This full text paper was peer-reviewed at the direction of IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society prior to the

acceptance and publication.

Imaging of flow pattern of gas-oil flows with

convolutional neural network
Zhuoqun Xu1 Xinmeng Yang1 Bing Chen2 Maomao Zhang3 and Yi Li1*
1
Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
2
CNPC Beijing Richfit Information Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing 100007, China
3
Shenzhen Leengstar Co.Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
*
Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed liyi@sz.tsinghua.edu.cn.

Abstract—Gas volume fraction (GVF) is an important
parameter for the measurement of oil-gas two-phase flow. On-
line measurement of the GVF of oil and gas two-phase flow is of
great significance for the safety monitoring and measurement of
oilfield production processes. So it is an urgent problem to
quickly and accurately detect the real-time GVF according to the
non-destructive testing of oilfield field devices. In this paper, a
method based on different flow rates and oil-gas ratios is
proposed. The method of convolutional neural network (CNN) is
used to predict the gas and oil flow rate in oil-gas two-phase
flows. Compared with traditional algorithms, CNN algorithm
solves the problem of the relationship between high-dimensional
data (streaming image pixels) and low-dimensional data (GVF
values and traffic) that cannot be solved by traditional algori-
thms. The data of different flow and oil-gas ratios of oil and gas
two-phase flow were collected by experiment. The data collected
by electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) was reconstructed
using linear projection algorithm (LBP) to obtain the flow
pattern. The reconstructed flow graphs are predicted by
Binarized image measurement algorithm, SVM algorithm and
convolutional neural network algorithm for oil flow rate, gas
flow rate, and GVF. The average relative error of GVF
prediction is 43% for Binarized image measurement algorithm,
8% for SVM algorithm, and 5% for the CNN algorithm. The
CNN algorithm effectively avoids the possible over-fitting
problem. Its loss function uses ElasticNet regression instead of
least squares regression. The inception V3 model used is
decomposed into small convolutions, which can reduce the
amount of parameters, reduce over-fitting, and enhance the
nonlinear expression of the network. The final model has an
allowable error range of 5% and the accuracy can reach more
than 90%.
Keywords—electrical capacitance tomography, convolutional
neural network, gas volume fraction
I. INTRODUCTION
Multiphase flow measurement technology plays an
important role in the exploitation of marine oil and gas, and
the accurate measurement of gas flow rate and oil flow rate in
gas-liquid two-phase flow has been the current research focus
and difficulty. In traditional flow measurement, multiple
mixtures obtained in oil wells need to be separated in the well
to measure single-phase flow. Although this way improves the
accuracy of single-phase measurement, the separation process
of multi-phase flow is complicated. The equipment is
expensive and inefficient, so it is urgent to find a fast,
accurate and efficient online measurement technology for
multiphase flow [1].
The flow measurement of two-phase flow has the
characteristics that the phase interface change is difficult to
measure, the phase slips, and the flow state changes randomly.
The measurement is difficult. Regarding the flow measure-
ment of two-phase flow, there are many technologies that
have been used at present. Abdalellah O. Mohmmed et al. use
high-speed cameras (with transparent tube segments) to take
high-speed shooting records for convection type [2], and
Xiaoxiao Dong et al. use ultrasonic Doppler sensors estimate
the total surface velocity of the oil-water two-phase flow. In
addition, commonly used methods include electrical
capacitance tomography (ECT), ultrasonic Doppler sensor [8],
acoustic emission [3], fiber optic probe [4], wire-mesh sensor
[5]. These methods are feasible in a laboratory environment,
but considering the complexity of the oilfield environment,
the application of these methods in real-world environments
can be hampered. Therefore, ECT is a commonly used
detection method in the field of oil fields [9].
In the two-phase flow, the two-phase interface is distributed
into different geometric shapes or structural forms, which are
called two-phase flow patterns. Flow pattern is one of the
most basic characteristic parameters of two-phase flows. The
method often used to identify the flow state in an oil-gas two-
phase flow is the observation method, but this usually leads to
the subjectivity of the identification. In order to improve the
objectivity of flow pattern recognition, some intelligent
algorithms have been proposed. Currently, wavelet analysis
methods [9], SVM, genetic algorithms are adopted.
In this paper, the convolutional neural network algorithm is
used to realize the nonlinear mapping from oil-gas two-phase
flow parameters (gas volume fraction and flow rate) to flow
patterns under different working conditions [8], and compared
with Binarized image measurement algorithm and SVM
algorithm. The ECT data of oil and gas two-phase flow under
different gas volume fraction and flow rate is measured, and
the capacitance data used to image reconstruction. According

