Indian National Movement

Further Reasons for dissatisfaction with British rule

o Arms Act-1878, Indians couldn’t possess arms.
o Vernacular Press Act-1878, – Lord Lytton passed it to silent those who were critical of government.
Under this govt. can confiscate newspaper assets if content was objectionable.
o 1st Delhi Durbar 1877 - Viceroy, Lord Lytton.
o Ilbert Bill, 1883 – trial of European persons by Indian to show equality between Indian & British
judges. But withdrawn as whites opposed which highlighted racial attitude of Britishers.
o Holding of imperial Durbar at Delhi in 1877 at a time when country was suffering from a terrible
famine led people to believe that their rulers cared very little even for their lives.
o Ilbert Bill, 1883- under Viceroy Ripon.

Q-Ilbert Bill controversy was related to? Removal of disqualification imposed on Indian magistrates
with regard to trial of the Europeans.

Q-By which act British tried to impose ban on Indian press & to arrest leaders? Vernacular Press Act.

Vernacular Press Act-1878, enacted to curtail freedom of Indian-language.

Q-With reference to colonial rule in India, what was sought by Ilbert Bill in 1883- Viceroy Lord Ripon?
To bring Indians & Europeans on par as far as Criminal jurisdiction of courts was concerned.

Arms Act-1878, & Vernacular Press Act-1878, were passed during the reign of: Lord Lytton.

Indian National Congress (established in Decmber,1885)

INC 1st session in Mumbai 28th Decmber,1885 presided by Womesh Chandra. Banerjee of Indian
National Movement on all-India scale.
o A.O.Hume ( (retired British official) along with prominent Indian leaders founded INC.
o INC named by Dadabhai Nauroji.
o A.O.Hume believed that INC would provide a peaceful & constitutional outlet.
o To discontent among educated Indians & would thus help to avoid outbreak of a popular revolt.
o "Safety valve” theory is, however, a small part of truth.
o As INC acted as a national organization for politically conscious Indians to work for their political &
economic advancement.
o Early leaders –Dadabhai Naroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. Bannerji, Romesh
Chandra Dutt, S. Subramania Iyer (Mainly from Bombay & Calcutta)
o 1st session - 1885 with 72 delegates in Bombay at ‘Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala’.
o A.O Hume served as first General Secretary of INC.
o At that time, Viceroy of India was Lord Dufferin, who gave permission to Hume for first session.
o Early phase of congress is also known as Moderate Phase (1885-1905) as dominated by moderate
leaders like W.C Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, R.C Dutt, Ferozeshah Mehta, George Yule, etc.
Q-Who among the following was not one of founder members of Indian National Congress?
a. Dadabhai Naoroji
b. Baddruddin Tayyabji
c. Firoz Shah Mehta
 d. Surendrnath Banrejee, Anand Mohan Bose- he become member in Calcutta session in 1886, before it he was
associated with Indian Association.
 Indian Association was first nationalist organization founded in British India by Surendranath
Banerjee & Ananda Mohan Bose in 1876 after 10 years.
INC 2nd session in Calcutta 1886, Presided by Dadabhai Naoroji (1st Parsi President) Indian Association
established in 1876, was merged with INC in 1886, which increased its strength & influence.
 Dadabhai Naoroji became president thrice in 1886, 1893 & 1906.
INC 3rd session in Madras1887, presided by Syed Badruddin Tyabji (1st Muslim President)- Appeal made
to Muslims to join hands with other national leaders.
INC 4th session in Allahabad 1888, Presided by George Yule (1st English president, non-Indian).
INC 12th session in Calcutta 1896, Presided by Rahimatullah M. Sayani ‫( رحمت هللا محمد ساياني‬2 nd Muslim
president)- National song was Vande Mataram sung for the first time written by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay to praise Mother India on 7th November, 1875 & was published in Bengali fiction novel
Anandmath, it was composed originally in Sanskrit & Bengali.
Theme of book Anandmath: Sanyasi Andolan, Freedom Struggle, Brotherhood, Bhakti (love) of Mother
India, Feudal System, Patriotism, Nationalism, Sacrifice.
INC 21th session in Banaras 1905, Presided by Gopal Krishan Gokhale Expressed resentment against
partition of Bengal.
o Gopal Krishan Gokhale Servants of India Society was formed in Pune on 1905.
INC 28th session in Bankipore, Patna 1912, Presided by Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar
from Amravati of Central Provinces & Berar.
o A.O. Hume is called ‘father of INC’. this title was given in Patna session 1912.
INC 40th session in Gaya, 1922, Presided by Chittaranjan Das- C. R. Das.
In 1922, Gaya INC session Chitranjan Das was presiding over session he resigned from INC on
December 1922 & formed Swaraj Party in all over India on January, 1923.
Bihar Swaraj Party was established by Sri Krishna Singh in 1923. Swaraj Dal, also known as Swaraj
Party was a political party formed in India on 1st January 1923 after Gaya annual conference in
December 1922 of INC.
Q-Who established Swaraj Dal in Bihar? Shri Krishna Singh.
INC 60th session in Ramgarh- Jharkhand, 1922, Presided by Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.

 Moderates believed in British justice & adopted PPP path i.e., Protest, Prayer & Petition.
Disappointed from Moderates methods of work, extremism began to develop within congress after
1892. They criticized Moderates for their “politics of prayers”. They emphasize on self-reliance,
constructive work & swadeshi. Extremist leaders - Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra
Pal & Aurobindo Ghosh.
 In 1916, Lala Lajpat Roy used term 'Safety Valve Theory' in his Magazine "Young India" to attack
Moderates of INC said that it was a product of brain of Lord Dufferin.
 INC was called 'Rajadroha Ka Karkhana' by British.
 Lord Dufferin ridiculed Congress as representing only shortsighted minority of people.
 Lord Curzon said, “Congress is tottering to its fall (‫ & )کانگریس اپنےزوال کی طرف جا رہی ہے۔‬one of my
great ambitions while in India is to assist it to a peaceful demise”.
 Bal Gangadhar Tilak accused Congress for practicing politics of prayer, petition and protest.
 Vipin Chandra Pal termed policies of Moderates as ‘Political begging.
 Aurobindo Ghosh called INC a 'begging institute’. He propounded theory of passive resistance.
 Ashwini Kumar Dutta called early sessions of Congress as a 'three-day spectacle’. '‫'تین دن کا تماشا‬
Q- “Indian National Congress” was established in ---? 1885.
Q-INC was formed in 1885 in the reign of? Lord Dufferin.
Q- Who presided over first session of INC? WC Banerjee.
Q-First Muslim to be elected as President of 'INC' was? Badruddin Tyabji.
Q-Where was first Congress session held in Bihar? 1912.
Q-Under influence of which revolution, people of Bihar denied to pay ‘Chowkidari Tax’?
In 1930, civil disobedience movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru visited Bihar for success of Satyagaraha, from 31st March to 3rd April, 1930.
Movement was begun from Champaran, Saran districts, later influence region of Patna, Bettieh,
Hajipur & Darbhanga.
Movement emphasizes on use of Khadi & gave a strong message against intoxicating drinks, refusal
to pay Chaukidari tax. Stopped paying Chowkidari Tax in 1930.
In 1907, tax was collected from farmers. This tax was collected by Secretary of state, which was
difficult for farmers to pay. In 1930, farmers refused to pay this tax.
Swadeshi Committee was set up at Patna.
Sachidanad Sinha, Hasan Imam, Sir Ali Imam were prominent leaders.

Q-INC was formed in 1885 in Mumbai in the reign of ‫ ?کے دورحکومت میں‬Lord Dufferin.

 At that time, Viceroy of India was Lord Dufferin, who gave permission to A.O.Hume for first session.
 Early phase of congress is also known as Moderate Phase (1885-1905) as dominated by moderate
leaders like W.C Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, R.C Dutt, Ferozeshah Mehta, George Yule, etc.

