THE NOTION OF SOCIETY TYPES OF SOCIETY

SOCIETY HUNTING GATHERING (50-150 population size)

 Specific geographical location  Historical dominance 50,00-10,000 BCE

 Interactions with one another  Technology-economy: Stone-wood,
 Sharing of common culture Sustenance several week surplus
 Social Organization: Family or kin bands
SOCIETY IN WIDE SENSE:
 Contemporary examples: Mbuti of
a. NATURAL OR PRIMARY SOCIETY – Central African republic, Ju/hoansi of
members are associated to it without South Africa
choice. One necessarily belongs to a
HUNTING-GATHERING SOCIETY
family, barangay or nation.
b. VOLUNTARY OR SECONDARY – freely  Vocabulary
willed, educational societies, religious  Hunter-gatherer culture is a type of
societies, joint stock companies, sports subsistence lifestyle that relies on
club, FB group, NGO’s, associations. hunting and fishing animals and
foraging for wild vegetation and other
SOCIETY IN RESTRICTED SENSE
nutrients like honey, for food. Until
 Society is association of men and approximately 12,000 years ago, all
women for the attainment of their humans practiced hunting-gathering.
existential ends
Because hunter-gatherers did not rely on
 Society designates association of both
agriculture, they used mobility as a survival
men and women which are
strategy. Indeed, the hunter-gatherer lifestyle
characterized by systematic
required access to large areas of land, between
organization and external institutions
seven and 500 square miles, to find the food
a. Laws
they needed to survive. This made establishing
b. Administrative bodies
long-term settlements impractical, and most
c. Governing officials
hunter-gatherers were nomadic. Hunter-
 The main cohesive force of society is
gatherer groups tended to range in size from an
the shared values, ideals and
extended family to a larger band of no more
commitments of its members
than about 100 people.
The sociologist Gerhard Lenski on society
HORICULTURAL (50-3000 population size)
GERHARD LENSKI IN POWER AND PRIVILEGE
 Historical dominance 7,000-5,000 years
(1966) classified societies on the basis of their
ago
main tools of subsistence and, unlike Marx,
 Technology-economy Sickle, hoe
demonstrated statistically that variations in the
Horticulture several month surplus
primary tools used in a given society
 Social organization - Chiefdoms,
systematically accounted for different types of
specialized religious military roles
social stratification systems.
  Contemporary examples Yanomamo of
Brazil, Dani of New Guinea
HORICULTURE SOCIETY
 Horticultural societies developed
around 7000 BCE in the Middle East and
gradually spread west through Europe
and Africa and east through Asia. They
were the first type of society in which
people grew their own food, rather
than relying strictly on the hunter-
gather technique. This means that they
AGRARIAN SOCIETY
were also the first type of society in
which settlements were permanent or
at least semi-permanent.
 There are both simple and more
advanced forms of cultivation used in
horticultural societies. The simplest use
tools such as axes (to clear forest) and
wooden sticks and metal spades for
digging. More advanced forms may use
foot-plows and manure, terracing and
irrigation, and rest plots of land in
fallow periods. In some cases, people
combine horticulture with hunting or
fishing, or with the keeping of a few
domesticated farm animals.
