Received December 11, 2014, accepted December 22, 2014, date of publication January 9, 2015, date of current version

January 16, 2015.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2389659

Synchrophasor Measurement Technology in

Power Systems: Panorama and State-of-the-Art
FARROKH AMINIFAR1 , (Member, IEEE), MAHMUD FOTUHI-FIRUZABAD2 , (Fellow, IEEE),
AMIR SAFDARIAN2 , (Student Member, IEEE), ALI DAVOUDI3 , (Member, IEEE), AND
MOHAMMAD SHAHIDEHPOUR4,5 , (Fellow, IEEE)
1 Schoolof Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 11365-4563, Iran
2 Centerof Excellence in Power System Control and Management, Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology,
Tehran 14588-89694, Iran
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
4 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
5 Renewable Energy Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia

Corresponding author: M. Shahidehpour (ms@iit.edu)

ABSTRACT Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are rapidly being deployed in electric power networks
across the globe. Wide-area measurement system (WAMS), which builds upon PMUs and fast
communication links, is consequently emerging as an advanced monitoring and control infrastructure. Rapid
adaptation of such devices and technologies has led the researchers to investigate multitude of challenges and
pursue opportunities in synchrophasor measurement technology, PMU structural design, PMU placement,
miscellaneous applications of PMU from local perspectives, and various WAMS functionalities from the
system perspective. Relevant research articles appeared in the IEEE and IET publications from 1983
through 2014 are rigorously surveyed in this paper to represent a panorama of research progress lines. This
bibliography will aid academic researchers and practicing engineers in adopting appropriate topics and will
stimulate utilities toward development and implementation of software packages.

INDEX TERMS Phasor measurement unit (PMU), synchrophasor measurement technology (SMT),
wide-area measurement system (WAMS).

I. INTRODUCTION 12- IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology

Considerable efforts have been devoted to the subjects 13- IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
of synchrophasor measurement technology (SMT), phasor 14- Proceedings of the IEEE
measurement unit (PMU), wide-area measurement system 15- IEEE Power and Energy Magazine
(WAMS), and their applications to power systems. 16- IEEE Communications Magazine
The literature explored in this paper preparation includes 17- IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
publications from the following IEEE and IET journals and 18- IEEE Industry Application Magazine
standards in the period of 1983 through 2014: 19- IEEE Systems Journal
1- IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (formerly 20- IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems) 21- IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in
2- IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Power Electronics
3- IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 22- IEEE Signal Processing Letter
4- IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 23- IEEE Computer Applications in Power
5- IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 24- IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
6- IEEE Transactions on Instrument and Measurement 25- IEEE Potentials
7- IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 26- IEEE Security and Privacy
8- IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 27- IEEE Intelligent Systems
9- IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 28- IEEE Standards
10- IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 29- IET Science, Measurement, and Technology
11- IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 30- IET Generation, Transmission, and Distribution

2169-3536 2015 IEEE. Translations and content mining are permitted for academic research only.
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31- Electronics Letters
32- Power Engineering Journal
The research issues elaborated in these publications are
classified into nine topics as follows:
1- SMT algorithms and PMU/WAMS structural issues
2- Generic introductions over SMT, PMU, and WAMS
3- PMU placement techniques
4- State estimation (SE) consisting of or based on
PMU data
5- Model validation, calibration, and extraction via PMU
data
6- Fault/event detection and location using PMU data
7- WAMS-based dynamic/stability monitoring and
prediction
8- WAMS-based control strategies
9- WAMS-based protection schemes
Among those listed above, categories 5 to 9 mainly
correspond to the applications of PMU data from either local
or wide-area perspectives. Fig. 1 shows the distribution of
papers with respect to each aforementioned category. It can be
observed that the most research has been devoted to the PMU
constructional issues, category 1, a prerequisite for the SMT
evolutions and developments of WAMS applications. The
next prolific research area belongs to dynamic/stability mon-
itoring and prediction. This observation is justified given the
PMU prominent capability in capturing real-time and high-
resolution information in a continuous data-stream format.
FIGURE 1. Distribution of papers with respect to each category.
Fig. 2 illustrates the distribution of papers versus the
publication year. As shown, the chronological trend is highly
increasing, which reveals the enthusiasm of research and
engineering community in developing and materializing
PMU and WAMS applications.
The rest of this paper digests each aforementioned category
in a specific section and cites the relevant references.
II. CATEGORY 1: SMT ALGORITHMS AND
PMU/WAMS STRUCTURAL ISSUES
Along with the liberalization of global positioning
system (GPS), the precise system-wide synchronized
measurements (≈1 µs) turned out to be feasible.
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
FIGURE 2. Distribution of papers with respect to the publication year.
Combination of this opportunity with the phasor
measurement algorithms, which are based on the symmet-
rical component analysis and have already been developed
for digital protection purposes, led to the emergence of
SMT. Subsequently, PMU was designed, manufactured, and
successfully examined.
The accuracy of SMT has a direct bearing on the
effectiveness of PMU applications and relevant functions.
Accordingly, significant efforts have been dedicated to
the development of efficient and precise measurement
algorithms. Note as well that the majority of algorithms
were based on preliminary achievements of digital protection
relaying and were utilized by laboratory-scale or industrial
PMUs.
Algorithms for calculation of phasors and/or local system
frequency and rate of change of frequency are mainly
based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) [1]–[5], Kalman
filtering method [6], [7], optimized observer-based filters [8],
coordinate transformation [9], modal Kalman filtering [10],
zero-crossing method [2], quadrature demodulation [2],
demodulation [11], direct-quadrature transformation [12],
Newton type algorithm [13], least-square filtering [14]–[17],
short-time Fourier transform [18], Prony’s estimation
method [3], [19], z-transform and median filtering [20],
neural networks [21], Newton type algorithm combined
with least squares [22], constrained maximum likelihood
estimation [17], enhanced phase-locked loop system [23],
Blackman–Harris windowing technique [16], fast recursive
Gauss-Newton adaptive filter [24], [25], and other various
types of digital filters [26]–[39]. Augmented versions of DFT
consisting of smart DFT [40], [41], phasor-based DFT [42],
and shifting window average method DFT [43], [44] were
developed with the purpose of accuracy improvement.
Sample value adjustment was another idea in promot-
ing the SMT accuracy grade [45]. Other algorithms
such as enhanced DFT [18], [46]–[48], adaptive dynamic
phasor estimator [49], partial sum based [50], multistage
least-square [50], modified empirical mode decomposition
filtering [51], and least-square method joint with short time
Fourier transform [52] were proposed with the objective
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
of diminishing the impact of decaying dc component.
