‫مادة امتحان نصف السنة كاملة‬

A.key terms:
1-Observational classification: organisms classifying into smaller groups is necessary to
acquire sufficient information about organisms.

2-Homologous Organs: These organs sharing the same origin and similar embryological
stages, but functions of homologous organs may be the same or different, For instance, a
human’s arm seems quite different from a bat’s wing.

3-Analogous Organs: These organs generally similar in shape and function, but these
organs are embryologically different. For instance, wings in butterflies or birds provide
flight; therefore we say that butterflies and birds aren’t related.
4-Kingdom: Similar phyla.
5-Genus: A group of species similar in some characteristics.

6-Empiric (Artificial) classification: This classification of organisms is based on appearance

and similarities in function. 7-Class: similar orders. 8-Order: similar families.

9-Ecology: (from the Greek oikos, “home,” and logos, “to study”) is a branch of science that
studies the interactions of living things with each other and with the environment.

10-Biosphere: All of the places where organisms can live, from the bottom of the ocean to
an altitude of 10,000 m.

11-Biome: The geographical area of the environment that an organism needs to live (the
place where the community lives).

12-Community: A group of populations living together in the same area, with abiotic factors
included. Communities are self-sufficient.

13-Population: (is the smallest unit of ecology) a group of individuals of the same species
living in (the same area) a particular geographic area.

14-Fauna: The animal populations living in a particular environment.

15-Omnivores: such as humans, feed on both plants and animals.

16-Heterotrophic organisms (Heterotrophs): Animals, fungi, some bacteria and protists can’t
synthesize their own food and get it from other organisms or decaying matter.

17-Mutualism: In this type of relationship both organisms benefit.

18-Pathogens: Many bacteria and fungi live parasitically on higher plants and animals and
cause disease.
19-Chemosynthetic organisms (chemosynthesis):Some bacteria oxidize inorganic
substances and release energy ATP is used in the production of organic substances, Since
chemicals are used in place of light (chemosynthesis), EX: Nitrite and nitrate bacteria, These
organisms which don’t release O2.

20-Commensalism: one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

21-Parasitism: is the symbiotic relationship in which one member (parasite) benefits and the
other (host) is adversely affected. 22-Decomposers:are mainly bacteria and fungi.

23-Haustorium:The developments of sucking organs of parasitic plants, these organs

anchor to the vascular tissue of the host plant and absorb water necessary and the food
produced by the host.

24-Saprophytic nutrition (decomposers):is a type of heterotrophy. Some bacteria and fungi

feed on and digest organic substances in decaying animal and plant remains, and have a
well-developed digestive system.

25-Food webs: Each ecosystem has a trophic structure (Each level in food web is called a
trophic level) of feeding relationships. The first trophic level is formed by producers, the
second trophic level by primary consumers (herbivores), and the third trophic level by
secondary consumers (carnivores).

26-Condensation: As the water vapor rises it collides with cold air currents.The cooled
vapor drops back to the earth as rain and snow.Some water falls into the sea, and the cycle
begins again.

27-Denitrification: Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria, which

converts nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2).

28-Precipitation: Of the Earth’s total precipitation (rainfall), 465,000 km 3 falls in the sea and
100,000 km3 falls on land. There are a strong relationship between the location, duration,
and amount of precipitation, and living things.

29- Succession : every species prepares the habitat for another species.

30-Pelagic zone (ocean water): contains the water column above the benthic zone.
Organisms that live in the pelagic zone don’t have any interaction with the ocean floor.
31-Climax vegetation: The dominant types of plants.

32-Lichen Phase: Places like sandy, bare rock and clay, where there is no other life, are first
inhabited by lichens. Lichens secrete acids that help to break the rock apart, which is how
soil starts to form.
33-Eutrophication: The detergent enriches the water with food substances like nitrogen and
phosphorus. This process is called eutrophication.
34-Hydrophyte: grow where water is always available. Live in water and therefore have no
problem with transpiration. Roots may be in or out of the water. Stomata are present on the
upper surface of the leaves and the leaves are covered with a thin layer of cuticle. Examples
include water lily and elodea.

