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Pre-Calculus
Quarter 2 – Module 4:
Ci r cul ar Functions
and It s Graphs
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This
will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’ s assistance for better understanding of the lesson.
At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your
learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will
be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also provided
to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this
SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. Read the
instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Circular Functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is comprised of the following lessons:

 Domain and Range of circular functions.
 Graphing circular functions.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. illustrate the domain and range of different circular functions
(STEM_PC11T- IIc-1);
2. graph the six circular function (a)amplitude, (b)period, and (c) phase shift.
(STEM_PC11T-IIc-d-1);

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Lesson
Domain and Range of
1 Circular Functions
The equation is a circle graphed in the rectangular coordinate
system. This is called the unit circle with its center at the origin and has a radius of
1 unit. Trigonometric functions are defined so that their domains are sets of angles
and their ranges are sets of real numbers.

What’s In

Recall the degrees to radian conversion, and vice-versa of special angles in a

unit circle with radius 1 shown below.

The x and y coordinates for each

point along the circle may be determined
by reading off the values on the x and y
axes picturing a right triangle with one
side along the x-axis:

SOH CAH TOA

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 What’s New

Circular functions are defined such that their domains are sets of numbers
that correspond to the measures (in radian units) of the angles of analogous
trigonometric functions. The ranges of these circular functions, like their analogous
trigonometric functions, are sets of real numbers.

These functions are called circular functions because radian measures of

angles are determined by the lengths of arcs of circles.

What is It

Domain and Range of Circular Functions

A. Sine and Cosine

Domain: For and there are

no domain restrictions since any
value of will yield a defined result for x
and y.

Thus, the domain of and

is the Set of All Real
Numbers.

Range: The x-coordinate on the circle is

smallest at (−1, 0), namely -1; the y-
coordinate on the circle is largest at
(1, 0), namely 1.

Hence, we can see that the range for

is [-1,1].
By similar reasoning, the range for
is [-1,1].
B. Tangent and Secant

Domain: Given and where or . In

the unit circle, coordinates (0,1) and (0,-1) would make and
undefined as shown below.
(0,1)

5 (0,-1)
 Thus, and is undefined for

Hence, the domain of and is

{ ( .

Range: Consider , the value for is at its maximum when

and minimum when . Thus, the range for

is the Set of All Real Numbers.

Now consider , by inspection we can determine the

allowable values of to be from to or to . Thus, the

range for is ( ] .

C. Cotangent and Cosecant

Domain: Given and where or . In

the unit circle, coordinates (1,0) and (-1,0) would make and
undefined as shown below.

(-1,0) (1,0)

Thus, and is undefined for

Hence, the domain of and is

{ .

Range: Consider , the value for is at its maximum when

and minimum when . Thus, the range for

is the Set of All Real Numbers.

Now consider , by inspection we can determine the

allowable values of to be from to or to .

Thus, the range for is ( ] .

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Lesson
Graphing Circular
2 Functions
This section discusses how the circular functions are being graphed. This
lesson will also include the amplitude, period, and phase shifting of the graphs of
circular functions.

We already know that the values of and repeat after an interval of . This
can be shown as follows:

1.

Amplitude = 1
+1
Period =
-1

1 period = 𝜋

2.
Amplitude = 1
+1
Period =
-1

Hence, the values of cscx and secx will also repeat after an interval of 2π. This can
be shown as follows:

3.
Amplitude = 1

Period =

+1

-1

1 period = 𝜋

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4.
Amplitude = 1

Period =

+1

-1

1 period = 𝜋

However, the values of repeat after an interval of . Also, the values of

which is the inverse of will repeat after an interval of . This can be shown as
follows:

5.
Amplitude = 1

Period =

1 period = 𝜋

6.
Amplitude = 1

Period =

1 period = 𝜋

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Amplitude, Period, and Shifting

Definition:
The amplitude is the height from the center line to the peak (or to the
trough). Or we can measure the height from highest to lowest points and divide
that by 2.
The period goes from one peak to the next (or from any point to the next
matching point)

The phase shift is how far the function is shifted horizontally from the
usual position.

The vertical shift is how far the function is shifted vertically from the
usual position.
All of these terms are represented in this equation below:

( ( )

where:

Amplitude is | |

Period is

Phase shift is C (positive is to the left)

Vertical shift is D

Example 1. Graph the function (

Given:
Solution:

Amplitude: | | Phase shift: None

Period: Vertical shift: None

x-scale: Range: ] ] ]

Graph:

𝒚 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝒙

𝑦 𝑥

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Example 2. Graph the function (

Given:
Solution:

Amplitude: | | Phase shift: None

Period: Vertical shift: None

x-scale: Range: ] ] ]

Graph:
𝒚
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟒𝒙)

𝑦 𝑥

Example 3. Graph the function ( )

Rewriting the equation: ( ( )

Given:

Solution:

Amplitude: | | Phase shift: ( units to the left)

Period: Vertical shift: None

x-scale: Range: ] ] ]

Graph:

𝑦 𝑥

𝛑
𝒚 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝟐𝒙 )
𝟐

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Example 4. Graph the function ( ) .

Rewriting the equation: ( ( )

Given:

Solution:

Amplitude: | | Phase shift: ( units to the right)

Period: Vertical shift: +2 (2 units upward)

x-scale: Range: ] ] ]

Graph:

π
𝑦 ( )

𝛑
𝒚 𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝟐𝐱 ) 𝟐
𝟐

Example 5. Graph the function ( .

Given:

Solution:

Amplitude: | | Phase shift: ( units to the right)

Period: Vertical shift: ( units upward)

x-scale:

Graph:

𝟏
𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝐱 𝛑
𝟐

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 What’s More

Activity 1
In this activity you will be required to provide the answers for the amplitude,
period, and shifting of the graph of the given circular functions.

1. ( Amplitude: ____________________
Period: ____________________

Phase Shift: ____________________

Vertical Shift: ____________________

2. ( ) Amplitude: ____________________

Period: ____________________

Phase Shift: ____________________

Vertical Shift: ____________________

3. ( Amplitude: ____________________

Period: ____________________
Phase Shift: ____________________

Vertical Shift: ____________________

4. ( Amplitude: ____________________
Period: ____________________

Phase Shift: ____________________

Vertical Shift: ____________________

5. ( ) Amplitude: ____________________

Period: ____________________

Phase Shift: ____________________

Vertical Shift: ____________________

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Activity 2
In every item, graph all the functions given in a single plane and write down
a brief observation/comparison about the graphs.

1.

Observation/s:

2.

Observation/s:

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Activity 3
In this activity, you need to illustrate the graph of the following functions:

1. (

2. (

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 What I Have Learned

Based on the concepts that you learn from this module, complete all the
following sentences.

1. The domain of and is _________________________.

2. The range for and is __________________________.

3. and has the same domain given by ____________________________.

4. and has the same domain given by ____________________________.

5. The _____________ goes from one peak to the next and is determined by dividing
by B.
6. The ________________ is the height from the center line to the peak (or to the
trough) and can be measured by dividing the height from highest to lowest
points by 2.
7. The ______________________ is how far the function is shifted upward or
downward from the usual position.

8. Described as how far the function is shifted horizontally from the usual position
is called _________________________.

What I Can Do

This section involves real-life application of the concept of graphs of circular

functions.
1. Take a good look around you, cite some real-life examples/models that
would represent any of the six graphs of the different circular functions. You
may cite examples within your home or you may include examples in other
areas of discipline, e.g., art, architecture, agriculture, engineering, and etc.

Solution:

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