PASTORAL (150-10,000 population size)
 Historical dominance - 5,000-10,000
yrs. Ago
 Technology-economy - Domesticated
INDUSTRIAL (millions to over billions)
animals Surplus on the hoof
 Social organization - 
Chiefdoms/marked inequality
 Contemporary examples Masai of
Kenya/Fulani of Nigeria/Navajo of
American West
 Historical dominance - 5,000 to 1750
ACE
 Technology-economy - Animal drawn
plow, irrigation, agriculture, animals
 Social organization - Complex division of
lat religious institutions, masocial
inequality
 Contemporary examples - Ancient
Egypt, Feudal europel Third world
countries, rural Philippines, Thailand,
Mexico
 Human society earlier constituted of
hunter-gatherers. While the reasons are
unknown, humans started shifting from
hunting-gathering to agriculture around
12000 years ago which also marked the
end of the last ice age and the start of
the Holocene epoch. This is known as
the Neolithic Revolution
 Agriculture is believed to have first
begun in the Fertile Crescent which
extends from Iraq to Egypt. Agriculture
allowed people to settle down and form
communities which gave rise to new
social structures and forms of human
societal organization The ancient
Egyptian civilization, Indian civilization,
Chinese civilization, and Mayan
civilization were all agrarian
Historical dominance - 18th-20th century
 Technology-economy - Machine power,
electric, petroleum, nuclear power
 Social organization Growth of state
power
 Contemporary examples - Brazil,
Eastern Europe
 POST INDUSTRIAL
 Historical dominance - Late 20th
century and early 21st centuries
 Technology-economy - Computer
information technologies,
photonics, robotics, biogenetics
 Social organization - Scientific and
technical institutions, emerging
global classes, social networks and
power Structures
 Contemporary examples - US, Japan
and much Western Europe
THE COMMON GOOD
Definition
The Catechism, following Pope John XXIII in
Mater et Magisita and Vatican II, defines the
SHORT HISTORY – ROUSSEAU
common good as:
 the sum total of social conditions which
allow people, either as groups or as
individuals, to reach their fulfillment
more fully and more easily. Mater et
Magistra - "Mother and Teacher"
(1961), paragraph 65
MATER ET MAGISTRA
 An encyclical letter written by the Pope
to all Catholics, Vatican II was an
ecumenical council that took place in
Vatican City from October 11, 1962,
until December 8, 1965. This council
represents a major event in the life of
the Church of the 20th century, and for
this reason it constitutes a fundamental
era in universal history.
COMMON GOOD SHORT HISTORY – ARISTOTLE
 In Book I of the Politics, Aristotle
asserted that man is political by nature.
It is only through participation as
citizens in the political community, or
polis, provided by the state that men
may achieve the common good of
community safety-only as citizens and
through active engagement with
politics, whether as a public servant, a
participant in the deliberation of laws
and justice, or as a soldier defending
the polis, that the common good can be
achieved. Indeed, Aristotle argued that
only matters of the common good are
right; matters for the rulers' good are
wrong.
 For Rousseau, writing in the mid-18th
century, the notion of the common
good, achieved through the active and
voluntary commitment of citizens, was
to be distinguished from the pursuit of
an individual's private will. Thus, the
"general will" of the citizens of a
republic, acting as a corporate body,
should be distinguished from the
particular will of the individual. Political
authority would only be regarded as
legitimate if it was according to the
general will and toward the common
good. The pursuit of the common good
would enable the state to act as a moral
community.
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMON GOOD
 The common good includes all social
conditions that help people reach their
full human potential. The common good
is determined by respect for the person,
social well-being and peace. The
universal common good, focuses on our
world as a global village that makes us
see beyond our immediate
environment.
THREE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE COMMON
GOOD
1. RESPECT FOR THE HUMAN PERSON
 All human beings have dignity because
they are made in the image of God and
are loved by God.
 Nothing can take away this
fundamental dignity, not even his/her
worst actions.
 This belief is the foundation of all the
principles of our social teachings
 People motivate by selfishness, fear or
hate, have always found reasons not to
respect the dignity of others: race,
gender, nationality, disability, age,
history.
How could respect for the sacredness of life is
manifested in our actions?
A. Respect for human life
A.1. Respect for the Unborn Life
 The catechism of the Catholic
Church states: "since the first
century the church has affirmed the
moral evil of every procured
abortion. This teaching has not
changed and remains
unchangeable. Direct abortion, that
is to say, abortion willed either as
an end or a means, is gravely
contrary to the moral law" (no.
2271).
Life is sacred.
A.2 The Death Penalty
 penalty on the part of legitimate
authority, Recourse to the death
penalty on following a fair trial, was
long considered an appropriate
response to the gravity of certain
crimes and an acceptable, albeit
extreme, means of Safeguarding
the common good.
A.3 The PWD (Person with disability)
 More than a billion people, about
15% of the world's population, are
estimated to live with some form of
disability worldwide. (World Health
Organization's World Report, 2011).
According to a 2010 government
census, there are at least 1.4 million
Filipinos with disabilities.