35-Mesophyte: grow where water availability is intermittent. These plants are adapted to live
in places where water supply is intermittent. Cuticles are of intermediate thickness. Stomata
are present on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. An example of a mesophytic
habitat would be a rural temperate meadow, which might contain goldenrod, clover.

36-Meteorology: The science of climate.

37-Xerophyte: grow where water is scarce most of the time. Xerophytes are adapted to arid
conditions like deserts and sand dunes, Some xerophytes store water inside their bodies
after rainfall. They have a very extensive root system, Their cylindrical and spherical shapes
produce a small surface area, so they lose less water through transpiration, They also have
a thick cuticle. Stomata that open at night instead of during the day. Popular examples of
xerophytes are cacti, pineapple.

38-Homoeothermal animals: Homoeothermic animals, though they have a constant body

temperature independent of the ambient temperature, may experience slight temperature
changes due to external conditions.

39-Poikilothermal animals: Invertebrates, fish, frogs and reptiles are poikilothermic animals.
These animals have a body temperature close to the ambient temperature.

B.Review questions:
1-Explain the classification of Aristotle?
A/ The Greek philosopher Aristotle (350 BC):

• Listed only a few hundred plants and animals.

• Plants classify as grasses, bushes, or trees.
• Animals classify as aquatic or terrestrial.

2-What are the two points in Linnaeus’ hypothesis?

A/ • There is an ideal type for each species.

This ideal type: represents the standard features of every single individual of the species.

• The number of species and their types is constant and unchangeable.

3- Explain the homologous organ with an example? A/ ‫ المثال مع‬homologous ‫الـ تعريف‬
4- Explain how Linnaeus named organisms with an example?
A/ 1- According to systematic of Linnaus, a species is named with two names.

2- First is the genus name with the first letter capitalized.

3- Second is the species name with the first letter is not capitalized.

4- Both these names are written in italics and in Latin.

5- The reason for this is to have a single name in the scientific world, thus simplifying the
study of species.

6- For example,

Canis familiaris is the name for dogs. Canis lupus is the wolf.

• The first name (Canis) shows that these two species are in the same genus

5-What is the importance of gasses in ecosystem?

A/ Take an important role in ecosystem, represented by:

• A mixture of different gasses that forms biosphere.

• Mainly this mixture is formed by Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO2, water vapor and other gasses.

• Although all of these gasses are important but, oxygen is the most important base that
forms any ecosystem.

6-What are biotic components of an ecosystem? (list only)

A/ 1-producers 2-consumers:(herbivores,carnivores,omnivores,decomposers)

7-What are abiotic components of an ecosystem? (list only)

A/ 1-minerals 2-water 3-gases 4-solar energy

8- Explain the energy pyramid?

A/ It indicates the energy content in the biomass of each trophic level. An energy pyramid is
the best way to explain the flow of nutrients in an ecosystem. These pyramids demonstrate
how energy is lost between layers. The total amount of energy is the greatest in the lowest
layer. As you go up, energy decreases.

9- Explain mutualism with an example.

A/ In this type of relationship both organisms benefit . Lichens are a typical example
Lichens are composed of fungi and green algae. Fungi protect the algae and provide them
with water and CO2. Green algae supply the fungi with food and O2.
10- Explain energy transferring from one level to another in energy pyramid?
A/ These pyramids are demonstrated how energy is lost between layers, because energy is
lost at every level.

11-What is the role of saprophytic bacteria and fungi in carbon cycle?

A /Saprophytic bacteria and fungi also play a role in returning carbon to the atmosphere.
These organisms are essential in the decomposition of dead organisms into inorganic
substances.

12-What is the main source of carbon for organisms?

A/The main source of carbon for organisms is CO2. Carbon dioxide is found in the
lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

• Carbon is in the atmosphere as CO2.

• In the hydrosphere as bicarbonate ion (HCO3).
• In the lithosphere as coal, petroleum, limestone and natural gas.
• And in the biosphere as the basic raw material of organic substances.