Q-Arms Act-1878 & Vernacular Press Act-1878 were passed during the reign of: Lord Lytton.

 Further Reasons for dissatisfaction with British rule:

 Arms Act, 1878 – Indians couldn’t possess arms.
 Vernacular Press Act – Lord Lytton passed it to silent those who were critical of government. Under
this, Govt. can confiscate newspaper assets if content was objectionable.

Q-Mangal Pandey fired first bullet of Revolt of 29th March 1857 at which place? Barrackpore-BNI-34th.
 Mangal Pandey fired at a European officer in Barrackpore & he was arrested & sentenced to death
for this act.

Q-Who gave title of "Sardar" to Vallabh Bhai Patel? Women of Bardoli- Gujarat- 1928.

 Bardoli Satyagraha was a movement by farmers of Bardoli, Gujarat against unjust raising of tax.
 It was led by Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel.
 Kasturba Gandhi, Mani Ben Patel, Sharda Ben Shah, Sharda Mehta, etc. were women participants of
Bardoli Satyagraha.
 Women of Bardoli gave him title of “Sardar”.
 Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel served as first Deputy Prime Minister of India & first Home Minister of
India from 1947 to 1950.
 He is also called "Unifier of India" & "Iron Man of India".

Q-Which movement was led & successful under leadership of Sardar Patel? Satyagraha Bardoli, Gujarat.

Q-Who was born in 11th October,1902 in Sitabadiyara (Bihar)? Jai Prakash Narayan-Lok Nayak.

 Karpoori Thakur-Jan Nayak born on 24th January 1924.

 Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan was born on 11th October 1902 in Sitabadiyara, Bihar.
 Jayaprakash Narayan is popularly known as JP or Lok Nayak.
 He is known as "Hero of Quit India Movement". Aruna Asaf Ali- Queen of Quit India Movement.
 It is said that Indira Gandhi's power was snatched away from her after "JP movement" & gave
famous slogan "Sinhaasan khaali karo ki janta aati hai"-JP.
 In 1948, he led Socialist Party of Congress & later formed Samajwadi Socialist Party in association
with Gandhian Party.

Q-Who among Governor-Generals decided in 1856 that Bahadur Shah Zafar would be last Mughal
emperor & after his death none of descendants would be recognized as a ruler? Lord Canning.

 Governor-General Dalhousie, in 1849, had announced that post death of Zafar, his family would be
shifted out of Red Fort & would be given another place for residence in Delhi.

Q-Begum Hazrat Mahal was part of revolt of 1857 from? Lucknow.

 Begum Hazrat Mahal is wife of last Awadh Nawab, Wajid Ali Shah in 1856 Dalhousie blamed for
misgovernance of Awadh.
Place Revolt of 1857 -Important Leaders
Odisha Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi
Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan
Assam Kandapareshwar Singh, Maniram Dutta Baruah
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah
Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan
Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan
Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh
Bihar Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh
Jhansi Rani Laxmibai
Q-Who was British Prime Minister during revolt of 1857? Churchill.
Q-Who was British Prime Minister during World War-II? Attlee.

 1938 – Haripura- Gujarat - Presided by Subhas Chandra Bose, while delivering Presidential address,
Bose advocated introduction of Roman script for Hindi language - National planning committee set
up under Jawaharlal Nehru.
 1939 – Tripuri – Jabalpur district in MP, Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected but had to resign due
to protests by Gandhiji as Gandhiji supported Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramayya was defeated. Dr. Rajendra
Prasad was appointed instead. Mahatma Gandhi did not take part in it & sent Govind Ballabh Pant to
represent him.
Q-Subhas Chandra Bose became President of INC-Tripuri Session by defeating-1939? Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
Q-Under whose Chairmanship was National Planning Committee set up in 1938? Jawaharlal Nehru.
Q-Who was chosen as President of INC after resignation of Subhas Chandra Bose in Tripuri of 1939?
Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
Q-Who was elected Congress president after end of Tripuri Crisis? Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

Q-Whish of the following is true about Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?

a. He published Mooknayak.
b. He founded Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha.
c. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar passed away on 6th December, 1956.
d. More than one of the above.
Q-Who among the following was associated with newspaper, New India? Annie Besant.
 In 1915, Annie Besant launched a campaign through her two papers, New India & Commonweal.
 Annie Besant-Ireland (Irish) was 1st Women president of INC in 1917 in Kolkata. She came to India
due to Theosophical society.
Q-Who among 1st Indian lady President of INC at Kanpur session in 1925? Sarojni Naidu.
Q-Where was first Congress session held in Bihar in 1912? Bankipur, Patna- under R.N. Mudholkar.
 In 1922 38th session at Gaya under presidency? Chittaranjan Das- C. R. Das.
Q-Badruddin Tyabji, was first Muslim President of which session of INC? 1887 Madras Session.

Q-Which of the following political parties was called ‘Rajadroha ka Karkhana’ by British? INC.
Q-Who among the following was President of INC continually for six years? Abul Kalam Azad.

o Government said that it was done for administrative convenience, but it was done to curtail
influence of Bengali politicians & to divide Hindus & Muslims in Bengal.
o Both moderates & extremists opposed it.
o 16th October 1905 observed as Raksha Bandhan day where Hindus & Muslims tied rakhis to each
other to show solidarity.
o This partition started - Boycott & Swadeshi Movement.
o Rabindranath Tagore composed national song ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ for occasion which later become
national anthem of Bangladesh in 1971 after liberation from Pakistan.
o Prafulla Chaki & Khudiram Bose tried to assassinate District Judge, Mr. Kingsford by throwing bombs
at his carriage.
o Anti-partition movement become into Swadeshi Movement.
Q-Who among the following led Swadeshi Movement in Delhi? Sir Syed Haider Raza.

INC 22rd session in Calcutta, 1906, Presided by Dadabhai Naoroji, declared that goal of INC is ‘self-
government or Swaraj.
o Swadeshi Movement was known as Vandemataram Movement in deltaic Andhra. Movement was
strongest in Bengal but it soon became a widespread movement all over India.
o Swadeshi Movement 1905-1908.
o INC took Swadeshi call in Benaras Session in 1905 presided by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
o On 7th August 1905, meeting in INC Calcutta adopted a resolution to boycott foreign goods.
o Lokmanya Balgangadhar Tilak extended movement in Mumbai & Pune, Ajit Singh headed
movement in Punjab, Syed Haider Raza spread movement in Delhi & Chidambram Pillai took
movement to Madras presidency.
Partition of Bengal- 16th October, 1905.

o On 16th October 1905 by Lord Curzon.

o Partition of Bengal was decision of separating eastern parts of Bengal from rest of Bengal. It was
announced on 20 July 1905 by Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon & on 16th October, 1905, partition
formally came into force. It was observed as day of mourning throughout Bengal.
o Bengal was biggest province of British India (included Bihar & Odisha).
o Partition reduces its size & created East Bengal which later on became East Pakistan & present-day
Bangladesh.
o Main reason- to destroy political influence of educated middle class & to create difference among
Hindus & Muslims.
o Lieutenant Governor of Bengal at time of Partition of Bengal - Sir Andrews Fraser. He was Governor
of Bengal from 1903 to 1908. It is said that idea of partitioning Bengal into two provinces in order to
improve administrative efficiency came actually from Andrew Fraser.

Q- ‘Vande Matram’ was adopted as slogan for first time? Partition of Bengal in 1905.
Q- ‘Vande Mataram’ become theme song of Indian National Movement? Swadeshi Movement.
Q-Swadeshi & Boycott were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during? Agitation against
partition of Bengal.
Q-During which of the following movement Vande Mataram became theme song of Indian National
Movement? Swadeshi Movement.
o Slogan of 'Bande Mataram' was first adopted during swadeshi movement which was against partition
of Bengal-1905. It is a poem from Bankim Chandra Chattopahyay's novel Anandmath in 1882, written
in Bengali & Sanskrit. It became prayer song during anti-partition meetings.
o In the context of the Indian freedom Struggle, 16th October, 1905 is well known for which of the
following reasons? Partition of Bengal took effect.

