ME 215 Notes Package - 2023

ME 215.
3
Fluid Mechanics I
Lecture Notes
© James D. Bugg
January 2023
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Introduction
This booklet contains a handout version of the notes that will be presented
during the lectures in ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I. Students should be aware of
the following points:
1. These notes are not “stand-alone”. Students must attend lectures and pay
close attention to the material presented.
2. Not all information that will be presented in the lectures is contained in
these handouts. Some slides have missing information that will have to be
noted by the students during the lectures.
3. Some additional slides may be added to the lecture notes after this booklet
was produced.
The aim in providing these notes is for the student to spend less time copying
down information and more time thinking about the material being presented
and listening to the instructor. Please feel free to provide the instructor with
feedback at any time.
ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 2023
ME 215.3 Fluid Mechanics I
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Winter 2023
What is a FLUID?
F F
Solid Fluid
JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 2
1
• A solid can resist a shear stress by a static deformation while a

fluid cannot.
• A fluid will continuously deform under shear.
Solid:
Fluid:
• Liquids The distinction is of minor

• Gases importance in this class
3
Shear stress
Shear strain rate

2
Newtonian
• Water, air, oil
Shear thickening
• High concentration powder slurries
Shear thinning
• Grease, paint, mayonnaise
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics
Inviscid Viscous
Non-Newtonian Newtonian
Laminar Turbulent
Compressible Incompressible
Internal External
3
Units
• many systems of units exist
• S.I. slowly taking over
• British Gravitational also important
S.I. B.G.
• Mass kg slug
• Length m foot
• Time s s
• Temperature K oR
• Force N lb
Field Variables
• variables that are a function of space and time
x
z
4
Fluid Properties
• Thermodynamic properties
– pressure
– temperature
– vapour pressure
– density, specific weight, specific gravity
• Pressure
10
5
• Temperature
– Minor importance in this class
– usually constant
• Density
– mass per unit volume
– inverse of specific volume
11
• Specific Weight
– weight per unit volume
• Specific Gravity
– ratio of density to the density of a reference substance
– dimensionless
– for liquids, use water at 20oC which is 998 kg/m3
12
6
• Viscosity
– most important transport property in fluid mechanics
– recall a fluid in shear
y
h
13
– Consider a layer of fluid parallel to the plates
y
h
14
7
– viscosity () is the constant of proportionality between

shear rate and shear stress for a Newtonian fluid
15
– Newtonian means that  is not a function of du/dy

– it is still a function of pressure and temperature
dynamic viscosity:
16
8
Fluid Statics
• No relative motion between any two fluid particles (rigid
body motion)
• Fluid at rest with respect to its containing vessel
• Fluid as a whole may be moving or even accelerating
Topics
• Pressure measurement (manometers)
• Forces on submerged surfaces
• Moments on submerged surfaces
• Buoyancy
• Statics with linear acceleration
• Statics with rotation
9
Basic Hydrostatic Equation

• Used to calculate the pressure field in fluid statics
y
x
• Study a small cube, or differential volume
y
x
10
Newton’s second law:
Body forces
• a force which acts on the fluid within
• gravity
• magnetic field
11
Surface forces
• a force exerted on the surface of
y
x
• For a static fluid or a fluid in rigid body motion

– shear forces are zero
– normal forces are due to pressure only
• Consider the y direction z
12
Similarly in the x and z directions:
Back to Newton’s 2nd law:
10
13
Divide by
11
Pressure difference between two points in a fluid
Pressure field:
12
14
Pressure Distribution in a Static Fluid
13
14
15
Manometers
Advantages Disadvantages
– simple – dynamic response
– low cost poor
– bulky
– limited range
15
Air
1
B
h
A
16
16
Forces on Submerged Surfaces
Describes the pressure distribution
y
x
18
y
x
19
17
Things to Consider:
• Pressure
• Direction
20
• Area
21
18
Moments on Submerged Surfaces
z
Surface, S
y
x
22
y
x
Note: Place origin of coordinate system at
point where you wish to take moments
23
19
Centre of Pressure
Consider three equivalent ways of representing the force which
the fluid exerts on a surface.
1. Actual Distributed force

x
24
2. Force & Moment
25
20
3. Force & Centre of Pressure
z is the point where the force would

have to act to produce the same
effect as the actual distributed
pressure.
26
• Given any two of these quantities, the

third can be calculated.
• Therefore, use the equations developed
to get the force and moment, and use
these to calculate the centre of
pressure.
27
21
Buoyancy
• Net force due to hydrostatic fluid pressure acting on an object
• Consider any submerged object:
30
Buoyancy force is the weight of the

water displaced (Archimedes Principle).
31
22
Stability
disturbance
32
disturbance
33
23
Linear Acceleration
34
Rigid Body Rotation

36
24
37
r
38
25
39
26
Control Volume Analysis
Many fluid mechanics problems can be more convenient to

analyse using a control volume approach.
Problem: The laws of mechanics are expressed for a control

mass.
– Conservation of mass
– Conservation of linear momentum
– Conservation of angular momentum
– Conservation of energy
27
Solution: Reynolds Transport Theorem