Filtering out the subsynchronous frequency components from
the signals associated with series-compensated transmis-
sion lines is another effort conducted in this context [53].
A full cycle data is a common requirement in most reviewed
algorithms, while phasor estimation based on phasorlets,
which are signal segments of a fraction of a cycle, was
established as well [54], [55]. A recursive wavelet transform
was also developed which is capable of estimating the pha-
sor parameters in a quarter cycle of an input signal [56].
As sinusoidal waveform distortions are the major difficulty
in the phasor estimation, a wavelet analysis could
first discriminate the discontinuities followed by an
adaptive window algorithm to estimate the phasor
quantities [57].
The accuracy of phasor measurement under dynamic
conditions was improved by dynamic phasor estimates
based on least-square method [58]–[61], weighted least
square [62], Shanks’ method with autoregressive moving
average [63], DFT with Taylor derivatives [64], subspace
based approach [65], enhanced Complex Kalman filter [66],
consecutive DFT method [67], adaptive cascaded filters [68],
Taylor–Fourier transform [69], [70], interpolated dynamic
DFT-based estimator [71], and applying Taylor-LQG-Fourier
filters [72]. Additionally, a quasi-positive sequence DFT
algorithm was proposed as a single-phase measurement
system [73]. Inaccurate frequency calculation under electro-
mechanical transient circumstances and particularly at load
buses has also motivated development of a new method on the
basis of simplified model of generators and loads and with the
objective of simulation studies [74]. Recently, a PMU simu-
lator package built on the MATLAB-SIMULINK platform has
been designed with education purposes [75]. This simulator
yields a flexible environment for teaching phasor measure-
ment and frequency estimation algorithms and phenomena.
In addition to simulated signals, real-world measured
point-on-wave data can be fed into this package.
Although the above mentioned measurement techniques
are mainly tailored for the transmission system conditions,
those suited for continuous monitoring of electrical quantities
in distribution networks in terms of synchronized phasors
have also been developed [76]–[79]. Harmonic distortion and
the impact of switching loads on the frequency estimation
were of particular concerns in these techniques [80]–[83].
Extension of synchrophasor algorithms to provide PMUs with
the capability of accurately estimating harmonic phasors has
been recently carried out in order to proliferation of PMU
applications in active distribution networks [84], [85].
The IEEE standard C37.118 for synchrophasors was com-
piled for many years and revised several times [86]–[93].
Since PMUs are subjected to inputs under transient con-
ditions [94], the last version of this standard has covered
such attributes. In spite of the compatibility of commer-
cial PMUs with the IEEE standard C37.118, laboratory
testing exposed noticeable disparities among the phasor
estimates of PMUs associated with various manufacturers.
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This observation, indeed, is mainly due to the phasor
computation algorithms and necessitates quality assessment
techniques [68], [95]–[106], compliance analysis [107],
calibration of synchronized phasor measure-
ments [108], [109], and field testing [110], [111]. The IEEE
standards C37.242 for synchronization, calibration, testing,
and installation of PMUs and C37.244 for phasor data con-
centrator (PDC) requirements have been recently published
to assist users to specify the performance and functional
requirements of typical PMUs and PDCs [112], [113].
Having experienced the effectiveness of synchrophasor
applications in strengthening the power system security,
new intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are being enabled
to work as PMU devices [114]. Miscellaneous substation
devices such as protection relays, digital fault recorders,
PMU, etc. are being integrated by various vendors. Amongst,
multipurpose platform (MPP) is a newly introduced elec-
tronic equipment that combines the abilities of a power
quality (PQ) analyzer, an event logger, a PMU, and an
inter-area oscillation identifier, all in one device [115]. The
closed source of commercial PMU devices is perceived as
an obstacle to emerging innovations in the synchrophasor
development and application context. As an alternative, open
platforms for the development of PMU technology specifi-
cally by university researchers have been proposed, amongst
is OpenPMU [116].
The stochastic assessment of PMU availability is a crucial
requirement due to the growing reliance on the WAMS
infrastructure within the operation and control of power
systems [117]–[122]. Besides, spoofing attacks on the GPS
receiver of a PMU are a potential threat for the correct phase
angle reporting of voltage or current measurements provided
by the PMU [123]–[125]. Such spoofing attacks can induce
serious malfunctions in control center applications, e.g. angu-
lar stability monitoring, relying on the phase information
from measurements provided by PMUs.
Recent investigations on blackouts have revealed the indis-
pensable role of the malfunction of monitoring/control infras-
tructures. In many occasions, the consequence of a severe
event could have been significantly reduced if the system
operators had a relatively accurate situational awareness on
the stressed power grid. Hence, the power system reliabil-
ity assessment, which was previously being fulfilled with
the assumption of complete observability and controllabil-
ity, should be revised incorporating the SCADA or WAMS
networks deficiencies [126].
Development of new applications to enhance the operation
of the electric grid based on high-reported rate PMU data
necessitates exploitation of high-bandwidth and networked
communication systems. For any particular transmission grid,
a comprehensive analysis to simulate, design, and test the ade-
quacy of a communication and computation system is of an
extreme importance [127]–[129]. Advanced comprehensive
sampling techniques can be adopted to minimize communi-
cation bandwidth and delays while sending synchrophasors
[130].
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III. CATEGORY 2: GENERIC INTRODUCTIONS OVER
SMT, PMU, AND WAMS
Following the actualization of precise measurement devices,
the first requirement for realizing the WAMS was the time
synchronized sampling over an entire power system in
order to simultaneously capture voltage and current phasor
quantities at specific instants of time [131]. Although most
communication systems such as leased lines, microwave,
or AM radio broadcast were envisaged as potential means
for the wide-area sampling synchronization, their accuracy
levels were deemed too coarse for the practical usage [132].
The application of multiplexed fiber optics for the sampling
synchronization purpose also suffered from insufficient pre-
cision [132]. In contrast, exploiting satellite signals trans-
mitted by GPS or its Russians counterpart GLONAS was
considered as a feasible solution [133]. The precise satellite
signals available all over the world also let PMUs furnish the
measured data with time tags denoting the exact time of the
corresponding measurement.
Having realized the wide-area sampling synchronization,
preliminary successes of prototyped implemented systems
were reported [134], [135], and a broad spectrum of PMU and
WAMS applications was gradually opened up [136]–[138].