13-Draw the water cycle? ‫حفظ فقط التأشيرات‬

14-Explain the two types of succession?
A/ 1- Primary succession:

• This occurs in areas where no community existed before. For instance, primary
succession would take place on new volcanic islands, deltas, dunes, bare rocks, and
in lakes,.
• In natural areas the order of formation in primary succession is: lichens–mosses–
grasses–shrubs– trees.

2- Secondary succession:

• This occurs in disturbed habitats where some soil and, perhaps, some organisms still
remain after the disturbance.
• Secondary succession occurs after fires, floods, drought, and some human practices
(slash and burn clearing of forests, construction projects).
• It also occurs on abandoned farmlands, in overgrazed areas, and in forests cleared for
lumber.

15-Write the order of phases forming primary succession? ‫حفظ األنواع مع حفظ نقطتين لكل نوع‬
A/ in natural areas the order of formation in primary succession is:

a- Lichen Phase:

• Places like sandy, bare rock and clay, where there is no other life, are first inhabited by
lichens.
• Lichens secrete acids that help to break the rock apart, which is how soil starts to
form.
• Lichens also add valuable organic matter to the young soil.
• Lichens, though they are very resistant to extreme physical conditions, can't compete
with other organisms and, once other organisms start growing, their number
decreases.

b- Moss Phase:

• The moss phase starts after the lichen phase.

• The most important activity of these organisms is to add moisture to the soil.
• After which some invertebrates move in, followed by insectivore mammals (fauna
forms parallel to flora).
• With the development of mosses and the addition of dead organisms, soil formation
speeds up and humus quality increases. In this way mosses prepare the medium for
another organism.
c- Grass Phase:

• Annual grasses begin to grow.

• In time the number of insects increases both in quantity and variety.
• Reptiles, frogs, birds and mammals settle and increase in number.

d- Shrub Phase:

• The growth and development of shrubs like berries and drupes.

• In this phase is the transportation and deposition of tree seeds by birds.

e- Tree Phase:

• The trees grow and form a forest canopy.

• Shrubs may continue to grow under the canopy, but most diminish over time.
• In the open areas, mosses are still present. Ferns multiply in wetlands.
• Climax: It is permanent communities of fauna and flora form and continues until there
is some change in climate or environment.
• Substantial changes in the climax community, as a result of volcanic eruptions or
floods are followed by secondary succession.

16-Explain the marine ecosystem

A / Based on ecological features, marine waters are divided into two main zones:

• Benthic zone (ocean floor): extends from the shoreline through the ocean floor. There
are some organisms that live in the deep ocean where there is no light. These
organisms are adapted to such conditions with unique body shapes and feeding
styles.
• Pelagic zone (ocean water): contains the water column above the benthic zone.
Organisms that live in the pelagic zone don’t have any interaction with the ocean
floor.

17-What is the important of light for plants?

A/ 1- Sunlight transports energy from the sun to the earth.
2- The light that passes through the ozone layer energizes molecules in the atmosphere
and, consequently, supplies heat energy (temperature) to the living and nonliving things on
earth. This process is very important for living things because all life on earth needs heat to
survive. 3- The source of this heat is sunlight.

18-Explain the water saving in animals by examples? ‫حفظ نقطتين فقط‬

A/ For example:
1- Skin minimizes water loss:
• Most organisms lose water and salt from their sweat glands to maintain body temperature.
2- The body maintains water balance by taking in enough water to compensate for the
excreted water.

3- The animal respiratory system has an important role in conserving body water:
• Since fish live in water, they don't have a problem.
• In terrestrial organisms though, the respiratory system is inside the body (lung, trachea).

4- A small amount of water is lost by insects and terrestrial mollusks (snails). Closing of
respiratory holes in arid times minimizes water loss.

5- Animal excretory systems also play an important role:

• Aquatic organisms excrete ammonia, a very toxic substance, with substantial water.
• Terrestrial organisms convert ammonia into less toxic urea.
• Reptiles and insects living in arid areas convert ammonia to uric acid and excrete it with
little water.

6- Animals’ metabolic reactions provide some water:

• Termites eat dry wood continuously.
• When termites digest wood and metabolize it, water released as a result of metabolism
quenches their thirst.

