Senior High School

EARTH SCIENCE
Quarter 2 - Module 12
Dating of Rocks and Geologic Time

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

EARTH SCIENCE- Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 12: Rock Dating and Geologic Time
First Edition, 2020

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Author/s: Alecia V. Alvarez

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Langam, Amelito Bucod

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Schools Division Superintendent

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 Senior High School
Senior High School
Earth Science
Quarter 2 - Module 12:
Rock Dating and Geologic Time

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About .................................................................................... i

What I Need to Know ............................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module ............................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module .............................................................................................. iii
Pretest……………………………………………………………………………………..1

Lesson 1
Rock Dating

What”s Knew
Activity 1 Key Words to Build ........................................................... 2
What Is It ......................................................................................... 2
What’s More
Activity 2 Concept Map .................................................................... 5
What I Can Do
Activity 3 Oldest Known Rock .......................................................... 5
What I Have learned
Assessment……………………………………………………………….7

Lesson 2
Rock Ages and Geologic Time

What I Need to Know ....................................................................... ..9

What’s In…………………………………………………………………….9
What I Know
Pretest
What’s New
Activity 4 My Own Time Scale .......................................................... ..10
What Is It ……………………………………………………………………10
What’s More
Activity 5 Geologic Time Scale……………………………………………12
What I Have Learned
Assessment…………………………………………………………………13

Summary...................................................................................................................14
Post test ...................................................................................................................14
Answer Key…………………………………………………………………………………16
References………………………………………………………………………………….18
What This Module is About

There are two Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) contained in

this module.

MELC 20 is all about the different methods in determining the rock age. In this

module, you will learn the different techniques used by the scientists and how do

they identify the absolute ages of different rocks in our planet which appeared

millions of years ago.

MELC 21 is all about the ages of rocks in relation to geologic time. Geologic

Time Scale is very important in our planet’s history because the important events in

our planet is recorded chronologically how it happened and when it happened.

As we travel and visit different places in our country, it is amazing to see

many beautiful rock formations along the beaches and along the roads. It is

impressive to know how these rocks were formed as our planet is experiencing

events that are very important in our planet’s history.

As you go through these lessons, you will learn to appreciate the accuracy of

the ages of rocks. You will understand how these processes despite very slow, can

bring results to our environment.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Different Methods of Rock Dating;

2. The Relationship of Rock Ages to Geologic Time.

i
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) of determining

the age of stratified rocks ( S11/ES-IIh-i-36/MELC20).
2. Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the
subdivisions of geologic time.( S11/12ES-Ii-37/ MELC 21 )

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises

ii
Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that

Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

iii
 What I Know

(Pretest)
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1.The Law of Crosscutting helps scientists to determine what?

a. age of fossils b. absolute age of rocks c. relative age of rock layers d.
decay of rocks

2. How old is the earth ?

a. 2000 years old b. 3.9 billions years old c. 4.6 billion years old d. 4.6
million years old

3. According to the Law of Superposition, the youngest layers are found at the ____.
a. middle of the rock layers c. top of the rock layers
b. bottom of the rock layers d. just below the embedded fossils in the
rock layers

4. Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers by applying the law of
inclusion?
a. absolute dating c. radioactive dating
b. relative dating d. radiometric dating

5. Which of the following is used in absolute rock dating ?

a. carbon-14 b. carbon-12 c. hydrocarbon d. carbon cycle

1
 Lesson

Methods of Dating Rocks

1
What’s in

Our country is an archipelago with so many rocks.The provinces of Cebu and

Bohol for instance, possessed one of the oldest rocks in the country according to
Philippine Bureau of Mines and Geosciences. A magmatic rock was found in Cebu
Island and was dated with radioactive isotopes and same rocks were also found in
Bohol. Why is it so important for the scientists to know the ages of these rocks?
In this lesson, you will be able to understand why scientists need to know how
old these rocks are and its importance to the formation of the place where they are
formed.

What’s New

Activity 1: Keywords to Build.

Arrange the jumbled letters below to form the right word.

1. NDAIGT ____________
2. KORC ____________
3. TYSRALC ____________
4. BUTLEOSA ____________
5. NCIUSLINO ____________
6. PREUSISTNOIPO ____________

What Is It

Rocks are composed of layers or features called strata (singular, stratum). These
layers are used to determine the age of rocks. There are two ways to determine the age
of rocks.