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to different oil-gas ratios and flow patterns under different c. Image reconstruction
flow rates, the convolutional neural network algorithm is used ECT image reconstruction is an inverse problem of ECT,
to make a more accurate prediction of the oil flow rate, gas which is to determine the distribution of dielectric constants in
flow rate, and GVF. a pipe based on capacitance measurements between pairs of
electrodes. There is a nonlinear relationship between the mea-
sured capacitance value and the dielectric constant, which can
II. METHODOLOGY
be simplified as:
A. Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT ) λ = Sg (4)
Where λ is the normalized capacitance vector, S is the
a. Principle normalized sensitive field matrix, and g is the internal distri-
Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) consists of three bution matrix of the medium (normalized dielectric constant).
main components: ECT sensors, data acquisition systems, and For the ECT system, the normalization formula for λ is as
computer imaging systems. follows:
λ − λmin
The commonly used electrical capacitance tomography λnormal = (5)
λmax − λmin
(ECT) sensor consists of eight plates. For a sensor consisting λmin is the capacitance measurement vector when full of gas,
of N electrode plates, the number of independent capacitors
measured when one of the electrodes is energized and the other and λ is the capacitance measurement vector at full oil. For a
max

electrode is held at zero potential, is N(N-1)/2 [10]. two-dimensional field, the sensitive field matrix S can be
solved by the following formula:JJG
In ECT, the boundary condition is that the potential JJG
Ei (k ) E j ( k )
distribution of the excitation electrode is ‫=׎‬V, and the Si , j ( k ) = − ³ ⋅ ds, k=1,2,...M (6)
Vi Vj
potential distribution of the stationary electrode is ‫=׎‬0. In two- τ

dimensional geometry, the relationship between capacitance Where SJJGi , j (k ) is the sensitivity of the electrode to the kth
and dielectric constant distribution is: cell of i-j, Ei (k ) is the voltage excitation Vi of the electrode i,
and the electric field intensity distribution JJG
of the other
Q 1 (1) electrodes under grounding conditions, E is the same, and τ
C= = − ³³ ε ( x, y )∇φ ( x, y) dτ j
V V τ
is the area of the grid k. In imaging, to make the measurement
Where Q represents the charge, ε ( x, y ) and φ ( x, y ) is the data dimensionless and reduce the influence of error, it is
dielectric constant distribution and potential distribution in the often necessary to normalize the sensitive field matrix as
sensing region, respectively, and τ is the unit charge on ele- follows:
ctrode surface. Sij
Sij* =
b. Calculation of GVF
M
(7)
¦S ij
In this paper, the flow pattern changes under different GVF k =1