These judicious applications were recognized as effective
helps in reducing the frequency and severity of catastrophic
failures [139]. Moreover, the potential capabilities of PMU
data in both local and system-wide perspectives were iden-
tified among various solutions to detect the initiation and
propagation of severe disturbances and consequently to avert
brownouts or even blackouts [140]. This enthusiasm was
intensified by other basic facts consisting of (i) economic
pressures on the electricity market and on the grid operators
to maximally utilize the high voltage equipments, (ii) rather
quick changes in the system operating conditions rendered by
market-driven environments, and (iii) highlighted concerns
for enhancing the physical security of power grids [141].
To achieve the aforementioned potential benefits, advance-
ments in other areas such as WAMS structural architecture
as well as control center hardware facilities and software
packages were further focused to match with proven advance-
ments in SMT, PMU manufacturing, and communication
facilities. In addition to technical design issues [142]–[144],
these efforts comprised a process of business justification
of WAMS applications, a qualitative cost/benefit analysis
with a particular emphasis on the beneficiaries, and a
roadmap for WAMS implementations and its applications
development [145].
To date, various publications have reported the evolution
status of WAMS practical applications in different utilities
and countries. Among them are North America [146]–[149],
continental Europe [146], [147] Brazil [146], [147],
China [146], [147], [150], India [146], [147], Mexico [146],
Nordic countries [146], Russia [146], [147], Korea [151],
British Colombia Transmission Corporation and British
Colombia Hydro [152], and Bonneville Power
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
Administration and Tennessee Valley Authority [153]. These
reports revealed the maturity of the elementary local and
system-wide SMT applications [154]–[156].
In contrast, more advanced functions of WAMS
realizing smart transmission grids are still in conceptual
stages [157], [158]. These functions could be categorized into
two different classes:
• Some applications, although are theoretically well
developed, need widespread deployment of PMUs
making the whole power network observable.
• Others are practically in the infancy period and are cur-
rently under investigation and research.
For the sake of illustration, a complete WAMS based state
measurement (which is going to serve instead of SE) belongs
to the first class and wide-area automatic control of power
systems lies within the second one. Obviously, with the cur-
rent high rate of PMU deployment, the first class applications
would actualize in the near future; while the practicality
of the second class depends on the further advancements
in all power engineering, control strategies, communication
facilities, and the information technology discipline. In this
respect, there are some propositions consisting of a flexible
integrated phasor system to offer transmission owners access
to their phasor data [159], an IP-based decentralized and
data centric information that can securely support the next
generation grid [160], an adaptive routing algorithm over
packet switching networks to guarantee the quality of service
for the essential measured data [161], a novel cyber-physical
model through a cooperative information exchange between
the controllers embedded in the system and the network oper-
ator in future energy systems [162], and a set of strategies to
protect the anonymity of synchrophasor data against passive
traffic analysis attacks [163], [164]. The WAMS dependency
on high-performance communication systems and the impact
of ICT architecture on WAMS reliability were speculated
likewise in the existing literature [165]–[170].
Due to the early high-cost PMU manufacturing process as
well as its expensive installation costs in high voltage substa-
tions, the wide-area frequency monitoring network (FNET)
was developed in 2003 as a low-cost and rapidly deployable
alternative [171]. FNET’s building block is the frequency
disturbance recorder (FDR), which is readily installable at
the 120-V distribution level. This infrastructure is mainly
to monitor the frequency of the network, and its potential
is expectedly limited compared with the WAMS. Although
FNET showed various advantages [172] in North America,
it is not broadly deployed in other countries. This obser-
vation could be due to limited applications of FNET along
with today’s lowered PMU manufacturing and installation
expenses.
IV. CATEGORY 3: PMU PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES
Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem was focused in early
years after confirmation of WAMS potentials [173]. This task
was known as an underlying requirement in effective and
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
consistent developments of WAMS infrastructures. Though
the OPP problem was justified in early stages by an empha-
sis on the considerable expenses of vast PMU installations,
the overwhelming set of power system data associated with
a large number of PMUs thereafter highlighted the OPP
necessity more and more [141], [174].
The OPP is inherently an NP-complete problem with a
solution space of 2N possible combinations for an N -bus elec-
tric power system [175]. Therefore, the OPP problem is con-
sidered as a combinatorial optimization problem and valuable
research has been accomplished in this area since 1993 [173].
Although the reported works could be categorized based on
the optimization methods employed, they are reviewed in the
following with the viewpoint of problem definition and inves-
tigated technical aspects. A more comprehensive taxonomy of
PMU placement methodologies was presented in [176].
Traditionally, the basic constraint of monitoring
infrastructures was the holistic network and elements observ-
ability. In this sense, majority of OPP algorithms have consid-
ered the network base case observability as the optimization
constraint. These efforts comprise a dual search algorithm
along with simulated annealing [174], genetic algo-
rithms (GA) [175], [177], the immunity GA [178], inte-
ger linear programming [179]–[181], weighted least squares
algorithm [182], and recursive Tabu search method [183].
Further researches argued that the OPP problem might
have multiple optimal solutions among which the one
with maximum measurement redundancy is more
desirable [184]–[187]. Such a solution, in essence, leads to a
more precise SE and has higher robustness against element
outages. Other efforts underlined the growing reliance of
power system operation on the WAMS applications and
having a more reliable and robust WAMS infrastructure.
These works addressed the OPP problem with a set of con-
straints assuring the network complete observability at the
event of transmission line and/or PMU outages [184], [185],
[188]–[195]. Ensuring the network observability in both
normal condition and controlled islanding mode was accom-
modated in the OPP problem as well [196]. Other sorts of
technical constraints were also added to the OPP problem
with an intended specific functionality such as fault location
observability [197], bad data detection in SE [198], [199]
parameter error identification [200], reducing the variances
of the SE errors and increasing the local redundancy [201],
enhancing topology error processing [202], defending against
data injection attacks [164], generating the best esti-
mate of the swing model [203], minimizing the error of
SE [204]–[206], and optimizing a useful metric which
accounts for three important requirements in power system
state estimation: convergence, observability, and performance
[207]. PMUs could also be strategically placed in power
networks to offer the detection and identification of parameter
error on a single-edge cutset (critical branch) or double-edge
cutsets (critical branch pairs) [208].
Concurrent optimization of placement of PMUs and com-
munication links is another suggestion for the systems in
VOLUME 2, 2014
which the communication infrastructure is mainly expanded
for the synchrophasors collection [209], [210]. In the
technique proposed in [209], permanent and random
intermittent PMU outages are taken into account and the
steady-state availability of synchrophasor data at each bus
meets a prescribed level.