Q-Where did Bhikaiji Cama (1861–1936) or simply as, Madam Cama hoisted the first tricolor flag in 22
August,1907 who is called "Mother of Indian Revolution"? Stuttgart, Germany.
 Bhikaiji Cama became first person to hoist Indian flag in a foreign land on 22 August 1907. She
unfurled flag at International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart, Germany.
Q-The following programme were launched by nationalist against partition of Bengal 1905:
a. Boycott.
b. Swadeshi.
c. National Council of Education- 1905. Ans: a, b, c.

 National Council of Education – Bengal-1905 (or NCE - Bengal) was an organization founded by
Satish Chandra Mukherjee in 1906 to promote science & technology as part of a swadeshi
industrialization movement.
Q- All-India Muslim League started its annual convention of regular basis from? 1925.

 All-India Muslim League was established in Dacca, Dhaka in 30 December, 1906 by Nawab
Salimullah, Agha Khan. Regular session started from 1925.
 All-India Muslim League dissolved ‫ تحلیل‬in 15th December,1947.
 First annual session of Muslim League was held in Karachi on 29th December 1907.
 First President of Muslim League – Nawab Waqar-Ul Mulk Mushtaq Hussain.

Q-Where was held first session of All-India Muslim League? Karanchi on 29th December 1907.
Q-All-India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in the year? 30 December, 1906.
Q-Annual session of All-India Muslim league in the year 1907 was held at- 1907? Karanchi.
Q-Who among the following was founder of All-India Muslim League? Agha Khan & Salimullah Khan.
Q-First President of Muslim League was? Nawab Waqar-Ul Mulk Mushtaq Hussain ‫نواب وقارالملک نام مشتاق حسین‬
‫امروہه‬

Surat Split (1907) INC 23rd session.

Surat split was splitting INC into two groups: extremists & moderates -at Surat Session in 1907.
Extremists - led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal & moderates led by
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
1- Moderates’ leader- Rash Bihari Ghosh, he won.
2- Extremists’ leader - Lala Lajpat Ray.
Government took opportunity of all this & attacked extremists.
Arrested Tilak & put him in Mandalay Jail (Myanmar)for 6 years.
Gradually, extremists became weak.
Aurobindo Ghosh gave up politics & went to Pondicherry & Lala Lajpat Rai went to Britain.
 As a result in 1908, national movement declined.
During this period British adopted carrot & stick policy which comprised of divide & rule.
Q-President of annual session of Surat of Indian National Congress in 1907 was? Rash Bihari Ghosh.
Q-Whose name was proposed as next president of Congress by Extremists in Surat Congress Session,
1907? Lala Lajpat Ray.
Q-What was main reason for split in INC at Surat in 1907? Extremists lack of faith in the capacity of
moderates to negotiate with British govt.
Q-Surat session where INC split firstly, which session occurred? 23rd session.
Note: In 1908 INC Madras session is marked as 23rd session as well president was Rash Bihari Ghosh.
Q-Who presided over Banaras Session (1905) of INC? Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
 1905(Banaras) Presided by Gopal Krishan Gokhale - Expressed resentment against partition of Bengal
Q-Who established a branch of Anushilan Samiti in Patna in 1913? Sachindranath sanyal.
Anushilan Samiti- Calcutta.
 Established by Pramathanath Mitra & Satish Chandra Basu on 24 March 1902. It was headed by
Barindra Kumar Ghosh, younger brother of Sri Aurobindo Ghosh.
 Barindra Kumar Ghosh was founder of Bengali newspaper Jugantar Patrika in 1906 in Calcutta to
promote thoughts of Anushilan Samiti.
 Anushilan Samiti established a branch at Patna in 1913 by Sachindra Nath Sanyal. Bankimchandra
Mitra of BN College was given responsibilities to lead organization. Anushilan Samiti means "Self-
Culture Association". Their main aim was to create an urge amongst Hindus to become vigorous
spiritually, physically, intellectually.
Q-Jugantar Patrika newspaper was founded by--? Barindra Kumar Ghosh.
Dr. Rajendra Prasad formed Bihar Student Council-1906.
For the first time in India, foundation of a student organization was laid in Bihar itself.
16th Session of Bihari Students Conference at Hazaribag - Presided by Sarla Devi.
In 1928, Bihari Student Conference was organized in Motihari under leadership of Prof. Gyan Sahay
of Bihar Yuvak Sangh-1928.
14th April 1929 was celebrated as first Youth Day.

Q-What was objective of Morley-Minto Reforms passed in 1909? Implementing separate electoral
system for Muslim.
Q-When Indian Councils Act 1909 which introduced separate electorate for Muslim was enacted, Viceroy
of India was? Lord Minto (Father of communal electorate).
Q-Assertion: Government of India Act 1909 known as Morley-Minto Reforms.
Reason (R): Act had legalized Communalism. Both (a) & (r) are true but R is not correct explanation of (a).
o As Lord Morley was Secretary of State for India & Lord Minto was Viceroy of India so Act of 1909, is
popularly called as Morley-Minto Reforms.
o Size of legislative councils for Central legislative councils was increased from 16 to 60 & provincial
legislative councils were not uniform.

o Association of Indians with executive councils of Viceroy & Governors was done 1st time.
o Satyendra Prasad (Prasanna) Sinha was appointed as law member & was 1st Indian to enter
Viceroy’s Executive Council in 1909.
o Satyendra Prasad (Prasanna) Sinha was first governor of Bihar & Odissa.
o First Indian Advocate-General of Bengal under British govt.
o Sinha become president of INC in 1915 at Bombay session.
Q-When was Bengal again unified ‫ دوبارہ متحد‬due to protests of Indians? 1911.
To appease Bengali sentiment, Bengal was reunited by King George V in 1911, in response to
Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against policy.
On 22 March 1911, a royal proclamation announced that Durbar would be held in December to
commemorate coronation of George V & Mary, allow their proclamation as Emperor & Empress of
India.
‫ کوایک شاہی اعالن نے اعالن کیا کہ جارج پنجم اورمیری کی تاجپوشی کی یاد میں دربار دسمبر میں منعقد کیا‬1911 ‫ مارچ‬22
‫جائے گا اور انہیں ہندوستان کے شہنشاہ اورمہارانی کے طور پراعالن کرنے کی اجازت دی جائے گی۔‬
Official ceremonies lasted from 7 to 16 December, with Durbar itself occurring on Tuesday, 12
December.
In 1911, King announced move of India's capital from Calcutta to Delhi. Cancellation of Partition of
Bengal was also announced during ceremony.
Announcement was done by Viceroy - Lord Hardinge II.
Q-Unification of Bengal was completed in the year?1912.
King George V announced at Delhi Durbar on 12 December 1911 & unification of Bengal was
completed in 1912, that eastern Bengal would be assimilated into Bengal Presidency. Districts where
Bengali was spoken were once again unified.
Bihar & Orissa were separated from Bengal on 22 March 1912 as Bihar and Orissa Province.
On 1 April 1936, Bihar & Orissa Province was split to form Bihar Province & Orissa Province.
Q-Delhi become Capital of India in? 1911.
Q-Transfer of capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi affected during period of? Lord Hadinge II.

Lucknow pact-1916
 After World War-I 1914-1918, Viceroy Lord Chelmsford asked Indian for reform suggestions in return
for Indian support to British war effort.
 Muslim League led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah wanted to use this opportunity to press for
constitutional reforms through a joint Hindu-Muslim platform.
 For the first time leaders of both INC & Muslim League met for a joint session & drafted a set of
demands for constitutional reforms.
 Finally, at their respective annual sessions held at Lucknow in December 1916, INC & League
confirmed agreement.
 Congress agreed to demand separate electorates for Muslims in electing representatives to Imperial
& Provincial Legislative Councils in Lucknow session.
 Lucknow session-1916 was presided by Ambica Charan Majumdar.
 Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah title ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity’, for his efforts.
Q-In which year, Congress & Muslim League signed Lucknow Pact? 1916.
Q-In December, 1916 both INC & Indian Muslim League held their session at? Lucknow.
Q-President of Moderate faction of Congress session in Lucknow-1961, who welcomed Tilak & his
supporters back into congress, was? Ambika Charan Mazumdar.
Q-In which of session of INC Bal Gangadhar Tilak had expressed, Swaraj is my birthright, I will have it?
Lucknow session.
Q-Congress in its Lucknow Session? Accept Communal Electoral College.