are studied. The formula for calculating GVF in oil and gas
two-phase flow is:
G gas
GVF = × 1 00%
G ga s + G o il
Among them, G is the volume of oil under working
oil
conditions , G g a s is the volume of gas under working
conditions. The working condition refers to the actual
operating conditions. The industrial gas standard status refers
to the state of 101.325 kPa and 20°C; at the standard
condition, temperature is 0°C (273.15 open) and the pressure
is 101.325 kPa Case (1 standard atmospheric pressure, 760
mm Hg). In this paper, we need to convert the volume of the
gas collected under the standard conditions into the volume of
the gas under working conditions:
P2 ⋅ T1
V1 = ⋅ V2
P1 ⋅ T2
Where V1 is the volume of gas under working conditions,
Ggasis the volume of gas under standard conditions, P1 is the
actual pressure, P2 is the standard physical atmospheric pre-
ssure, T1 is the temperature under working conditions, that is
the actual absolute temperature, and T2 is the standard
condition temperature, i.e. 0°C .
The algorithm is simple in principle and fast in imaging
speed. It is widely used in ECT imaging. This paper uses LBP
algorithm to obtain the flow pattern of oil and gas two-phase
(2) flow under different flow rates and oil-gas ratios.
B. SVM algorithm
In this paper, we use the regression model of support
vector machine and consider using the function:
 f ( x ) =< ω , φ ( x ) > + b (8)
To fit the sample set:
f ( x ) =< ω , φ ( x ) > + b (9)
Where x is an independent variable, y is a dependent
variable, ω is a weight vector, b is an offset, and
φ ( x) : R d → H is a nonlinear function that maps the data set S
to a high-dimensional linear feature space and seeks
(3)
optimality in the feature vector. For a given training data set,
the ε insensitive loss function is used. The corresponding
support vector machine is called ε -Support Vector Machine.
C. Convolutional Neural Network
The image reconstruction algorithm can obtain the flow
pattern under different working conditions. In order to explore
the flow pattern, change under different GVF and flow

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conditions. The CNN algorithm is needed to solve the III. EXPERIMENTS
nonlinear mapping from the oil-gas two-phase flow
parameters (GVF and flow rate) to the flow pattern change. A. Experimental equipment
As a very deep convolutional neural network, Inception V3 The overall experimental equipment is shown in figure 1.
has a very sophisticated design and construction. The con- The blue pipeline represents a single phase of air, white oil
volutional network is gradually reduced in size from input to and tape water. The oil and water are stored in a separator,
output, and the number of output channels is gradually separated according to the principle of gravity, and the gas is
increased. In addition, the Inception Module uses multiple produced by a gas phase compressor. The three-phase mixture
branches to extract high-level features of different levels of can pass the horizontal or vertical test line (shown in gray in
abstraction, which enriches the expressive power of the the figure 1, size is 2, 3 or 4 inches), the test line is 8 meters
network. It is very suitable for solving the high-dimensional long, and the ECT sensor is on the test line. The maximum
and nonlinear relationship between the flow pattern and the pressure of the device is 2Mpa.
gas flow rate, the oil flow rate. In this paper, the input layer of
the neural network is a flow pattern obtained by image recon-
struction, and the output layer has two neurons for outputting
the predicted values of gas flow rate and oil flow rate.
The forward propagation algorithm in neural networks can
be expressed as:
N l −1
ail = f ( ¦ wij l a j l −1 + bi l ) (10)
j =1

Where ail is the output value of the ith neuron in the l th neu-
ral network, a is the output of the j neuron in the (l − 1) layer
j
l −1 th th
Fig. 1. Scheme of gas-oil-water flow facility.
neural network, and wij l is the jth neuron of the ( l − 1) layer to th