Optimizing the number and location of PMUs and smart
metering devices in future active distribution networks is
an urgently requested task [211]. Such a robust measure-
ment infrastructure is essential for secure and optimal smart
distribution grid control and operation.
All of the aforementioned studies brought about a consider-
able evolution of the OPP algorithms. However, it would take
a rather long time for the deployment of all PMUs required
for the network basic/contingency-constrained observability.
Hence, staging (phasing) the OPP in time was investigated
as a pragmatic requirement [174], [212]–[215]. The multi-
stage OPP was the name assigned to the envisaged problem.
In these studies, determination of PMU placement schemes
with a given limited depth-of-unobservability associated with
subsidiary stages was aimed. These techniques were further
extended by giving a higher priority to key buses such as those
required for transient and dynamic stability monitoring and
buses with high connectivity [216].
The OPP problem in either single- or multi-stage def-
inition has also been tackled in probabilistic manners
taking the probability of elements outages into
account [120], [217]–[219]. More installation of PMU
devices in a power network would assure higher levels
of system security and electricity reliability. Having con-
verted the reliability enhancement to monetary measures,
the OPP problem can be analyzed within a cost/benefit
framework [220].
The monitoring of power system dynamics with
a few PMUs was another perspective of the OPP
problem [221]–[224]. In this sense, dynamically coherent
areas of a power system were determined. Thereafter, the
sitting process of a given number of PMUs was performed
with the objective of maximizing the information content of
captured signals while minimizing their cross correlation.
As the notion of phasors does not correspond to dc trans-
mission circuits, the OPP problem in hybrid ac/dc systems
should be accordingly revised [225]. Another practical aspect
regarding the limitation of PMU measurement channels is
letting the optimization algorithm to place more than one
PMU in a given substation. This relaxation can be economi-
cally desirable due to some common expenses of installing
two or more PMU devices in a same substation, such as
communication infrastructure procurement.
V. CATEGORY 4: STATE ESTIMATION (SE) CONSISTING
OF OR BASED ON PMU DATA
Power systems were traditionally monitored through the
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) infras-
tructure and energy management system (EMS) installed at
control centers. Remote terminal units (RTUs) located in
1611

substations and power plants nourishes SCADA by their
scalar data such as magnitude of voltage and current quan-
tities, active and reactive powers, present settings of tap
changing and phase shifting transformers, and breakers
status. These raw datasets are refined by SE for reducing their
errors, compensating for unavailable values, and eliminating
bad data. The power system operators monitor and control
the system with the help of SE programs embedded in EMSs.
SMT helps conventional SE engines in two ways:
• Its measurements are precisely synchronized and can
significantly eliminate the effect of time skew error in
the SE solution.
• Its direct measurement of state variables, i.e., phase
angles in addition to magnitudes, brings a remarkable
enhancement in SE convergence and accuracy.
In the context of PMU data application in SE, the pre-
liminary tasks are focused on the inclusion of PMU data
in the conventional SE program [226], [227]. Subsequently,
various modified versions of the SE formulation were inves-
tigated to comprise the voltage and current phase angles in
the estimation process of the system true state [228]–[242].
Observability/criticality analyses and bad data processing
have also been revisited in the presence of PMU measure-
ments [243], [244]. In SE algorithms, each measurement
has a specific weight, which is inversely proportional to the
uncertainty associated with the measurement. Hence, further
research covered the computation of uncertainty associated
with two types of PMU measurements, designated as direct
measurement of quantities at the PMU-bus and indirect mea-
surements of buses adjacent to the PMU-bus [245]. The other
technical concern in adding the PMU data to the conven-
tional SE algorithms arises from dissimilar reporting rates of
SCADA and WAMS [246]. To overcome, the buffer length of
PMU measurements should be optimally determined which
can be also helpful in specifying the corresponding weights
in SE [247].
The underlying attribute of the reliability of SE process,
which is strongly dependent on the measurement redundancy,
was also revised to account for the impact of PMU data [248].
Since in some PMUs it is observed that the voltage and current
phasors exhibit phase biases, which degrade the conventional
SE performance, phasor-data-based SE algorithms were pro-
posed for phasor angle bias correction [249], [250].
The above techniques necessitated the revision of SE
software packages; while the revised ones were still nonlinear
and cumbersome to tackle. Other alternatives to include the
additional PMU data in SE were developed in which the
existing SE software was left in place with no modifica-
tion [251], [252]. In this method, the solution of SE with
traditional measurements is combined with PMU measure-
ments in a post-processing linear estimator. Tracking SE
to reconstruct coherent system states can be considerably
enhanced by accommodation of PMU data [253].
Other research activities speculated the multi-area SE
problem where PMUs, scattered in various control areas
of a large-scale power system, improved the estimation
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
accuracy and bad data processing efficiency [254].
Acceleration of a large-scale SE program as another
vital challenge was considerably overcome by distributed
SE algorithms in which PMUs were considered to coordi-
nate the SE solution of each subsystem [201], [255]–[257].
The impact of conventional measurement failures on the SE
performance was also comprehensively explored where the
existence of even few PMUs was recognized very helpful in
preserving the SE performance [258].
SCADA scans RTU every 2-5 seconds. Hence, the inclu-
sion of PMU data in the traditional SE, although is able
to improve its reliability and accuracy, does not alleviate
the SCADA slow and quasi-stationary images over the sys-
tem status. It is expected that future WAMSs with plenary
PMUs would directly measure all state variables and the
conventional notion of SE may not exist anymore. These
programs with trivial computations will provide a dynamic
view of the network under supervision. This assumption
was made in few works comprising the calculation of state
variable uncertainty in a PMU-based SE algorithm [259],
the SE-based line outage detection with only
PMU data [260], [261], SE of a system whose parameters
are known to be within certain tolerance bounds [262], and
comparing some various SE formulations [263].
PMU devices might be synchronized with each other using
a precision time protocol (PTP), defined in the standard
IEEE 1588, particularly in substations where the series of
IEC 61850 standards have been introduced. The impact of
this synchronization solution on the measurements quality
was examined by applying a SE procedure. It was shown
that the accuracy of synchrophasor measurements meets
the values usually required for application in power
system SE [264].
Distribution class SE for application in smart distribution
grids is a new research topic where the SE is customarily
formulated in three-phase fashion tailored to the unbalanced
operation of distribution systems. The wide deployment of
synchrophasor measurements throughout the feeders can
bring about remarkable improvements in the distribution
system SE performance [265]–[268]. With the waveform
recording capability of nowadays PMU devices (fault record-
ing functionality), the harmonic snapshot of power system
turns out to be feasible. These harmonic data can thereafter
nourish harmonic SE algorithm which was recently revised
based on harmonic phasor data [269].