Home Rule League Movement-1916 ‫ہوم رول لیگ تحريك‬

 2 home rule leagues launched with common objective of achieving self-government in India.
 Tilak started Indian Home Rule League in April 1916, Poona.
 Demanded Swaraj, Education in Vernacular Language & formation of Linguistic States.
 2 newspapers by Tilak = Maratha and Kesari.
 Slogan given by Tilak - Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it! At Lucknow session 1916.
 1893, Tilak started using traditional religious Ganpati festival, and in 1895, he started Shivaji festival
to stimulate nationalism among young Maharashtrians by holding up example of Shivaji.
 Annie Besant started Home Rule League on September 1916 in Adiyar Madras.
 Jinnah was head of its Bombay Branch.
 Two leagues of Tilak & Annie Besant were merged into one in 1918.
 Members of Gokhale’s Servants of India Society were not allowed in league.
 All India Home league ended in 1920, when it elected Mahatma Gandhi as its President, when
within a year it merged into INC.
1916- Home Rule League
April September
1-Tilak 2-Annie Besant
Poona, Belgaum Adiyar Madras
Both Tilak & Annie Besant’s Home Rule League were merged into one Home Rule League in 1918.
In 1920 India Home league merged into INC when Mahatma Gandhi as its President.

Bihar- Home Rule League Movement-1916

 Established in Bankipore (Patna) on 16th December 1916.
 President – Maulana Mazhar-ul-Haque. ‫موالنا مظہرالحق‬
 Vice-Presidents - Sarfaraz Hussain Khan & Purnendu Narain Sinha.
Q-Who were two prominent leaders of Home Rule League? Bal Gangadhar Tilak & Annie Besant.
Q-Home Rule League of Tilak & Annie Beasant was merged into one in? 1918.
Q-Where was meeting organized to start Home Rule League in Bihar? Patna.
Q-Which Muslim leader joined in Home Rule League founded by Annie Beasant? Mohammed Ali Jinnah.
Q-Consider statements regarding Lucknow Pact:
1- Lucknow Pact event took place in year 1915.
2- In Lucknow Pact, Sarojini Naidu gave Jinnah title ‘Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity’. Only2.
Q-Launched two newspapers: Kesari-in Marathi & Maratha in English started in 1881 by? B.G. Tilak
Q-Who was president of Home Rule League, Patna in Bihar 1916? Maulana Mazhar-ul-Haque.

Rowlatt Satyagraha-1919 ‫رولٹ ایکٹ‬

 Now WW-I was ended 1914-1918.
 Rowlatt Act enacted in March 1919- This act authorized British government to arrest anybody
suspected of terrorist activities. It curbed freedom of expression & strengthened police powers.
 Indian leaders & public called it a ‘black bill’.
 Criticized by Gandhi & Jinnah as devilish & tyrannical.
 Lord Chelmsford – Viceroy at that time.
 Gandhiji called Nationwide hartal on 6th April 1919 & observed this day as “Day of humiliation &
prayer”. This was called Rowlatt Satyagraha.
 Gandhi ji founded Satyagraha Sabha in February, 1919.
Q-INC opposed Rowlatt Act because it aimed? To imprison leaders charging traitors to the nation.
Q-In which year did Mahatma Gandhi give a call for a satyagraha against Rowlatt Act that British had
passed? 6th April 1919.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April, 1919)

o On 13 April 1919, (Baisakhi day) a crowd of villagers come to Amritsar to attend a fair gathered in
enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh to protest arrest of Dr. Satyapal, Saifuddin Kitchlew.
o Punjab was put under martial law (more than 4 people could not assemble at place). Lieutenant-
Governor of Punjab was Michael O’Dwyer & Viceroy of India - Lord Chelmsford.
o General Dyer entered area, blocked exit points & opened fire on crowd, killing hundreds.
o Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in protest.
o Hindus-Muslims were united against fight.
o Government set up Hunter Commission to inquire into massacre. it did not impose any disciplinary
action against him. enraged Indians called commission as ‘Whitewash Commission’.
o Michael O’Dwyer, who approved actions of General Dyer, was assassinated by Udham Singh in
London in 1940 as revenge against massacre.
Q-Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Amritsar, Punjab wrongs took place on Baisakhi? 13th April, 1919.
Q-Which important event immediately proceeded Jallianwala Bagh? Enactment of Rowlatt Act.
Q-Name of famous person of India who returned Knighthood-1915 conferred on him by British govt as a
token of protest atrocities in Punjab in 1919 was? Rabindra Nath Tagore.
Q-Which British officer fired bullets in Jallianwala Bagh massacre? General Dyer.
Q-Name of committee constituted to investigate Jallianwala Bagh was? Hunter Commission-1919.
Khilafat Movement
 Khalifa – in Islamic tradition, he was considered as successor to Prophet Muhammad, religious
leader & custodian, protector of Muslim holy places.
 1920 – British imposed treaty on Turkish Sultan or Khalifa. As Turkey was defeated in World War-I, &
Khalifa was removed from power.
 1919 - Khilafat Committee was formed under leadership of Ali brothers (Shaukat Ali & Muhammad
Ali), Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan & Hasrat Mohani.
 October 17, 1919 was observed as Khilafat Day.
 All India Khilafat Conference was organized at New Delhi and later a Khilafat Manifesto was
published.
 Khilafat Movement was supported by Gandhiji.
 On 1st August 1920 Non-Cooperation movement launched on triple issues- Punjab wrongs
(Jallianwala Bagh Massacre & Resultant Punjab Disturbances), Khilafat issue & Demand for Swaraj.
 Muslim League gave full support to National Congress & its agitation on political issues.

Mahatma Gandhi went to South Africa-1893

 Dada Abdullah asked to come South Africa in 1893.
 Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915) was ‘Political Guru’ of Mahatma Gandhi.
 Gandhiji returns to India from South Africa on January 9, 1915, at the age of 46.
 In 1895, he established Natal Congress to fight racial discrimination in South Africa.
 1st year in India he travelled throughout India to understand needs.
 In 1916 Gandhiji founded Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmadabad (Gujarat) to preach idea of truth & non-
violence.

Champaran Satyagraha 1917

 First civil disobedience movement by Gandhi in freedom struggle.
 Gandhi went to Mothari, district headquarters of Champaran in Bihar to investigate conditions of
farmers there on request of Rajkumar Shukla, indigo cultivator who met him at 31st session of
Congress in Lucknow Dec1916, with team of lawyers - Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah
Narayan Sinha and others including Acharya kripalani.
 Peasants of Champaran & other areas of North Bihar were growing Indigo under tinakathia system
in which peasants were bound to plant 3 out of 20 parts of his land with indigo for his landlord.
 Gandhi began his work from house of Babu Gorakh Prasad in Motihari, Champaran district.
 During this time, Gandhiji was given a court summon while he was making a spot visit to village.
 Gandhiji was charged with violating law & was told to leave Champaran, but he refused to leave &
detained in district jail at Motihari.
 On April 18, 1917, when Gandhi appeared in Motihari Court & was accompanied by nearly 2000
local people.
 Then Lieutenant Governor of Bihar ordered withdrawal of case against Gandhi & Collector wrote to
Gandhi saying he was free to conduct inquiry.
 After these peaceful protests against planters & landlords, government agreed to abolish tinkathia
system & peasants also received a part of money extracted from them as compensation (25%
compensation).
 During this time Rabindranath Tagore gave the title of `Mahatma' to Gandhi.
Q-Who particularly urged Gandhiji to visit Champaran to witness miseries of Ryots? Rajkumar Shukla.