2
1. Relative Rock Dating. This is used to determine the comparative or relative age of
the rock to each other. However, this technique cannot give the exact age of the
rock. It is only used to arrange geological events based on rock strata. Relative rock
dating is guided by the three basic laws which is known as Steno’s Laws, authored
by Nicolaus Steno. These laws are the bases in determining the relative ages of
rock layers or features.
a. Law of Superposition – this states that the older stratum lie below the younger
layer.
Figure 1: Rock Strata

b. Law of Crosscutting- states that any feature such as fault that cuts across a
sequence of rocks is younger that everything it cuts.

Figure 2:Rock Inclusion

In Figure 2, blue rock layer as the bottommost is the oldest, followed by the black
rock layer. The yellow fault that cuts across the blue and black layers is younger. The
purple rock layer as the topmost is the youngest..

c. Law of Inclusion- states that any rock, fragment, clast or intrusion that is included
inside of another rock is older than the rock in which it is included.

3
 Figure 3: Rock With Fragments

In the above figure, the rock fragment or inclusion (red) is older than the rock
that support them.

2. Absolute Rock Dating or Radiometric Dating- This technique is used to determine the
absolute age of the rock. In this technique, the decay rate of radioactive isotopes which
are embedded in the rock are measured. Isotopes are elements with equal number of
protons but different masses. There are some types of absolute dating.

a. Carbon dating - Carbon-14 dating or radiocarbon dating is a good technique in

determining the absolute age of fossils found in rocks. Fossils are remains of
organisms preserved in rocks. For example, a tree which is a living thing takes in
carbon-14 and carbon-12 at the same time. When the tree dies, the carbon-14 starts
to decay and become less while the carbon-12 is unchanged. Then the ratio of
carbon-14 left to the unchanged carbon-12 is measured. With this, the absolute age
of the fossil is determined. Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years meaning, every
5730 years, the parent isotope will produce two daughter isotopes and these
daughter isotopes will produce another daughter isotopes and so on.

b. Potassium dating - Another example of a radioactive isotope used in absolute

rock dating is potassium-40. It has a half-life of 1.25 x10 E9 years when it undergoes
a beta decay.

c. Uranium dating- The oldest known crystal on earth is the zircon crystal from
Australia. It remained intact for an incredible 4.4 billion years which is of almost same
age of the planet earth. The radioactive isotope used to determine the absolute age
of zircon crystal was uranium which decayed into lead atoms.

Younger rocks can be dated using carbon-14. Igneous rocks contain the radioactive
isotopes which make them good for radiometric dating. In sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks, scientists will look for the presence of igneous rocks imbedded in
them to determine their absolute ages.

4
 What’s More

For you to practice further and master the concepts of rock dating, do this
activity.

Activity 2: Relative-Absolute Dating

Make a concept map illustrating the differences of relative and absolute dating.
You can use rectangles and arrows/lines to represent the concept. Below is a rubric that
will guide you and at the same time serve as the basis upon grading.

Rubric 1: Concept Mapping

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

Organization Extremely well Organized Somewhat Poorly organized

organized structure with organized structure and
structure and illustration and structure with illustration
visually flow of concepts illustration of
presented with concepts
flow of concepts

Content Thorough and Complete Shows some Shows incomplete

insightful understanding of understanding understanding of
understanding of concepts of concepts concepts
concepts

Ideas Insightful and Ideas Ideas are Ideas are not clear;
well considered are considered; somewhat with few connections
ideas making a more than one the topic; makes
lot of thoughtful some
connections connection is connections
made

What I Can Do

Now, let’s apply your skills and knowledge gained in this lesson. Use
separate sheet of paper for this.

Activity 3. Oldest Known Rocks. There are 7 oldest ricks discovered in the world. Please
tell their types, ages and locations by filling up the table next page. Answer also the
guide questions as your reflections. A rubric shall serve as your guide and at the same
time the basis upon grading.