REPUBLIC ACT 7277
 "An Act to Enhance the Mobility of
Disabled Persons by Requiring
Certain Building, Institution,
Establishments, and Other Public
Utilities to Install Facilities and
Other Devices."
 Public and private buildings and
related structures for public use
and which shall be constructed,
repaired or renovated.
o Streets and highways and
public utilities
 o Streets and highways CONSTANCY AND RESILIENCE IN SOCIAL
o Public transport vehicles STABILITY
o Public telephones
 Cyclical and exacerbating associations
A.4 Gender Equality among stability domains and associated
feelings of constant change and
A.4.1 Gender Equality in workplace uncertainty that challenge attempts to
improve one's social situation.
A.4.2 All gender- restroom
■ homelessness,

■ lack of regular employment,

2. SOCIAL WELL BEING AND
DEVELOPMENT OF THE GROUP - Social ■ poverty, and
policy promotes well -being in providing
quality education and universal literacy. ■ fragile relationships that contribute to
3. PEACE AND STABILITY FOR A JUST a "chronic sense of uncertainty" and
SOCIETY feeling "out of control" that contrasts
stability.
SOCIALITY AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
 Similarly, among urban welfare
 The social role premise of social stability recipients, a litany of daily struggles
is reflected in the most frequently made it nearly impossible to maintain
referenced measures of social stability, long-term daily routines given
which calculate one's cumulative social o varying income,
stability score based on a predefined o housing difficulties,
set of criteria. These most commonly o employment wait lists, and
include assessment of one's
o health care issues
employment, marital, and housing
 Respondents lived in circumstances of
status, but also include criminal justice
"constant uncertainty and instability
and mobility indicators.
and could take little for granted on any
o For example, Straus and Bacon
regular basis.
measured social stability using
a cumulative index of
 living in one's own
home,
 residential immobility
for at least 2 years,
 Living with wife, and
having a steady job for
at least 3 years.
NOTION AND ORIGIN OF CATHOLIC SOCIAL
TEACHINGS
Catechetical Foundation
 "The Church, mother of mankind, above
all, sees with profound sorrow' an
innumerable multitude of men and
women, children and adults and old
people and unique human beings who
suffer in misery.
 "By means of catechesis, in which due
emphasis is given to her social teaching,
the Church desires to stir Christian
hearts to the cause of justice and to a
preferential option or love for the poor;
so that her presence may really be light
that shines and salt that cures.”
CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING THE EARLY
CHURCH
The scriptures: Early church took seriously
Jesus' mandate to his followers to relate to
others as brothers and sisters
➤ The first Christians shared their property and
goods (Acts 2:44-47)
➤ Condemned selfishness (1 Cor. 11:18-34)
➤ And encouraged generous haring, especially
when others are in need. Because of Church's
compassion, many were attracted to Christ and
converted
ST. AMBROSE (340-397 ACE)
You are not making a gift to the poor man from
your possessions, but you are returning what is
his. For what is common has been given for the
use of all, you make exclusive use of it. The
earth belongs to all, not to the rich.
As the church became more organized, the
church established hospitals, homes for
battered women, orphanages, school system,
homes for the aged and dying.
This Religious Congregation, founded in 1864 by
José Maria Benito Serra and Antonia de Oviedo
and Schönthal, lives out its charism by
comprehensive care to women in prostitution
or victims of trafficking for the purpose of
sexual exploitation.
MODERN TEACHING
POPE LEO XIII (pope from 1878-1903)
Pope Leo lived at the time when Marxism was
greatly followed by worker of the world.
Marxism made a critique of capitalism.
■ which often exploited worker's for profits,
and
■ industrial barons trampled workers' rights
■ Lack decent wages
■ No pensions, health insurance
 Marxism claimed workers' paradise, a
utopia which would result from his
ideas
 Marx believes the state would treat all
men equally.
