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General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2
Chemical Bonding and the Shapes of
Molecules

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

General Chemistry I- Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Code
Quarter 2 - Module 2: Chemical Bonding and the Shapes of
Molecules
First Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 2
Chemical Bonding and the Shapes of
Molecules

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About........................................................................................................................i

What I Need to Know...................................................................................................................................i
How to Learn from this Module.................................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module.....................................................................................................................................ii

What I Know...................................................................................................................................................iii

Lesson 1:
Types of Bonding and their Properties........................................................1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................1
What’s New................................................................................................1
What Is It ...................................................................................................2
What’s More : ….........................................................................................3
What I Have Learned:.................................................................................4
What I Can Do: ….......................................................................................4

Lesson 2:
Lewis Structures and Bond Formation .......................................................5
What’s In.....................................................................................................5
What’s New................................................................................................5

What Is It ...................................................................................................6
What’s More A …........................................................................................11
What’s More B:...........................................................................................11
What I Have Learned..................................................................................12
What’s I Can Do.........................................................................................12

Lesson 3:
Molecular Geometry and Polarity ....................................................................13
What’s In.....................................................................................................13
What’s New................................................................................................13

What Is It ...................................................................................................14
What’s More A …........................................................................................18
What’s More B:...........................................................................................18
 What I Have Learned..................................................................................19
What’s I Can Do.........................................................................................19

Summary...................................................................................................................................... 20
Assessment: (Post-Test)............................................................................................................ 21
Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 22
References................................................................................................................................... 26
Module 2

What This Module is About

When you look at everything around you and what it is made of you, you will
understand that atoms seldom exist on their own just as humans cannot survive
alone. More often, the things around us are made up of different atoms that have
been bonded together. The bonding of atoms or molecules is one of the most
essential processes in chemistry because it permits all sorts of different molecules
and combinations of atoms to form, which then make up matters in the world we live
in.
In this module, we examine the relationship between the electronic structure
of atoms and the type of chemical bonds they form. Moreover, the role of chemical
bonds and lone pairs on the geometry and polarity of a molecule is discussed.

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Draw the Lewis structure of ions (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-70);
2. Apply the octet rule in the formation of molecular covalent compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-76);
3. Write the formula of molecular compounds formed by the nonmetallic
elements of the representative block (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-77);
4. Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-
g-78);
5. Describe the geometry of simple compounds (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-81);
6. Determine the polarity of simple molecules (STEM_GC11CBIId-g-82)

i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

What I Need to This part contains learning objectives that
Know are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.

What I know This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.
What’s In This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.

What’s New An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
to you

What is It These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
standing of the concept.

What’s More These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

What I can do These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.

ii
 What I Know

Pretest: MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Use separate answer sheet of paper.

1. Which element will have 5 electrons in its Lewis dot symbol?

A. Argon C. Carbon
B. Boron D. Phosphorus
2. Which element is the least electronegative?
A. Calcium C. Iron
B. Cesium D. Barium
3. The complete transfer of one or more electrons between atoms constitutes in forming
___________

A. ionic bond C. coordinate covalent bond

B. covalent bond D. dative bond
4. It is important to know the geometry of a molecule because the
geometry _________________.

A. affects the physical and chemical properties of the substance

B. will give the Lewis structure of the molecule
C. will determine whether the molecule is ionic or covalent
D. B and C

5. If there are four (4) electron pairs around the central atom of a molecule, these
electron pairs are in a _________________arrangement.

A. linear C. tetrahedral
B. trigonal planar D. octahedral
6. A list of non-metals is given below. Which elements can exceed the octet rule?
S C Cl O
A. O C. F
B. C D. S
7. Which of the following represents a non-polar covalent bond?
A. H-O C. C-C
B. C-N D. Li-F
8. What type of bond does NO2 forms?

A. ionic bond C. coordinate covalent bond

B. covalent bond D. dative bond
9. Atoms bond to other atoms to obtain a/an _______________ electron configuration.

A. alkali metal C. noble gas

B. halogen D. chalcogen
10. It is a measure of how equally the electrons in a bond are distributed between the
two atoms involved in a covalent bond.