5
Table 1: Oldest Known Rocks
Name of Rock Rock Type Age of Rock Location
1.Isua Greenstone
belt
2.Acasta Gneiss

3. Alan Hills
84001

4. Genesis Rock

5. Nuvvuagittuq
Greenstone
Belt
6. Jack Hills
Zircon

7. Lunar Sample
67215

Guide Questions for Reflections

a. What difficulties have you encountered in doing the activity?
b. How do you feel upon knowing the absolute ages of such rocks?
c.Can you infer on what may be the rock dating method used in each of the
rock? Elaborate your answer

Rubric 2 for Essay/Reflection Activity

Criteria & Needs Satisfactory Outstanding

Percentage Improvement
1 2 3 4

Unsatisfactory - Content is not - Content is - Content is

Content & comprehensive, accurate. comprehensive and
Developmen -Major points are - Major points are accurate.
t addressed, but not stated. - Major points are
well supported. - Responses are stated clearly and are
(70 %) - Responses are adequate and well supported.
inadequate or do address topic. - Responses are
not address topic. - Content is clear. excellent, timely and
-Specific -Specific address topic.
examples do not examples are - Content is clear.
support topic. used. -Specific examples are
used.

- Organization - Structure of the - Structure is -Structure of the paper

and structure paper is not easy mostly clear and is clear and easy to
detract from to follow. easy to follow. follow.

6
 the message. - Transitions need - Transitions are - Transitions are logical
Organizatio - Writing is improvement. present. and maintain the flow of
n& disjointed and - Conclusion is - Conclusion is thought throughout the
Structure lacks transition missing, or if logical. paper.
of thoughts. provided, does not - Conclusion is logical
(15 %) flow from the body and flows from the
of the paper. body of the paper.
Grammar,
Punctuation - Paper - Paper contains - Rules of - Rules of grammar,
& Spelling contains few grammatical, grammar, usage, usage, and punctuation
numerous punctuation and and punctuation are followed; spelling is
(15 %) grammatical, spelling errors. are followed with correct.
punctuation, minor errors.
and spelling Spelling is correct.
errors.

What I have learned

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. Which type of rock dating is used to determine the absolute age of an igneous rock?
a. relative dating c. Radiography dating
b. Fossil dating d. Radiometric dating

2. The study of the order and position of rock layers or features is called ____________.
a. Stratigraphy b. Chronostratigraphy c. Geology d.chronology

3. He is the author of the Law of Superposition which states that in any undisturbed
sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the oldest is at the bottom while the
youngest is at the top.
a. William Smith b. Nicolaus Steno c. James Hutton d. Charles Darwin

4. What type of rock is mostly used in radiometric dating?

a. Metamorphic b. Sedimentary c. Igneous d. all of these

5. This crystal was discovered in Jack Hills, Australia and is believed to be 4.375 billion
years old. This is the oldest material found on earth.
a. Zircon b. Diamond c. Anorthosite d. Ruby

6. Which of the following radioactive isotope has the longest half-life?

a. Carbon-14 b. Potassium-40 c. Uranium-235 d. Uranium-238

7. This technique is good for dating fossils imbedded in rocks.

a. Uranium dating c. Potassium-Argon dating
b. Radiocarbon dating d. Relative rock dating

7
8. What is half-life?
a. The amount of time it takes for half the nuclei of the radioactive isotope to decay
b. The amount of time it takes for the nuclei of the radioactive isotope to double
c. The amount of time it takes for the proton to decay into stable atom
d. The amount of time needed for the electrons to decay

9. The half-life of strontium-90 is 25 years. How much strontium-90 will remain after 50
years if the initial amount of strontium -40 is 8.0 grams?
a. 4.0 grams b. 2.0 grams c. 1.0 gram d. 0.5 gram

10. When a radioactive carbon atom decays, it turns into a _____.

a. More stable atom b. less stable atom c. same atom but different electrons
d. more active isotope.

8
 Lesson

Rock Ages and Geologic Time

2
What I Need to Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the
subdivisions of geologic time.( S11/12ES-Ii-37/ MELC 21 )

What I Know

Pretest. Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given
choices.
1. GTS means ___________.
a. Geologic Time Sequence b. Geologic Time Scale c. Geologic Technical Skill d.
Geophysical Time Scale

2.Mississippian and Pennsylvanians are examples of _____.

a. Era b. Eon c. Period d. Epoch

3.The 20th Century belong to what era of time?

a. Precambrian b. Cenozoic c. Paleozoic d. Mesozoic

4.This era is known to be the “age of mammals”.

a. Mesozoic b. Paleozoic c. Cenozoic d. Precambrian

5.In this period, the first appearance of birds took place.