VI. CATEGORY 5: MODEL VALIDATION, CALIBRATION,
AND EXTRACTION VIA PMU DATA
Along with the growing complexities of power systems,
rendered by the market-driven operation and integration of
intermittent energy resources, the simulation becomes the
only means to understand the behavior of such a huge system.
The power system operators and planners require realistic
component and system models in simulations to take proper
decisions in operation processes and planning studies. By the
time of installation of primary PMUs, pragmatic observations
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
revealed a noticeable difference between the simulation
results and real-world outcomes captured by PMUs [270].
Accordingly, one of the early-realized applications of PMU
data was introduced as the improvement of the component
and system dynamic and steady-state models for both on-line
and off-line analyses.
Following to observations on inaccuracy of the exist-
ing models, considerable research activities were dedicated
to the problem of model verification and correction based
on PMU data. These works used a large library of dis-
turbance recordings to eliminate single event abnormali-
ties and led to revisions of some hydro turbine-governor
models [270] and power plant/generator dynamic models
and states [271]–[274]. Finding the erroneous components
in a complex and large-scale power system with thou-
sands of elements was renowned as a challenging endeavor
and further WAMS-based simulation validation works were
conducted [275]. Additionally, PMU measurements were uti-
lized to validate models of fixed speed induction generator-
based or converter-based wind farms during frequency
transients [276], [277]. These efforts mainly focused on the
validation of dynamic models of components because PMUs
can record the synchrophasors during the dynamics, some-
thing which was not feasible before. Application of PMU
measurements in the error identification of steady-state mod-
els of other components, such as transmission lines, revealed
a significant enhancement too [278], [279].
In addition to the validation and correction of component
models, some research efforts were devoted to the identi-
fication of the power system equivalent model. The real-
time PMU data were employed to build the equivalent model
of the power system for transient stability control through
flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices [280].
A similar effort to develop an HVDC model for online
stability monitoring of the integrated ac/dc systems has been
carried out as well [281]. Estimating a reduced model to
represent the inter-area dynamics of power systems was
also investigated by PMU measurements [282]–[284]. The
method elaborated in [282] was then generalized to incor-
porate the effect of intermediate dynamic voltage control
equipments, such as static VAr compensator (SVC) and
synchronous condenser [285]. Recent research efforts in this
area were devoted to the PMU-based identification of grid
impedance matrices, which are necessary for the monitoring
and protection of modern power systems [286] and Thevenin
equivalent parameters [287]. The developed methods made
the dynamic tracking of parameter changes a viable capa-
bility. In other works, online identification of parameters
associated with the power system equivalent was investi-
gated using the phase-plane trajectories of PMU measured
variables [288], or by the application of subspace system
identification techniques [289]. Tracking the system dynamic
response to generator tripping events is another superior
capability of synchrophasors in real-world practices [290].
Power systems dynamic responses cannot be assertively
simulated unless accurate load models are available.
VOLUME 2, 2014
System-wide load modeling in the transmission and
sub-transmission levels is heading toward the application
of WAMS synchronized data. The major reason for this
tendency is the high resolution of PMU data with phase angle
information.
Modelers intend to achieve more accurate models of com-
ponents and the system, and they usually exploit complex and
data-mining-based black box models. On the opposite side,
model users which are system operators and planners seek
transparent and interpretable models for decision making
processes and post-event studies. To this end, a compromised
state of transparency versus accuracy of the models should be
sought [291].
VII. CATEGORY 6: FAULT/EVENT DETECTION AND
LOCATION BY PMU DATA
Electric power grids, in transmission and distribution levels,
are always prone to faults caused by a variety of situations
such as equipment failures, accidents, adverse weather, etc.
In faulted power systems, either the system is at risk in which
the customers’ electricity service is interrupted or the system
security is seriously threatened while its entire demands are
still being served. Accordingly, precise and fast detection and
location of network faults were historically perceived as a
crucial task in the system inspection, maintenance, and repair
processes. Note that application of phasor quantities in power
system protection goes back several years earlier than the
PMU emergence; its review is therefore out of the scope of
this paper. Here, merely the efforts in which the application
of PMU data has been explicitly declared are reviewed.
PMUs deployed at transmission line ends, in addition
to positive, negative, or zero sequence phasors, compute
three-phase values of bus voltage and line current as well.
Furthermore, the sampling clocks of various PMUs, located
several kilometers away, are precisely synchronized. These
features of PMU outputs actualized an advanced fault
detection and location algorithm, which has an adaptive
inherent and an ample robustness against system noise
and measurement errors [292], [293]. Additionally, the
deviation in line parameters caused by simplified calcula-
tion methods, ambient temperature, or aging phenomena,
was eliminated by an effective estimation technique
based on the PMU accurate data available at both ends
of transmission lines [292], [293]. These efforts, which
were devised for the situation of having permanent faults,
were next revised for arcing transient faults [294], [295].
Furthermore, the proposed algorithms in [292] and [293]
were further extended and tailored for three-terminal
and N-terminal (N≥3) transmission lines [296]–[298].
Fault detection and location in multi-terminal transmis-
sion lines were focused by other research activities
too [299]–[304]. Wide-area synchrophasor data collected
from many PMUs are materializing the system-wide fault
diagnosis and location algorithms [305].
The crucial task of fault detection and location was
explored by a multistate network inference in which phase
1613

angles across the buses were modeled through a Markov
random field [306]. It was also argued that when a power sys-
tem is under dynamic conditions, such as power oscillations,
the fault voltage and current cannot be expressed as standard
sinusoidal functions [307]. Hence, a fault location estimator
was devised in which the voltage and current waveforms
were considered as time-variant signals whose magnitude and
frequency are changing against time.
Fault detection and location in parallel transmission lines,
as a common practical configuration, were known as a more
complicated problem due to some phenomena such as mutual
coupling effect, shunt capacitance, etc. Algorithms based on
PMU data demonstrated acceptable performances for paral-
lel transmission lines in either transposed or untransposed
arrangements [308], [309]. Series compensation of trans-
mission lines has always been desired for some advantages
such as the increasing power transfer capability, control-
ling the network power flow, damping dynamic oscillations,
etc. Since the voltage drop of a series device is unknown
during fault periods, the protection of series-compensated
transmission lines has been a challenging subject to date.