Pope Leo XIII wrote the encyclical Rerum
Novarum in 1891 "On the Condition of Labor”
RERUM NOVARUM
Common Good
* The purpose of the State is to provide
common good
* Everyone has equal dignity and the
government protects those rights
* Pope Leo wanted everyone to be a
contributor of common good
* Rights and duties of property ownership
* Right to own private property

* Pope Leo wanted the wealthy to meet their
own needs
* The wealthy were responsible to give alms
JUSTICE AS VIRTUE
• Justice the moral and cardinal virtue by which
we give God and our neighbor, what is their due
by right.
• Justice disposes one to respect the rights of
each and to establish in human relationships
the harmony that promotes equity with regard
to persons and the common good.
FOUR TYPES OF JUSTICE
COMMULATIVE JUSTICE – is the justice of
exchange
 It requires fairness of agreements and
exchanges between individuals or
private social groups.
 It requires that we respect the equal
human dignity of everyone in our
economic transactions, contracts or
promises.
If a mother hires a baby sitter to watch her
toddler, then in justice the babysitter should do
a good job of caring for the child and not spend
the whole time on her cellphone or watching tv.
Similarly the mother should pay the baby sitter
the agreed upon wage and not renege on her
part of the agreement
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
 Is justice that guarantees the common
welfare. It involves sharing.
 Distributive justice sees to the just
distribution of the goods of creation
that God intends for us all to use and
share.
 Basic human dignity requires that each
person has a right to the world's good
to live a truly human life.
We pay our taxes so that government can
guarantee that all citizens
 Education
 Police and fire protection
 Healthcare
 Disability compensation in times of
forced unemployment
LEGAL JUSTICE
 Legal justice relates to citizens'
obligations toward the larger society
and government. Legal justice requires
that citizens obey the laws of society.
Are some laws unjust?
 Yes according to the Philippine
Commission on Women. (PCW) points
out some articles in the Revised Penal
Code of the Philippines which are unfair
to women.
REVISED PENAL CODE ARTICLE 202
 Article 202 defines prostitution as the
act of women who engage in sexual
relations and lascivious acts for profit,
and outlines the appropriate
punishment for such acts.
  According to PCW, the law is unfair
since it implies that prostitutes are
"criminals who engage in the sex
industry for monetary gain."
 It doesn't take into account that most
prostitutes are forced into the sex trade
by socio-economic factors such as
poverty, making them victims rather
than perpetrators.
 The group adds that the law only
penalizes prostitutes - not the
customers or pimps.
DIFFERENT PRINCIPLES OF CATHOLIC SOCIAL
TEACHINGS
7 MAJOR THEMES FROM CATHOLIC SOCIAL
TEACHINGS
1. DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON
 The Catholic Church proclaims that
human life is sacred and that the
dignity of the human person is the
foundation of a moral vision for
society. This belief is the foundation
of all the principles of our social
teaching.
1. Dignity of the Human Person- Foundational
principle
Every person regardless of age, gender, race,
nationality and religion or economic status-
deserves respect
 This principle is grounded in the idea
that the person is made in the image of
God.
 And redeemed by Christ, and therefore
is invaluable and worthy of respect as a
member of the human family.
2. PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMON GOOD
"We need to participate for the common good.
Sometimes we hear: a good Catholic is not
interested in politics. This is not true: good
Catholics immerse themselves in politics by
offering the best of themselves so that the
leader can govern." - Pope Francis, 9/16/13
 Includes those conditions that permit
people to reach their full human
potential and to realize their human
dignity.
 Human beings grow and achieve
fulfillment in community.
 Human dignity can only be realized and
protected in the context of
relationships with the wider society.
 How we organize our society -- in
economics and politics, in law and
policy -- directly affects human dignity
and the capacity of individuals to grow
in community.
3. OPTION OF THE POOR
 The moral test of a society is how it
treats its most vulnerable members.
 The poor have the most urgent moral
claim on the conscience of the nation.
We are called to look at public policy
decisions in terms of how they affect
the poor.
 The option for the poor is an essential
part of society's effort to achieve the
common good.
 A healthy community can be achieved
only if its members give special
attention to those with special needs,
to those who are poor and on the
margins of society.
PEACE AND SECURITY
 For decades, Rohingya, an ethnic
Muslim minority group, in Myanmar, a
predominantly Buddhist country, have
faced institutionalized discrimination,
such as exclusionary citizenship laws.
