Electrical Drive Systems 324

Elektriese Aandryfstelsels 324

DC Machinery Fundamentals

Prof Maarten Kamper

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Stellenbosch University
South Africa

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Outline

1 Chapman, Chapter 7 – DC Machinery Fundamentals

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DC Machinery Fundamentals
7.1 A Simple Rotating Loop Between Curved Pole Faces
The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
☞ It is important to know that the magnetic flux-lines will always cross
a curved pole face perpendicularly. . .

This implies that the conductors under the pole face will always cut
the magnetic field perpendicularly. . .

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DC Machinery Fundamentals (cont.)
The induced voltage in each conductor under the pole face is equal
to one another and add together, i.e.

eind = eba + edc

= 2vBl (7-5’)

Hence the induced voltage in the loop will have an trapezoidal

waveform if the loop rotates at a constant speed. . .

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 Lecture 1-3 Chapman Chapter 7

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DC Machinery Fundamentals (cont.)
7.5 The Internal Generated Voltage and Induced Torque Equations
of Real DC Machines
The internal generated or induced voltage – also known as the
back-EMF – can be written as follows,

EA = K ϕωm (7–38)

with K a constant depending on the construction of the DC

machine
and ωm the mechanical rotational speed of the machine measured
in [rad/s]

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DC Machinery Fundamentals (cont.)
The relationship between rotational speed measured in [r.p.m.],
nm , and that measured in [rad/s], ωm , is as follows:
2π
ωm = nm (7–40)
60

☞ EA in effect is the Thévenin equivalent voltage of all the induced

voltages in the different coils connected in series/parallel on the
Armature. . .
The netto induced or developed torque from all the conductors on
the armature, can be written as follows,

τind = K ϕIA (7–49)

with the “nice thing” that K in eq. (7–49) is the same K as in eq.
(7–37)
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DC Machinery Fundamentals (cont.)
7.6 The Construction of DC Machines
A DC machine consist basically of the following basic parts:
stator or field – is stationary
rotor or armature – rotates
commutator and brushes

7.7 Power Flow and Losses in DC Machine

Efficiency in general is defined as

Pout
η= × 100% (7–50)
Pin

or as
Pin − Ploss
η= × 100% (7–51)
Pin

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DC Machinery Fundamentals (cont.)
The Losses in DC Machines
The following losses occur in DC machines
➊ Electrical or copper or I 2 R losses
➋ Brush losses
➌ Core losses – manifest as frictional losses
➍ Mechanical losses
➎ Stray or miscellaneous losses – ignore
These losses and how to calculate them must be understood. . .
The Power-Flow Diagram
Must understand the power-flow for generator and motor operation
– see Fig. 7–39 (a) and (b) respectively
The power converted from electrical to mechanical power, is also
sometimes called the developed power

Pconv = τind ωm (7–55)

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DC Machinery Fundamentals (cont.)
Is the same as the power associated with back-EMF and armature
current

Pconv = EA IA (7–56)

☞ Prove from eqs. (7-38) & (7-49) that this is true. . .

If the equivalent voltage source associated with EA (see equivalent
circuit of Fig. 8–2)
absorbs electrical power, the DC machine operates as a motor and
mechanical power is being delivered
delivers electrical power, the DC machine operates as a generator
and mechanical power is being absorbed

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