a. Triassic b. Jurassic c. Cretaceous d. Precambrian

What’s in

Have you been to Batanes? How about in Ilocos Norte? Our country is home of
many amazing rock formations mostly situated along the coasts. Two of the amazing
rock formations are found in Batanes and Ilocos Norte. When you travel around the

9
Philippines, never skip to watch these rock formations yourself and reflect how nature is
able to carve these rocks millions of years ago.
Scientists usually determine the ages of these rocks by dating and compare to
the geologic time scale to identify the chronological events that took place during the
formation. These rocks are protected by the government because of its significance in
the history of the place. People are not allowed to destroy these rocks for it would take
millions of years to carve them naturally. It is there as a piece of evidence of what our
country has been through during those old times. As you go through the lesson, you will
appreciate the beauty of nature and the importance of rock formations in our country.

What’s new

Before we will proceed to our discussion about Rock Ages and Geologic
Time Scale, let’s have first an activity that let you know what a time scale is.

Learning Activity 4: My Own Time Scale.

Make a chart or a time scale of your daily routine starting from the time you wake
up in the morning up to the time you sleep in the evening

Questions.
1. Based in your chart, what are the major events that occur in your routine?
2. Which event took you so long to perform it? Why?
3. Which event in your chart brought you so much changes in your daily life? Why?

What is it

Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock

layers or features in relation to geologic time. Scientists use Geologic Time Scale or
GTS to explain which event on earth occurred first and which event occurred last. This
GTS is a chart that mark as a guide on the earth’s major events in its history. The
discovery of the fossils and the oldest rocks are the bases of these markings in the
GTS. For example, when a fossil is discovered, scientists determine the absolute age of
the fossil by using radiometric dating and once the absolute age is measured, they can
tell in what part of geologic time the organism had existed. The extinction of the
dinosaurs is another example. We know that dinosaurs appeared in the period that
belong to Mesozoic era, and they become extinct as recorded in the cretaceous Triassic
period of the geologic time scale. Geologic Time Scale is divided into time span.
Eon. This is the largest time span. There are only two major eons in the GTS and
these are Precambrian and Phanerozoic. Precambrian is divided by Hadean, Archean
and Proterozoic events in the GTS. The Earth’s history before the formation of the first
and oldest rock belong in this time. This time span lasted from 4.6 billion to 541 million
years ago. The rocks that belong in this time contain half of the earth’s deposits of

10
minerals. The appearance of the multicellular organism also appeared in this eon. In
this eon also, the first soft bodied invertebrates appeared and the first bacteria and blue
green algae begin to free oxygen to the atmosphere.
An eon is subdivided into eras. The Phanerozoic eon for example, is subdivided
into 3 major eras. These 3 eras are paleozoic era which means ancient life; mesozoic
era which means middle life and cenozoic era which means present life. An era is
subdivided into Periods. For example, in the paleozoic era, there are 6 periods,
namely: Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician and Cambrian periods.
Permian period is known as the “age of amphibians”; Silurian period is where the first
insects appeared; jawed fish and vascular plants also appeared in this period; corals
first appeared in Ordovician period while the Cambrian period is the age of trilobites.
The Mesozoic era has 3 periods and these are Triassic wherein dinosaurs are
dominant in this period; Jurassic period wherein birds first appeared in this time and
Cretaceous period which is the mark of the extinction of dinosaurs.
In the Cenozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon, the ice age occurred. A Period is
further subdivided into Epochs. An epoch is a time scale which is longer than an age but
shorter than the period. In the Carboniferous period, there are two epochs, namely:
Pennsylvanian and Mississippian. An epoch is subdivided into Ages. The Mississippian
epoch has 3 ages. These are Tournaisian, Visean and Serpukhovian. Triassic, Jurassic
and cretaceous periods of Mesozoic era is the “age of Reptiles”; Devonian period part of
the Paleozoic era is the “age of fishes” while Cenozoic era is the “age of mammals”.
Our current time where we are now belongs to Halocene Epoch of the
Quaternary Period of Cenozoic era. (See Figure 4.Geologic Time Scale)

Figure 4: Geologic Time Scale

11
 In order to identify the ages of the rocks and fossils found in our planet through
exhumation, scientists use radiometric dating which uses the radioactive isotopes
present in the exhumed artefacts. After determining the age of the artefact, the age is
compared to the geologic time scale above.
For example, in the fossil record, the trilobites were dated to some 540 to 488
million years ago and they belong to the Cambrian period. Trilobites are the relatives of
the present day crabs and lobsters.
The absolute age of the young rock in Figure 5 below could be identified
by Carbon-14 dating. Once the absolute age has been computed using the radioactive
isotope present in the rock, the scientists will then compare its age with the Geologic
Time Scale to tell which period it belong.