After this Session, Bihar delegates, Raj Kumar Shukla Particular, urged Gandhiji to visit Champaran to
witness miseries of ryots. Gandhiji promised to tour Champaran.
Gandhiji started from Calcutta with Shukla on April 9, 1917, reached Patna next morning. Gandhiji
reached Motihari on April 15, 1917.
Q-Who accompanied Mahatma Gandhi during Champaran Indigo Movement?
Narhari Pari & Mahadev Desai.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using codes given below lists.
 List-I name of movement List-II their related important centers
a. Movement of Indigo planters. Champaran
b. Peasant Satyagrah Khera
c. Cotton Mill Workers Satyagrah Ahmedabad
d. Movement of cut off the non-cooperation movement. Chauri Chaura- Gorakhpur district

Ahmedabad Mill Strike-Feb 1918

 Cotton mill owners in Ahmedabad wanted to withdraw plague bonus to workers whereas workers
were demanding a hike of 35% in their wages.
 Gandhi used Satyagraha & hunger strike for the first time here & strike was successful.

Kheda Satyagrah-March 1918

 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, under Gandhi’s guidance, led farmers in peaceful protest against collection
of taxes in the wake of famine in Kheda, Gujarat.
 Finally, authorities gave in & gave some concessions to farmers.
 It was chiefly directed against Government.
 In 1918, crops failed in Kheda, Gujarat but government refused to remit land revenue & insisted on
its full collection.
 Gandhiji along with Sardar Vallabhai Patel supported peasants & advised them to withhold payment
of revenues till their demand for its remission was met.
 Satyagraha lasted till June 1918. Government conceded demands of peasants.
Q-In which year, did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa? 9th January, 1915.
Q-Who founded INC? Mahatma Gandhi.
Q-In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi organized a satyagraha to support peasants of Kheda district of? Gujarat.
Q- In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went to -Ahmedabad- to organize a satyagraha movement amongst cotton
mill workers? Ahmedabad.

Q-Champaran movement was? Gandhi’s first non-cooperation movement in India.

Q-In which year did Mahatma Gandhi give a call for a satyagraha against Rowlatt Act that British had
passed? 1919.
Q-What is chronological sequence of following events in political life of Mahatma Gandhi?
1- Chmparan Satyagraha-1917.
2- Ahmedabad Mill Strike-Feb,1918.
3- Kheda Satyagraha-March,1918.
4- Non-cooperation Movement-1920. Ans: a, b, c, d.

Non-Cooperation movement-1920
 Gandhiji launched Non-Cooperation Movement.
 Formally launched on 1st August 1920. That day was also marked by death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
 On 4 September 1920, Congress met at Calcutta in a special session presided by Lala Lajpat Rai.
In this session Gandhi projected that if Non-cooperation movement gets successful, Swaraj could be
attained in One year.
 Nagpur session, December 1920, Congress decided to have attainment of Swaraj through peaceful &
legitimate means.
 Thousands of students left government-controlled schools & colleges.
 Many lawyers such as Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari & Aruna Asaf Ali gave up their
practices.
 Gandhiji, who was awarded ‘Kaisar-i-Hind‫ ’قيصِر هند‬in 1915 by Lord Hardinge of Penshurst for his
contribution to ambulance services in South Africa.
 Gandhiji returned his ‘kesar-e-hind‫ ’قيصِر هند‬title, medal in 1920 during Non-cooperation Movement.
 Khadi & Charkha became symbol of national movement.
INC 2 session in 1920
1-Septemebr, Calcutta 2-December, Nagpur
Special session presided by Lala Lajpat Rai. presided by C. Vijayaraghavachariar‫سي وجئے راگھواچاریار‬

 Gandhiji abruptly called off Non-Cooperation Movement in 12th Feb 1922 in Bardoli, Gujarat when
crowd of peasants set fire to police station in Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur on 4th Feburary, 1922 – 22
policemen died.
 Peasants did this due to police firing on their peaceful demonstration.
 Prince of Wales visited India in 17th November 1921 when Non-Cooperation Movement was going
on. He was greeted with empty streets & downed shutters.
Non-cooperation Movement was conducted from 5th September 1920 -12th February 1922.
 Bihar Congress in August 1920, meets presided by Dr. Rajendra Prasad & passed non-cooperation
resolution which was introduced by Dharnidhar Prasad & Shah Mohammad Zubair.
 Dr. Rajendra Prasad constituted committee on movement with Shah Mohammad Zubair & Mazhar-
ul-Haq.
 Gandhiji inaugurated ‘Bihar National College’ & its building ‘Bihar Vidhyapeeth’ in February 1922.
 Maulana Mazhar-ul-Haq started newspaper i.e. Motherland in September 1921 to disseminate
Hindu-Muslim Unity & Gandhian Ideology.
 In 1921, Sadaqat Ashram established by Maulana Mazhar-ul-Haq- ‫موالنا مظہرالحق‬, its campus was
place where Bihar Vidyapith, a national university inaugurated by Gandhiji, was shifted in its nascent
phase. Gandhiji also stayed at Sadaqat Ashram. Spread over 20 acres.
Swaraj party-1922
 After withdrawal of non-cooperation movement, Chittaranjan Das & Motilal Nehru felt that party
should fight elections to enter councils & influence govt. policies Chittaranjan Das announced
formation of Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party better known later as Swaraj Party on January, 1923
with Chittaranjan Das as President & Motilal Nehru as Secretary.
 INC special session in Delhi on 1923 presided by Maulana Abul kalam Azad (age-35), INC permitted
Swaraj Party to contest election.
 Swaraj Party won a large number of seats in central & provincial legislatures.
 Vithalbhai Patel-‫ وٹھل بھائی پٹیل‬was elected Speaker of Central Legislative Assembly in 1925.
 In December 1922, INC Session was held in Gaya Presided by Chittaranjan Das.
 This session resulted in an ideological faction between congress- one who supports entry of
legislative council & others who opposed this & supported Gandhian path.
 Chittaranjan Das, Motilal Nehru, Hakeem Ajmal Khan was supporter of entry of legislative council.
 Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari were non-supporters of entry of
Legislative Assembly.
Bihar Swaraj Party was established by Sri Krishna Singh in 1923.Narayan Prasad was 1st Chairman &
Abdul Bari was 1st Secretary.
 Patna Yuvak Sangh was formed in 1927 by Ramavriksha Benipuri.
 Patliputra Yuvak Sangh was formed in 1929 by Rambriksha Benipuri & Ambika Kant Singh.
 Benipuri was one of closest associates of Jayprakash Narayan & a leader of Congress Socialist Party.
 First writing of Benipuri's were published in Pratapa of Kanpur in 1916.
 A pictorial Hindi monthly magazine Yuvak, was launched in January 1929 by Rambriksh Benipuri.
 He was assisted by Ganga Sharan Singh, Ambika Kant Sinha & Jagdish Narayan in its publication.
 Benipuri started his literacy career in 1921 with a weekly Hindi journal Tarun Bharat.

Q-First mass movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi was? Non-cooperation Movement.

Q- ‘To attain Swaraj in a year’ was aim of? Non-cooperation Movement.
Q-Who among following wrote proposal of Non-cooperation Movement? Mahatma Gandhi.
Q-When was Non-cooperation Movement suspended? 12th Feburary,1922.
Q-In which district is Chauri Chaura situated? Gorakhpur.
Q-Under whose chairmanship was special session of congress held in Calcutta in September 1920 in
which important resolution of non-cooperation was presented? Lal Lajpat Rai.
Q-Who passed Non-cooperation resolution congress in 1920? C.R. Das.
Q-Who established Swaraj Dal in Bihar 26January, 1923? Shri Krishna Singh.

INC on December 1929 held its annual session in Lahore.