PMU measurements at both ends of transmission lines
offered a great potential for detection and location of series-
compensated lines without requiring the voltage drop values
based on the compensation device model [310]. Although
transmission line parameters are required in some techniques,
PMU data can be directly used for online estimation of
series-compensated line parameters and Thevenin’s equiva-
lent of the system to ensure considering the actual operating
conditions [311].
Phasor estimation algorithms embedded in PMU devices
offer calculation of signal harmonic contents up to higher
orders. This information, along with the symmetrical com-
ponent data, was known very helpful in fault detection and
location of transmission lines as well as in discrimination
between permanent and transient faults [312]. This discrimi-
nation can be used in blocking reclosing of transmission lines
when permanent faults occur.
The majority of the aforementioned works used voltage
and current measurements at one or both ends of transmis-
sion lines. In another research, it was criticized that PMU
current inputs are usually fed through the protection cores
of current transformers; hence, the accuracy of PMU cur-
rent measurements might be inadequate for a precise fault
location. This work, assuming a given bus admittance matrix
at the time of fault, has developed a new fault detection
and location approach which uses only PMU voltage mea-
surements [313]. This approach is applicable in both trans-
posed and untransposed transmission lines and was then
extended for multi-terminal lines [314]. The existing algo-
rithms, although achieve a high accuracy in locating faults,
necessitate a broad deployment of PMUs which is not the
case in many designed WAMS networks or at least in the
transition period toward a plenary WAMS infrastructure.
Therefore, a fault-location algorithm based on fewer voltage
measurements for large-scale transmission networks has been
1614
F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
proposed which can be promising due to its low cost and
practicality [315]. Phasor measurements could also be uti-
lized in order to unveil power-line outages which is extremely
vital not only to prevent cascaded events but even for routine
monitoring and control tasks in smart power system control
centers [316]–[320].
Due to relatively large capacitance values in underground
cables, the detection and location of their faults were deemed
to be of technical difficulties compared to overhead trans-
mission lines. PMU measurements, including voltage and
current phasors at a single end of a cable, were employed as
well in an efficient fault location algorithm [321]. Likewise,
two-terminal multi-section compound transmission lines,
which combine overhead lines with underground power
cables, suffer from effective protection solutions. These com-
pound transmission lines are usually adopted to achieve a
compromise between construction cost and environmental
concerns. PMU data proposes powerful algorithms to locate
a fault; no matter the fault is on the overhead line or under-
ground power cable [322].
A dominant portion of electricity interruptions is origi-
nated by the distribution system failures. Accurate locating
of faulted segments can significantly expedite the dispatch
of repair crews and restoration process. However, this task
is getting more difficult with modernization of distribution
grids by growing penetration of distributed energy resources.
Synchrophasor measurements, with superior resolution and
accuracy attributes, offer a practical and effective solution to
this challenge [323].
While a dynamic event can be initiated by a fault in the
transmission network, it may be caused by tripping a gener-
ator or switching a transmission line in or out. In addition to
the fault, the PMU data has demonstrated a salient potential
for event detection and location. A method was devised for
detection and location of generator trips based on generator
rotor angle measurements obtained using PMU data [324].
Unintentional islanding is among power system disturbances
in which a part of the network becomes isolated from the
rest. PMU phase angle measurements and frequency esti-
mations are of great values for timely detection of island-
ing events [325], [326]. Additionally, PMU data revealed
prosperous outcomes in locating disturbance sources for
low-frequency oscillations in a real-world application [327].
Along with the quick proliferation of synchrophasor data
and recordings, advanced and intelligent techniques are being
proposed with the purpose of single/multiple events/faults
early detection and clustering [328]–[330].
VIII. CATEGORY 7: WAMS-BASED DYNAMIC/STABILITY
MONITORING AND PREDICTION
Today’s SCADA systems are neither fast enough to track
dynamic events nor capable to monitor key stability indicators
such as phase angles. Besides, computation of phase angles
with SE algorithms is a time consuming process and is
executed every several minutes. Since the advent of WAMS
infrastructure, its salient feature in furnishing control centers
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F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
with real-time dynamic situational awareness has remarkably
advanced the power system frequency/voltage stability mon-
itoring and prediction. Real-world evidences and laboratory-
based platforms have, thus far, confirmed such expected
advancements [331]–[340]; nonetheless, undergoing research
and development activities around the world would lead to
forthcoming supplementary advancements and achievements.
Primary research in this is focused on the application of
PMU data in determining whether an evolving event will
eventually be stable or unstable. Most of the transient sta-
bility assessment techniques, while simple in off-line appli-
cations, are too complicated for real-time uses. Decision
trees, as a type of classifier that can be constructed off-line
from a training set of examples, were used to classify
a transient swing as either stable or unstable on the
basis of real-time PMU data [341]–[343]. Moreover,
similar efforts were conducted based on the largest
windowed Lyapunov exponent index [344], [345], clustering
estimation integration along with a reduced-order model-
ing [344], [346], decoupled PQ integration [347], artificial
neural networks (ANN) [348], fuzzy neural networks [349],
ball-on-concave-surface mechanics system [288], support
vector machine classifier [350], [351], unscented
Kalman filter [351], and derivative of total angle separation
index [277].
Historically, power system operations have been chal-
lenged by stability margins, and dynamic stability (security)
assessment has been a vital function for operation centers.
Application of PMU data in this context was widely inves-
tigated and various practical experiences across the world
demonstrated its effectiveness and worth. Among pioneer
works was the use of a time-frequency-based approach
to classify the contingencies with respect to the loss of
voltage or frequency stability [353]. Other research on the
analysis, discrimination, interpretation, and visualization
of wide-area PMU measurements suited for dynamic phe-
nomena was conducted through various methods including
the numerical algorithm for subspace state space system
identification [354], recursive adaptive stochastic sub-
space identification [355], Hilbert technique [356], energy
function method [357], empirical mode decomposition
approach [358], [359], hybrid DFT, finite-impulse response,
prototype algorithm, and least-square error methods [360],
decision trees [361]–[365], regression analysis [366], autore-
gressive moving average model [367], correlation and
autocorrelation functions analysis [368], [369], correlation
and partitioning around medoid clustering [370], regular-
ized robust recursive least squares method [371], wavelet
shrinkage analysis [359], adaptive sampling Prony analy-
sis [372], a model-based approach suited for unbalanced
power systems [373], and a characteristic ellipsoid tech-
nique [374]. As a crucial function, monitoring of inter-area
oscillations through the real-time PMU data and estima-
tion of oscillation and damping characteristics were broadly
investigated as well [375]–[383]. Identification of domi-
nant inter-area oscillation paths is another rigorous task
VOLUME 2, 2014
which can be simply executed from ambient measurement of
PMUs [327], [384].