the l th layer The weight of the ith neuron, b is the deviation i

l The eight electrodes of the ECT sensor were mounted on a
term of the ith neuron in the l th layer neural network, and N is
the number of neurons in the (l −1) layer. f (•) is the activation
th
function of neurons. The current mainstream activation func-
tions include sigmoid function, relu function and tanh func-
tion [10]. This paper uses the relu activation function; the
expression is as follows:
f ( x) = max( x, 0) (11)
In this paper, the loss function of the network uses
ElasticNet regression which is a mixture of Ridge and Lasso
regression techniques. Compared to the least squares regres-
sion, ElasticNet [8] regression effectively avoids possible
over-fitting problems. The input of the network in this paper
is an image, which belongs to high-dimensional data. In the
case of multi-colinearity between high-dimensional and data-
set variables, ElasticNet regression has obvious effects. Its
objective function is:
1 n
e= [ ¦ ( hω ( x ( i ) ) − y ( i ) ) 2 + λ1 || ω ||1 + λ 2 || ω ||2 ] = T (ω )
n i =1
Where e represents the error between the true value and the
predicted value, h ( x ) represents the predicted oil flow rate
ω
(i)
l −1 5 mm thick insulating tube made of PEEK (relative dielectric
constant) with an axial length of 60 mm and a length of 30
mm per electrode. The acquisition frequency of the ECT
system is 300 frames/s, respectively, and the excitation signal
frequency of the ECT system is 100 kHz. The hardware
system has a signal to noise ratio of approximately 62 dB.
B. Experimental conditions
The experimental material is industrial white oil having a
relative dielectric constant of 2.2, a density of 880kg / m3 , and a
viscosity of 8.8mPa ⋅ s(33o C) . The gas is natural gas, which is
consistent with the oilfield site environment. The working
pressure is set to 0.6 MPa. The experimental temperature is
33o C and is obtained by a temperature transmitter. Under the
above experimental conditions, this experiment measured the
data under different flow rates and GVF, verified the flow
pattern transformation under different working conditions,
(12) and increase the application range of the algorithm. An
independent experimental scheme was designed to measure
52 cases. The sampling time in each case is 10 minutes. The

experimental condition data is shown in the table below.

and gas flow rate, y(i ) represents the true oil flow rate and gas
flow rate, n is the number of data sets, λ and λ are 1 2 TABLE I. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION AND GVF DISTRIBUTION TABLE
regularization parameters. ω is a vector containing weights
Gas flow rate˄ m 3 h −1 ˅ 20 50 90 150
and deviations between individual neurons.
3 −1
In this paper, the ECT data is first measured by a large Oil flow rate˄ m h ˅
number of experiments, and the acquired ECT data is imaged 1 0.76 0.89 0.94 0.96
1.5 0.68 0.84 0.91 0.94
by a LBP algorithm to obtain the flow pattern. The flow 2 0.62 0.80 0.88 0.92
pattern under different working conditions is input into the 2.5 0.56 0.76 0.85 0.90
CNN network to predict the oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and 3 0.52 0.73 0.83 0.89
GVF of the oil and gas two-phase flow under the current 3.5 0.48 0.69 0.81 0.87
4 0.45 0.67 0.78 0.86
working conditions. 4.5 0.42 0.64 0.76 0.84
5 0.39 0.62 0.75 0.83

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 Gas flow rate˄ m 3 h −1 ˅ 20 50 90 150 10
Oil flow rate˄ m 3 h −1 ˅
6 0.35 0.57 0.71 0.80 Fig. 2. LBP image reconstruction of experimental flow conditions
7 0.32 0.54 0.68 0.78 (gas flow rate: 20 - 150 m3/h, oil flow rate: 1 - 10 m3/h)
8 0.29 0.50 0.65 0.75
10 0.24 0.45 0.59 0.71
The above is the flow pattern obtained by the LBP
algorithm under different flow rates and oil-gas ratios. It can
Under all of the above conditions, the GVF values were
be seen that the flow pattern changes significantly under
evenly distributed between (0, 1). The total flow distribution
different GVF and flow rates. In order to explore the
range is also wide. No experimental measurements were taken
relationship between flow pattern changes and oil flow rate,
until the single flow rate was stabilized and the mixing of the
gas flow rate, and GVF, CNN algorithm is used to solve the
two fluids was completed.
nonlinear problem between the flow image, the oil flow rate
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS and gas flow rate.
B. Flow pattern recognition and prediction
A. Flow data analysis
The commonly used algorithms for GVF prediction include
In this experiment, the two-phase flow of oil and gas passes
Binarized image measurement algorithm and SVM algorithm.
through the ECT sensor, the data is recorded, and the acquired
The flow pattern obtained by LBP algorithm is taken as input,
ECT capacitance data is imaged by the LBP algorithm. Due to
and the oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and GVF value at that
the presence of gas, the flow pattern is relatively large.
time are predicted.
Therefore, the collected ECT data is averaged within 1 second
to reduce the floating frequency of the flow pattern, thus the I. Binarized imaging algorithm
flow pattern tends to be stable and is convenient for analysis.
Extracting the effective pixels of the flow graph obtained
The ECT data collected under all conditions is reconstructed
by the linear projection algorithm (LBP) (i.e., removing the
by LBP (see Figure2).
white edge portion of the flow graph obtained in the above
Gas flow rate 20 50 90 150 figure), acquiring the threshold in the image pixel, and
Oil flow rate performing binarization processing (high dielectric The
constant is 1 and the air is 0), so that the GVF at the current
1 time is calculated according to the flow pattern and the GVF
predicted by 10000 images in each working condition is
1.5 averaged and compared with the actual GVF. The GVF
prediction under the 52 conditions is predicted and the relative
error is obtained.
2