 This meeting was significant for two things: 1- election of Jawaharlal Nehru as President, signifying
passing of baton of leadership to younger generation.2- Proclamation of commitment to Purna
Swaraj, or complete independence.
 On 26 January 1930, Independence Day, was observed, with national flag being hoisted in different
venues, & patriotic songs being sung.
Q-Where was first instance of organized non-cooperation Indian peasantry held? Bihar & Bengal.
Q-Who were prominent leaders of Khilafat Movement? Maulana Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali.
Q-Who had denounced participation of Mahatma Gandhi in Khilafat Movement? Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
Q-Who was elected as president of All-India Khilafat Conference in 1919? Mahatma Ghandhi.
Q-First mass movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi was? Non-cooperation Movement.

First mass movement launched-Non-Cooperation Movement started in 1920 & called off in 1922.
Non-cooperation Movement was launched on 5th September 1920 by INC under leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi. In September 1920, in INC session in Calcutta to convince British government of
India to grant self-government, or swaraj, to India. It was called off in February 1922 due to Chauri
Chaura incident which broke non-violent character of movement.
Q-To attain Swaraj in a year was the aim of? Non-cooperation Movement.
Q-When was Non-cooperation Movement suspended? February 1922.
Q-Simon Commission was boycotted in India, because? It was an All-British Commission.

Salt Satyagraha Movement-1930- Dandi March.

In 1922 Gandhiji was arrested he was in jail for 6 yrs. in 1924 he was released because he was ill, in
1924 he becomes member of INC in Belgaum, Karnataka.
Salt law- state had monopoly over manufacture & sale of salt.
On 12 March 1930 – Gandhiji Marched over 240 miles (395km) with 78 members from Sabarmati to
coastal town of Dandi & break salt law on 6th April 1930- 24 days & started Civil Disobedience
movement.
On 4th May,1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Lord Irwin- Viceroy of India. explaining his intention to raid
Dharasana Salt Works. He was immediately arrested.
He reached his destination three weeks later, 6 April 1930 & broke salt law by making a fistful of salt.
Meanwhile, parallel salt marches were being conducted in other parts of country.
In Tamil Nadu, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari led a march-similar to Dandi march-from Trichinopoly to
Vedaranyam (Tiruchirappalli).
in Bihar Salt satyagraha started on April 15th, 1930, in Saran, Champaran.

In Patna, salt satyagraha was inaugurated on April 16th 1930, when volunteers proceeded to Nakhas
Pind, near Mangal Tank in Patna city, which had been selected as spot for violation of salt laws by
manufacturing salt. Atrocities of police on volunteers wounded many of them.
o Abdul Bari was dealt with three blows when he was trying to control crowd in Patna College.
o Kriplani and Rajendra Prasad were also assaulted by police.
o But repression & use of force failed to terrorize patriots.

Q-Who led Salt Satyagraha in Bhagalpur? Mahadev Lal Sarraf.

 Shri Krishna Singh--- in Munger.
 Satyanarayan--------- in Darbhanga.
Bihpur Satyagrah- Bhagalpur was started at same time.
In protest of lathi charge on Dr. Rajendra Prasad & Prof. Abdul Bari, Rai Bahadur Dwarkanath
resigned from Bihar Legislative Council.
Chandarvati Devi & Ramsunder Singh was another leader of movement who took active
participation.
Champaran, Bhojpur, Purnia, Saran, Muzaffarpur was an important district where movement got
flourished.
Gorkha Police were employed for brutal suppression of movement.

Simon Commission-1927
o Simon Commission was established on November, 1927.
o Simon Commission came to India on Feb, 1928.
o British Government announced appointment of 7-member statutory commission on November
1927, under Sir John Simon to report on situation of India under its new Constitution.
o All Indian parties refused commission as all members of commission were British.
o Simon commission gave its report in 1930 & suggested eradication of dyarchy, allowance of
responsible government in provinces, foundation of a federation of British India & princely states,
continuance of communal electorate, etc.
o British Government arranged 3 round table conferences consisting of representatives of British
Government, British India, Indian princely states.
o As a result, White Paper on Constitutional Reforms was made & submitted for consideration of Joint
Select Committee of British Parliament.
o Suggestions of this committee were included in next Government of India Act of 1935 with certain
changes.
Bihar Socialist Party formed in 1931 by Ganga Sharan Sinha, Rambriksh Benipuri, Ramanand Mishra,
Phulan Prasad Verma.
Bihar Congress Socialist Party formed on 17 May 1934 JP Narayan convened meeting at Anjuman Islamia
Hall in Patna.
 Archarya Narendra Dev was 1st president & Jai Prakash Narayan was made General-Secretary.
On October 23, 1934, another conference was held in Bombay where they formed all India level
"Congress Socialist Party" with Narayan as General Secretary and Minoo Masani as Joint Secretory &
Acharya Narendra Deva as President.
Q-On which date Mahatma Gandhi organized historic Dandi march? 12th March 1930.
Q-Which movement was started after Mahatma Gandhi Dandi March? Civil disobedience movement.
Q-In which year did Gandhiji undertake famous Dandi March? 1930.
Q-On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi started his Dandi March from Sabarmati Ashram. In Madras
Presidency, Vedaranyam March from Trichy to Tindivanam was organized by? C. Rajagopalachari.
Q-In Dandi March, who from Bihar accompanied Gandhiji? girivardhari Chaudhary.

Q-On whose suggestion were Indians kept out of the Simon Commission? Lord Irwin.
Q- On which date Mahatma Gandhi organized historic Dandi march? 12th March 1930.

Q-In Dandi March, who from Bihar accompanied Gandhiji? Girivardhari Chaudhary.
Q-Which journalist is biographer of Mahatma Gandhi? Louis Fischer (American journalist).
Q-Who wrote book The life of Mahatma Gandhi? Louis Fischer American journalist.
Q-Louis Fischer came to India in 1942, he met with Mahatma Gandhi? In Quit India movement- 1942.
Webb Miller American journalist met with Gandhi during Salt Satyagraha (Dandi Yatra-1930)
Third round table conference (17th November 1932 in London)
Q-Which Indian leaders participated in all three round table conferences 1930,1931, 1932?
Dr. B. R. Ambedakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru.
o First Conference of Round Table took place in 1930.
o Second Conference of Round Table was in 1931.
o Third Round Table Conference took place between 17 November 1932 & 24 December 1932.
o All three round table conferences were attended by: Dr B. R. Ambedkar, Tej Bahadur Sapru.
o INC wasn’t invited and Labor party of Britain refused to attend it.
o Chaudhary Rahmat Ali proposed name of new land out from India for Muslims – Pakistan.

1st round table conference (12 Nov 1930 to 19 Jan 1931 in London)
 Inaugurated by British King (George V) & was chaired by British PM, Ramsay MacDonald to consider
reforms proposed by Simon commission which congress boycotted before.
 Round Table Conference was organized in London to consider report presented by Simon
Commission in 1930.
 INC didn’t participate. But, participated B. R. Ambedkar (represented Dalits), Sardar Ujjwal Singh
(Sikh representative), Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan (Muslim League).

Gandhi Irwin Pact- 5th March, 1931

Signed by Gandhiji & Lord Irwin Viceroy of India. On behalf of INC, Gandhiji assured that:
INC would suspend civil disobedience movement.
 INC agreed to take part in Round Table Conference. on condition that protection & security will be
provided to interests of Indians on constitutional issues.
Irwin gave some assurances to Gandhiji like- all political prisoners would be released immediately;
confiscated property would be returned to their owners.
INC session in March 1931, Karachi Presided by Vallabhbhai Patel, Gandhiji was chosen to represent
congress at conference which met in September 1931.