Determination of security regions requires computational
efforts which grow dramatically with the number of critical
parameters to be evaluated. This difficulty could be tackled by
advanced boundary search methods based on PMU informa-
tion [385]. The generator coherency determination in an inter-
area oscillation, which is based on the estimation of generator
rotor angle and speed variables [386], [387], was suited for
online applications based on WAMS infrastructure [388].
Additionally, voltage across an area of a network is a notion
to capture synchrophasor measurements at the border buses
and is used to monitor area stress and whether line trips occur
or not [389].
Voltage instability, caused by either an unexpected raise
in the load level or a loss of an important transmission line
or generator, has been concerned for many decades as the
origin of several collapses in many countries. The majority of
techniques developed for voltage security monitoring (VSM)
were usually computationally cumbersome for on-line appli-
cations. However, real-time PMU-data realized the on-line
VSM techniques, which were mostly based on the artificial
intelligence methods such as fuzzy neural networks [390].
It was also discovered that the voltage stability margins
derived on the basis of a constant-power load may be pes-
simistic for the systems with mixed load types including the
voltage-sensitive loads. For such situations, the wide-area
PMU data showed that voltage phasors contain enough infor-
mation to detect the voltage stability margin directly from
their measurements [381], [391]–[396]. Further research
activities were also dedicated to this area, including the
application of Tellegen’s theorem to determine Thevenin’s
parameters [397], decision trees [342], [398], [399], algebraic
modeling of the system trajectory [400], [401], ANNs [402],
and a network decoupling transformation [403].
One of essential tools for network security monitoring is
the N −1 contingency analysis. The associated results help
system operators specify whether or not the power system
will remain intact at the event of single-order contingencies.
In case of any probable violation, the operator needs to apply
a set of preventive actions such as generation re-dispatch.
Resulted by computational burden of repeated power flow
studies, contingency analysis is usually fulfilled through
linear-sensitivity distribution factors (DFs), such as injection
shift factors, power transfer distribution factors, and line out-
age distribution factors. Conventionally, DFs are computed by
model-based approaches and might not absolutely correspond
to the system real situations. Instead, wide-area PMU data
actualize near real-time computation of adaptive DFs [404].
IX. CATEGORY 8: WAMS-BASED CONTROL STRATEGIES
Succeeding monitoring, trending, and prediction of tran-
sient, dynamic, and voltage stability metrics, proper con-
trol and remedial actions are to be taken in time for
preserving the power system security and averting major
supply interruptions. PMU measurements are instantaneous
1615

and have a high resolution; hence, they can be used to
take local/centralized corrective/preventive control actions
for transient, dynamic, and voltage stability, as well as
thermal constraints [405]–[407]. It is worth noting that the
standard message format of PMU and PDC data, described
in the IEEE standard C37.118, has a command type which
can convey the control signals toward the PMU locations.
This category has the least mature suite of applications and
presently very few WAMS-based control applications are in
use. Any malfunction of automated controls could produce
unintended consequences for grid operations. Prosperous
deployments of these controls require rigorous control system
engineering with approved robustness under a variety of
operating conditions, controller tuning and testing, controller
self-diagnostics, etc. However, with the enduring research
and development activities, the deployment of WAMS-based
controls on a wider scale is anticipated in the near future.
Comprehensive simulation platforms, such as secure oper-
ation of sustainable power systems which offers real-time
simulations in closed-loop, are essentially requested for
hastening the validation process of wide-area applications
[408]. One practical challenge, which has been ignored in
majority of research activities, belongs to the signal latencies
in the wide-area control. This attribute can degrade or even
deteriorate the performance of control systems and has to be
accounted for in studies and implementations.
For a long time, it was well perceived that quick mea-
surements in the early stage of a disturbance would estimate
its behind transient energy, and a quick control action, e.g.,
generation dropping or switching, could counteract the dis-
turbance and stabilize the system. Primary research revealed
that the transient energy could be quantified through PMU
measurements for activating control actions [409], [410].
Applying wide-area PMU measurements to solve spe-
cial dynamic stability problems is very intricate. In the
last decade, an extensive research body was dedicated to
this context. Developing a decentralized/hierarchical control
approach with significant advantages of reliability and flex-
ibility for inter-area oscillatory modes was among the pio-
neers [411]. Improving power system dynamic performance
was also testified by means of WAMS-based controllers of
automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) [107], [412], power
system stabilizers (PSSs) [413], high-voltage DC (HVDC)
transmission lines [414]–[417] FACTS devices [418]–[424],
energy storage devices [413], [417], [423], [424], variable-
speed wind farms [425], or doubly-fed induction genera-
tor (DFIG) wind farms [426]. Some research efforts were
dedicated for designing control systems compensating for the
communication limited bandwidth and latencies in feedback
and command signals [415], [422], [427]–[435]. Wide-area
power system damping controllers resilient to communication
failures have also been researched and effectively accom-
plished [436], [437].
In terms of voltage security control, the PMU data was
utilized and revealed a great enhancement in steering the
power system away from the critical points of the voltage
1616
F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
collapse [438]. This vital task was done by activation
of available reactive-power reserves [391], [439], freezing
of tap changers [391], adjusting shunt power electronic
devices such as SVCs and active/hybrid filters [440], or
integrating dynamic voltage restorers [441]. With the raising
interest to deploy PMU devices in the future distribution
networks, the volt/var control of feeders would be
accordingly heightened [442].
Another achievement in the field of WAMS-based control
is related to the virtual synchronous islanded operation of an
isolated grid while it is not electrically connected to the main
network [443]–[446]. Since the island is held in synchronism,
its reconnection to the main system can be performed at any
time with minimum transient effects and with no potential
out-of-synchronism damages.
Following to any power system black or brownout, the
restoration strategies should be taken in use whose main
objective is to maximize the restored demand in the shortest
period of time. Three different stages of restoration efforts
are conceived as black-start of generating units, network
reenergizing, and load restoration. SMT can be of a great
assistance in either of above stages by accelerating the pro-
cesses, optimizing the paths, and limiting unsuccessful tries.
A sectionalizing method for the build-up strategy in power
system restoration is among effective solutions in which each
island is preserved fully observable by means of PMU mea-
surements [447]. The amount of restorable load is essential
in the proper design of the restoration process and sequences.
