molecules are free to move with respect to one another. In solids the intermolecular
attractive forces are strong enough to restrain molecular motion and to force the
particles to occupy specific locations in a three-dimensional arrangement.
Intermolecular forces act between molecules or between molecules and ions.

Generally, these attractive forces are much weaker than bonding forces. Dipole-dipole
forces and ion-dipole forces attract molecules with dipole moments to other polar
molecules or ions. Dispersion forces are the result of temporary dipole moments
induced in ordinarily nonpolar molecules. The extent to which a dipole moment can be
induced in a molecule is called its polarizability. The term “van der Waals forces” refers
to dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is a
relatively strong dipole-dipole interaction between a polar bond containing a hydrogen
atom and an electronegative O, N, or F atom. Hydrogen bonds between water
molecules are particularly strong.

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Assessment: (Post-Test)
Directions: Read and answer each item carefully and choose the letter
of the best answer.
1. Which of the following statements does not describe the general properties of
liquids accurately?
(a) Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in temperature. (Assuming that the liquid is not vaporized.)
(b) Liquids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in pressure.
(c) Liquids diffuse only very slowly compared to solids.
(d) The liquid state is highly disordered compared to the solid state.
(e) Liquids have high densities compared to gases.
2. Identify which property of liquids is not common with solids.

(a) rigid shape
(b) volumes do not change significantly with pressure
(c) hydrogen bonding forces can be significant
(d) practically incompressible
(e) volumes do not change significantly with temperature
3. Which of the following statements does not describe the general properties of
solids accurately?
(a) Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in temperature.
(b) Solids have characteristic volumes that do not change greatly with
changes in pressure.
(c) Solids diffuse only very slowly compared to liquids and gases.
(d) Solids are not fluid.
(e) Most solids have high vapor pressures at room temperature.
4. Which of the following interactions is the strongest?

(a) hydrogen bonding force
(b) ion-ion interactions
(c) permanent dipole force
(d) dispersion force
(e) London force
5. The boiling points of the halogens increase in the order F2< Cl2< Br2< I2 due to
the resulting increasing _________ interactions.
(a) ion-dipole (b) hydrogen-bonding (c) ion-ion
(d) dispersion forces (e) permanent dipole-dipole
6. For which of the following would permanent dipole-dipole interactions play an

important role in determining physical properties in the liquid state?
(a) BF3 (b) ClF (c) BeCl2 (d) F2 (e) CCl4
7. For which of the following would dispersion forces be the most important factor
in determining physical properties in the liquid state?
(a) H2O (b) NaCl (c) F2 (d) HF (e) NH4Cl
10

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8. For which of the following would hydrogen bonding not be an important factor
in determining physical properties in the liquid state?
(a) HI (b) H2O (c) HF (d) NH3 (e) H2O2
9. Which of the following substances will have the strongest intermolecular

forces?
(a) H2S (b) NO (c) CH3NH2 (d) Cl2 (e) Rn
10. Which response correctly identifies all the interactions that might affect the
properties of BrI?
(a) dispersion force, ion-ion interaction
(b) hydrogen bonding force, dispersion force
(c) permanent dipole force
(d) permanent dipole force, dispersion force
(e) dispersion force
11

12
What I Know (Pre-Test)
1. D 6. C
2. B 7. A
3. C 8. D
4. B 9. A
5. C 10. B
What’s In (Activity 1)
Expected Answers
POST-TEST
1. C 6. B
2. A 7. C
3. E 8. A
4. B 9. C
5. D 10. D
Key to Answers
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13
What’s More (Activity 2)
1.(a) London dispersion forces
(b) dipole–dipole forces
(c) hydrogen bonding
2.(a) Polarizability is the ease with which the charge distribution in a molecule can
be distorted to produce a transient dipole.
(b) Sb is most polarizable because its valence electrons are farthest from the
nucleus and least tightly held.
(c) in order of increasing polarizability: CH4< SiH4< SiCl4< GeCl4< GeBr4
(d) The magnitudes of London dispersion forces and thus the boiling points
of molecules increase as polarizability increases. The order of increasing
boiling points is the order of increasing polarizability given in (c).
3. Strategy A specie can form hydrogen bonds with water if it contains one of the
three electronegative elements (F, O, or N) or it has a H atom bonded to one of
these three elements.
Solution There are no electronegative elements (F, O, or N) in either CH4 or Na+.
Therefore, only CH3OCH3, F-, and HCOOH can form hydrogen bonds with water.
4. (a) It increases. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. As melting occurs, the
motion of atoms relative to each other increases.
(b) It increases somewhat. The density of liquid lead is less than the density of
solid lead. The smaller density means a greater sample volume and average
distance between atoms in three dimensions.
What I Have Learned (Activity 3)
1. (a) The diagram best describes a liquid.
(b) In the diagram, particles are close together, mostly touching, but there is no
regular arrangement or order. This rules out a gaseous sample, where the
particles are far apart, and a crystalline solid, which has a regular repeating
structure in all three directions.
2. (a) Solid < liquid < gas
(b) gas < liquid < solid
(c) Matter in the gaseous state is most easily compressed because particles are
far apart and there is much empty space.
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References
Ayson, M.F., De Borja, R.S., Ysmael, M.C. (2016). General Chemistry 2 ( Teacher’s
Manual). Vibal Group, Inc. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City
Brown, T.L., LeMay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., Woodward, P.M.,
Stoltzfus, M.W. (2015). Chemistry The Central Science. 13th Edition. Pearson
Education Inc. United States of America
Canva. Accessed November 5, 2020. https://www.canva.com/education
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry. Tenth Edition.McGraw-Hill. America, New York
Licuanan, P.B. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School (GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 2). Commission on Higher Education. Diliman, Quezon City
14

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Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

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Cagayan de Oro
Telephone Nos.: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address:cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
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Gen Chem 2 Q3 Module 1A

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Senior High School

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Downloaded by Marian Margarette Pegarido (mpegarido7@gmail.com)

General Chemistry 2- Grade 11

Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro

Development Team of the Module

Author: Aristotle R. Mabale

Reviewers: Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science

Layout and Design: Arian M. Edullantes

Co-Chairperson: Rowena H. Para-on, PhD

Members: Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief

Printed in the Philippines by

Downloaded by Marian Margarette Pegarido (mpegarido7@gmail.com)

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Downloaded by Marian Margarette Pegarido (mpegarido7@gmail.com)

Lesson 1: Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces of

Key to Answers …………………………………………… 12

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What This Module is About

Lesson –Properties of Matter and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

WWhat I Need to Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

How to Learn from this Module

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Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

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Lesson Properties of Matter and

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Apply the kinetic molecular theory to describe liquids and solids.

Cl2 NH3 CH3Br CH4

polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar polar or nonpolar

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Intramolecular forces and intermolecular forces

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

• Molecules in a liquid are held together

• In a solid, molecules are held tightly in

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Table 1. Properties of Gas, Liquid and Solid

B. Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

The different types of intermolecular forces are the following:

1. Dispersion forces- when temporary dipole moment is induced in ordinarily

* If there is an internet connection, the

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Figure 2. (a) Spherical charge distribution in a helium atom.

What attractive interaction occurs in nonpolar substances? As being shown in

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Figure 3. Attractive Dipole-Dipole Interactions. Image obtained from

Ion-dipole forces attract an ion (either a cation or an anion) and a polar

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