2nd round table conference (1931in London)

Headed by British PM Macdonald, with the participation of Gandhiji on behalf of Congress, Dr B R
Ambedkar (represented Dalits), Sarojini Naidu (represented women), Madan Mohan Malaviya, Annie
Besant.
Gandhi & Ambedkar differed on issue of separate electorates for untouchables. This conference was
failure.
Winston Churchill called Gandhi a ‘Naked Seditious Fakir’.
Gandhiji returned to India & Civil Disobedience Movement was revived. Movement was withdrawn
in 1934.
On 16th August, 1932 Communal or Ramsay Macdonald Award was announced. It was proposal on
minority representation through separate electorates for Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian
Christians, Anglo Indians, Depressed Classes & even Marathas.

Q-Poona Pact of 1932 aimed Political representation of depressed class (Scheduled Castes- SC).

Poona Pact 20 September 1932

 On 20 September 1932, Gandhiji sat on Fast unto Death in Yarawada Jail to protest against
Communal award.
 On September 24, 1932, with efforts of Dr. Ambedkar & other Hindu leaders (Madan Mohan
Malaviya, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Purushottam Das & Rajagopalachari), an agreement was made
between Gandhiji & Ambedkar, which is called Poona Pact.
According to this agreement-
 Separate electorate for Dalit class was abolished & seats of untouchables in Legislative Assembly
were reserved under Hindu class only.
 147 seats were allotted to Depressed Class in Provincial Legislatures while 71 seats were provided to
them in Communal Award.
 In Central Legislature, 18 % of seats allotted to general electorate of British India were reserved for
Depressed Classes.
 Agreement held between Babasaheb Ambedkar & Mahatma Gandhi on reservation of electoral seats for
depressed class.
 On 24th September, 1932 Poona pact was signed.
 From jail, Gandhi lunched All India Untouchability League (1932) later renamed to Harijan Sewak Sang
head office in New Delhi.
 Poona Pact of 1932 was a negotiated settlement between Mahatma Gandhi & Dr. B.R. Ambedkar that
significantly shaped political representation of depressed class, now known as Scheduled Castes (SC).
 On 16th August, 1932 Communal or Ramsay Macdonald Award was announced. It was proposal on
minority representation through separate electorates for Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Christians,
Anglo Indians, Depressed Class & even Marathas.
 On 20th September 1932, Gandhi sat on Fast unto Death in Yarawada Jail to protest against Communal
award.
 On September 24, 1932, with efforts of Dr. Ambedkar & other Hindu leaders (Madan Mohan Malaviya,
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Purushottam Das & Rajagopalachari), an agreement was made between Gandhiji &
Ambedkar, which is called Poona Pact.

According to this agreement-

 Separate electorate for Dalit class was abolished & seats of untouchables in Legislative Assembly
were reserved under Hindu class only.
 147 seats were allotted to Depressed Classes in Provincial Legislatures while 71 seats were provided
to them in Communal Award.
 In Central Legislature, 18 percent of seats allotted to general electorate of British India were
reserved for Depressed Class.

Q-Poona Pact between B.R. Ambedkar & Gandhiji aimed at? Political representation of depressed class.
3rd round table conference (17th November 1932 in London)
 INC wasn’t invited & Labor party of Britain refused to attend it.
 “White Paper” was issued by govt, on the basis of this govt of India Act 1935 was to be passed.
 B.R. Ambedkar & Tej Bahadur Sapru attended all 3 round table conferences.
Q-Organized Swadeshi Bandhav Samiti during Indian Freedom Struggle 1905 by? Ashwini kumar Dutta.
Q-Participating in 1937 provincial elections congress clinched complete majority in how many states? 5.
In 1937, INC emerged in 5 provinces, Madras, Central Province-MP, UP, Bihar, Orissa.

Elections Held in India Under Act of 1935

Provincial elections under Government of India Act, 1935 were held in 1936-37.
There were 1,585 seats in legislative assemblies of 11 provinces. Out of 256 million population (1931
Census), only 11.5% of people were eligible to vote.
Congress ministries resigned in November 1939 (After 28 Months), in protest against Viceroy Lord
Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in World War-II without consulting Indian
people.
Elections were held in 11 provinces- Madras, UP, Central Province, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, NWFP,
Bengal, Punjab, Bombay, & Sindh.
It led to formation of Congress ministries in 8 out of 11 provinces.
Congress won 716 out of 1161 seats it contested.
In 2 of provinces, Punjab & Sindh, Congress was in coalition with regional parties.
In Bengal, although Muslim League was the single largest party, but did not have a majority.
In Assam, Congress had won 33 out of 108 seats & though it was single largest party it was not in a
position to form a Ministry.
All India Muslim League won 106 seats (6.7%), 2nd largest party.
Muslim League fared badly even in provinces predominantly inhabited by Muslims.
‫مسلمانوں کی اکثریت والے صوبوں میں بھی مسلم لیگ بری طرح ناکام رہی‬-
After elections, Muhammad Ali Jinnah offered to form coalition with Congress.
Congress would support Muslim League only if Muslim League merged with INC.
Decision alienated Muslim League. ‫فیصلے نے مسلم لیگ کو الگ کر دیا۔‬
only other party to win more than 5% of all assembly seats was Unionist Party (Punjab) with 101
seats.
In Bihar, Congress emerged as largest political party but declined to form government.
Muslim Independent Party headed by Barrister Muhammad Yunus stood second & made minority
provisional government.
Barrister Mohammad Yunus became first Prime Minister (April- July 1937) of Bihar province on 1
April 1937 under Government of India Act, 1935.

His government had

o Abdul Wahab Khan as revenue Minister.
o Kumar Ajit Singh Deo as Local Self Government minister.
o Babu Guru Sahay Lal as River Development Minister.
o He also offered a ministerial position to lure Jagjivan Ram, who declined due to pressure from
congress leadership for not joining the Government.
o Congress reversed its decision and resolved to accept office in July 1937.
o Therefore, Governor invited Shri Krishna Sinha to form government.
Ministe Portfolio
Shri Krishna Sinha Premier
Anugrah Narayan Sinha Deputy Premier, Finance and Local Self Government
Syed Mahmud Education
Jaglal Choudhary Public Health & Excise

In 15th November, 1939 Congress resigned from Ministries

o When World War-II broke out in 1939, Government of India declared India to be at war with
Germany without consulting Congress.
o INC Working Committee had decided not to support War & called upon Congress ministers to resign
from their offices as a protest.
o So, it was only 28 months of Congress rule in provinces.
o Congress remained in office for more than two years.
o Under this tenure, Tenancy acts were passed in UP & Bihar, to protect tenants from moneylenders.

Q-How many months did Congress rule after formation of cabinet inn province in 1937? 28 months.
Q-Province where INC could absolute majority during general election of 1937 was? Bengal.
Krishak Praja Party of Prime Minister A. K. Fazlul Huq, with 36 seats, formed a coalition government with
the support of the Muslim League in Bengal.
Q-In which of the following province INC had not obtained a full majority in provincial legislature
elections held in 1937? Punjab- Unionist Party.
Q- Identify provinces of British India where INC didn’t form a ministry in 1937? Bengal, Punjab.
Q- First Indian Ministry in Bihar in 1937 came into existence under leadership? Mohammad. Yunus.

August Offer-1940
 British government were keen to get Indian support for World War-II.
 In March 1940, in annual convention held at Ramgarh (Bihar), a resolution was passed, INC agreed to
support for war if power was transferred to an interim government in India.
 Viceroy Linlithgow made a set of proposals called ‘August offer’. He issued a statement from Shimla
on 8 August 1940.
 For the first time, right of Indians to frame their own constitution was acknowledged.
Features of August Offer & its Impact
 Dominion status would be conferred to Indians.
 Expansion of Viceroy Executive Council with inclusion of more Indians.
 A representative “Constitution Making Body” shall be appointed immediately after war.
 No future Constitution would be adopted without consent of minorities.
 Winston Churchill was PM of England at the time.
 It was opposed by both Congress & Muslim League.
 Congress rejected this offer by then INC President Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad.
 Nehru said, “Dominion status is dead as doornail”.
 Gandhiji said that declaration had widened gulf between nationalists & British rulers.
 Congress refused to accept offer & demanded immediate self-government.
 Gandhiji launched individual satyagraha due to the dissatisfaction with August offer 1940.