A. polarity C. ionization energy

B. octet rule D. electron affinity

iii
 Types of Bonding and their
Properties

What I Need to Know

Atoms usually interact with other atoms or group of atoms. They might be
connected by strong bonds and formed into molecules or crystals, or they might also
form temporary, weak bonds with other atoms. These bonds hold molecules together
and are essential to the chemistry of our bodies and to the existence of life itself. In
this lesson, we examine the models of chemical bonding and their properties, and
how they influence the behavior of the substances around us.

Figure 1. Three-dimensional structure of the flavonoid isorhamnetin. The figure

shows bonding of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms to each other.

What’s New
Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle
Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle below

1
 What Is It

Why do atoms bond at all? The answer is that atoms are trying to reach the
most stable or lowest-energy state that they can. Usually, atoms become more
stable when their orbital of the outermost energy level or valence shell is filled with
electrons, satisfying the octet rule. If atoms don’t have this arrangement, they reach
it by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons via chemical bonds. In chemical bonding,
only valence electrons, electrons located in valence shell of the element, are
involved.

Figure 2. Energy diagram of bonded vs nonbonded atoms

Types of Bonding

1. Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is formed when metals on the left side (Group 1(A) and Group
2(A) of the periodic table and nonmetals on the right side (except noble gases, group
8A) interact. This type of interaction is observed between atoms with large
differences in their tendencies to lose or gain electrons and is achieved via electron
transfer. Once the electrons have been transferred to the non-metal, both the metal
and the non-metal become ions. The metal becomes positively charged and the
nonmetal becomes negatively charged. An ionic compound is formed when the two
oppositely charged ions attract each other. For instance, positively charged sodium
ions and negatively charged chloride ions attract each other to make sodium
chloride, or table salt.

Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points. They are
hard and brittle and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some common ionic
compounds are magnesium bromide (MgBr2), magnesium oxide (MgO), and
potassium bromide (KBr).

Figure 3. Common elements that form ionic bonds (Orange = metals;

Green = nonmetals)
2
 2. Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons
(rather than fully gaining or losing them). Covalent bonds are more common than
ionic bonds in the molecules of living organisms. These bonds mostly occur between
nonmetals or between two of the same (or similar) elements. One, two, or three pairs
of electrons may be shared between atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple
bonds, respectively. The more electrons that are shared between two atoms, the
shorter and stronger their bond will be.

Single bond Double bond Triple bond

Type of Good conductor of High Boiling High Melting
Compound Point? Point?
Bond heat or electricity?
NaCl ionic Yes Yes Yes
CH4
HCl
N2
O2
H2O
KBr
MgCl2
PCl3
CO
CaF2

Figure 4. Structures of some common covalent compounds

Compounds formed through covalent bonding are brittle solid, have relatively
low melting and boiling points, and are poor conductor of heat and electricity.
Several covalent compounds have high vapor pressure, which makes them volatile
and good as fuels. Propane, methane and gasoline are all covalent compounds that
readily undergo combustion, producing energy as a bi-product. Water and almost all
the biomolecules that govern the chemistry in our body are formed through covalent
bonds.

What’s More

Activity 2: The Name is Bond… Chemical Bond

Directions: Fill out the table below with correct answers. The first one is done for
you.

3
 What Have I Learned

Activity 3: What type of bond do you form?

Directions: Imagine yourself and the people around you as atoms. Just like atoms,
you need to form bonds to be more stable. Your attitude, talents and potentials, love
and care, advises and compliments, and the things you treasure should serve the
function of electrons. Based on your understanding on the concept of ionic and
covalent bonds, what type of bond do you want to form with other people? What do
you want to do with your electrons? Support your answer. Your answer should not
be less than 7 sentences and not more than 10 sentences.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Activity 4: Sketch it!
Direction: On a short bond paper, draw a real-life scenario or situation in which the
concept of ionic or covalent bonding is demonstrated or applied. Below your
illustration, write at least five sentences describing your output and explaining how
the situation is related to the concept of the type of chemical bond you chose. For
example, you choose the concept of covalent bonding and you will draw a scene
where two puppies are sharing a piece of bone and explain why the scenario is
demonstrating the concept of covalent bonding.