 Common good seeks peace and security
of minority group like the Rohingya
Muslims.
4. RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
 "The Catholic tradition teaches that
human dignity can be protected and a
healthy community can be achieved
only if human rights are protected and
responsibilities are met.
 Every person has a fundamental right to
life and a right to those things required
for human decency - starting with food,
shelter and clothing, employment,
health care, and education.
 Corresponding to these rights are duties
and responsibilities - to one another, to
our families, and to the larger society.
The killing of a government doctor-tagged by
anti- communist groups as a part of the
communist armed movement should be enough
to prove that red- tagging puts people's lives in
danger, according to activist groups.
Why is "red-tagging" against the principle of the
human dignity?
What is the responsibility of the state when
some state forces are killing human rights
defenders with impunity?
The state/government has the right to execute
a criminal? Agree or disagree
 Martin Luther King said "violence
begets violence" and that holds
true when the violence is
committed by the government.
Brandon became a beautiful
person. When we killed Brandon,
we killed the belief that one can
change.
 Brandon Bernard a prisoner was
executed in the US last December
11, 2020 Bernard, 40, was one of
five gang members convicted in
Texas of killing Stacie and Todd
Bagley -- who were youth ministers
-- in 1999.
5. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AND SUBSIDIARITY
 The state has a positive moral function.
It is an instrument to promote human
dignity, protect human rights, and build
the common good.
PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY
 The church is wise in encouraging us to
join a variety of associations so that
everyone has the " ability to participate
actively in the economic, political, and
cultural life of society.”
• The principle of subsidiarity affirms that the
tasks of governance should be carried out at the
lowest (most local) level possible, so long as it
can be carried out properly.
• Just as it is gravely wrong to take from
individuals what they can accomplish by their
own initiative and industry and give it to the
community, so also it is an injustice and at the
same time a grave evil and disturbance of right
order to assign to a greater and higher
association what lesser and subordinate
organizations can do.
• For every social activity ought of its very
nature to furnish help to the members of the
body social, and never destroy and absorb them
Principle of subsidiarity implies the existence
of
PTA association-homeowners association-
tricycle owners drivers association (TODA),
labor unions association
• Some of these associations or institutions are
responsible for making decisions that affect the
community or individual citizens. For example a
city council may affect a curfew law for minors
after consulting citizens groups.
 Manila Mayor Isko Moreno Domagoso
signed the memorandum implementing
City Ordinance No. 8547 or the
ordinance establishing protection and
discipline hours for children and wards
in the Philippine capital on Monday.
 This was a day after the mayor himself
caught around 22 "batang hamog" or
street children getting drunk and
loitering during the wee hours of the
night.
5. PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY
 When the needs in question cannot
adequately be met at the lower level,
then it is not only necessary, but
imperative that higher levels of
government intervene.
6. PRINCIPLE OF THE DISNITY OF WORK AND
THE RIGHTS OF WORKERS Economic Justice
 The economy must serve people, not
the other way around.
 All workers have a right to productive
work, to decent and fair wages, and to
safe working conditions.
 They also have a fundamental right to
organize and join unions.
 People have a right to economic
initiative and private property, but
these rights have limits. No one is
allowed to amass excessive wealth
when others lack the basic necessities
of life.
 Catholic teaching opposes collectivist
and statist economic approaches. But it
also rejects the notion that a free
market automatically produces justice.
 Distributive justice, for example, cannot
be achieved by relying entirely on free
market forces. Competition and free
markets are useful elements of
economic systems.
 However, markets must be kept within
limits, because there are many needs
and goods that cannot be satisfied by
the market system. It is the task of the
state and of all soc society to intervene
and ensure that these needs are met.
7. STEWARDSHIP OF GOD’S CREATION
 The goods of the earth are gifts from
God, and they are intended by God for
the benefit of everyone.
 There is a "social mortgage" that guides
our use of the world's goods, and we
have a responsibility to care for these
goods as stewards and trustees, not as
mere consumers and users.
 How we treat the environment is a
measure of our stewardship, a sign of
our respect for the Creator.