7- Desert camels can survive without drinking water for 11 days by using metabolic water
produced in the catabolism of fat in the hump.

8- In the same way, hibernating animals, like bears, and migrating birds obtain water as a
result of the metabolism of fats stored in the body.

9- Antelope and some rodents can survive on guttation water.

19-Enumarate the factors affecting on distribution of living things?

A/ 1-Climatic Factors: (Light, Temperature, Water)
2-Soil Factors: structure of soil, minerals and salts pH of soil.

20-How do the xerophytes decrease the transpiration?

A/ 1- Their leaves are thick, needle-like and small-celled.
2- Stomata may be covered with hair-like structures or protected folds of the leaf, or they
may be embedded beneath the leaf epidermis.
3- Moreover, cells have high osmotic pressure.

21-Explain how animals get water to survive?

A/ their means of water acquisition are:
1- Ingesting water directly through the digestive system.
2- Wet-skinned animals (living in soil, mud, and sand) absorb water through the skin.
3- Water present in ingested foods. 4- Water released from the food in metabolism.
C.Fill in the blanks:
1-Bacteria are single celled prokaryotic organisms.
2- According to Linnaus systematic, a species is named with two names.
3- The basis of modern systematics is the grouping of organisms according to similarities.
4- Phylogenetic systematics used today depends on Linnaeus systematics and homology.
5-In fresh water and salt water ecosystem, the dominant producers are algae.
6-flora is the plant populations living in a particular environment.
7-Lions are carnivores and feed on other animals.
8-A food chains consist of producers and consumers.
9-Bacteria and fungi are decompose dead organisms.
10-Denitrification Nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria.
11-The temperature is very high during the day and falls suddenly at night in deserts.
12-Marine waters are divided into two main zones: benthic and pelagic.
13-The microscobic phytoplankton is photosynthetic.
14-The main factor that determines the kind of biome in a certain area is climate.
15-Soil pH means is degree of acidity and alkalinity.
16-Homoiothermic animals have constant body temperature while Poikilothermic animals
don’t have.
17-Light is essential for photosynthesis.

D.True or False:
1-Aristol was the first scientist to name organisms with binominal nomenclature. False
2-Plants are photosynthetic, multicellular organisms. True
3-Similar genera form family. True
4-homologous organs have similar shape and functions. False
5-Herbivores eat plants directly. True 6-Decomposers are organisms of decay. True
7-Soil contains organic materials only. False
8-omnivores such as humans feed on plants only. False
9-The consumers located at the higher levels of food chains are always carnivores. True
10-Herbivores have five chambered stomach. False
11-Carbondioxide is used in photosynthesis. True
12-Nitrogen cycle is involved in recycling of biotic factors only in nature. False
13-Animals obtain nitrogen from the proteins of organisms they eat. True
14-Acids rain increases the acidity of the lakes. True
15-Average temperature decreases from the poles to the equator. False
16-Herbivores like bison live in deserts. False
17-Average monthly temperature and precipitation can be plotted on a graph called a
climatogram. True
18-Soil pH means its degree of solidity. False
19-Microorganisms are especially abundant in soil rich in organic wastes. True
20-Desert camels can survive without drinking water for 11 days. True
21-Light is used as an energy source by aquatic plants and affects pigment production. True

E.Multiple choises:
1-______ group of individuals of same species.
A)Biosphere B)Flora C)population D)Habitat

2-Which one of the following biggest than others?

A)population B)Community C)Ecosystem D)Biosphere

3-Which one of the followings is the most important in ecosystem?

A)Magnesium B)Oxygen C)Water vapor D)Algae

4-Which of the following are photosynthetic organisms?

A)Consumers B)Hetrotrophs C)Autotrophs D)Chemotrophs

5-Which of the following organism are the main decomposers in an ecosystem?

A)Bacteria and animals B)Plants and animals
C)Prokaryotes and animals D)Fungi and bacteria

6-Which of the following is a primary producers?