Follow-up Question: (Write your answer at the back of your drawing)

‘’What is the importance of chemical bonding in chemistry and in our life?’’

4
 Lewis Structures and Bond
Formation

What’s In

In lesson 1, we have learned that atoms transfer or share their electrons to

other atoms to become more stable, thus forming new substances. In this lesson, the
bonding models will be represented through Lewis dot symbols and structures and
the bond formation of atoms will be illustrated. Furthermore, we will learn how to
predict bonding and formula of molecular compounds though Lewis structures and
the application of the octet rule.

What’s New

Activity 1: Meet the Nobles

Directions: Study the table below and answer the questions that follow.

1.To what group in the periodic table do the elements listed in the table belong?
2. Why are these elements called the noble gases? What is their common
characteristic?
3. Why are light bulbs filled with argon gas rather than oxygen gas?
4. How many valence electrons do noble gases have? Draw the Lewis dot symbol of
the noble gas Xe.
5. Can we relate the number of valence electrons with the stability of the element?

7
 What Is It

Lewis Dot Symbols

Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols.
From the previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block element
is usually equivalent to its group number. For instance, Carbon is a Group 4(a)
element, thus it has 4 valence electrons. The number of valence electrons of
Fluorine is 7 because it is in Group7(a). Magnesium has 2 valence electrons
because it belongs to Group2(a).
Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and
chemical reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element. The dots are placed on the four sides of
the symbol—top, bottom, left, and right—and each side can accommodate up to two
electrons. The choice on which sides to place two electrons rather one electron is
arbitrary since all four sides are equivalent. It is recommended that we spread out
the dots as much as possible. In general, we cannot write simple Lewis dot symbols
for the transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides because they all have
incompletely filled inner shells.

Figure 1. Lewis dot symbols of some main block elements

The Octet Rule and Bond Formations

The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons
to have eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons as
the noble gas nearest to them in the periodic table. Noble gases are known as stable
elements as evidenced by their general lack of reactivity. All the noble gases except
Helium have eight valence electrons, that is why many atoms undergoing reactions
end up with eight valence electrons.

Octet rules does not generally apply to the d or f electrons. Only the s and p
electrons are involved in the octet rule, making it useful for the main group elements
(elements not in the transition metal or inner-transition metal blocks). Main group
elements have an octet which corresponds to an electron configuration ending with
s2p6. However, there are some exceptions to the octet rule: boron and aluminum
readily form compounds in which they have six valence electrons, rather than the
usual eight predicted by the octet rule. Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and chlorine are
common examples of elements that form an expanded octet or form compounds in
which they have more than 8 valence electrons. Moreover, in some cases, having an
odd number of electrons in a molecule guarantees that it does not follow the octet
rule.
6
 For instance, table salt or NaCl is the result of Na + ions and Cl- ions bonding
together in an ionic bond. If sodium metal and chlorine gas react under the right
conditions, they will form salt. Since sodium is a metal, it loses an electron, becomes
positively charged and the chlorine gains that electron and becomes negatively
charged. The resulting salt is mostly unreactive — it is stable. It will not undergo any
explosive reactions, unlike the sodium and chlorine that it is made of. (Note that each
line that connects two atoms represents two bonded electrons.)

Figure 2. Ionic bond formation of sodium chloride

Referring to the octet rule, sodium has one valence electron, so giving it up
would result in the same electron configuration as neon. Chlorine has seven valence
electrons, so if it takes one it will have eight (an octet) and achieve an electron
configuration as argon. It is also important to consider that atoms are more stable
when they have smaller charge or no charge at all.