2.5

3.5

4.5

5
Fig. 3. Binarized image measurement algorithm GVF prediction
relative error
6
From the figure (the abscissa is 52 kinds of working
7
conditions, the ordinate is the average value of the predicted
GVF of 10000 pictures under each working condition), it can
be seen that the Binarized image measuring algorithm predicts
8 the GVF method is weak. This may be due to the low imaging
accuracy of the LBP algorithm. The LBP algorithm has good
real-time performance, but the imaging accuracy is weak

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compared to various complex iterative algorithms. This
affects the accuracy of GVF measurements.
II. SVM Algorithm
The SVM algorithm is a commonly used algorithm for
GVF prediction of oil and gas two-phase flow. The flow
pattern obtained by the linear projection algorithm is input
into the model, and the oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and GVF
value corresponding to each flow pattern are input
respectively. Out of its nonlinear correspondence, the oil flow
rate, gas flow rate, and GVF predicted by 10,000 images in
each working condition are averaged separately and compared
with the true value under the working condition.
The oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and GVF prediction under
the 52 conditions is predicted and the relative error is
obtained.
Fig. 4. SVM algorithm prediction relative error
It is seen from the results in the figure 4 that when the oil
flow rate is small, the relative error is large. As the oil flow
rate increases, the relative error between the predicted value
and the true value decreases; when the gas flow rate is small
and the oil flow rate is small, the prediction of the relative
error between the value and the true value is very large. As
the oil flow rate increases, even if the gas flow rate is small,
the relative error between the predicted value and the true
value is small; the relative error between the predicted and
actual values of the GVF of the SVM algorithm is small, and
the relative error of the 85% predicted value is less than 15%.
Compared with the Binarized image measurement algo-
rithm, the GVM prediction accuracy of the SVM algorithm is
significantly improved, but the prediction accuracy of the oil
flow rate and the gas flow rate is weak, which may be related
to the limitations of the SVM algorithm itself. The SVM
algorithm principle is based on the existing data. Fitting the
hyperplane for prediction has certain limitations on high-
dimensional data. To solve this problem, this paper uses CNN
algorithm. The CNN algorithm solves the problem of the
relationship between high-dimensional data (streaming image
pixel) and low-dimensional data (GVF and flow) that cannot
be solved by traditional regression algorithms.
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III. Flow pattern recognition with CNN
The training model uses the Inception V3 network in the
convolutional neural network (CNN). Since the input is
picture pixel data, the data dimension is high, and the data
volume is large. Using the Inception V3 network, a large two-
dimensional convolution can be split into two smaller ones.
The small convolution kernels can handle more abundant
spatial features increase feature diversity and effectively solve
the complexity of image high-dimensional data.
The following predictions are made using the CNN
algorithm. The oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and GVF predicted
by 10,000 images in each working condition are averaged
separately, compared with the actual value under the working
conditions. The oil flow rate, gas flow rate, and GVF under
the 52 conditions was predicted.
Fig. 5. CNN algorithm prediction relative error.
As can be seen from the figure 5, the convolutional neural
network predicts that the relative error of the predicted value
of 90% oil flow rate is less than 10%. The gas flow rate, 90%
of the predicted value of the relative error is less than 13%.
The relative error of the GVF value, 90% of the predicted
values is less than 5%, and the relative error of the 98%
predicted value is less than 10%.
It can be seen that the CNN algorithm is suitable for the
regression of high-dimensional image data, which greatly
improves the prediction results.
Through the above analysis, the three algorithms are