Q-Which among these persons have given August Offer? Lord Linlithgow.

Individual satyagraha-1940-41
 Mahatma Gandhi initiated Individual Satyagraha to affirm right to free speech.
 Started on 17th October 1940 near Wardha, Maharashtra.
 Gandhiji chosen Individual Satyagrahi 1-Acharya Vinoba Bhave. 2-Jawaharlal Nehru. 3- Brahma Datt.

Cripps Mission-1942
o Winston Churchill was British Prime Minister at the time of Cripps Mission in India.
o British PM Winston Churchill announced for sending a mission under chairmanship of Sir Stafford
Cripps to find out solution of constitutional deadlock & problems of Indians.
o They promised of elections & Dominion status after end of World War-II. (But Indian leaders were
demanding full independence not Dominion status.)
o Objective - to secure Indian cooperation & support for their efforts in World War-II Cripps mission
was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by British government.
o Mission was headed by a senior minister Stafford Cripps.
o Lord Linlithgow was Viceroy when Cripps mission came to India.
o Cripps arrived in Delhi on 22 March 1942 where he first met with Viceroy Linlithgow & later
discussed Draft Declaration with a great number of Indian leaders.
o Abul Kalam Azad was Congress president from 1940 to 1946. During this, when Cripps Mission came
to India in 1942 & in 1945, he had talked with Lord Wavell & Cripps Mission.
o Gandhiji called the Cripps' Mission a 'post-dated cheque’.
o Mahatma Gandhi described Cripps' proposals as a "post-dated cheque on a failing bank".

INC 8th August Bombay session 1942, passed Quit India resolution. Government responded by arresting
major leaders & all members of INC Working Committee & thus tried to pre-empt movement from
success.
o Aruna Asaf Ali presided over remainder of session on 9 August & hoisted Congress flag at Gowalia
Tank Maidan. This marked commencement of movement. Police fired upon assembly at session.
o Gandhiji gave call “Do or Die” in his speech delivered at Gowalia Tank Maidan, now popularly known
as August Kranti Maidan in Mumbai.
o Slogan ‘Quit India’ & “Simon Go Back” was coined by Yusuf Meher Ali, a socialist and trade unionist
who also served as Mayor of Mumbai.
Q-Who was British Prime Minister at time of Cripps Mission in India? Winston Churchill.
Q-Who considered proposals of Cripps Mission as a 'post-dated cheque’? Mahatma Gandhi.
Q-Who was not a member of Cabinet Mission? Stafford Cripps.
Q-Which Congress President negotiated with both Cripps Mission & Lord Wavell? Abul Kalam Azad.

Quit India Movement-8th August, 1942

 With failure of cripps Mission, Quit India movement was started on 8th August 1942, in middle of
World War-II, by Indian leaders at Mumbai’s Gowalia Tank Maidan known as August Kranti Maidan.
 Resolution of Quit India was drafted by Gandhiji.
 Quit India Movement is known as 'August Revolution' was launched after failure of Cripps Mission.
 Gandhiji gave a call for Do or Die.
 All major Congress leaders Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, etc. were arrested. Younger Manohar Lohia,
Aruna Asaf Ali led movement.
 Gandhiji was detained at Agha Khan Palace in Pune, rest leaders were jailed in Ahmednagar Fort.
 Subhas Chandra Bose, was organizing the Indian National Army & Azad Hind government from
outside country. On 21th October, 1943- Azad Hind government was set up in Singapore to conduct
a military campaign for the liberation of India. He was assisted by Rash Behari Bose.
Q-Who founded women wing of congress- ‘Mahila Congress’ in 1940? Sucheta Kriplani.
Sucheta Kriplani founded women wing of congress- ‘All India Mahila Congress’ in 1940.

Q-Female freedom fighter popularly known as Grand Old Lady of Independence Movement was?
Aruna Asaf Ali.
Q-Who of the following has been called 'Grand Old Lady of Independence movement’? Aruna Asaf Ali.
Usha Mehta established an underground 'secret radio' in Bombay during Quit India Movement. It was
named 'The Voice of Freedom'.
In several districts, such as Satara in west & Medinipur in east, “independent” governments were
proclaimed.
Q-Where was ‘Prati Sarkar’ or parallel govt set up under Nana Patil during Quit India Movement?
Satara in Maharashtra.

 On the morning of 11th August 1942, a crowd of 6000 students arrived at gates of then Patna
Secretariat, mostly unarmed & with a declared objective to only hoist Congress flag on building
without any damage to life or property.
 Facing them was British Indian Military Police under command of District Magistrate W.G. Archer.
 Archer decided to order fire on students not because they were turning violent but because in
persistence to hoist flag, they were hurting the prestige of British Empire.
 Seven students martyred.

Cabinet Mission Plan-1946

o In March 1946- cabinet mission of 3-members (Pethick Lawrence (head), Stafford Cripps, A.V.
Alexander) sent to Delhi by PM Clement Attlee.
o Suggested- India remain united with autonomy of Muslim majority areas.
o Muslim League & Congress could not agree.
o After failure of Cabinet Mission - Muslim League did mass agitation to win Pakistan demand.
o 16 August 1946 – announced as “Direct Action Day”.
o Riots in Calcutta & by March 1947 to major parts of north India.
o In September 1946, Interim Cabinet, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, was formed by the Congress.
o On recommendation of Cabinet mission, Constituent Assembly of India was formed.

Mountbatten plan- June 1947

 On February 20, 1947, Clement Attlee, British Prime Minister, declared that British would quit India
in June 1948.
 Lord Mountbatten became last Viceroy of India on 22 March 1947 and assigned the task of a speedy
transfer of power.
 Mountbatten Plan became basis for Partition of country.
 This plan was put into action by Indian Independence Act 1947 which was passed in British
Parliament & received royal assent on 18 July 1947.
 On midnight of 14th & 15th August 1947, dominions of Pakistan & India respectively came into
existence.
 Mountbatten became first Governor General of Free India from 15 August 1947 – 21 June 1948 &
Jinnah became Governor-General of Pakistan.
 C. Rajagopalachari was first last Indian Governor General of India after independence.
 National song of India - ‘Vande Mataram’, written by Mr. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay to praise
"Mother India" on 7th November, 1875, and was published in Bengali fiction novel ‘Anandmath’, it
was composed originally in Sanskrit & Bengali.
 It was sung for first time at congress session at Calcutta in 1896.
 In 1905, Abanindranath Tagore painted famous painting "Bharat Mata".
 Design of national flag was adopted by Constituent Assembly of India on 22 July 1947. Flag was
designed by Pingali Venkayya.
 ‘The Story of My Experiments with Truth’ - An Autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi was originally
written in Gujarati.
Q-Who was Prime Minister of Britain at time of Indian Independence? Clement Atlee.
Q-Who represented Indian women in Second Round Table Conference? Sarojini Naidu.
Q-Which British Prime Minister announced communal award in 1932? Ramsay MacDonald.
Q- Poona Pact, 1932, was signed between? Dr. B.R. Ambedkar & Gandhiji.
Q-Which Indian participated in all three Round Table Conferences of London? Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.
Q-Which among these persons have given August Offer? Lord Linlithgow.
Q-Which of the following Prime Ministers sent Cripps Mission to India? Winston Churchill.
Q-Quit India movement began on? 9th August 1942.
Q-Quit India Movement was launched in response to? Cripps Proposals.
Q-Who among the following was NOT a minister of Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946?
a. Sir Pethick Lawrence.
b. Sir Stafford Cripps.
c. Alexander.
d. Lord Wavell.
Q-When Muslim league announced ‘Direct Action Day’? 16th August 1946.
Q-Who was last Governor-General of independent India? C. Rajagopalachari.
Q-Painting of Bharat Mata was originally done by? Abanindranath Tagore-‫ابینیندر ناتھ ٹیگور‬