Generally, the stoichiometry of a product of an ionic bond formation of a metal

and a non-metal is equal to the exchange of their charges. For instance, when
magnesium reacts with nitrogen at elevated temperatures, a white solid compound,
magnesium nitride (Mg3N2) is formed. Magnesium will lose 2 valence electrons to
achieve an electron configuration as neon, thus becoming Mg 2+. Nitrogen will then
need 3 more electrons to become stable since it has only 5 valence electrons.
Consequently, nitrogen will become N3- for gaining 3 more electrons.

Figure 3. Formation of magnesium nitride

In general, the product of ionic bond formation of the metals and non-metals in the
representative block is:

Figure 4. Formation of ionic bond product (M=metal; N= nonmetal; a and b =

charges)

In covalently bonded atoms, sharing of electrons is being exhibited by all

atoms involved to satisfy the octet rule. For example, two hydrogens share each of
their valence electron with each other to have two electrons in their valence shells
through a single bond. As a result, each hydrogen atom achieves an electron
configuration as helium, the nearest noble gas which has only 2 valence electrons.

7
 2e- 2e-
Figure 5. Covalent bond formation of H2

Several atoms form multiple bonds to satisfy the octet. If two atoms share two
pairs of electrons, the covalent bond is called a double bond. This type of bond is
much stronger and shorter than single bonds. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is one of the
compounds where double bonds are found.

Figure 6. Electron sharing of CO2 through double bonds

A triple bond arises when two atoms share three pairs of electrons, as in the
nitrogen molecule (N2). This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than single
and double bonds.

Figure 7. Electron sharing of N2 through a triple bond

For the non-metallic elements (Families 4A, 5A, 6A, and 7A), they can accept
a complementary number of shared bonds to reach the octet state. Family 4A can
share 4 covalent bonds (4 + 4 = 8), whereas Families 5A, 6A, and 7A can share 3, 2,
and 1 covalent bond(s), respectively, to achieve the octet state. Usually, the formula
of their product is equal to the exchange of the individual number of lacking electrons
they need to reach octet. As for the reaction of carbon and chlorine, carbon needs 4
more electrons while chlorine needs one more electron to satisfy the octet, hence
CCl4.

CCl4 (Carbon tetrachloride)

Writing Lewis Structures

Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a
molecule, and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis
structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule. Lines are drawn
between electrons that are bonded to one another. Excess electrons that are not
bonded or lone pairs are represented as pair of dots and are placed next to the
atoms on which they reside. According to Brown, these procedures should be
followed when writing Lewis structures:

8
 Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the molecule.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It
increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group. Moreover,
check the formal charge of each atom. It is imperative to remember that atoms are
more stable when they have lesser charge or no charge at all. Negative formal
charges should be assigned to more electronegative atoms. The overall formal
charges of the atoms being bonded should be equal to the overall charge of the
compound.

Figure 8. Lewis structures of some common compounds

9
Example: Lewis structure of phosphorus trichloride or PCl 3

10
 What’s More (A)

Activity 2.1: Predicting Chemical Products

Directions: The following pairs of atoms form ionic or covalent compounds when
bonded. Complete the table below with the needed details. Two answered rows
serve as examples.

Lewis dot
Charge of each
Lewis dot symbol of
Type of ion after electron
Atoms symbol of each ion if Formula of the
Bond transfer if ionic
involved each atom ionic bond is Product
bond is formed
formed
Na+
Na, Cl ionic Na+ Cl- NaCl
covalen Not
C, I Not applicable CI4
t applicable

Mg, Cl

Ca, F

Na, O

Ca, N

S, Cl

What’s More (B)

Activity 2.2: Writing Lewis Structures

Directions: Write the correct Lewis structure of each product and show the step-by-
step solution on how you came up with the structure.

1. CCI2F2 - one of the compounds responsible for the depletion of stratospheric

ozone.

2. SO4 2- - mostly found in the environment as a result of atmospheric and

terrestrial processes.
3. SOCl2 - primarily used as a chlorinating reagent
4. HCN - highly toxic conjugate acid of a cyanide that is used as a chemical
weapon agent

11
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Spotting Mistakes

Directions: The following Lewis structures are incorrect. Explain what is wrong with
each one and give a correct Lewis structure for the molecule. (Relative positions of
atoms are shown correctly.)