A)Apple tree B)Lion C)Poison frog D)Eagle

7-Which of these is a starting point for primary succession?

A)on new volcanic island B)abandoned farmland
C)an abandoned city D)all of the above

8-All the organisms in a particular area make up a _________.

A)niche B)food chain C)population D)community

9-Praries are seen in:

A)Desert B)undra C)Tiaga D)Semi desert

10-Which one of the following is not a climate factor.

A)Light B)pH of soil C)Water D)Temperature

11-In tropical forest _________ forms the canopy?

A)Ferns B)Long day plants C)Short day plants D)Understory plants

12-Wich one of the following group of plants grow where water always available?
A)Mesophytes B)Xerophytes C)Pidophytes D)Hydrophytes

13-How much is the percentage of air in soil for plant growth?

A)45% B)54% C)25% D)5%
 COMPARES of chapter (1,2,3,4,5)
‫*حفظ من كل مقارنة نقطتين عدا الجداول‬

‫( ال يحفظ‬organization, type of nutrition of Fungi and Plantae) ‫الي اجني بأمتحان الشهر األول هذني‬
2- What is the difference between population and community?
A/ 1- Population is the smallest unit of ecology, but community is bigger from population in
ecology.
2- Population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area, but
community is a group of populations living together in the same area.
3- One population is not self-sufficient, but Communities are self-sufficient.
3- Compare between the types of ecological pyramids? ‫حفظ اثنتين مع وجوب حفظ الرابعة‬

Biomass pyramids Numbers pyramids Energy pyramids

Biomass means “living
weight” is a quantitative
estimate of the total mass or
amount of living material in a
particular ecosystem.
Biomass decrease up to the
end of the chain or pyramid
from producers to
consumers.
The kilogram is used in this
pyramid
A biomass pyramid is not the
best way to explain the flow
of nutrients in an ecosystem.
It shows the total number of
organism at each trophic
level in a given ecosystem.
The number of individuals is
highest at the bottom of the
pyramid and lowest at the
top.
Used in this pyramid
numbers
A numbers pyramid is not the
best way to explain the flow
of nutrients in an ecosystem.
It indicates the energy
content in the biomass of
each trophic level.
The total amount of energy is
the greatest in the lowest
layer. As you go up, energy
decreases.
This pyramid uses the unit
joule
An energy pyramid is the
best way to explain the flow
of nutrients in an ecosystem.

4-What the differences between external and internal parasites?

A/ a) External parasites these organisms don’t have a well-developed digestive system, but
internal parasites don’t have digestive systems.

b) External parasites live on the host, but internal parasites live in the host.

c) External parasites can partially digest food, but internal parasites live in places where
digested food is available.

d) Examples of external parasites are lice, fleas and bedbugs, but examples of internal
parasites are plasmodium, tapeworm, roundworms and flukes.
5- Compare between the tundra, temperate zone grasslands, deserts and prairie zones?

‫( ال يحفظ‬climate, plant cover of Temperature zone grassland and Deserts) ‫الي اجة بالشهر الثاني‬
6-Compare between (Hydrophytes,Mesophytes,Xerophytes)
Hydrophytes
Live in water and therefore
have no problem with
transpiration.
Roots may be in or out of the
water
Stomata are present on the
upper surface of the leaves
and the leaves are covered
with a thin layer of cuticle.
Examples include water lily
and elodea
-D- ‫واجبات الرابع‬
Mesophytes
These plants are adapted to
live in places where water
supply is intermittent.
Cuticles are of intermediate
thickness.
Stomata are present on both
upper and lower surfaces of
the leaves.
An example of a mesophytic
habitat would be a rural
temperate meadow, which
might contain goldenrod,
clover.
Xerophytes
• Xerophytes are adapted to
arid conditions like deserts
and sand dunes.
• Some xerophytes store
water inside their bodies
after rainfall.
• They have a very extensive
root system.
• Their cylindrical and
spherical shapes produce a
small surface area, so they
lose less water through
transpiration
• They also have a thick
cuticle.
Stomata that open at night
instead of during the day.
Popular examples of
xerophytes are cacti,
pineapple.