– allows us to express conservation laws in a control volume
form.
Reynolds Transport Theorem

• Consider a general fluid property, B
• Consider a control volume which could be

– moving
– deforming
28
Reynolds Transport Theorem
•Control mass boundary at time t

•Control surface, S, at time t.
At time t:
29
At time
III
II
I
Control mass = regions II and III

Control volume = regions I and II
• rate of change of Bcm

• from conservation laws
30
Focus on this term
10
31
III
area
11
12
32
I II
III
13
Same procedure for SI:
Note:
So:
14
33
This is the general form of Reynolds Transport Theorem

15
Uniform R.T.T.
• If fluid properties and velocity are uniform over portions
of the control surface, the surface integral can be
simplified by considering inlet (i) and discharge (d)
regions of the control surface separately.
16
34
Uniform velocity
17
Uniform R.T.T.
18
35
Conservation of Mass
19
Conservation of Mass
20
36
Conservation of Linear Momentum
Newton’s Second Law
21
Conservation of Linear Momentum
22
37
Conservation of Linear Momentum (Uniform)
23
Steady State:
24
38
Forces on the Control Volume:
25
Forces on the Control Volume:
26
39
Due to gravity or magnetic fields
Force on surface of control volume
27
Reaction force
Often the control surface “cuts” a solid object
This is the force that the object exerts ON the

control volume
28
40
General R.T.T. for Linear Momentum
29
Conservation of Angular Momentum
33
41
Uniform inlets and outlets
34
42
Conservation of Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
General R.T.T. becomes
43
44
(uniform flow)
45
Bernoulli’s Equation
• No heat transfer
• No shaft work
• No shear work (frictionless)
• Steady state
• A single uniform inlet and a single uniform outlet
• Incompressible
• Constant temperature
46
Streamlines
Streamtubes
10
47
11
12
48
13
14
49
head
JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I

position 15
15
head
position
16
50
Frictional Effects
Add a head loss term to Bernoulli’s equation to account

for friction effects
17
head
position
18
51
Pipe Flow
Bernoulli’s equation with losses
where
19
Minor Losses:
20
52
Minor Loss Coefficients:
21
Pipe Friction
(Darcy-Weisbach Eqn.)
kinetic pressure
length/diameter ratio
22
53
Osborne Reynolds Experiment
u v
u
JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I t 23
23
Reynolds Number
Turbulence could be achieved by…
24
54
laminar flow:
turbulent flow:
(Colebrook eqn.)
25
Moody Diagram
log ( f )
26
55
27
Non-circular Ducts
Calculate the Reynolds number using the hydraulic diameter
28
56
Centrifugal Pumps & Piping Systems
34
Centrifugal Pumps & Piping Systems
35
57
36
37
58
38
39
59
40
changing
41
60
changing
42
Pump Power
Recall that
43
61
Gravity-driven Flow
44
45
62
2b 2a
46
(a)
(b)
1
Since
Sharp-edged exit loss 2b 2a
47
63
Dimensional Analysis
A method for representing phenomena that depend upon
many variables in a much more compact form
Dimensional Analysis
For experimental studies, dimensional analysis provides a
way to decide on “dimensionless groups” that may be
important.
This allows us to…
64
Example: Minor Loss Coefficients

Recall the minor pressure loss equation
e.g. Table 6.5 gives Km = 0.39 for a 2”, 90o, regular

flanged elbow
• The same Km applies for a wide range of density and

velocity.
• Much more compact way to present experimental
results
• A single Km replaces a table or graph of
65
Example: Pelton Wheel
66
Experimental Design
Recall the Darcy-Weisbach equation
67
Scale Modelling
ALL physical dimensions have the same ratio
10
68
Kinematic Similarity
11
Dynamic Similarity
12
69
Example: Drag Force
Model Prototype
13
Similarity says that if
then
14
70
Principle of Dimensional Homogeneity
Equations that describe physical processes must have the same

dimensions for each additive term.
15
Fundamental Dimensions
There are four fundamental dimensions involved in fluid
mechanics
16
71
Buckingham PI Theorem
Purpose
Procedure
1. Identify the dependent variable
2. List the independent variables
3. Count total number of variables (n)
4. List dimensions of each variable (M, L, T, )
17
5. Count number of dimensions involved (j )