What I Can Do

Activity 4: Trek towards STABILITY

Directions: Atoms tend to lose or gain electrons and form bonds with other atoms to
reach their most stable state. Compare yourself to an atom and think of what you
must give up, gain and share in order to achieve your biggest dream in life and
become stable in the future. These could be your skills and talents, your best and
worst attitudes, strengths and weaknesses, knowledge etc. Put your answers in the
table below.

IN THE FUTURE, I WANT TO BECOME:

In order to achieve my goals, I In order to achieve my goals, I In order to achieve my goals, I

must give up the following: must gain the following: must share the following:

12
 Lesson Molecular Geometry and
3 Polarity

What’s In

The previous lesson helped us understand the compositions of molecules and

their bonds through the Lewis structure theory. However, Lewis structures do not
demonstrate one of the most important features of molecules—their overall shapes.
The size and shapes of molecules are defined by the distances and angles between
the nuclei of the atoms involved. In this lesson, we learn how to portrait a molecule
by writing a two-dimensional structure for it and translating it to a three-dimensional
shape, and we examine the effects of molecular shape on molecular polarity.

What’s New

Activity 1: Review on Geometry

Directions: Draw a two-dimensional or three-dimensional illustration of the following
geometries:

Example: Square Pyramidal:

1. Trigonal planar (2D)

2. Square Planar (3D)

3. Octahedral (3D)

4. Trigonal bipyramidal (3D)

5. Seesaw (3D) 13
 What Is It

Molecular geometry relates to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in

a molecule. The size and shape of a molecule of a substance, together with the
strength and polarity of its bonds, affect the physical and chemical properties of
molecules and play an important role in their interactions especially in the life-
sustaining processes in cells. The angles and distances between each atom,
bonding pair, and lone pair of electrons are determined by the attractive and
repulsive forces governing all matter.

Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

The approach in predicting molecular geometry is called the Valence Shell

Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR). This prediction is anchored from the
assumption that all electron pairs in the valence shell around a central atom repel
one another. These valence shell electron pairs are the ones involved in bonding
and they want to stay apart from each other as possible. They want to be in the most
stable orientation and the one with the lowest energy, thus, they assume a geometry
or orientation that will minimize the repulsions. The key ideas of the VSEPR theory
are:

VSEPR focuses not only on electron pairs, but it also focusses on electron
groups. An electron group can be an electron pair, a lone pair, a single unpaired
electron, a double bond or a triple bond on the central atom. The actual determinants
of molecular shape are classified into two groups: the electron-group and the
molecular geometry. Electron-group geometry is determined by the number of
electron groups or the number of atoms bonded to the central atom. Molecular
geometry, on the other hand, depends on not only on the number of electron groups
or the number of atoms bonded to the central atom, but also on the number of lone
pairs or unbonded pair of electrons on the central atom. When the electron groups
are all bond pairs, they are termed just like the electron-group geometry.

For this lesson, we will adopt the following notation: A denotes to the central
atom and X refers to another atom bonded to it. If there are lone pairs or unbonded
pair of electrons attached to the central atom, this is indicated by the letter E. Hence,
AX3E2 means that A has three atoms of X bonded to it and A also has two lone pairs
of electrons. To picture the three-dimensional shape of a molecule, black wedges
are used to represent chemical bonds coming toward you, while dashed lines are for
bonds that extend back behind the surface. Solid lines or “sticks” are used for the
backbone of the chemical structure and for chemical bonds on the same plane.

14
Table 1. Summary of molecular geometry

Pyramidal
Tetrahedral

Trigonal

Bent

Seesaw
T-shape

Linear
bipyramidal

Seesaw
Trigonal

Square Pyramid

Square Planar
Octahedral

Figure 1. Ball-and-Stick representation of electron-group geometry

15
Predicting Molecular Geometry
1.

2.

3..

