CHAPTER FOUR

SEWERAGE SYSTEM
DESIGN
 Introduction
Sewage: It is a liquid waste or foul water of
the community conveyed by sewer
Sewer: is a pipe or conduit carrying sewage.
Sewerage: is the science and art of collecting,
treating and disposal of sewage.
 Municipalities should be provided with
adequate and effective sewerage systems to
protect the safety and health of the people and
the environment.
 Lack of access to sanitation facilities is one
of leading problems in many developing
countries.
 Sources and quantities of sewage
Sewage consists of liquid wastes produced in:
Residences
Commercial establishments
Institutions
Industries, and
Any subsurface, surface, or storm water
Domestic Sewage: The sewage from residential
buildings, business centers, institutions also contains
human body waste (faeces and urine) and also
sullage.
Sullage: It is the waste water resulting from personal
washing, bathing, laundry, food preparation and
cleansing of utensils.
 Sources and quantities of sewage
Industrial Sewage: The liquid wastes obtained from
industrial process such as dying, papermaking etc
Sanitary Sewage: is a combination of what is produced
by domestic and industrial sewages.
Storm sewage: It is that part of surface run-off which is
flowing in sewer during or following a period of rainfall.
Infiltration: it is the water that enters the sewers from the
ground through leaks from cracks or loose joints.
Inflow: It is the water which enters the sewers through
cracks in manholes, open cleanouts, perforated manhole
covers and roof drains connected to the sewers during
runoff.
Sources and quantities of sewage
 Sources and quantities of sewage
Domestic sewage
The net quantity = accounted water supplied +
unaccounted private water supplies + infiltration –
(water losses + water not entering the sewerage)
Unaccounted private water supplies
People using water supply from private wells, tube
wells, etc.
Similarly, certain industries utilize their own source of
water
Part of this water after desired use is converted into
wastewater
This quantity can be estimated by actual field
observations.
 Sources and quantities of sewage
Infiltration
The quantity of the water entering sewers depends upon the
permeability of the ground soil and it is very difficult to
estimate.
High during wet period, especially sewers constructed in or
close to streambeds
Quantity may vary from 35 to 115 m3/km.
Water losses: the water loss, through leakage in water
distribution system and house connections, does not reach
consumers and hence, not appear as sewage.
Water not entering the sewerage system: The amount of
water that is used for certain purpose like water sprinkled
over the roads, streets, lawns, and gardens, water consumed
in industrial product, etc. may not generate sewage
 Sources and quantities of sewage
This net value is vary with in 70 to 130 percent of
accounted water supplied
Generally, 75 to 80% of accounted water supplied is
considered as quantity of sewage produced.
Industrial waste water
Without internal reuse: 85-95% of the water used will
probably become wastewater.
With internal water reuse _separate estimates must
be made.
Average wastewater may vary from 30 - 95 l/capita/d.
 Sources and quantities of sewage
Storm sewage
Estimation of the amount of storm sewage is done by
using hydrological analysis.
The maximum rate of storm run-off, popularly called
peak drainage discharge that is produced from a
particular catchment
Depends on the type of precipitation, the intensity and
duration of rainfall, the rainfall distribution, the soil
moisture deficiency, catchments characteristics, etc
Hydrological analysis: Rational method, the SCS
technique, hydrograph technique and computer
simulation techniques
 Fluctuations in sewage flow
Fluctuation in flow occurs from hour to hour and from
season to season.
The peak flow is several times the mean flow and the
hydraulic capacity of sewerage systems must be
designed on the basis of this peak flow.
The magnitude of the peak flow relative to the mean
flow depends on the size of the contributing
population;
The larger the population, the lower the peaking
factor since flow fluctuations are smoothed out during
the time of travel in the sewer.
The overall variation in the sewage is maximum in the
smaller size sewers than large sizes.
 Fluctuations in sewage flow
There is also change in the sewage quantity if the city has
seasonal industries such as sugarcane crushing, fruit
canning, brewing, etc.
Common values of hourly variation in sewage flow

Types of Sewer Ratio of Max/Avg flow

• Small size sewers including laterals 4
• Sewers up to 25 cm in diameter 4
• Branch sewers up to 50 cm in 3
diameter 2
• Main sewers up to 100 cm in diameter
1.5
• Trunk sewers up to 125 cm in
diameter
 TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEM

Two major sewerage systems are well known:

 Combined system: a system composed of sewers that
carry both domestic, with or without industrial
wastewater, and storm sewage.
 Separate system: a system composed of sewer that
segregates the storm water from sanitary sewers.
 A sanitary sewer carries sanitary sewage and is
designed to exclude storm sewage, infiltration, and
inflow. Industrial waste may be carried in sanitary
sewers, depending upon its characteristics.
 A storm sewer carries storm sewage and any other
wastes that may be discharged into the streets or
onto the surface of the ground.
 Schematic plan Separate system