Figure 5:
Picture taken by the
writer in Siargao Island
last May 2019

What’s more

Please perform the activity below to showcase your skills on rock ages
in relation to geologic time.

Learning Activity 5: Geologic Time Scale.

The Philippines has its own Geologic Time Scale and major events
in its own Geologic History. It has its own lists of Basement Rocks that tell how old
our country is. Can you identify the List of Basement Rocks found in Luzon Area?
Guide Questions. See Figure 4
1. In what period and era did the first primates appear?
2. List down all the geologic events that took place in Paleozoic era.
3. Can you tell the important events that took place in your life as you
become a teen-ager? How important are these events in shaping your
character as a learner? Limit your essay in 200 words.

12
 What I have learned

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. During which period did the first corals appeared?

a. Precambrian b. Ordovician c. Permian d. Silurian

2. What era did the first bird live?

a. Paleozoic b. cenozoic c. Mesozoic d. Precambrian

3. During what era did the ice age occur?

a. Paleozoic b. cenozoic c. Mesozoic d. Precambrian

4. In this period, plants first appeared.

a. Permian b. Ordovician c. cambrain d. Silurian

5. These animals lived only in the Mesozoic era.

a. mammals b. birds c. amphibians d. dinosaurs

6. What are the dominant animals in the Permian period?

a. mammals b. birds c. amphibians d. dinosaurs

7. These animals were the dominant animals in thr Mesozoic era.

a. reptiles b. fishes c bacteria d. trilobites

8. Trilobites were present during the ____________.

a. Silurian b. Ordovician c. Cambrian d. Permian

9 . It is the largest time span.

a. Era b. Eon c. Period d. Ages

10. Which of the following does not belong to the paleozoic era?
a. Devonian b. Silurian c. Carboniferous d. Precambrian

13
 Summary

▪ There are 3 basic laws of Stratigraphy. These laws are proposed by Nicolaus
Steno, a Catholic priest and Danish Scientist.
▪ Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers. It is important because it holds the
sequence of the formation of each layer of the rock. It can tell which part of the
rock is the oldest and youngest.
▪ Relative dating is a technique used to tell the geologic events in rock
▪ Absolute dating uses Carbon-14, Potassium-40 and Uraniums- 238 and 235
▪ The absolute age of the rock is determined only using the radiometric dating.
▪ Radiometric dating makes use the radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
▪ Once the absolute age of rock is measured, it is then compared to a scale called
Geologic Time Scale to identify the time the rock was formed.

Post-Test

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. Which type of rock dating is used to determine the absolute age of an igneous rock?
a. Radiometric dating b. Fossil dating c. Radiography dating d. Relative dating

2. The study of the order and position of rock layers or features is called ____________.
a. Stratigraphy b. Chronostratigraphy c. Geology d.chronology

3. He is the author of the Law of Superposition which states that in any undisturbed
sequence of rocks deposited in layers, the oldest is at the bottom while the
youngest is at the top.
a. William Smith b. Nicolaus Steno c. James Hutton d. Charles Darwin

4. What type of rock is mostly used in chronostratigraphy?

a. Metamorphic b. Sedimentary c. Igneous d. all of these

5. This crystal was discovered in Jack Hills, Australia and is believed to be 4.375 billion
years old. This is the oldest material found on earth.
a. Zircon b. Diamond c. Anorthosite d. Ruby

6. Which of the following radioactive isotope has the longest half-life?

a. Carbon-14 b. Potassium-40 c. Uranium-235 d. Uranium-238

7.The law of crosscutting helps scientists to determine what?

a. age of fossils c. relative age of rock layers
b. absolute age of rocks d. decay of rocks

14
8. How old is the earth ?
a. 2000 years old c. 4.6 billion years old
b. 3.9 billions years old d. 4.6 million years old

9. According to the law of Superposition, the youngest layers are found at the ____.
a. middle of the rock layers c. top of the rock layers
b. bottom of the rock layers d. just below the embedded fossils in the rock
layers

10. Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers by applying the law of
inclusion?
a. absolute dating b. relative dating c. radioactive dating d. radiometric dating