16
Molecular Polarity

Polarity is a physical property of compounds which relates other physical

properties such as solubility, boiling and melting points and intermolecular
interactions between molecules. It is a measure of how equally the electrons in a
bond are distributed between the two atoms involved in a covalent bond. Bond
polarity increases with the increasing electronegativity difference between the atoms
in a molecule since there is a shift in electron density towards the more
electronegative atom. In a few cases, a symmetrical arrangement gives rise to a non-
polar molecule even though a molecule may have polar bonds.

The shift in electron density is symbolized by a crossed arrow ( ) with the

arrow pointing toward the direction of the shift. For instance, the shift in electron
density points toward fluorine in the polar HF molecule since it is more
electronegative than hydrogen.

Polar molecules exhibit dipole moments while nonpolar molecules do not. In

the presence of an electric field, the positive end of the molecules positions itself
towards the negative plate. The molecular geometry determines whether the
molecule is polar or not. Molecules whose atoms have equal or nearly equal
electronegativities are nonpolar. A molecule with polar bonds, but the molecular
geometry is symmetrical allowing the bond dipoles to cancel each other out like in
the molecule C02 is also nonpolar.

Figure 2. Some common polar compounds

Figure 3. Some common nonpolar compounds

17
 What’s More (A)

Activity 2.1: Synthesizing concepts

Directions: Complete the table below with correct answers. The first one is done for
you.

Covalent Lewis Structure with

Geometry Name Polar or Nonpolar?
Compound correct geometry

CO2 Linear Nonpolar

CH4

NH3

SF4

XeOF4

SF6

What’s More (B)

Activity 2.2: Modified true or false

Directions: Write T if the statement is true. If the statement is false, underline the
word which makes it wrong and write the correct word on the space provided.

__________1. H2 is a polar molecule.

__________2. Water has a trigonal planar molecular geometry.

__________3. Asymmetric covalent compounds are usually nonpolar.

__________4. A molecule in which its central atom has 2 lone pairs and 3 bonding
pairs of electrons has a T-shape molecular geometry.

__________5. The central atom in the compound SF 6 should be fluorine.

18
 What I Have Learned

Activity 3: Reasoning Challenge

Directions: Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences only.

1. VSEPR theory specifies “valence shell” electrons. Explain why these are
the most critical electrons for determining molecular shape?

2. Avogadro does not “waste” his time drawing a Lewis structure before
determining the shape of PF3. He thinks that the shape of PF3 must be trigonal
planar because there are three fluorine atoms bonded to the central
phosphorus atom.

a. Draw the Lewis structure for PF3.

b. Was Avogadro’s answer for the shape of a PF3 molecule correct? Explain

c. Why is it important to draw the Lewis structure for a molecule before

identifying the shape of the molecule?

3. Draw the Lewis structure of ozone, O3. Describe why ozone has a bent shape
instead of a linear shape.

What I Can Do
Activity 4: Building Molecular Models
Directions: Research about the structure and create a molecular model of any of the
compounds listed below. You may use any materials you wish (wood, Styrofoam,
clay/playdough, paper balls, toothpicks, etc.). Your model should display the correct
bond angles for your molecular shape. You should distinguish between different
types of atoms in your molecule. The sizes of the balls in your model should
correspond to the relative sizes of the atoms. For example, if you have 3 H atoms
and one N atom, the N should be larger than the 3 H’s and the 3 H’s should all be of
equal size. Multiple bonds should also be specified (e.g. double bonds should be
represented by two toothpicks or sticks attached to two atoms). Lone pairs may be
disregarded. You may also want to use different colors for different atoms and label
them. BE CREATIVE! Submit your output with your name and section to your subject
teacher.