6. Select j variables that do not form a  group.
• These are called repeating variables because they
could appear in every  group.
• Do not choose the dependent variable.
• If you cannot select j variables that do not form a 
group, reduce j by one and repeat 6. If you can,
proceed to next step.
7. Form (n-j )  products
8. Write dimensionless form of function
18
72
Buckingham PI Example
Drag Force on an Object
Consider the drag force on an aerofoil (per unit length)
19
1. Identify dependent variable
2. Identify independent variables
3. Count variables
20
73
4. List dimensions of each variable (M, L, T, Θ)
5. Count number of dimensions involved (j )
21
6. Select j variables that do not form a  group.
Note: These cannot be formed into a

dimensionless group because only one contains
the dimension M.
7. Form (n-j )  products
22
74
23
Therefore
24
75
25
Therefore
8. Now
can be written as
26
76
Group Manipulations
• Can replace any group by itself raised to a power
• Can multiply two groups together and replace one with the
result
• Can multiply any group by a constant
27
6. Alternate Step 6.
Select as repeating variables
28
77
29
30
78
31
“Dimensional” Presentation of Experimental Results
32
79
“Dimensionless” Presentation of Experimental Results
33
Forces on a Finite Wing at an Angle of Attack
34
80
Still select as repeating variables
35
Therefore
36
81
37
82
Turbomachinery
Most are connected to a rotating shaft. Therefore,

called turbomachinery.
Pump Classification
• Positive Displacement Pumps
–
–
• Dynamic Pumps
–
–
83
Pump Classification
• Positive Displacement Pumps
– Fluid forced to higher pressure by direct mechanical
displacement
– Fluid is in a trapped volume
– Very high pressures possible
– Generally lower flow rates
– Pressure relief required at the exit
Pump Classification
1. Positive Displacement Pumps
2. Dynamic Pumps
• Moderate flow rates
• Moderate pressure increases
• Need priming
• Closed exit is possible
• Most common type
11
84
Centrifugal Pump
12
Pump Classification
13
85
Pump Classification
14
Pump Efficiency
Motor
Pump
15
86
Pump Efficiency
This efficiency is the combined effect of three things
– Hydraulic efficiency
– Mechanical efficiency
– Volumetric efficiency
16
Angular Momentum Theory and

Centrifugal Pumps
17
87
Control Volume
18
19
88
20
21
89
22
23
90
Design Point Calculation

Goal: Estimate performance from the
physical & operating characteristics.
Physical Characteristics
Operating Characteristic
Performance Characteristics
24
25
91
26
27
92
28
29
93
Blade Angle Effect
30
Blade Angle Effect
31
94
Blade Angle Effect
32
Blade Angle Effect
33
95
Blade Angle Effect
34
Cavitation
• If P falls below the vapour pressure, the liquid will

boil.
• Potentially causes severe problems in a pump
35
96
Pump Cavitation
• Liquid accelerates at pump entrance.
• Vapour bubbles form as pressure drops
• Vapour bubbles collapse as pressure increases – this
causes damage on impeller
• Pressure at pump inlet must be kept high enough that
cavitation will not happen within the pump.
36
Net Positive Suction Head

Definition: Difference between the absolute stagnation
pressure and vapour pressure at the pump inlet (expressed as
a head).
37
97

Required: Characteristic of the pump
Available: Characteristic of the piping system
38
Available Net Positive Suction Head
Pump
39
98
40
41
99
42
43
100
Pump Performance Curves

• Head
• Power
• Efficiency
• Best efficiency point (BEP)
44
45
101
46
47
102
Best Efficiency Point (BEP)
48

• Head
• Power
• Efficiency
49
103
Dimensionless Pump Performance
51
52
104
Efficiency
53
Pump Similarity
54
105
Pump Similarity
55
Pump Similarity
56
106
Specific Speed
Positive Displacement
Centrifugal
Axial Flow
57
Specific Speed
A key parameter for pump selection
• Known:
• Select:
58
107
Specific Speed
59
Specific Speed
60
108
• Low specific speed

– High head, low flow
• High specific speed
– Low head, high flow
61
One-dimensional Analysis of Wind Turbines

Assumptions
69
109
70
Conservation of Energy:
71
110
Define: Axial induction factor, a
72
Note:
73
111
74
75
112
76
Recall
77
113
78
Return to Conservation of Energy:
79
114
Power Coefficient
80
81
115
82
116

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ME 215.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 215.3 Fluid Mechanics I

Department of Mechanical Engineering

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 2

• A solid can resist a shear stress by a static deformation while a

• Liquids The distinction is of minor

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 3

Shear strain rate

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 5

Fluid Statics Fluid Dynamics

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 8

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 9

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 10

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 11

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 12

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 13

– Consider a layer of fluid parallel to the plates

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 14

– viscosity () is the constant of proportionality between

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 15

– Newtonian means that  is not a function of du/dy

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 16

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 1

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 2

Basic Hydrostatic Equation

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 3

• Study a small cube, or differential volume

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 4

Newton’s second law:

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 5

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 6

• For a static fluid or a fluid in rigid body motion

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 8

Similarly in the x and z directions:

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 9

Back to Newton’s 2nd law:

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 10

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 11

Pressure difference between two points in a fluid

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 12

Pressure Distribution in a Static Fluid

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 13

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 14

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 15

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 16

Forces on Submerged Surfaces

Describes the pressure distribution

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 18

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 19

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 20

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 21

Moments on Submerged Surfaces

1. Actual Distributed force

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 24

2. Force & Moment

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 25

3. Force & Centre of Pressure

z is the point where the force would

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 26

• Given any two of these quantities, the

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 27

JD Bugg ME 215 Fluid Mechanics I 30