11. Which of the following is used in absolute rock dating ?

a. carbon-12 b. carbon-14 c. hydrocarbon d. carbon cycle
.
12. These organisms first appeared in Ordovician period.
a. corals b. fishes c bacteria d. trilobites

13. Blue green algae begins to free oxygen during the ____________.
a. Silurian b. Precambrian c. Cambrian d. Permian

14. It is the basic unit of geological time.

a. Era b. Eon c. Period d. Ages

15. It is a timescale which is longer than an age but shorter than the period.
a.Era b. Eon c. Period d. epoch

15
 ANSWER KEY

LESSON 1 (MELC 20)

Pretest
Learning Activity 2
1.c
Use rubric 1 on page 5 to rate the work of the
2.c
learner
3.c
4. b
Assessment
5. a
1.d
Learning Activity 1
2.a
1. Dating
3.b
2. Rock
4.c
3.Crystal
5.a
4.Absolute
6.d
5.Inclusion
7.b
6.Superposition
8.a
9.c
10.a

Learning Activity 3

Name of Rock Rock Type Age of Rock Location

1.Isua Greenstone Tonalite,mafic 3.7-3.8 billion Greenland
belt rock,metasedimentary years
rocks,banded iron
formations,granite, and
granodiorite
2.Acasta Gneiss Tonalite gneiss mostly 3.58-4.031 billion Northwest
composed of quartz and years Territories,
feldspar Canada
3.Alan Hills 84001 Composed of 4.091 billion years From Mars found
orthopyroxene,chromite, in Alan Hills,
Maskelynite and iron Antarctica
rich carbonate
4.Genesis Rock anorthosite 4.1 + 0.1 billion From the moon
- years
5.Nuvvuagittuq Faux amphibolite 4.28 billion years Hudson Bay,
Greenstone Belt Quebec, Canada
6.Jack Hills Zircon zircon 4.375 billion years Jack Hills ,
+ 6 millon Australia
- years
7.Lunar Sample anorthosite 4.46 billion years From the moon
67215

16
LESSON 2 (MELC 21)

Pre-test.
1. B 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. B

Learning Activity 4. My Own Time Scale

• Answers may vary

Guide Questions
1) * Era : Mesozoic
• Period: Cretacious
2)
First chordates Jawed fish diversity First reptiles
First fishes First amphibians Reptiles diversity
Sudden diversification of Seed ferns Major extinction
metazoan families
First vascular land plants Scale trees

3) Use rubric 2 on page 6 to rate the essay of the learner

Learning Activity 5
1. Southern Cordillera Range 7.Northern Sierra Madre
2. Central Cordillera Range 8. Zambales Range
3. Northern Cordillera 9. Southwest Luzon
4. Cagayan Valley Basin 10. Southeast Luzon Basin
5. Central & Eastern Northern Sierra Madre 11. Southeast Luzon Arc
6. Caraballo Range 12. North Palawan Block

WHAT I HAVED LEARNED

Assessment

1. B 4.D 7. A 10. D
2. C 5. D 8. C
3. B 6. C 9. B

POST TEST
1.A 5. A 7.C 11. B 15. D
2.A 6. D 8.C 12. A
3.B 7. C 9. C 13. B
4.C 8. C 10.B 14. C

17
References

1. Peppe, D. J. & Deino, A. L.” Dating Rocks and Fossils Using Geologic
Methods.”Nature Education Knowledge 4(10):1

2. Jenks, London. “Laws of Relative Rock Dating”. YouTube video, 4:11. 7

March 2015.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M2Ex5DIjtfU.

3. Jenks, London. “Radiometric or Absolute Rock Dating”. YouTube video, 7:31.

3 March
2015.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4AZbX_cZl0.

4. Steno’s Laws of Stratigraphy. Britannica Kids.com. (May 23,2020),

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/199325#

5. "Chronostratigraphy ." World of Earth Science. Encyclopedia.com. (May 23,

2020). https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-
transcripts-and-maps/chronostratigraphy

6. Gemma Tarlach, “Chronostratigraphy: How Scientists Unlock Deep Time,”

Discover Magazine, June 12, 2019,
https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/chronostratigraphy-how-
scientists-unlock-deep-time

7. Oldest Rocks in the World. Oldest.Org. ( June 3, 2020).

https://www.oldest.org/geography/rocks/

For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

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