Choose one molecule: SF6 , PCl5 ,ClF5

Watch the video in this link for you to have an idea for the task:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xd2_US4k_AU

19
SUMMARY

 Atoms form bonds because they are trying to reach the most stable or lowest-energy
state that they can. In chemical bonding, only valence electrons, electrons located in
valence shell of the element, are involved.
 An ionic bond is formed when metals on the left side (Group 1(A) and Group 2(A) of
the periodic table and nonmetals on the right side (except noble gases, group 8A)
interact.
 Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by sharing electrons (rather
than fully gaining or losing them).
 These bonds mostly occur between nonmetals or between two of the same (or
similar) elements. One, two, or three pairs of electrons may be shared between
atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple bonds, respectively. The more electrons
that are shared between two atoms, the shorter and stronger their bond will be.
 Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and chemical
reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each valence
electron in an atom of the element.
 Valence electrons of an atom are better represented with Lewis dot symbols. From
the previous module, the number of valence electrons of a main block element is
usually equivalent to its group number.
 The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain, lose or share electrons to have
eight electrons in the valence shell or attain the same number of electrons as the
noble gas nearest to them in the periodic table.
 Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule,
and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule.
 Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It
increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group.
 Molecular geometry relates to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a
molecule. The size and shape of a molecule of a substance, together with the
strength and polarity of its bonds, affect the physical and chemical properties of
molecules and play an important role in their interactions especially in the life-
sustaining processes in cells.
 The approach in predicting molecular geometry is called the Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR).
 Electron-group geometry is determined by the number of electron groups or the
number of atoms bonded to the central atom. Molecular geometry, on the other hand,
depends on not only on the number of electron groups or the number of atoms
bonded to the central atom, but also on the number of lone pairs or unbonded pair of
electrons on the central atom.
 Polarity is a physical property of compounds which relates other physical properties
such as solubility, boiling and melting points and intermolecular interactions between
molecules.
 Molecules whose atoms have equal or nearly equal electronegativities are nonpolar.
A molecule with polar bonds, but the molecular geometry is symmetrical allowing the
bond dipoles to cancel each other out like in the molecule C02 is also nonpolar.
 20

Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer
among the given choices for each item.

1. The number of lone pairs in CO2 molecule are ______________-.

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

2. A molecule with trigonal planar geometry:

A. H2O C. BF3
B. CO2 D. CH4

3. In ammonia, the tetrahedral shape gets distorted because of the lone pair and becomes
__________.
A. trigonal pyramidal C. linear
B. T-shaped D. bent

4. The number of lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atom in In the Lewis
structure of the OF2 molecule is:

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
5. Which one of the formulas for ionic compounds below is incorrect?

A. SrCl2 C. Al3P2
B. AlCl3 D. Cs2S

6. Write the singly bonded Lewis dot structure for BF3. Which of the following statements
best describes this structure?

A. It obeys the octet rule on all atoms.

B. It has less than an octet on at least one atom.
C. It has a lone pair of electrons on the boron atom.
D. It has less than an octet of electrons on all atoms.

7. Which of the following elements can only form one bond in a Lewis structure?
A. N C. C
B. O D. H

8. Which of the following is a nonpolar covalent molecule?

A. NH3 C. HCl
B. H2O D. CCl4

9. Which of the following has the highest boiling point?

A. NaCl C. CH3CH2CH3
B. HBr D. CCl4

10. Which of the following molecules has a dipole moment?

A. CCl4 C. NH3
B. O2 D. CO2
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Key to Answers

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References

Brown, Theodore. Chemistry: The Central Science. New York: Pearson,2015.

Chang, R. and Goldsby, K. Chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill

Education, 2010.

“How to Draw a Lewis Structure”. Thoughtco. Accessed September 1, 2020.

https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-draw-a-lewis-structure-603983

“Ionic and Covalent Bonds.”Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 29, 2020.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/
Supplemental_Modules_(Organic_Chemistry)/Fundamentals/
Ionic_and_Covalent_Bonds

“Molecular Geometry.” Boundless Chemistry. Accessed September

3, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/molec
ular-geometry/

Molview. Accessed September 2020. molview.org

“Molecular Polarity.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed September 6, 2020.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/
Molecular_Polarity

Silberberg, Martin. Principles of General Chemistry. Boston: McGraw-

Hill Higher Education, 2013.

“The Octet Rule.” Chemistry LibreTexts. Accessed August 30, 2020.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/
Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/
Electronic_Configurations/The_Octet_Rule
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