comprehensively compared. The following table is a compa-
rison table of the average predicted relative error.
TABLE II. FORECAST RELATIVE ERROR AVERAGE COMPARISON TABLE
Binarized image SVM CNN
Oil flow rate no 0.230093 0.070202
Gas flow rate no 0.306401 0.071225
GVF 0.438526 0.082319 0.050058
It can be seen from the above table that CNN algorithm is
obviously superior to SVM algorithm in predicting oil flow
rate and gas flow rate. In GVF prediction, CNN algorithm is
obviously better than Binarized image measurement algorithm
and SVM algorithm. The CNN algorithm proposed in this
paper can predict the oil flow rate, gas flow rate and GVF,
and the average error of the predicted value and the true value
is 5%. It can be seen that the CNN network satisfactorily
solves the problem of the relationship between high-
dimensional data (streaming image pixels) and low-
dimensional data (GVF and flow rate), which greatly
improves the prediction results.
To avoid the effect of extreme values on the mean, the
following is a comparison of the 90th percentiles of the
relative errors of the three algorithms.
TABLE III. FORECAST RELATIVE ERROR 90TH PERCENTILE COMPARISON
TABLE
90th percentile Binarized image SVM CNN
Oil flow rate no 0.4128 0.1150
Gas flow rate no 0.5516 0.1280
GVF 0.6563 0.1380 0.0448
From the comparison table 3 of the relative error of the
above predicted values, it can be seen that the prediction
relative error of the CNN algorithm is significantly better than
the SVM algorithm in the prediction of oil flow rate and gas
flow rate. In the prediction of GVF, the prediction relative
error of CNN algorithm is significantly better than SVM
algorithm and Binarized image measurement algorithm.
Therefore, the CNN model proposed in this paper, whether
it is on the average of the relative error of the predicted value
or the percentile of the relative error of the predicted value,
has prediction accuracy significantly better than the traditional
algorithm. The CNN algorithm solves the problem of the
relationship between high-dimensional data (streaming image
pixels) and low-dimensional data (GVF and flow rate) that
cannot be solved by traditional algorithms. The inception V3
model increases the spatial characteristics. Feature diversity is
of great significance in solving the complexity of image high-
dimensional data.
Finally, CNN network has a final allowable error range of
10% and an accuracy of over 98%. The final allowable error
range is 5% and the accuracy is over 90%. The prediction
effect is more accurate in the case of high gas flow rate.
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the gas flow rate, oil flow rate and GVF are
predicted by studying the flow pattern, flow rate, and oil-gas
ratio under different working conditions. The experimental
scheme was designed, the control variables were adjusted to
adjust the oil flow rate and gas flow rate respectively, so that
the experiment could form different working conditions under
Remarks: In response to the editor's question, "please include the application of this technology in medicine", we have not
considered the application of this technology in the medical field yet, because there is no application of venturi tube flow rate
measurement in the medical field. Maybe as the research goes on, we'll find a place that fits the medical application.
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different flow rates and GVF. Considering the nonlinear
relationship between flow pattern image data and gas flow
rate and oil flow rate, CNN algorithm is proposed to better
predict gas flow rate and oil flow rate. Through experiments,
the CNN algorithm has fast, accurate, and stable performance.
The experimental results show that the CNN algorithm has
higher prediction performance. The average relative error rate
of gas flow rate is 7%; the average relative error rate of oil
flow rate is 7%, and the average relative error of GVF is 5%.
In summary, the CNN algorithm can greatly improve the
prediction accuracy of GVF, with high prediction accuracy
and high speed. It has a great significance for accurate
measurement of oil and gas flow rate and GVF value.
ACKNOLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (No.61571252) for supporting
this work.
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