This task can be promisingly conducted by the access to
WAMS data [448]. It should be also noted that due to the
limited number of switching devices, the restorable load
has a discrete nature and this feature should be necessarily
accounted for in the load restoration processes.
X. CATEGORY 9: WAMS-BASED PROTECTION SCHEMES
Recent operational challenges imposed on transmission net-
works, raised by the restructuring, the intermittent renewable
energy resources, series compensation, and highly loaded
transmission systems, dictate an evolution in system and
component protection wisdoms. The advent of SMT along
with computer-based relaying proposed another dimension,
namely protection, to the field of WAMS-based applica-
tions. Special protection schemes (SPSs), remedial action
schemes, and modern adaptive protection algorithms were
proposed as direct consequences of integration of communi-
cation and protection systems [449], [450]. PMU measure-
ments led to the enhancement of dependability and secu-
rity of the traditional protection methods, development of
adaptive auto reclosing schemes [451], as well as protection
schemes based on data-mining [452]. It was also argued that
backup protection systems with only local measurements can
malfunction when the system is highly stressed, and wide-
area PMU data can significantly promote their performances
[453]–[456]. Additionally, the real-time design and operation
of system intentional islanding in the face of a potential
cascade was realized with the help of PMU data [457]–[459].
VOLUME 2, 2014
F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
To counteract the system instability, splitting the system into
islands is an effective remedial action scheme (RAS) enabled
by wide-area synchrophasor data [348]. It has to be empha-
sized that the most critical barrier against implementation of
many theoretically-proven protection algorithms is the sig-
naling latency whose trend is continuously lessening with the
advancements in communication and processing technologies
and deployment of dedicated communication media.
Early efforts for applying PMU data in the field of
power system protection regarded the development of adap-
tive out-of-step relaying to make the relay blocking and
tripping settings more attuned to the prevailing system
conditions [460], [461]. Further research extended the
PMU-based protection paradigm for the distance protec-
tion [462]–[464], the current differential protection of
multi-terminal and series-compensated lines [465]–[467], the
precise discrimination of in-zone or out-of-zone faults [468],
and the overhead line protection accounting for the arc resis-
tance [469]. Also, PMU data enhanced the fault type detection
by means of the parameter fitting method or ANNs [14].
Load shedding at particular load buses is recognized
as the last but effective resort in sustaining the system
continuity after a frequency, angular, or voltage instabil-
ity threat [391], [470]. Two major load shedding schemes
are based on under-frequency and under-voltage criteria.
Traditionally, these schemes are designed and operate inde-
pendently from each other. Due to intrinsic coupling of fre-
quency and voltage anomalies and their probable coincidence,
it however makes more sense to have an integrated scheme
for voltage and frequency load shedding. PMU data from
different areas of a power system are helpful in the adaptive
integrated frequency and voltage load shedding scheme [471],
[472].
Although deployment of PMU devices in distribution
systems, because of very close phase angles in a given distri-
bution network, does make less sense, their capability in syn-
chronized measurements and calculation of signal harmonic
contents resulted in some research efforts. The development
of PMU-based adaptive protection schemes for distribution
systems with high penetration of distributed generation has
demonstrated satisfactory outcomes [473].
XI. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a comprehensive survey on the subject
of SMT and its relevant issues and applications. Since the
presence of omissions is bound to be there, the authors would
like to apologize for any errors or omissions and hope that
additional references will be advanced as discussion to this
paper. This bibliography illuminates the current engineering
wisdom pertaining to advanced sets of PMU and WAMS
applications. Presently, a clear consensus is heading toward
the WAMS-based dynamic/stability monitoring, trending and
prediction, automated control strategies, and wide-area spe-
cial protection schemes. Such advancements will provide the
tools for monitoring, protection, and control of emerging
modern power systems in the smart grid paradigm.
VOLUME 2, 2014
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FARROKH AMINIFAR (S’07–M’11) is currently an Assistant Professor
with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of
Tehran, Tehran, Iran. He has been collaborating with the Robert W. Galvin
Center for Electricity Innovation, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,
IL, USA, since 2009. His current research interests include wide-area
measurement systems, reliability modeling and assessment, and smart-grid
technologies. He has served as the Guest Editor-in-Chief and an Editor of
three Special Issues of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID. He received
the IEEE Best Ph.D. Dissertation Award from the Iran Section for his
research on the probabilistic schemes for the placement of pharos measure-
ment units. He was a recipient of the 2013 IEEE/Power System Operation
Transactions Prize Paper Award.
MAHMUD FOTUHI-FIRUZABAD (F’14) received the B.S. degree from
the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1986, the M.S. degree
from Tehran University, Tehran, in 1989, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, in 1993 and
1997, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He joined the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, in 2002, where
he is currently a Professor and the President. He is a member of the Center
of Excellence in Power System Management and Control with the Sharif
University of Technology.
1628
F. Aminifar et al.: SMT in Power Systems
AMIR SAFDARIAN (S’11) received the B.Sc. degree from Tehran
University, Tehran, Iran, in 2008, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the
Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, in 2010 and 2014, respectively,
where he is currently an Associate Researcher with the Smart Grid
Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering. He is also collaborating
with the Power Systems and High Voltage Engineering Research Group,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University,
Espoo, Finland. He was a recipient of the 2013 IEEE Power System Oper-
ation Transactions Prize Paper Award. His research interests include power
system reliability, distribution network operation and planning, and smart
grid issues.
ALI DAVOUDI (S’04–M’11) received the Ph.D. degree in electri-
cal and computer engineering from the University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, USA, in 2010. He was with SolarBridge Technologies,
Champaign, IL, USA, Texas Instruments Inc., Rochester, MN, USA, and
Royal Philips Electronics, Rosemont, IL. He is currently an Assistant Pro-
fessor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas,
Arlington, TX, USA. He is an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
ON ENERGY CONVERSION, the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS,
and the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION. His research
interests are in various aspects of modeling and control of power electronics
and finite-inertia power systems.
MOHAMMAD SHAHIDEHPOUR (F’01) is currently the Bodine Chair
Professor and Director of the Robert W. Galvin Center for Electricity
Innovation with the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.
He is a Research Professor with King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China, and
the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. He was a recipient of
the Honorary Doctorate from the Polytechnic University of Bucharest,
Bucharest, Romania, in 2009. He is the IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, the
Chair of the IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference and the
Great Lakes Symposium on Smart Grid and the New Energy Economy in
2012, and the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID.
He was also a recipient of the IEEE PES Outstanding Power Engineering
Educator Award in 2012.
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