Schematic plan combined sewerage system

Combined Sewer Overflows, or CSOs. (receive inflow, during rainfall )

 Separate Sewerage System
Advantages:
The load on treatment plant is less as only sewage is
carried to the plant.
The size of sewer is mall, thus economical
When pumping is required, the system proves to be
economical.
 Storm water is not unnecessarily polluted by sewage.
Disadvantages
Cleaning of sewer is difficult due to their small size.
Self-cleaning velocity is not available, due to small
quantity of sewage; therefore flushing is required at
various points.
 Combined Sewerage System
Advantages
 Easy cleaning because of larger diameter
Reasonable maintenance cost
Strength of sewage is reduced due to dilution of sewage
by storm water
Disadvantages
During heavy rains the over flowing of sewers will
endanger the pubic heath
The combined sewer gets silted and becomes foul in dry
season
Load on treatment plant is more because storm water is
also carried there
The storm water gets polluted unnecessarily
The system becomes uneconomical when pumping is
needed
 Sewerage system
A conventional sewerage system consists of the
following lines:
 A house sewer- a pipe conveying wastewater from
an individual structure to a common sewer or other
point of disposal.
 A lateral sewer- is a common sewer collects flow
from house sewers.
 A sub-main sewer- collects sewage from one or
more laterals as well as house sewers.
 A main or trunk sewer- collects flow from several
sub-mains as well as laterals and house sewers.
 Sewerage system
 Force mains- pressurized sewer lines, which
convey sewage from a pumping station to another
main or to a point of treatment or disposal.
 An intercepting sewer- separates dry weather flow
and conveys it to a wastewater treatment plant
 A relief sewer- a sewer, which is built to carry a
portion of the flow in a system with inadequate
capacity.
 An outfall sewer- a sewer, which carries the
collected waste to a point of treatment or disposal.
 Sewer Materials

 Commonly available sewer pipe materials

are listed below:

1. Asbestos Cement (AC) Sewer

2. Brick Sewer
3. Cement Sewer
4. Cast iron (CT) Sewer
5. Steel Sewers
6. Plastic Sewers
 Sewer Materials
Asbestos Cement (AC) Sewer

 This sewers are manufactured from a mixture of cement

and asbestos fiber.
This sewers are suitable for carrying domestic sanitary
sewage.

Advantages
1. Smooth
2. Light in weight
3. Can easily be cut, fitted and drilled
4. Durable against soil corrosion
Disadvantages
1. Brittle cannot withstand heavy loads
2. They are easily broken in handling and transport.
 Sewer Materials
Brick Sewers

 These are made at site and used for construction large size
sewer.
Brick Sewers are very useful for construction of storm sewer
or combined sewer.
Brick sewers my get deformed and leakage may take place.
A lot of labor work is required.

Cement Concrete (Plain or Reinforced)

i. PCC - for dia upto 60 cm
 Suitable for small storm drains
ii. RCC - for dia > 60 cm
 Sewer Materials
Advantage of Cement Concrete
Strong in tension & compression
Resistance to erosion & abrasion
They can be made to any desired strength
Easily molded
Economical for medium & large sizes
Disadvantage of Cement Concrete
It can get corroded

Cast Iron (CI) Sewers

High strength and durability water tight
It can withstand high internal pressure and can bear
external load
 Sewer materials
Cast Iron sewers are suitable for the following conditions:

When the sewage is conveyed under high pressure

When the sewer line is subject to heavy external load e.g.
under railway line, foundation wall etc, below highways
When there is considerable difference in temperature
Steel Sewers
These are Impervious, light, resistant to high pressure,
flexible, suitable when;
The sewage is carried under pressure
The sewage has to be carried across a river under water
The sewer has to cross under a railway track
They are generally used for outfall and trunk sewers
 Sewer materials
Plastic Sewers
PVC sewers are used for carrying sewage
Plastic sewers are resistant to corrosion
These sewer are light in weight, smooth and can be
bent easily
These are having high co-efficient of thermal
expansion and cannot be used in very hot areas.

Factors considered for selecting materials for sewer:

Resistance to corrosion & abrasion
Strength & durability
Weight of the materials (handling and transportation)
Imperviousness (eliminate sewer seepage)
Economy and cost
 Sewer Appurtenances
Manholes
A manhole is an opening constructed in the alignment
of a sewer for facilitating means of access into a sewer
system for the purpose of inspecting, cleaning and
repairs (removal of obstruction of the sewer line).
Placed at changes in direction, pipe size, grade and
elevation, and at junctions, and at intervals of 90-120 m
 Sewer Appurtenances
Street Inlets:
An opening into sewer for entrance of storm runoff
Placed at intersections and at intervals of 20 to 100 m
 Sewer Appurtenances
Catch basins
Catch basins are included in storm sewer system
designs in order to remove solids such as gravel,
sand and organic material carried by storm water.
To maintain the storm sewer systems effectiveness,
catch basins must be periodically cleaned out.
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